A.  I.  Levorsen 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 
Bulletin  109 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  A  HISTORY 

OF  AMERICAN  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  AND 

NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS 


EDITED  AND  COMPILED  BY 

GEORGE  P.  MERRILL 

Head  Curator  of  Geology,  United  States  National  Museum 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1920 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

The  scientific  publications  of  the  United  States  National  Museum 
consist  of  two  series,  the  Proceedings  and  the  Bulletins. 

The  Proceedings,  the  first  volume  of  which  was  issued  in  1878,  are 
intended  primarily  as  a  medium  for  the  publication  of  original,  and 
usually  brief,  papers  based  on  the  collections  of  the  National  Mu- 
seum, presenting  newly  acquired  facts  in  zoology,  geology,  and 
anthropology,  including  descriptions  of  new  forms  of  animals  and 
revisions  of  limited  groups.  One  or  two  volumes  are  issued  annually 
and  distributed  to  libraries  and  scientific  organizations.  A  limited 
number  of  copies  of  each  paper,  in  pamphlet  form,  is  distributed  to 
specialists  and  others  interested  in  the  different  subjects  as  soon  as 
printed.  The  dates  of  publication  are  recorded  in  the  tables  of  con- 
tents of  the  volumes. 

The  Bulletins,  the  first  of  which  was  issued  in  1875,  consist  of  a 
series  of  separate  publications  comprising  chiefly  monographs  of 
large  zoological  groups  and  other  general  systematic  treatises  (occa- 
sionally in  several  volumes),  faunal  works,  reports  of  expeditions, 
and  catalogues  of  type-specimens,  special  collections,  etc.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  volumes  are  octavos,  but  a  quarto  size  has  been  adopted 
in  a  few  instances  in  which  large  plates  were  regarded  as  indis- 
pensable. 

Since  1902  a  series  of  octavo  .volumes  containing  papers  relating 
to  the  botanical  collections  of  the  Museum,  and  known  as  the  Con- 
tributions from,  the  National  Herbarium,  has  been  published  as  bul- 
letins. 

The  present  work  forms  No.  109  of  the  Bulletin  series. 

WILLIAM  DEC.  RAVENEL, 
Administrative  Assistant  to  the  Secretary, 
In  charge  of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  March  15, 1920. 


PREFACE. 


A  work  along  the  lines  of  the  one  here  presented  was  projected  and 
begun  by  the  Director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  in 
1885.  In  connection  therewith  a  circular,  bearing  date  of  April  10 
of  that  year,  was  issued,  from  which  is  made  the  following  abstract : 

Recent  inquiries  by  the  United  States  Government  concerning  foreign  scien- 
tific surveys  have  demonstrated  the  desirability  of  recording  in  permanent  and 
accessible  form  all  available  data  relating  to  the  organization,  administration, 
cost,  and  material  results  of  geologic,  geodetic,  geographic,  mineralogic,  agricul- 
tural, natural  history,  and  othfcr  scientific  surveys  officially  instituted  at  various 
times  by  the  several  States  of  the  Union. 

The  necessity  for  immediate  action  in  the  collection  of  such  data  is  manifest, 
since  much  valuable  information — particularly  details  of  administration  and 
cost — has  never  been  published,  but  exists  only  in  the  memory  of  men,  in  pri- 
vate records,  and  in  public  records  liable  to  become  destroyed  or  forgotten  with 
the  decadence  of  the  present  generation. 

It  is  accordingly  proposed  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  to  collect 
material  for  a  History  of  American  State  Surveys,  with  a  view  of  publishing  it, 
if  possible,  during  the  present  year. 

It  was  the  original  intention,  in  order  that  the  plan  might  be  car- 
ried out  most  expeditiously  and  accurately,  to  invite  geologists  or 
others  especially  familiar  with  the  scientific  surveys  of  particular 
States,  to  prepare  detailed  histories  in  such  form  that  after  having 
served  their  purpose  as  material  for  the  general  history,  they  might 
be  published  individually  under  such  conditions  as  the  authors  might 
elect.  A  considerable  number  of  the  histories  were  thus  prepared, 
as  is  noted  later,  and  a  few  published.  What  led  to  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  plan  is  not  known  to  the  present  writer.  A  study  of  the 
circular  and  the  manuscripts  submitted  in  response  thereto,  leads 
one  to  infer,  however,  that  the  outline  wras  too  detailed  and  compre- 
hensive, and  in  but  few  instances  was  it  possible  even  for  those  who 
actually  participated  in  the  work  to  furnish  the  information  desired. 
The  result  was  that  the  histories  were  of  unequal  length  and  value, 
surveys  of  the  least  importance  often  being  made  to  appear  as  of 
first  magnitude.  Concerning  what  was  unquestionably  the  most  im- 
portant of  all  the  surveys  undertaken,  not  a  line  was  furnished. 

It  was  while  engaged  in  the  final  revision  of  his  Contributions 
to  a  History  of  American  Geology,1  that  the  present  writer  became 

1  Annual  Report  U.   S.   National  Museum,   1904    (1900). 


IV  PREFACE. 

first  aware  of  the  existence  of  these  manuscripts.  He  thereupon 
applied  to  the  Director  of  the  Survey  for  permission  to  refer  to  them. 
and,  if  desirable,  utilize  any  information  contained  therein.  This 
permission  was  granted,  as  shown  by  the  following  letter: 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  October  28,  1902. 

Dr.  GEO.  P.  MERRILL, 

U.  8.  National  Museum, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

DEAR  SIR:  In  accordance  with  your  request  of  recent  date  I  send  you  here- 
with the  manuscripts  relating  to  the  history  of  official  scientific  surveys  col- 
lected by  the  survey  some  years  since.  These  manuscripts  contain  a  large 
amount  of  valuable  historical  data,  much  of  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  re- 
place. 

******* 
You  are  at  liberty  to  use  any  material  which  they  contain  in  any  way  that 
you  see  fit. 

I  should  be  glad  to  have  you  consider  the  preparation  of  a  history  of  official 
scientific  surveys  in  the  United  States  for  publication  by  this  Survey,  using  the 
material  now  in  hand  and  such  other  material  as  you  may  be  able  to  obtain  iu 
cooperation  with  the  Survey  by  correspondence  and  otherwise. 
Very  respectfully, 

(Signed)  CHAS.  D.  WALCOTT, 

Director. 

The  proposition  made  in  the  final  clause  of  the  above  was  agreed 
to  with  a  verbal  understanding  that  the  work  should  receive  atten- 
tion only  when  official  and  other  more  pressing  duties  permitted. 

Shortly  after  the  withdrawal  of  Director  Walcott  from  the  Survey 
the  matter  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  Director  George  O.  Smith, 
with  the  results  given  in  the  following  letter : 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  February  6,  WVs. 
Dr.  GEORGE  P.  MERRILL, 

Head  Curator  of  Geology, 

Smithsonian  Institution. 

MY  DEAR  DOCTOR  MERRILL  :  In  reply  to  your  inquiry  of  November  16  on  the 
subject  of  the  manuscript  history  of  the  State  surveys,  further  consideration  has 
simply  confirmed  my  first  impression  that  this  material  should  be  turned  over 
to  you  for  publication.  *  *  *  I  note  that  Director  Walcott  in  1902  stated 
that  you  were  at  liberty  to  use  the  material  in  any  way  that  you  saw  fit,  and  I  can 
do  no  less  than  confirm  his  action  in  giving  you  a  free  hand  in  the  matter.  In 
fact,  however  much  I  might  desire  to  see  this  work  published  under  Survey 
auspices,  the  present  superabundance  of  material  awaiting  publication  makes  it 


impossible  for  ine  to  use  any  of  the  printing  appropriation  for  a  publication 
that  is  not  directly  connected  with  our  cur'rent  work. 

******* 
Cordially,  yonrs, 

(Signed)  GEO.  OTIS  SMITH, 

Director. 

With  this  much  by  way  of  explanation  the  present  writer  feels  that 
no  apologies  are  necessary.  The  compilation  has  been  carried  on  at 
odd  times,  the  manuscript  in  some  instances  lying  a  full  year  with- 
out being  touched.  Xaturally,  much  desired  information  is  wholly 
out  of  reach.  The  leading  participants  in  these  surve3Ts  have  for  the 
most  part  gone  over  to  the  majority,  and  the  written  and  published 
results  are  lacking  in  many  interesting  particulars.  Undoubtedly  a 
search  through  State  records  would  have  brought  to  light  more  data 
regarding  expenditures,  but  no  funds  have  been  available  for  the 
purpose,  and  the  utility  of  greater  detail  is  perhaps  questionable.  It 
lias  been  the  writer's  custom,  in  all  cases  where  it  was  necessary  or 
seemed  desirable,  to  send  the  manuscript  to  those  now  in  charge  of 
surveys  in  the  individual  States  for  such  information  as  was  avail- 
able. He  takes  this  opportunitj'  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness 
and  express  his  thanks  for  the  aid  thus  afforded. 

APRIL,  1907. 

SUPPLEMENTAL  XOTE. — It  was  the  original  intention  to  bring  this 
history  down  to  a  date  not  later  than  1885.  In  but  few  instances 
has  this  limit  been  passed.  Any  seeming  desirability  of  so  doing 
lias  been  anticipated  by  the  publication  of  Bulletin  465  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  in  1911. 

G.  P.  M. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

[The  omission  of  the  name  of  a  State  or  Territory  indicates  that  no  public  survey  of  the 
locality  was  undertaken  during  the  period  covered  by  this  history.  The  subject  ar- 
rangement is  alphabetical,  by  States.] 

ALABAMA. 

Page. 

M.  Tuomey's  appointment  iu  the  University  of  Alabama :  Act  of  1848 
appointing  him  State  geologist ;  Act  of  1854 ;  Personnel  of  survey ;  Ex- 
penses of  survey;  Second  survey  under  E.  A.  Smith  1873-1882;  Organi- 
zation; Act  of  1873;  Supplemental  act  of  1877;  Personnel  of  survey  of 
1873-1882;  Publications;  Third  survey  under  E.  A.  Smith;  Act  of 
establishment;  Personnel;  Methods  and  results;  Expenses:  Present 
fonditou 1 

ARKANSAS. 

Organization;  Act  of  1857;  Appointment  of  David  D.  Owen  State  geolo- 
gist ;  Act  of  1859 ;  Second  appointment  and  death  of  David  D.  Owen ; 
Salaries  of  director  and  assistants;  Results;  Act  discontinuing  the 
survey ;  Act  for  the  benefit  of  St.  John's  College ;  Disposition  of  mate- 
rial; Second  geological  survey  under  W.  F.  Roberts,  1871;  Act  of 
March  28,  1871 ;  Personnel  and  results ;  Third  geological  survey  under 
George  Haddock  and  others,  1873-74;  Act  of  April,  1873;  Organization, 
personnel,  and  expenses  of  third  survey;  Fourth  geological  survey 
under  J.  C.  Branner,  1887-1893 ;  Act  of  March,  1887 ;  Organization  and 
personnel;  Act  of  March  29,  1889;  Reappointment  of  Branner  State 
geologist;  Laws  relative  to  printing  and  distribution  of  reports;  Eco- 
nomic results  of  the  survey;  Expenses  and  publications 13 

CALIFOBNIA. 

First  geological  survey  under  J.  B.  Trask,  1850-1856;  Joint  resolution 
establishing;  Supplemental  act;  Publication  of  report;  Act  of  1854; 
First,  second,  and  third  reports  of  Trask ;  Expenses  of  Trask's  survey  ; 
Second  geological  survey  under  J.  D.  Whitney,  1860-1873 ;  Act  of  estab- 
lishment ;  Organization  ;  Act  of  1864  continuing  the  work  of  the  survey  ; 
Difficulties  encountered;  Act  of  1870  providing  for  unpaid  expenses; 
Act  of  1870  continuing  the  survey;  Act  of  1872;  Failure  of  appropria- 
tions and  discontinuance  of  survey;  Personnel;  Disposition  of  collec- 
tions ;  Act  to  provide  for  the  preservation  of  material ;  Resolution  with 
reference  to  collections;  Expenses;  Publications;  Acts  relative  to  dis- 
tribution of  reports;  Results;  Cause  of  failure;  Establishment  of  a 
State  mining  bureau  in  1880;  Act  providing  for;  Personnel:  Expenses 
and  appropriations;  Publications;  Museum  and  Library 27 

COLORADO. 
Act  of  1872—  45 


Vm  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Page. 

Message  of  Governor  Edwards  relative  to  survey  in  1835 ;  Report  of  Com- 
mittee on  Geological  Survey,  1837 ;  Appointment  of  Percival  aud  Shep- 
ard;  Shepard's  report  on  economic  geology  of  Connecticut;  PercivaFs 
methods  and  difficulties;  Resolution  of  the  assembly  relative  to  Per- 
cival's  report;  Expenses  of  survey 45 


First  systematic  attempt  at  a  geological  survey;  Act  of  1837;  Administra- 
tion of:  Expenses;  Publication;  Benefits 51 


Appointment  of  State  geologist  in  1853 ;  Appointment  of  J.  Kost  in  1886 ; 
Resolution  relative  to  a  survey,  1889 53 

GEORGIA. 

Survey  of  Burke  and  Richmond  counties  by  John  Ruggles  Cotting ;  Senate 
resolution  of  1836;  Act  of  1840  abolishing  the  survey;  Resolution  of 
1840  continuing  the  survey ;  Second  geological  survey  under  George 
Little,  1874-1879 ;  Act  of  establishment ;  Personnel ;  Amendments  to  act 
of  establishment  of  1875 ;  Organization ;  Resolution  of  1881  abolishing 
the  survey;  Expenses  of  survey;  Publications;  Third  survey  of  1889- 
1900,  under  J.  W.  Spencer  and  W.  S.  Yeates ;  Act  of  establishment : 
Administration;  Museum:  Publications:  Expenses 55 

ILLINOIS. 

Act  of  1851  establishing  first  survey;  Amendatory  act  of  1853;  Act  of 
1872  providing  for  publication  and  distribution  of  reports ;  Amendatory 
act  of  April  29,  1873 ;  Act  of  1877  establishing  a  State  historical  and 
natural  history  museum;  Administration  and  personnel;  Salaries: 
Publications;  Benefits  of  .survey:  Exi>enses___  <>4 


Act  of  1837  providing  for  a  geological  survey ;  Appointment  of  D.  D. 
Owen  State  geologist;  Joint  resolution  of  1850  relative  to  mineral 
lands;  Joint  resolution  of  1852  relative  to  survey;  Second  geological 
survey  under  D.  D.  Owen  and  Richard  Owen,  1859-1861;  Act  of  estab- 
lishment ;  Death  of  D.  D.  Owen ;  Administration ;  Museum ;  Expenses ; 
Publications;  Methods;  Third  geological  survey  under  E.  T.  Cox  and 
others,  1869-1900 ;  Act  of  1869 ;  Act  of  1879  revising  the  previous  one ; 
Act  of  1881;  Administration  and  personnel;  Salaries  and  expenses; 
Publications.  __ 


First  geological  survey  under  James  Hall,  1855-1857 ;  Acts  of  establish- 
ment and  continuation ;  Administration ;  Publications ;  Resolutions  pro- 
viding for  printing  of  reports ;  Discontinuance  of  the  survey ;  Expenses ; 
Second  geological  survey  under  C.  A.  White,  1866-1870 ;  Acts  of  estab- 
lishment and  completion ;  Act  providing  for  publication  of  report ;  Per- 


TA15I,E    OF    CONTENTS.  IX 

Tage. 

sonnel  of  survey;  Museuui  and  library;  Expenses;  Publications;  Third 
geological  survey  under  Samuel  Calvin,  1892-1900;  Act  of  establish- 
ment; Administration  and  personnel;  Salaries  and  expenses;  Publi- 
cations   85 

KANSAS. 

First  geological  survey  under  B.  F.  Mudge,  1864;  Act  of  establishment; 
Administration  ;  Personnel ;  Expenses ;  Second  geological  survey  under 
G.  C.  Swallow,  1865  ;  Act  of  establishment ;  Administration  ;  Personnel ;      y 
Results;  Publications;  Third  geological  survey  in  connection  with  State 
University,  1889-1900;   Expenses 97 

KENTUCKY. 

Preliminary  remarks;  Joint  resolution  concerning  geological  survey;  Re- 
port of  W.  W.  Mather;  Memorial  from  Kentucky  Historical  Society  and 
Agricultural  Association;  Mather's  geological  examination  of  proposed 
Lexington  &  Big  Horn  Railway ;  Act  establishing  geological  survey 
under  direction  of  David  Dale  Owen ;  Death  of  Owen ;  Resolution  con- 
cerning geological  survey  ;  Expenses ;  Personnel ;  Establishment  of  mu- 
seum and  library ;  Benefits  of  survey ;  Survey  of  1873-1893  under  N.  S. 
Shaler  and  J.  R.  Proctor ;  Acts  of  establishment  and  continuation :  Ad- 
ministration and  personnel;  Withdrawal  of  Shaler  and  appointment  of 
J.  R.  Proctor;  Combination  of  Survey  with  Bureau  of  Immigration; 
Establishment  of  museum ;  Results  of  survey ;  Expenses ;  Acts  of 
1892-93 100 

LOUISIANA. 

Preliminary  explorations  by  J.  B.  Robertson,  Richard  Owen,  and  Eugene 
W.  Hilgard;  Act  providing  for  topographical  and  geological  survey; 
Administration  and  personnel ;  Publications :  Reconnoissance  by  R.  H. 
Loughridge 124 

MAINE. 

First  survey  under  C.  T.  Jackson,  1836-1839;  Act  of  establishment; 
Resolution  of  1837-38  with  reference  to  same;  Administration  and  per- 
sonnel; Reports;  Collections  and  Library;  Resolutions  relative  to  dis- 
tribution of  reports;  Benefits  and  results;  Second  survey  under  direc- 
tion of  board  of  agriculture,  1861-62;  Act  of  establishment;  Adminis- 
tration and  personnel ;  Instructions  with  reference  to  field  work ;  Publi- 
cations; Collections  and  library;  Expenses 129 

MARYLAND. 

First  inception  of  survey,  1833;  Resolution  relative  to  State  map;  Reso- 
lution relative  to  geological  survey;  Act  of  1834;  Administration  and 
I>ersonnel;  Outline  of  work;  Abolition  of  office  of  engineer  and  geolo- 
gist, 1842 ;  Publications ;  Expenses ;  Act  of  1847  providing  for  appoint- 
ment of  a  State  agricultural  chemist;  Reestablishment  of  survey  in 
1896;  Administration;  Acts  extending  the  scope  of  survey 137 


X  TABLE   OF    CONTENTS. 

.MASSACHUSETTS. 

Page. 

("'•a  uses  leading  to  establishment  of  first  survey;  Resolutions  providing 
for  survey;  Resolutions  relative  to  distribution  of  reports;  Resolution 
providing  for  printing  new  edition  of  reports;  Appointment  of  Edward 
Hitchcock,  State  geologist;  Administration  and  personnel;  Ex- 
penses ;  Publications ;  Resolution  of  1837  providing  for  renewal  of  sur- 
vey and  for  publication  and  distribution  of  reports ;  Administration ; 
Expenses;  Benefits;  Resolution  relative  to  survey  of  public  lands  of 
Maine  and  Massachusetts 14tt 

MICHIGAN. 

First  survey  under  Douglass  Houghton ;  Act  of  establishment,  1837; 
Act  with  reference  to  improvement  of  salt  springs,  1842;  appointment 
of  Douglass  Houghtou ;  First  year  of  survey,  1837 ;  Personnel ;  Second 
year  of  survey,  1838 ;  Salaries  and  personnel ;  Financial  statement  rela- 
tive to  salt  wells ;  Proceedings  relative  to  salt  spring  lands ;  Summary 
of  report  of  1838 ;  Third  year  of  survey,  1839 ;  Summary  of  reports : 
Fourth  year  of  survey,  1840;  Abolishment  of  zoological  and  botanical 
departments ;  Summary  of  report ;  Fifth  year  of  survey,  1841 ;  Resolu- 
tions relative  to  internal  improvements  and  copper  smelting ;  Summary 
of  report ;  Sixth  year  of  survey,  1842 ;  Financial  statement ;  Seventh 
year  of  survey,  1843 ;  Message  of  Governor  Barry  with  reference  to ; 
Summary  of  annual  report ;  Eighth  year  of  survey,  1844 ;  Message  of 
Governor  Barry  relative  thereto ;  Failure  of  appropriations  to  support 
survey ;  Plans  for  lineal  survey  in  cooperation  with  the  National  Gov- 
ernment ;  Ninth  year  of  survey,  1845 ;  Failure  of  appropriations ;  Sum- 
mary of  reports;  Financial  statement;  Survey  after  1845;  Governor's 
message  relative  thereto ;  Report  of  committee ;  Resolution  of  1846  rela- 
tive to  mining  operations  and  to  collections  made  by  survey  ;  Criticisms 
by-  Alexander.  Winchell ;  Importance  of  Houghton's  work:  Survey  of 
1859-60  under  Alexander  Winchell;  Act  of  establishment;  Joint  reso- 
lution of  1869 ;  Amendment  of  act  of  1869 ;  Administration  and  person- 
nel ;  Appointment,  of  Alexander  Winchell  as  State  geologist :  Salaries ; 
Summary  of  results;  Survey  in  1860;  Personnel  and  salaries;  Sum- 
mary of  results ;  First  biennial  report  of  progress ;  Financial  statement 
for  1859-60;  Survey  from  1SG1-1869;  Recommendations  of  Governor 
Wisner;  Financial  statement  of  1861;  Itinerary  of  the  State  geologist; 
Appropriations  for  1863-64  with  reference  to  salt  borings;  Reference 
in  1865  by  Governor  Crapo  to  survey ;  Address  of  Winchell  before  the 
State  legislature;  Before  State  Agricultural  Society;  Work  by  Winchell 
in  the  Grand  Traverse  region ;  Bill  for  reestablishment  of  survey ; 
Geological  survey  of  1869 ;  Reference  by  Governor  Baldwin  to  work  of 
survey;  Appointment  under  act  of  March  26,  1869;  Appointment  of 
John  H.  Forster  to  investigate  the  copper  region ;  Appointment  of  T.  B. 
Brooks  to  investigate  the  iron  regions ;  Summary  of  report  of  progress 
for  1869 ;  Personnel  and  expenses,  1869 ;  Geological  survey  in  1870 ;  Plan 
of  operations;  Forster  replaced  by  R.  Pnmpelly :  Hostility  to  Pumpelly; 
Geological  survey  in  1871;  Recommendations  by  Governor  Baldwin 
relative  to  survey;  Bill  relative  to  appropriation  for  publications;  In- 
fluences unfavorable  to  work  of  survey ;  Reports  of  committees  relative 
to  survey ;  Directorship  of  survey  placed  in  hands  of  geological  boar<l ; 


TABLE    OK    rONTKN T>.  XI 

Page- 
Fourth  survey  under  board  of  directors,  1871-1900;  Appointment  of 
Carl  Rominger,  director ;  Personnel  of  survey ;  Methods  and  results 
obtained;  Progress  during  seasons  of  1S80-18S4;  Salaries  and  ex- 
penses ;  Distribution  of  publications ;  Museum ;  Survey  under  adminis- 
tration of  Charles  Wright ;  of  M.  E.  Wadsworth ;  Personnel  of  survey 
under  Wadsworth ;  Wadsworth  succeeded  by  L.  L.  Hubbard ;  Hubbard 
.succeeded  by  A.  C.  Lane;  Salaries  and  expenses ;  Connection  of  survey 
with  other  institutions;  Museum 158 

MINNESOTA. 

First  efforts  toward  establishment  of  survey;  Joint  resolution  of  1864; 
Appointment  of  A.  H.  Hanchett  as  State  geologist ;  Hanchett  replaced  by 
H.  n.  Eames ;  Act  of  1S65  continuing  the  survey ;  Act  to  enable  N.  C.  D. 
Taylor  to  continue  geological  explorations;  Summary  of  reports  of 
Eames  and  Taylor ;  Appointment  of  Alexander  Wiuchell  to  examine  re- 
port on  salt  springs:  Geological  and  natural  history  survey  of  1873 
under  N.  H.  Winchell ;  Act  of  establishment,  1872 ;  Remarks  on ;  Act  of 
March  10,  1873,  relative  to  state  salt  lands;  Act  of  February  24,  1885, 
transferring  custody  of  salt  lands  to  University  of  Minnesota;  Ad- 
ministration and  personnel  of  survey  under  Winchell;  Salaries;  Mu- 
seum and  library;  Expenses;  Publications;  Act  of  1885  relative  to  pub- 
lication of  final  report;  Benefits  from  the  survey 239 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Origin  and  act  of  establishment,  1850;  Amendment  of  act  in  1852; 
of  1854 ;  Act  of  1857  repealing  and  amending  act  of  1850 ;  Act  of  1860 
authorizing  employment  of  assistant  geologist;  Appointment  of  John 
Millington  ;  Appointment  of  B.  L.  C.  Wailes;  of  Lewis  Harper;  of  E.  W. 
Hilgard :  Administration  and  personnel;  Methods  of  procedure;  Con- 
nection with  university  found  unsatisfactory;  Remarks  of  the  governor 
relative  thereto;  Work  of  survey  during  1856:  during  1857;  Intrigues 
of  Harper;  Legislative  investigation  of  survey  in  1859;  Work  of  Hilgard 
in  1859;  Appointment  of  George  Little  as  assistant  geologist  in  1866; 
Resignation  of  Hilgard  and  appointment  of  Little  as  State  geologist 
in  1868;  Resignation  of  Little  in  1870;  Appointment  of  Eugene  A. 
Smith  as  assistant  geologist  in  1868;  Work  of  Smith  during  1869,  1870. 
and  1871 ;  Resignation  of  Smith  in  1871 ;  Appointment  of  R.  IT.  Lough- 
ridge,  assistant  geologist;  Survey  appropriation  withheld  and  work 
stopped  in  1872;  Expenses:  Salaries;  Publications;  Benefits 255 

MISSOURI. 

Survey  of  1853-1862 ;  Events  leading  to  establishment ;  Act  of  establish- 
ment ;  Connection  with  other  institutions ;  Appointment  of  G.  C.  Swal- 
low ;  Administration ;  Personnel  and  salaries ;  Aims  of  survey ;  Ex- 
penses; Publications;  Survey  of  1870-71  under  A.  D.  Hager;  Dis- 
organization caused  by  Civil  War ;  Recommendations  of  board  of  agri- 
culture ;  Authorization  of  publication  of  first  survey ;  Memorial  of  St 
Louis  Academy;  Recommendations  of  Gov.  J.  W.  McClurg;  Act  of 
establishment  of  survey  March  24,  1870;  Personnel  and  salaries: 
Expenses :  Publications ;  Survey  of  1872-1874  under  Raphael  Pumpelly ; 
Amendment  to  law  of  1870:  Administration  and  personnel ;  Plan  of 


II  TABLE    OF    CONTKNTS. 

Page. 

survey ;  Survey  of  1873-74  under  G.  (J.  Broodhead ;  Personnel ;  Dis- 
continuance; Expenses;  Publications;  Survey  of  1889-1900  under 
Arthur  Winslow ;  Organization  ;  Act  of  establishment ;  Administration  ; 
Expenses;  Reports  and  cost  of  publication;  Museum 274 


No  surveys  prior  to  1901;  Attempt  of  181 7__.  290 

NEVADA. 

Act  for  establishment  of  survey,  March  20,  18G5;  Effect  of;  Act  estab- 
lishing State  mining  school,  March  9,  1866 ;  Act  creating  office  of  State 
mineralogist,  March  1,  1869 ;  Act  abolishing  the  office  of  State  mineral- 
ogist, February  1,  1877;  Administration  of  office  of  State  mineralogist 
under  act  of  1866 ;  Personnel ;  Methods  of  procedure ;  Expenses ; 
Museum ;  Publications 291 

NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

Survey  of  1839-1840  under  C.  T.  Jackson;  Events  leading  to  establish- 
ment ;  Act  of  June  24,  1839 ;  Administration  and  personnel ;  Methods 
of  procedure;  Expenses;  Publications;  Survey  of  1868-1878  under 
C.  H.  Hitchcock ;  Act  of  establishment ;  Administration  and  personnel ; 
Methods  of  procedure ;  Expenses ;  Publication  and  distribution ; 
Benefits 299 

NEW    JERSEY. 

Survey  of  1835-1837  under  H.  D.  Rogers;  Events  leading  to  establish- 
ment; Act  of  establishment;  Administration;  Methods  of  procedure; 
Expense;  Publications;  Survey  of  1854-1856  under  William  Kitchell; 
Message  of  Governor  Price  relative  to  survey ;  Act  of  1854  establishing 
survey;  Administration  and  personnel;  Methods  of  procedure  and  work 
accomplished;  Expenses;  Death  of  Kitchell;  Survey  of  1864-1900 
under  George  H.  Cook  and  J.  C.  Smock;  Events  leading  to  establish- 
ment; Act  of  establishment;  Amendment  and  supplemental  act;  Ad- 
ministration and  personnel;  Work  accomplished;  Collections;  Publica- 
tions; Death  of  Cook;  Act  of  1890  supplementing  act  of  1864;  Act 
establishing  a  museum;  Second  supplementary  act  with  reference  to 
survey;  Third  supplementary  act;  Appointment  of  J.  C.  Smock;  Ad- 
ministration and  personnel ;  Results ;  Economic  work ;  Topographic 
work;  Scientific  and  educational  work;  Salaries  and  expenses •--  307 

NEW   YORK. 

Events  leading  to  the  establishment  of  survey:  Act  of  1827  for  the  en- 
couragement of  mineralogical  research ;  Memorial  of  Albany  Institute ; 
Report  of  Secretary  of  State  relative  to  survey ;  Act  of  1836 ;  Appoint- 
ments of  Conrad,  Emmons,  Hall,  Mather,  and  Vanuxem;  Salaries; 
Work  during  1836;  Report  of  investigating  committee,  1840;  Acts  of 
1840,  1842,  1843;  Contracts  with  Emmons  and  Hall;  Act  of  1847; 
Report  of  investigating  committee,  1849-50;  Expenses  to  1840;  Ex- 
penses to  1849;  Correspondence  relative  to  survey;  Acts  relative  to 
distribution  of  reports ;  Removal  of  survey  headquarters ;  Correspond- 


TABLE   OF    CONTEXTS.  XIII 

Page. 

ence  between  Hall  and  Logan ;  Benefits  of  survey ;  Letter  of  S.  B. 
Woohvorth;  Hall  appointed  curator  of  State  cabinet;  Acts  of  187O-71 
relative  to  State  cabinet  natural  history ;  Letter  of  Hall  to  De  Witt 
Littlejohn ;  Act  of  1883 ;  Letter  of  Hall  to  Governor  Cleveland ;  State 
museum  made  part  of  State  university ;  Expense  of  surveys,  1839-1887 ; 
Museum  staff  and  salaries,  1888 327 

NOKTH    CABOLIXA. 

References  to  early  surveys;  Work  of  Olmsted  and  Mitchell,  1824-182S; 
Letter  of  Olmsted  relative  to  establishment  of  survey;  Renewal  of 
Olmsted  proposition  in  1823;  Act  of  establishment  of  survey;  Person- 
nel of  survey ;  Functions  and  purposes  of  survey ;  Connection  with 
other  institutions;  Museum  and  cabinet;  Salaries;  Expenses;  Publi- 
cations; Benefits;  Discontinuance  of  survey  and  death  of  Mitchell; 
Emmons'  survey  of  1852-1864 ;  Act  of  establishment ;  Personnel ;  Sal- 
aries; Administration;  Methods  of  procedure;  Museum  or  cabinet; 
Expenditures;  Publications;  List  of  unpublished  manuscripts;  Geo- 
logical map ;  Benefits ;  Survey  of  1864-1882  under  W.  C.  Kerr ;  Organi- 
zation and  methods  of  procedure ;  Act  of  1872 ;  Repealing  of  sections 
1  and  3  of  Act  of  1851 ;  Reappointrnent  of  Kerr  as  State  geologist  in 
1879 ;  Laws  governing  the  survey  of  1883-1887 ;  Survey,  how  sustained  ; 
Administration  ;  Personnel ;  Salaries ;  Methods  of  procedure ;  Library 
and  collections ;  Expense  of  survey ;  Benefits ;  Unfinished  work  and 
death  of  Kerr—  3(33 


Events  leading  to  the  establishment  of  survey;  Resolution  of  1836;  Act 
establishing  first  survey  under  Mather,  1837;  Resolutions  relative  to 
publications  and  property  of  the  survey ;  Administration  and  personnel ; 
Methods  of  procedure;  Expenses;  Failure  of  appropriation;  Attempts 
to  revive  survey;  Collections;  Second  survey  under  J.  S.  Newberry. 
1869-1884;  Events  leading  to  establishment;  Resolutions  relative  to 
reports;  Act  supplementing  bill  of  1869;  Administration  and  person- 
nel; Expenses  for  1869;  Publication  of  first  annual  report;  Resolu- 
tions relative  to  publication  ;  Museum ;  Expenses  during  1870 ;  Publica- 
tion of  second  annual  report ;  Work  of  1871 ;  Expenses  during  1871 ; 
Act  of  1872  extending  time  limit;  Salaries;  Administration;  Message 
of  Governor  Noyes  relative  to  survey  in  1873 ;  Appropriation  for  1872- 
1874;  Publication  of  volume  1  of  final  report;  Publication  of  third 
annual  report  and  volume  2  of  final  report ;  Appropriations  and  resolu- 
tions relative  to  publications ;  Expenses  during  1874-75 ;  Publication  of 
volume  3  of  final  report ;  Expenses  during  1875-76 ;  Progress  during 
1877;  Expenses  during  1877;  Appropriation  for  1878;  Proceedings  dur- 
ing 1879;  Expenditures  in  1879;  Publication  of  atlas;  Expenditures 
during  1880 ;  Message  of  governor  relative  to  publication ;  Publication 
of  volume  4  of  final  report ;  Act  of  1882  providing  for  completion  of 
volume  5,  State  reports;  Supplemental  act  of  1883;  Second  supple- 
mental act,  1884;  Amendment  to  act  of  1883;  Survey  of  1882-1899 
under  Edward  Orton ;  Administration ;  Methods  of  procedure  and  ex- 
penses ;  Act  of  1885  providing  for  the  extension  of  the  geological  sur- 


XIV  TABLE   OF    CONTEXTS. 

Page. 

vey;  Supplemental  act  relating  to  the  same;  Second  appointment  of 
Orton  as  State  geologist;  Message  of  Governor  Hoadley ;  Expense  of 
surveys  from  1836  to  1886,  inclusive ;  Act  of  1889  making  appropriations 
for  renewal  of  survey;  Third  appointment  of  Orton;  Personnel;  Death 
of  Orton  ;  Appointment  of  Edward  Orton,  jr.,  State  geologist 387 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Organization  of  Geological  Society  of  Pennsylvania ;  Survey  of  1836-184:: 
under  H.  D.  Rogers ;  Act  of  establishment ;  Supplemental  act  of  1836 
and  1838;  Resolution  relative  to  collections;  Administration  and  per- 
sonnel ;  Methods  of  procedure ;  Museum ;  Expenses ;  Annual  reports : 
Completion  of  final  report ;  Act  relative  to  publication  of  final  report ; 
Second  geological  survey  under  J.  P.  Lesley,  1874-1888 ;  Causes  leading 
to  the  establishment;  Act  of  establishment;  Acts  of  1874,  1876,  1877, 
1879, 1881, 1883,  and  1885 ;  Joint  resolution  relative  to  publications,  1875 ; 
Acts  of  1877  and  1878  relative  to  distribution  of  publications;  Joint 
resolution  of  1878  relative  to  publications;  Joint  resolution  of  1879 
relative  to  survey  of  coal  regions ;  Act  of  1879  relative  to  publications ; 
Act  of  1883  relative  to  disposition  of  collections;  Act  of  1885  relative 
to  publications ;  Administration ;  Appointment  of  board  of  commission- 
ers; Salaries;  Appropriations;  Personnel;  Progress  of  survey;  Publi- 
cations ;  Distribution ;  Benefits  and  results ;  Completion  of  work  of 
survey  in  1890 428 

KHODE   ISLAND. 

Resolution,  of  1838  relative  to  geological  survey;  Resolution  of  1839  by 
the  general  assembly ;  Act  of  1839  establishing  geological  survey ;  Ap- 
pointment of  C.  T.  Jackson  as  State  geologist ;  Resolution  of  1840  rela- 
tive to  distribution  of  reports ;  Resolution  of  1875  relative  to  survey  ; 
Report  of  committee  with  reference  to  survey  ;  Resolution  of  1895 450 

SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

Act  of  1824  relative  to  geological  work;  Report  of  committee  on  gover- 
nor's message,  1825 ;  Work  of  Vanuxem ;  Report  of  committee  on  agri- 
culture with  reference  to  governor's  message,  1842 ;  Resolutions  of  com- 
mittee relative  to  survey ;  Adoption  of  resolutions  by  house  and  senate ; 
Appointment  of  E.  R\iffin,  agricultural  surveyor;  Geological  and  agri- 
cultural survey  under  M.  Tuoiney ;  Administration  and  personnel ; 
Expenses ;  Publication ;  Geological  and  agricultural  survey  under  Oscar 
M.  Lieber;  Report  of  committee  on  agriculture,  1855;  Resolutions  of 
general  assembly ;  Appointment  of  Lieber  as  State  geologist ;  Personnel ; 
Expenses;  Resolutions  relative  to  printing  and  distribution  of  reports—  459 

TENNESSEE. 

First  survey  of  1831-1850  under  Gerard  Truest ;  Act  of  establishment; 
Resolutions  of  1833  and  1836;  Administration;  Reports;  Expenses; 
Surveys  of  1848  to  1900 ;  Appointment  of  James  M.  Safford  in  Cumber- 
land University ;  Act  of  establishment  of  geological  survey,  1854 ;  Act 


TABLE   OF    CONTENTS.  XV 

Page. 

abolishing  survey  ;  Resolution  relative  to  publication  and  distribution  ; 
Act  of  1871  reestablishing  the  survey  ;  Administration  ;  Methods  of 
procedure;  Publications;  Expenses  __________________________________  464 

TEXAS. 

Survey  of  1858  under  B.  F.  Sliumard;  Act  of  establishment;  Administra-  * 
tion  aud  personnel  ;  Salaries  ;  Methods  ;  Museum  ;  Change  of  director  ; 
Suspension  of  survey;  Resolution  of  1861  relative  to  survey;  Publica- 
tions of  survey  ;  Expenses  ;  Survey  under  J.  W.  Glenn  and  S.  B.  Buck- 
ley; Act  of  establishment;  Administration  and  personnel;  Results  of; 
Expenses;  Publications;  Survey  of  1888  to  1892  under  E.  T.  Dumble; 
Act  of  establishment  ;  Administration  and  personnel  ;  Preliminary  work  ; 
Results  accomplished  from  year  to  year;  Expenses  ___________________  471 

VERMONT. 

Events  leading  to  establishment  of  first  survey  ;  Act  of  establishment, 
1844;  Act  for  completion  of  survey,  1853;  Appointment  of  Charles  B. 
Adams;  Administration  and  personnel;  Salaries;  Resolution  relative 
to  survey  property;  Death  of  Adams  and  appointment  of  Zadock 
Thompson  ;  Death  of  Thompson  and  appointment  of  Augustus  Young  ; 
Expenses;  Survey  under  Edward  Hitchcock,  1856-1860;  Act  of  estab- 
lishment ;  Administration  ;  Publications  ;  Results  ;  Expenses  ;  Survey 
under  Hager,  Cutting,  Perry,  and  Perkins,  1864-1900  __________________  496 

VIRGINIA. 

Events  leading  to  establishment  of  survey;  Act  of  establishment;  Or- 
ganization ;  Appointment  of  W.  B.  Rogers  ;  Administration  ;  Expenses  ; 
Publications  _______________________________________________________  507 

WISCONSIN. 

First  survey  under  Daniels  and  Percival;  Act  of  establishment;  Adminis- 
tration ;  Personnel  ;  Expenses  ;  Survey  of  1857-1860  under  James  Hall, 
Ezra  Carr,  and  Edward  Daniels  ;  Act  of  establishment  ;  Administration  ; 
Unsatisfactory  conditions;  Supplemental  act  of  1860;  Hall  made  chief 
of  commission;  Employment  of  Charles  Whittlesey;  Repeal  of  law 
establishing  survey;  Expenses;  Publications;  Hall  correspondence; 
Survey  under  Lapham,  Wight,  and  Chamberlin,  1873-1879;  Act  of 
establishment  ;  Administration  aud  personnel  ;  Methods  of  procedure  ; 
Amendment  to  act  of  1873;  Expenses;  Collections  and  museum;  Acts 
relative  to  publication  and  distribution  of  final  report:  Acts  relating 
to  reports  __________________________________________________________  512 

APPENDIX  1. 

Summary  of  principal  items  relating  to  State  surveys,  including  tabular 
statement  giving  dates,  names  of  chief  geologists,  and  expenses  of  all 
State  surveys  existing  prior  to  1900  _________________________________  537 


The  Northern  Transcontinental  Survey  under  Raphael  Puinpelly  _________       539 

Iiulwc  -------------  545 


LIST  OF  PORTRAITS. 


PLATES. 

1.  Alabama:  Facing  page. 

Michael  Tuomey 1 

Eugene  A.  Smith 1 

2.  Arkansas:  J.  C.  Brainier 13 

3.  California:  J.  D.  Whitney  and  collaborators - 27 

4.  Connecticut : 

J.  G.  Percival 

C.  U.  Shepard 

5.  Delaware:  J.  C.  Booth 

6.  Georgia: 

George  Little 5.". 

W.  S.  Yeates 55 

J.  W.  W.  Spencer 55 

7.  Illinois: 

J.  G.  Norwood 64 

Amos   Worthen 04 

H.  Engelmanu 64. 

F.  B.  Meek 64 

Leo  Lesquereux 04 

S.  Indiana: 

Richard  Owen 72 

E.  T.  Cox 72 

John  Collett 72 

0.  Iowa: 

C.  A.  White 85 

R.  Emery 85 

O.  St.  John 85 

S.  Calvin 85 

10.  Kansas: 

F.  B.   Mudge 97 

G.  C.  Swallow 97 

11.  Kentucky : 

D.  D.  Owen 100 

12.  Kentucky : 

N.  S.  Shaler 110 

J.  R.  Proctor 110 

13.  Maine:  C.  T.  Jackson 129 

14.  Maryland : 

J.  T.  Ducatel 137 

W.  B.  Clark 137 

15.  Massachusetts:  Edward  Hitchcock 149 

16.  Michigan: 

Alexander  Winchell 203 

17.  Michigan: 

Carl  Rominger 231 

T.  B.  Brooks 231 

C.  E.  Wright . 231 

136075—20 2  xvn 


XVIII  LIST   OK   PORTRAITS. 

is.  Minnesota:  Facing pase. 

H.  H.  Eames 239 

It.  E.  Eames 239 

X.  H.  Wlnchell W 

19.  Mississippi: 

John  Millingtou 2o.~ 

E.  W.  Hilgard :r.r. 

2".  Missouri: 

G.  C.  Broadhead 274 

Raphael  Purnpelly 274 

Arthur  AVinslow 274 

i_'l.  New  Hampshire: 

C.  H.  Hitchcock 290 

G.  W.  Hawes 299 

22.  New  Jersey  :  George  H.  Cook 314 

23.  New  York: 

Timothy  A.  Conrad 327 

Ebenezer  Emmous ::2  r 

W.  W.  Mather 327 

Lardner   Vannxem 397 

24.  New  York: 

James  Hall 345 

2.".  North  Carolina : 

Denison  Olmsted ">0'> 

26.  North  Carolina: 

Elisha  Mitchell 37o 

W.  C.  Kerr 375 

J.  A.  Holmes 375 

27.  Ohio: 

J.  S.  Newberry 400 

28.  Ohio: 

Edward  Orton 419 

29.  Pennsylvania: 

H.  D.  Rogers 428 

30.  Pennsylvania : 

J.  Peter  Lesley 434 

31.  South  Carolina : 

Michael  Tuomey 4o!) 

Oscar  M.  Lieber 459 

32.  Tennessee: 

Gerard  Troost 464 

J.  M.  Safford 464 

33.  Texas: 

B.  F.  Shumard 471 

E.  T.  Dumble 471 

34.  Vermont: 

C.  B.  Adams 496 

Zadock  Thompson 496 

35.  Virginia:  W.  B.  Rogers 507 

36.  Wisconsin: 

Edward  Daniels 512 

I.  A.  Lapham 512 

37.  Wisconsin: 

T.  C.  Chamberlain 527 

R.  D.  Irving 527 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.   I 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  A  HISTORY  OF  AMERICAN  STATE 
GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS 


EDITED  AND  COMPILED   BY 

GEORGE  P.  MERRILL 

Head  Curator  of  Geology,  United  States  National  Museum 


ALABAMA.1 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  MICHAEL  TUOMEY,  1848-1856. 

Organization. — Upon  the  appointment  in  1847  of  Michael  Tuomey 
to  the  professorship  of  geology  in  the  University  of  Alabama  it  was 
made  a  part  of  his  duty  to  spend  a  portion  of  his  time,  not  exceeding 
four  months  of  each  year,  in  making  such  explorations  in  connec- 
tion with  his  department  as  the  trustees  might  consider  to  be  for 
the  advantage  of  the  State.  Such  extracts  from  his  reports  to  the 
trustees  as  were  considered  of  general  interest  were  published  from 
time  to  time  in  the  newspapers  of  the  city  of  Tuscaloosa. 

In  January,  1848,  the  State  legislature  made  recognition  of  these 
efforts  by  appointing  Professor  Tuomey  state  geologist.  The  follow- 
ing is  the  text  of  the  act : 

Whereas  Michael  Tuomey,  professor  of  mineralogy,  geology,  and  agricultural 
chemistry,  in  the  University  of  Alabama,  is  required  by  an  ordinance  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  university  to  devote  a  portion  of  his  time  and  labor  in 
making  geological  explorations  and  examining  into  the  natural  resources  of 
the  State; 

And  whereas  it  would  be  both  interesting  and  useful  to  the  general  assembly 
and  to  the  people  to  examine  the  reports  which  he  may  make  from  time  to  time : 
Therefore, 

Be  it  resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  Alabama,  in 
General  Assembly  convened,  That  Michael  Tuomey,  professor  of  geology,  etc.,  in 
the  University  of  Alabama,  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  appointed  State  geologist. 

Be  it  further  resolved,  That  said  State  geologist  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  required 
to  lay  before  the  general  assembly  of  the  State,  at  its  biennial  sessions,  and  as 
often  as  from  time  to  time  may  be  thought  expedient,  a  full  report  of  his  geo- 
logical surveys  and  explorations,  and  his  examinations  into  the  mineral  and 
other  natural  resources  of  this  State. 

1  See  also  Geological  Surveys  In  Alabama,  by  Prof.  E.  A.  Smith,  Journal  of  Geology, 
vol.  2,  No.  3,  1894,  pp.  275-287. 

1 


2  BULLETIN    10!>,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEL'M. 

Thus  vras  begun  the  first  geological  survey  of  Alabama.  Profes- 
sor Tourney's  first  report,  a  biennial,  was  presented  to  the  legislature 
in  1849.  and  printed  in  1850.  The  geological  map  prepared  was 
not.  however,  ready  for  distribution  with  the  report  and  was  issued 
separately.  Professor  Tuomey  continued  his  explorations,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  University,  until  1850,  the  State  having  made  no  appro- 
priations for  the  work.  In  1854  this  defect  was  remedied  through 
the  passage  of  the  following : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  &//  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
State  of  Alabama,  in  General  Assembly  convened,  That  the  governor  is  hereby 
authorized  to  appoint,  as  soon  as  possible,  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  perform 
the  duties  herein  prescribed,  and  during  the  period  of  his  service  shall  hold  no 
other  office  in  this  State. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  State  geologist  shall  as  speedily  as 
possible  make  a  complete  and  thorough  geological  survey  of  the  State,  so  as  to 
determine  accurately  the  quality  and  characteristics  of  its  soil  and  their  adapta- 
tion to  agricultural  purposes,  its  mineral  resources,  their  location  and  the  best 
means  for  their  development;  its  water  powers  and  capacities;  and  generally 
everything  relating  to  the  geological  and  agricultural  character  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  State  geologist  shall  make  a  full  re- 
l»ort  of  his  surveys  and  explorations  into  the  mineral  and  other  natural  resources 
of  the  State,  accompanied  by  illustrative  maps,  charts,  and  drawings,  to  tho 
next  session  of  the  general  assembly,  and  the  said  report  shall  be  the  entire  and 
exclusive  property  of  the  State. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  State  geologist,  for  the  performance 
of  said  services,  shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $2,500,  to  be  paid  to  him  quar- 
terly after  his  appointment,  and  the  further  sum  of  $10,000  is  set  apart  and 
appropriated  to  aid  the  said  State  geologist  in  the  performance  of  his  duties  by 
employing  assistants  and  defraying  the  incidental  expenses  of  his  office,  to  be 
drawn  for  by  him  as  needed,  and  his  vouchers  for  all  expenditures  made  from 
this  fund  shall  be  filed  with  the  comptroller,  to  be  laid  before  the  general 
assembly. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  the  event  of  a  vacancy  of  the  office 
of  State  geologist  occurring  from  any  cause  before  the  completion  of  the  survey 
the  governor  is  authorized  and  required  to  appoint  some  suitable  person  to  fill 
the  place. 

Approved,  February  3,  1854. 

Personnel. — Under  this  law  Professor  Tuomey  was  again  ap- 
pointed State  geologist  (by  Governor  Winston),  and  resigned  from 
the  university  in  order  to  devote  his  whole  time  to  the  survey.  Dur- 
ing the  following  two  years  he,  however,  according  to  Prof.  E.  A. 
Smith,  retained  his  office  rooms  at  the  university  and  delivered  lec- 
tures to  some  of  the  classes.  He  was  assisted  by  Prof.  E.  Q.  Thorn- 
ton, O.  M.  Lieber,  and  others,  and  in  1855,  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet  was 
appointed  chemist  to  the  survey.  The  results  of  the  labors  of  Pro- 
fessor Tuomey  and  his  assistants  were  brought  together  by  him  in  a 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  3 

report  submitted  to  the  legislature  in  November,  1855.  This,  owing 
largely  to  the  negligence  of  the  State  printer,  was  not  published 
until  more  than  two  years  later. 

The  appropriations  being  exhausted.  Professor  Tuomey  resumed 
his  work  at  the  university  in  1856,  though  with  the  intention  of  de- 
voting his  leisure  time  to  the  survey  as  before.  His  work  was  un- 
fortunately cut  short  by  his  death,  which  took  place  on  March  30, 
1857.  After  his  death  Dr.  J.  W.  Mallet  undertook  the  task  of  edit- 
ing and  bringing  out  the  long-delayed  report.  It  was  found  that 
part  of  the  manuscript  was  missing,  some  of  it  was  incomplete,  and 
thus  a  large  amount  of  valuable  material  was  lost  to  the  State  and  to 
science.  In  September,  1858,  the  report,  the  second  biennial,  ap- 
peared, accompanied  by  another  map  of  the  State  more  detailed  than 
the  first.  The  survey  was  discontinued  after  Professor  Tuomey's 
death. 

Expenses. — By  law  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  fixed  at 
$2.500  a  year,  and  an  appropriation  of  $10,000  was  made  for  assist- 
ance and  incidental  expenses,  thus  bringing  the  total  cost  of  the 
survey,  during  the  two  years  of  continuation  after  the  passage  of  the 
act,  up  to  $15,000. 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  STJKVEY  UNDER  EUGENE  A.   SMITH,    1873-1882. 

Organization, — Upon  the  reorganization  of  the  University  of 
Alabama  in  1871  the  board  of  regents  again  took  the  initiative  in  re- 
establishing the  survey  by  requiring  the  professor  of  geology  to  de- 
vote as  much  time  in  traveling  over  the  State,  and  making  exami- 
nations and  collections  in  geology,  as  would  be  consistent  with  his 
other  duties.  In  pursuance  of  this  ordinance,  Prof.  Eugene  A. 
Smith,  then  professor  of  geology  in  the  university,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, passed  a  part  of  his  vacation  in  1871  in  the  examination  of 
•  ertain  Tertiary  deposits  in  Clarke,  Washington,  and  Choctaw 
counties.  The  subject  of  a  State  geological  survey  was  brought 
before  the  legislature  of  1872-73,  and  the  following  act  passed: 

An  act  to  revive  and   complete   the   geological   and   agricultural   survey   of   the   State   of 

Alabama. 

Whereas  by  an  act  of  the  general  assembly  approved  January  4,  1848,  and 
an  act  approved  February  3,  1854,  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  was 
instituted  and  prosecuted  for  some  years,  with  great  advantage  to  the  people 
of  the  State;  and 

Whereas  the  said  survey  was  left  incomplete  by  the  death  of  Prof.  Michnel 
Tuomey,  State  geologist ;  and 

Whereas  Dr.  Eugene  A.  Smith,  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology  in  the 
University  of  Alabama,  is  required,  by  ordinance  of  the  board  of  regents  of 
said  university  to  devote  a  portion  of  his  time  and  labor  to  a  geological  ex- 


4  BULLETIN    10( 

1-iloration  of  the  State,  and  to  an  examination  of  it*  mineral  and  agricultural 
resources ;  therefore — 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Alabama,  That  Eugene 
A.  Smith,  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology  in  the  University  of  Alabama, 
be  and  he  is  hereby  appointed  State  geologist. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  State  geologist  shall  make  to  the 
governor  an  annual  report  of  the  progress  of  his  surveys  and  explorations  of 
the  mineral,  agricultural,  and  other  natural  resources  of  the  State,  and  upon 
the  completion  of  the  survey  he  shall  make  a  full  report  of  his  labors,  includ- 
ing surveys  and  explorations  of  mineral  deposits,  their  location,  and  the  best 
and  most  economical  methods  of  development;  of  the  qualities  of  soils,  and 
their  adaptation  to  agricultural  purposes,  together  with  analyses  of  soils,  ores, 
minerals  and  mineral  water,  with  maps,  charts  and  drawings;  which  said  re- 
port shall  be  printed,  and  shall  be  the  exclusive  property  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State 
geologist  to  make  collections  of  specimens,  illustrative  of  the  geological,  agri- 
cultural, and  mineral  features  of  the  State,  one  suite  of  which  shall  be  de- 
posited in  the  cabinet  of  the  University  of  Alabama,  a  second  suite  in  tlit1 
cabinet  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  and  a  third  in  the  office 
of  the  commissioner  of  industrial  resources,  in  the  State  capitol  at  Montgomery. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  outfit  of  the  said  survey  there 
shall  be  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated— first,  the  sum  of  eight  hundred  dollars  (.$800)  for  the  purchase  of 
chemicals  and  the  necessary  apparatus  of  a  laboratory  for  the  analyses  of 
soils,  ores,  minerals,  and  mineral  waters;  second,  the  sum  of  two  thousand 
two  hundred  dollars  ($2,200)  for  the  purchase  of  an  ambulance  and  team,  and 
other  equipments;  third,  an  annual  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars  ($500)  to  pay 
the  traveling  and  incidental  expenses  of  the  said  State  geologist  during  such 
time  as  he  is  engaged  in  the  field  work  of  the  survey.  The  auditor  shall,  on 
the  requisition  of  the  said  State  geologist,  when  approved  by  the  governor, 
draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasury  for  the  said  sums  as  they  shall  be  needed 
for  the  purpose  of  said  survey  as  herein  set  forth ;  and  the  vouchers  of  said 
State  geologist,  for  all  expenditures  made  from  this  fund,  shall  be  filed  with 
the  auditor,  to  be  laid  before  the  general  assembly. 

Approved  April  18,  1S73. 

In  1877  a  supplemental  bill  was  passed  making  biennial  appro- 
priations of  $200  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  maps  and  other  illus- 
trations, and  in  1879  still  another,  of  which  the  following  is  a 
t  rsin  script: 

An  act  to  provide  for  printing  and  distributing  the  report  of  the  State  geologist,  and  for 

color  plates,  and  printing  the  maps  of  the  counties  of  Fayette,  Marion.  Walker,  and 

Winston,  which  accompany  said  report. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Alabama,  That  the 
State  printer  be.  and  he  is  hereby,  required  to  print  1,000  copies  of  the  report 
of  the  State  geologist,  made  to  the  general  assembly  at  the  present  session,  one- 
half  of  which  shall  be  sent  to  the  State  geologist  for  distribution. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of 
state  to  procure,  from  the  lowest  responsible  bidder,  color  plates,  and  have 
printed  1,000  copies  each  of  the  maps  of  the  counties  of  Fayette,  Marion, 
Walker,  and  Winston,  which  accompany  said  State  geologist's  reports,  which 
maps  shall  be  turned  over  to  the  State  printer  and  bound  with  said  report. 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  5 

SKC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  order  to  pay  the  expense  of  providing 
color  plates  and  printing  said  maps  the  auditor  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized 
and  required  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasurer  in  favor  of  the  State  printer 
for  (he  amount  of  the  actual  expense  of  such  color  plates  and  printing,  in  no 
event  to  exceed  the  sum  of  $250. 

Approved  February  12,  1879. 

Personnel. — During  the  10  years  from  1873  to  1882,  inclusive.  Dr. 
E.  A.  Smith  devoted  the  greater  part  of  the  three  months  of  each 
summer  vacation  to  geological  excursions,  receiving,  however,  no 
compensation  in  the  way  of  salary,  the  cost  of  traveling  and  sub- 
sistence being  paid,  together  with  other  contingent  expenses,  out  of 
the  appropriation  of  $500.  During  the  summers  of  1878  to  1882, 
Henry  McCalley.  assistant  in  the  chemical  department  of  the  uni- 
versity, served  as  a  volunteer  assistant  in  the  field,  his  actual  ex- 
penses only  being  paid.  Prof.  W.  C.  Stubbs  also  voluntarily  as- 
sisted in  making  chemical  analyses,  and  T.  H.  Aldrich  in  prepar- 
ing a  sketch  of  the  early  coal-mining  industry  in  the  State.  This 
was  published  in  the  report  for  1875. 

Publications, — During  this  period  of  10  years  there  were  pub- 
lished four  annual  reports,  namely,  for  1873,  1874,  1875,  and  1876, 
and  three  biennial  reports,  namely,  for  1877-78, 1879-80,  and  1881-82. 

With  the  exception  of  that  upon  agriculture  (1881-82)  these  were 
of  the  nature  of  preliminary  or  reconnoissance  reports,  and  dealt 
chiefly  with  the  economic  features  of  the  State.  The  report  for  1873 
was  simply  a  statement  of  the  plan  of  the  work  proposed.  That  of 
1874  was  concerned  with  the  crystalline  region,  and  particularly  with 
the  copper-bearing  strata.  At  the  time  when  the  examinations  were 
made  there,  the  whole  section  was  greatly  interested  in  the  subject 
of  copper,  just  as  it  has  since  become  in  gold.  The  next  report  (1875) 
treated  of  the  same  subject,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  was  devoted  to 
the  examination  and  classification  of  the  formations  of  Jones 
Valley  and  the  great  Coosa  Valley  region.  Professor  Tuomey  had 
recognized  the  occurrence  in  these  valleys  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian, 
and  Subcarboniferous  formations,  without  undertaking  the  subdi- 
vision of  the  same,  except  in  the  case  of  the  Clinton  and  Trenton. 
During  the  summer  of  1875  Doctor  Smith  established  the  practical 
identity  of  the=e  formations  with  what  had  already  been  so  clearly 
described  in  Tennessee  by  Professor  Safford,  and  also  the  fact  of 
the  existence  in  Alabama  of  the  Ocoee,  Chilhowee,  Knox  Sandstone, 
Shale,  and  Dolomite,  the  Lower  and  Upper  Subcarboniferous  with 
their  respective  minor  divisions.  The  report  for  1875  contained  also 
Mr.  Aldrich's  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  coal  mining  in  Alabama, 
to  which  reference  has  been  made  above;  and  there  were  also  pre- 
sented the  records  of  the  borings  by  diamond  drill  in  the  different 


6  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

parts  of  the  Warrior  Field  together  with  an  attempt  at  correlating 
the  same.  The  report  contained  also  many  details  of  the  occur- 
rence and  composition  of  iron  ores  and  limestones  of  this  district. 
The  report  for  1876  continued  the  examination  of  the  valley  re- 
gions, and  contained  a  paper  on  the  Alabama  fresh  water  shells 
by  Dr.  James  Lewis,  contributed  by  Mr.  Aldrich. 

In  1877-78  attention  was  turned  to  the  Warrior  coal  field,  till 
then  comparatively  unknown,  and  maps  were  published  of  Walker. 
Fayette,  Marion,  and  Winston  counties,  which  were  practically  un- 
derlaid with  coal  measures.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  no  coal 
was  mined  at  that  time  in  all  this  region,  and  it  was  not  possible  with 
the  means  at  the  disposal  of  the  survey  to  open  the  seams  so  as  to 
show  their  true  value,  the  publication,  especial!}*  of  the  maps,  turned 
the  attention  of  investors  to  these  counties,  and  the  next  few  years 
witnessed  great  developments. 

In  1878-79  a  movement  was  set  on  foot  to  secure  an  appropri- 
ation from  Congress  for  the  purpose  of  making  navigable  the  Up- 
per Warrior  River  to  develop  the  coal  seams  along  its  course,  and 
Doctor  Smith,  with  Henry  McCalley  and  Joseph  Squire,  ran  a  line 
of  levels  from  the  forks  of  the  Warrior  down  to  Tuscaloosa,  and  made 
special  reexamination  of  the  coal  seams  within  available  distances 
from  the  river.  The  expense  of  this  survey  was  borne  chiefly  by  the 
War  Department,  but  the  map  and  report  were  published  by  the  sur- 
vey. In  this  document  the  details  of  the  coal  seams  were  given  with 
a  much  greater  degree  of  fullness  than  heretofore,  together  with  many 
facts  bearing  upon  their  stratigraphical  relations.  There  was  also 
given  by  Mr.  McCalley  a  continuation  of  the  description  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Valley,  begun  the  year  before,  together  with  the  analyses  of 
some  50  coals  from  the  Warrior  field. 

Expenses. — The  cost  of  printing  the  reports  of  the  survey  wa.- 
paid  out  of  the  general  printing  fund  of  the  State.  This  amounted 
to  $6,750,  which,  added  to  the  $8.000  appropriated,  gives  a  total  of 
$14,750  for  the  10  years'  work,  or  an  average  of  $1,475  a  year. 

As  will  be  noted,  the  survey  had  no  official  connection  with  any 
other  organization,  though  in  1880  Doctor  Smith  prepared  for  the 
Tenth  Census  a  report  on  cotton  culture  in  Alabama  and  Florida, 
the  results  of  which,  so  far  as  Alabama  was  concerned,  were  published 
in  the  survey  report  for  1881-82.  In  addition  to  the  special  descrip- 
tive matter,  this  report  contained  a  general  discussion  of  the  com- 
position, mode  of  formation,  and  properties  of  the  soil,  and  the 
changes  produced  by  cultivation.  The  maps  were  prepared  for  the 
census  work,  but  the  survey  was  given  the  privilege  of  using  the 
plates.  The  other  illustrations  were  prepared  by  the  survey. 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  7 

Benefits. — The  results  accomplished  by  the  surve}*  during  this 
period,  as  given  by  Doctor  Smith,  are  as  follows : 

1.  Every  county  in  the  State  was  visited,  and  the  main  features  of 
the  geology  and  resources  of  each  were  ascertained;  descriptions 
were  published  of  each  of  these  counties,  in  some  cases  giving  much 
detail;  the  main  subdivisions  of  the  geological  formations  in  the 
State  were  established;  the  mode  of  occurrence  and  general  dis- 
tribution of  the  most  important  mineral  resources  were  described  and 
illustrated  by  many  analyses;  and  the  agricultural  features  of  the 
entire  State  were  given  with  an  approach  to  completeness,  thanks  to 
the  cooperation  of  the  Tenth  Census. 

2.  The  experience  and  the  knowledge  of  the  territory  acquired  by 
the  State  geologist  during  this  long  period  have  unquestionably 
since  been  of  benefit  to  the  State,  for  without  such  experience  on  his 
part  the  disbursing  of  large  sums  and  the  directing  of  the  work  of  the 
enlarged  survey,  so  as  to  secure  the  best  results  and  to  avoid  inju- 
dicious expenditures,  would  have  been  attended  with  many  perhaps 
insurmountable  difficulties.    It  might  be  added  further  that  the  cost 
to  the  State  of  this  preliminary  work,  as  shown  above,  was  small. 

3.  On  the  other  hand,  while  at  the  beginning  of  the  work  these 
preliminary  reports  supplied  in  a  measure  the  information  then  de- 
manded, it  can  not  be  denied  that  the  progress  of  the  State  in  the 
development  of  its  great  resources,  especially  in  the  latter  part  of 
this  period,  created  a  demand  for  much  more  detailed  and  special 
information  in  certain  directions  than  the  survey    could    supply 
without  some  greater  expenditure  of  money. 

THIRD   SURVEY    UNDER    EUGENE   A.    SMITH,    1882-1900. 

In  accordance  with  the  idea  expressed  in  the  last  paragraph  above, 
the  following  bill  was  introduced  and  passed  by  the  general  assem- 
bly during  the  winter  of  1882-83 : 

An  act  to  amend  an  act  to  revive  and  complete  the  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of 
Iho  State  of  Alabama. 

SECTION  1.  fie  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Alabama,  That  the 
act  entitled  "An  act  to  revive  and  complete  the  Geological  and  Agricultural 
Survey  of  the  State  of  Alahama,"  approved  April  18,  1873,  be  amended  so  as  to 
read  as  follows : 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Alabama,  That  Eugene 
A.  Smith,  professor  of  chemistry  and  geology  in  the  University  of  Alabama, 
he,  and  he  is  hereby,  appointed  State  geologist. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  State  geologist  shall  make  to 
the  governor  a  biennial  report  of  the  progress  of  his  surveys  and  explorations 
of  the  mineral,  agricultural,  and  other  natural  resources  of  the  State;  and 
upon  the  completion  of  the  survey  he  shall  make  a  full  report  of  his  labors, 
including  surveys  and  explorations  of  mineral  deposits,  their  location,  and  the 


8  BULLETIN   109.   UX1TEL)   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

best  and  most  economical  methods  of  development;  of  the  qualities  of  the 
soils,  and  their  adaptation  to  agricultural  purposes,  together  with  analyses  of 
soil,  ores,  marls,  minerals,  and  mineral  waters,  with  maps,  charts,  and  draw- 
ings, which  said  report  shall  he  printed  and  shall  be  the  exclusive  property 
of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geolo- 
gist to  make  collections  of  specimens  illustrative  of  the  geological,  agricultural, 
and  mineral  features  of  the  State ;  one  suite  of  which  shall  be  deposited  in  the 
cabinet  of  the  University  of  Alabama,  a  second  suite  in  the  cabinet  of  the  State 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  at  Auburn,  and  a  third  suite  in  the  office 
of  the  commissioner  of  agriculture  at  Montgomery,  should  such  an  officer  be 
hereafter  appointed  and  in  case  such  an  officer  is  not  appointed  then  in  the 
office  of  the  secretary  of  state. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  expedi- 
tiously  and  thoroughly  the  work  of  the  geological  survey,  the  said  State  geolo- 
gist shall  have  power  to  appoint,  with  the  approval  of  the  governor,  such  local 
and  other  assistants,  including  a  competent  chemist,  and  for  such  periods  und 
with  such  compensation  as  he  may  deem  necessary  to  the  best  interest  of  the 
survey.  And  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  there  shall  be  appropriated, 
out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of 
$5,000  per  annum  for  the  next  10  years.  Upon  the  requisition  of  the  said 
State  geologist,  when  approved  by  the  governor,  the  auditor  shall  draw  his 
warrant  on  the  treasurer  for  the  amount  appropriated  in  such  sums  as  may 
be  needed  from  time  to  time  for  the  purposes  of  said  survey  as  herein  set  fortli : 
and  for  all  expenditures  made  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  except  for  the 
payment  of  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  as  herein  specifically  set  forth, 
the  consent  or  approval  of  the  governor  shall  be  obtained,  and  the  vouchers 
of  the  said  State  geologist  for  all  expenditures  made  from  this  fund  shall  be 
filed  with  the  auditor;  and  a  statement  of  his  receipts  and  expenditures  shall 
be  printed  in  each  biennial  report  of  the  State  geologist.  Of  the  amount 
annually  appropriated  there  shall  be  expended — 

First.  For  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  $200  per  month  during  such 
time  as  he  may  devote  to  the  work  of  the  survey,  not  to  exceed  the  sum  of 
$1,000  per  annum. 

Second.  For  the  contingent  expenses  of  the  survey,  including  compensation 
of  all  temporary  and  permanent  assistants ;  traveling  expenses  of  the  geological 
corps  ;  purchase  of  materials  for  making  the  chemical  analyses  ;  other  necessary 
expenditures  for  outfit;  expenses  incurred  in  providing  for  the  transportation, 
arrangement,  and  proper  exhibition  of  the  geological  and  other  collections  made 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  the  engraving  of  maps,  and  sections  to 
illustrate  the  biennial  reports,  $4,000:  Provided,  That  nothing  herein  contained 
shall  be  construed  as  abridging  the  right  of  any  subsequent  general  assembly  to 
discontinue,  diminish,  or  enlarge  the  amount  of  the  appropriations  herein  made. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  in  the  event  of  a  vacancy  in  the  office 
of  the  State  geologist,  by  reason  of  death,  resignation,  or  other  cause,  the 
governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  fill  such  vacancy  by  appointment, 
and  to  fix  the  compensation  of  said  appointee,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  unexpended 
balance  of  the  appropriation;  and  the  tenure  of  office  of  said  appointee  shall 
continue  till  the  next  subsequent  meeting  of  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  conflict  with 
the  provisions  of  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

Approved  February  19,  1883. 


GEOLOGICAL   AXD    XATVRAL    HISTORY   SI'RVFA'S. 

In  1891.  or  before  the  expiration  of  the  10-year  limit  mentioned  in 
Section  4  above,  the  amount  of  the  annual  appropriation  was  in- 
creased to  $7.500.  this  amount  to  continue  until  otherwise  ordered  by 
the  general  assembly,  the  purport  of  the  bill  being  to  avoid  the  neces- 
sity of  renewed  legislation  at  every  session.  Under  these  laws  assist- 
ants were  appointed  and  assignments  made  as  follows: 

Personnel. — Henry  McCalley  to  work  in  the  Warrior  coal  field  and 
the  valley  regions:  Joseph  Squire,  in  the  Cahaba  coal  field;  A.  M. 
Gibson,  in  Murphree's  Valley  and  the  coal  measures  adjacent  thereto. 
and  afterward  in  the  Coosa  coal  field.  Doctor  Smith,  with  D.  W. 
Langdon.  T.  H.  Aldrich,  and  L.  C.  Johnson,  undertook  the  examina- 
tion of  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  formations  of  the  Coastal  Plain, 
although  a  large  part  of  the  time  of  the  director  was  occupied  in  ad- 
ministrative and  editorial  work.  Later  Dr.  George  Little  made  an 
examination  of  the  clays  of  the  Lower  Cretaceous:  Dr.  W.  B. 
Phillips  began  an  investigation  of  the  gold  region,  which  was  con- 
tinued by  W.  M.  Brewer;  and  K.  M.  Cunningham  demonstrated  the 
existence  of  true  chalk  deposits  in  the  Alabama  Cretaceous. 

Methods  and  results. — The  results  accomplished  up  to  1900,  given 
in  Doctor  Smith's  summary,  are  as  follows : 

McCalley's  report  on  the  Warrior  coal  field,  published  in  1886.  con- 
tained detail  sections  of  all  the  exposures  of  coal  seams  in  the  basin 
division  of  this  field,  together  with  Mr.  Gibson's  account  of  part  of 
the  plateau  division.  This  report  also  contained  the  first  approxi- 
mately full  columnar  section  of  the  measures  of  this  field.  McCal- 
ley's  report  on  the  plateau  region  of  the  Warrior  field.  Avith  map  and 
colored  section,  appeared  in  1891. 

Squire's  report  and  map  of  the  Cahaba  coal  field  appeared  in  1890. 
The  document  purports  to  be  the  outcome  of  some  30  years'  work, 
during  which  time  Mr.  Squire  had  been  continuously  engaged  in  this 
field,  either  in  active  mining  or  in  making  instrumental  surveys  for 
individuals  or  corporations,  all  the  results  of  which  were  incorporated 
in  his  report.  The  map,  it  is  claimed,  showed  accurately  the  surface 
outcrops  of  all  the  important  seams  of  coal  and  a  number  of  carefully 
constructed  vertical  and  horizontal  sections  of  the  field.  It  exhibited 
ulso  the  geology  of  the  adjacent  valleys. 

The  existence  of  phosphatic  nodules  and  marls  in  the  State  was 
discovered  in  1884.  The  distribution,  quality,  and  quantity  of  these 
were  investigated  by  Mr.  Langdon  and  the  director,  the  report  of 
progress  being  incorporated  in  Bulletin  No.  2,  1892.  Mr.  Gibson's 
report  on  the  geology  and  resources  of  Murphree's  Valley  did  not  ap- 
pear until  1893.  His  report  on  the  coal  measures  of  Blount  Mountain 
was  issued  in  1894,  and  his  preliminary  report  on  the  Coosa  coal  field 
in  1895. 


10  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  preliminary  report  of  Dr.  William  B.  Phillips,  who  undertook 
the  examination  of  the  gold  region,  was  issued  in  1892  as  Bulletin 
No.  3  and  was  concerned  with  the  lower  part  of  the  gold  belt.  The 
upper  part  was  undertaken  by  Mr.  William  M.  Brewer,  and  his  re- 
port thereon  was  published  as  Bulletin  No.  5  in  1896.  This  report 
includes  also  notes  on  the  microscopical  characters  of  the  crystalline 
rocks  of  this  section  by  Dr.  J.  Morgan  Clements  and  Alfred  H. 
Brooks. 

The  State  survey  entered  upon  a  plan  of  cooperation  with  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  shortly  after  the  consolidation  of  the 
various  United  States  surveys  into  one  organization  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Clarence  King.  The  results  of  this  cooperation  were  mani- 
fested in  Bulletin  No.  4  of  the  State  survey,  published  in  1892,  and 
entitled  A  Eeport  on  the  Geology  of  Northeastern  Alabama  and  Ad- 
jacent Parts  of  Georgia,  by  C.  W.  Hayes;  and  Bulletin  No.  43  of  the 
United  States  Survey,  published  in  1887.  This  last-named  bulletin 
treats  of  the"  Cretaceous  an'd  Tertiary  formations  of  Alabama  along  the 
Tuscaloosa,  Tombigbee.  and  Alabama  Rivers,  under  the  joint  author- 
ship of  Director  Smith  and  L.  C.  Johnson.  The  investigation  of 
the  Alabama  Coastal  Plain  was  continued  by  the  Alabama  survey 
and  extended  so  as  to  embrace  all  the  territory  out  to  the  Chatta- 
hoochee  River,  and  the  results  were  published  in  1894  by  the  Alabama 
survey  under  the  title,  The  Geology  of  the  Coastal  Plain  of  Ala- 
bama. In  this  investigation  Dr.  Daniel  W.  Langdon  was  associated 
with  Director  Smith,  having  immediate  charge  of  the  territory  ea.-t 
of  the  Alabama  River.  It  was  while  engaged  in  this  work  that  Mr. 
Langdon  made  the  discovery  of  the  series  of  Post-Vicksburg  Marino 
Tertiary  formations,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  "  Chattahoochee/' 
The  credit  of  this  discovery  has  been  greatly  diminished  by  the  intro- 
duction of  a  number  of  new  formation  names  and  the  restriction  of 
the  name  Chattahoochee  to  the  lowermost  only  of  the  formations  which 
Mr.  Langdon  first  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  geologists. 

In  the  same  year  (1894)  was  published  a  geological  map  of  the 
State  on  the  scale  of  1  inch  to  10  miles.  This  map  was  accompanied 
by  an  explanatory  chart  of  the  same  size  as  the  map,  on  which  weiv 
given,  in  columns,  details  concerning  the  several  formations,  as  fol- 
lows: 1,  Names,  Synonyms,  Classifications,  and  Common  Fossils;  2. 
Thickness.  Lithological  and  Topographical  Characters.  Area  and  Dis- 
tribution; 3,  Useful  Products;  4,  Soils,  Characteristic  Timber  Growth, 
and  Agricultural  Features;  o,  Geological  Reports  containing  mo-t 
important  details. 

About  this  time  Dr.  William  B.  Phillips  undertook  the  study  of 
the  conditions  surrounding  the  manufacture  of  iron  in  the  State. 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  11 

and  the  first  edition  of  his  report  on  iron  making  in  Alabama  was 
issued  in  1896.  This  book  was  so  much  in  demand  that  an  enlarged 
edition  was  brought  out  in  1898,  and  a  third  was  in  manuscript  a 
year  or  two  later,  though  not  yet  published.1 

For  many  years  Henry  McCalley,  chief  assistant,  devoted  his  whole 
time  to  the  investigation  of  the  Paleozoic  formations  of  the  State, 
and  the  results  of  his  work  were  published  under  two  heads,  (1)  The 
Geology  and  Resources  of  the  Appalachian  Valleys,  and  (2)  A 
second  report  on  the  Warrior  Basin. 

The  first  of  the  two  reports  above  indicated  appeared  in  two  parts, 
•namely,  the  Valley  Regions  of  Alabama,  part  1,  Tennessee  Valley, 
issued  in  1896 ;  part  2,  Coosa  Valley  Regions,  issued  in  1898,  and  in- 
cluding folding  plate  with  numerous  cross  sections  illustrating  the 
geological  structure. 

The  report  on  the  Warrior  Basin  appeared  in  1900.  This  report 
is  illustrated  by  a  large  folding  map,  and  by  many  vertical  sections 
of  the  measures  embracing  the  coal  groups  from  the  Brookwood 
down  to  and  including  the  Black  Creek.  These  reports  include  a 
mass  of  detailed  information  and  will  be  an  enduring  monument  to 
the  untiring  industry  of  Mr.  McCalley.  His  later  years  were  de- 
voted to  the  study  of  the  crystalline  area,  but  he  did  not  live  to  bring 
this  report  to  completion. 

A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Clays  of  Alabama  with  Chemical 
Analyses  and  Physical  Tests  of  the  More  Important  Varieties,  by 
Dr.  Heinrich  Ries.  was  published  in  1900.  This  report  contains  also 
a  chapter  on  the  Geological  Relations  of  the  Alabama  Clays,  by 
Dr.  E.  A.  Smith. 

The  work  of  the  survey  was  not  limited  exclusively  to  geology 
but  included  general  natural  history  as  well.  The  published  reports 
along  this  line  are,  however,  as  yet  confined  to  botany.  In  1879  the 
botanical  collections  made  by  Doctor  Smith  were  submitted  to  Dr. 
Charles  Mohr,  of  Mobile,  for  classification,  with  the  request  that  he 
would  take  charge  of  the  future  investigation  of  the  flora  of  Alabama 
in  connection  with  the  Geological  Survey.  In  1880  a  list  of  the 
combined  collections  of  Doctors  Mohr  and  Smith  was  published 
under  the  title  A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Plants  Growing  Without 
Cultivation  in  Alabama.  In  this  list  were  enumerated  about  1,500 
species  and  varieties  of  native  flowering  plants  and  ferns.  From 
this  time  on  until  his  death,  in  1901,  Doctor  Mohr  was  engaged  in 
the  study  of  Alabama  flora  under  the  auspices  of  the  "State  survey 
and  of  the  National  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  a  report  on 
the  Plant  Life  of  Alabama,  was  in  manuscript  by  the  year  1900, 
and  was  published  jointly  as  a  report  of  the  Alabama  Geological 

1  This  was  finally  issued  in   1912. 


12  Ijri.LKTIX    I"'',    rXlTED   STATES    NATIONAL    -MUSEUM. 

Survey,  and  as  volume  6.  Contribution  from  United  States  National 
Herbarium,  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  The 
proposed  companion  volume  to  this  flora  which  Avas  to  have  been  de- 
voted to  the  Economic  Relations  of  the  Alabama  Flora,  because 
of  the  untimely  death  of  Doctor  Mohr.  was  never  completed. 

The  activities  of  the  Alabama  geological  survey  in  the  examination 
of  water  powers,  underground  water  resources,  cement  materials, 
etc.,  extending  over  many  years,  did  not  find  expression  in  the  pub- 
lished reports  until  after  the  year  1900. 

Expenses. — The  appropriations  for  the  >urvcy  expenses  under 
Doctor  Smith's  administration  have  been  as  folloAvs : 

1873-1883,  $500  a  year  for  10  years §5,000 

1873,  for  equipment 3,000 

1883-1891,  $5,000  a  year  for  8  years 40,000 

1S91-1900,  $7.500  a    year  for  9   years 07,500 


$115,  500 

Xot  including  cost  of  publication  and  incidental  expenses,  which, 
up  to  1900,  amounted  to  about  $28,000. 

Present  condition  of  the  survey. — The  annual  appropriation  of 
$7.500  for  the  general  expenses  of  the  survey  continues.  The  print- 
ing and  illustrations  of  the  geological  reports  are  paid  for  out  of  the 
general  fund  of  the  State  on  the  order  of  the  governor  and  upon  the 
recommendation  of  a  committee  consisting  of  the  governor,  the  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  State  geologist.  This  committee  decides  as  to  the 
number  of  copies,  the  style  of  printing  and  binding,  and  the  illustra- 
tions of  the  geological  reports  as  they  are  announced  to  be  ready  for 
publication  by  the  State  geologist.  By  the  Code  of  1907  the  com- 
pensation of  the  State  geologist  also  is  paid  out  of  the  general  fund 
of  the  State,  and  not  out  of  the  survey  appropriation  as  heretofore. 

ADDENDA,  1910. 

Very  recently  a  handsome  building  (Smith  Hall)  has  been  erected 
at  the  university  for  purposes  of  the  geological  museum,  offices  of  the 
geological  survey,  and  the  departments  of  geology  and  biology  of  the 
university.  The  main  exhibition  hall,  about  100  feet  by  60  feet,  with 
gallery  13  feet  wide  and  with  skylight  about  30  feet  by  70  feet,  pro- 
vides for  the  exhibition  and  storage  of  the  geological  and  natural  his- 
tory collections  of  the  survey. 

The  existing  laws  relating  to  the  geological  survey  are  given  in 
Bulletin  Xo.  465,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN   109     PL.  2 


JOHN  CASPER  BRANNER 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  ARKANSAS,  1887-92. 


GEOLOGICAL    AND    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEYS.  13 

ARKANSAS.1 

FIRST   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY'   UNDER   DAVID   D.   OWEX,    1856-1859. 

Organization.— R\IQ  subject  of  a  State  geological  survey  of  Ar- 
kansas was.  according  to  Professor  Branner,  first  brought  to  public 
attention  by  Governor  Elias  N.  Conway  in  his  message  to  the  legis- 
lature of  1856.  Upon  his  recommendation  the  matter  was  taken  into 
consideration  and  an  act  passed  on  January  4,  1857,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  a  transcript : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Arkansas. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas, 
That  the  governor  be  authorized  and  empowered  to  appoint  a  State  geologist, 
to  continue  in  office  until  the  close  of  the  next  general  assembly. 

SEC.  2.  Re  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist 
to  make  reconnoissance  of  the  State,  noting  the  mining  and  mineral  lands,  their 
geographical  position,  extent,  character,  and  geographical  distribution;  to  ex- 
amine and  collect  specimens  of  the  ores  of  lead,  iron,  and  other  metals,  of  the 
marbles,  granite,  limestones,  slates,  and  all  other  rocks  of  economic  value,  as 
well  as  the  saline  and  mineral  waters  of  the  State;  and  to  make  a  report  of 
the  result  of  his  investigations,  suitably  illustrated,  to  the  next  regular  session 
of  the  legislature. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted  That  a  suitable  room  in  the  statenouse  shall 
be  net  apart  by  the  secretary  of  state,  for  the  use  of  the  State  geologist,  and 
the  necessary  cases  and  other  furniture  be  furnished,  sufficient  to  deposit  speci- 
mens of  all  his  collections  on  minerals  and  fossils,  illustrating  the  different 
geological  formations  of  this  State. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  shall  receive  a  salary 
at  the  rate  of  $1,800  per  annum,  payable  quarterly  by  the  State  treasurer,  and 
he  shall  be  authorized,  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  to  employ  the  neces- 
sary assistance  and  provide  the  necessary  outfit,  and  the  expenditures  of  such 
assistance  and  outfit,  as  well  as  traveling  expenses  and  transportation,  shall 
likewise  be  paid  to  him  by  the  State  treasurer,  from  time  to  time,  as  such 
expenses  are  incurred,  upon  a  certified  account  of  such  disbursement,  to  be 
filed  by  said  geologist,  which  shall  be  done  under  oath,  accompanied  by  a 
statement  of  his  accounts,  with  the  original  vouchers  as  near  as  can  be  obtained, 
and  an  account  of  items,  to  be  filed  with  the  auditor  of  the  State. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $4,800  per  annum  be  appro- 
priated, out  of  any  money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for 
the  payment  of  the  salary  of  the  geologist  and  all  other  expenses  incurred. 

SEC.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  This  law  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from 
and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  January  15,  1857. 

Under  the  provisions  of  this  act  Dr.  David  Dale  Owen,  then  State 
geologist  of  Kentucky,  was  appointed  State  geologist,  entering  upon 
his  duties  October  1,  1857. 

1  See  also  Geological  Survey  of  Arkansas,  by  J.  C.  Branner.  Journal  of  Geology,  vol.  2, 
1S04.  p.  826. 

2  Compiled  in  part  from  manuscripts  by  Richard  Owen. 


14  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL    .MUSEUM. 

The  results  of  the  work  accomplished  during  this  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  are  given  in  Owen's  First  Report  of  a  Geological  Recon- 
naissance of  the  Northern  Counties  of  Arkansas,  an  octavo  volume 
of  256  pages,  bearing  the  date  of  1858. 

In  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  1858-59  Governor  Conway  rec- 
ommended a  more  generous  support  of  the  survey — a  recommendation 
which,  in  spite  of  some  vigorous  opposition,  found  expression  in  the 
following  act,  approved  February  21,  1859 : 

An  act  to  provide  for  tbe  further  prosecution  of  the  geological.  mineralogicaL  and  chemi- 
cal survey  of  the  State  of  Arkansas,  in  connection  with  an  agricultural  and  botanical 
survey  of  said  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  b//  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas. 
That  the  State  geologist  shall,  in  the  further  prosecution  of  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State,  connect  therewith  an  agricultural  and  botanical  survey  of 
said  State,  according  to  the  plan  hereinafter  provided  for  by  this  act. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  so  soon  as  the  geological  reconnoissamv 
of  the  State,  now  commenced,  shall  be  sufficiently  advanced  to  enable  the 
geologist  to  decide  upon  which  tracts  of  land  demand  a  thorough  detailed 
survey,  there  shall  be  instituted  a  minute  and  detailed  survey  of  said  tracts, 
commencing  with  those  which  hold  out  the  best  prospect  of  valuable  dis- 
coveries, and  said  geologist  shall  employ,  for  the  prosecution  of  the  same,  such 
force  as  the  appropriation  hereinafter  provided  for  shall  justify. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and  his  assistants  to 
make  collections  of  all  ores,  coals,  building  materials,  hydraulic  and  other 
limestones,  marls,  clays,  salts,  soils,  fossils,  and  other  materials  of  economical 
value  and  scientific  interest,  to  form  a  State  collection. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and  his  assistants  to 
make  full  and  complete  examinations,  assays,  and  chemical  analyses  of  all 
ores,  minerals,  and  other  useful  materials,  in  order  to  determine  their  eco- 
nomical value,  their  durability,  and  their  chemical  constitution ;  and  to  test 
the  mineral  and  natural  waters  of  the  State,  and  make  analyses  of  those 
deemed  of  sufficient  interest,  especially  those  thought  to  be  possessed  of 
medical  properties,  or  supposed  to  contain  deleterious  principles. 

SFC.  5.  That  it  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and  his  assistant* 
to  make  a  collection  of  the  various  soils  of  the  State,  especially  those  char- 
acteristic of  the  different  geological  formations  of  the  State :  and  shall  con- 
stitute a  minute  analyses  of  such  soils,  so  as  to  exhibit  the  composition  and 
properties  of  the  various  soils,  and  ascertain  their  applicability  to  particular 
crops  and  their  comparative  fertility. 

SEC.  6.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and  his  assistants  to  give 
information  to  the  citizens  in  the  country  through  which  they  may  pass  in 
regard  to  the  existence  of  minerals,  especially  to  the  owners  of  land  on  which 
valuable  minerals  may  be  found. 

SEC.  7.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  botanical  survey  shall  have  special 
reference  to  growths  peculiar  to  the  various  geological  formations  and  the 
congeniality  of  these  (particularly  the  useful  plants)  to  the  soils  derived  from 
the  different  geological  formations. 

SEC.  8.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  to  prepare  a  re- 
port on  the  progress  of  said  survey,  on  or  before  October  10,  1860,  to  be  ad- 
dressed to  the  governor  of  the  State,  and  accompany  said  report  with  sections. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.         15 

maps  (and)  drawings,  to  illustrate  the  text:  also  with  specimens,  to  be  de- 
posited in  the  State  cabinet. 

SKC.  9.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist,  or  such  of  his  assis- 
tants as  shall  be  authorized  by  said  State  geologist,  shall  have  access  to  records, 
of  all  documents,  notes,  profiles,  plats,  maps,  and  field  books  of  all  surveys  of 
roads,  rivers,  railroads,  or  any  other  public  surveys,  with  full  authority  to 
make  such  copies  or  extracts  of  the  same  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary  or  useful 
for  facilitating  and  expediting  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  10.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect 
the  provisions  of  this  act  the  governor  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized,  from 
time  to  time,  to  appoint  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  receive  a  salary  at  the 
rate  of  $2,500  per  annum,  payable  quarterly  out  of  the  State  treasury,  and  a 
sufficient  sum  to  pay  the  same  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in,  or 
which  shall  be  in  the  State  treasury,  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

SEC.  11.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  shall  be  authorized, 
under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  to  employ  the  necessary  assistance  and 
outfit,  as-well  as  traveling  expenses  and  transportation,  which  shall  be  paid  to 
him  out  of  the  geological  appropriations,  from  time  to  time,  as  such  expenses 
shall  be  incurred,  as  well  as  the  expenses  of  the  chemical  department  and  other 
expenses  which  shall  be  deemed  necessary  to  accomplish  the  objects  of  this  act ; 
and  all  such  expenditures  shall  be  stated  in  the  accounts  of  the  State  geologist, 
which  he  shall  file  with  the  auditor  under  oath ;  and  that  $6,000  per  aimuin 
for  two  years  be  appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise 
appropriated,  for  carrying  on  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Arkansas; 
and  all  other  acts  of  appropriation  for  said  purpose  are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  12.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force 
from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  February  21,  1859. 

Personnel. — Under  this  net  Dr.  David  Dale  Owen  was  again 
appointed  State  geologist,  but.  dying  before  the  convening  of  the 
Legislature,  his  Second  Report  of  a  Geological  Reconnaissance  was 
edited  by  his  brother,  Richard  Owen,  and  J.  P.  Lesley.  This  report 
was  printed  in  Philadelphia  under  date  of  1860.  and  forms  an  octavo 
volume  of  433  pages.1 

Doctor  Owen  was  assisted  by  E.  T.  Cox,  afterwards  State  geolo- 
gist of  Indiana,  Joseph  Lesley,  Drs.  Robert  Peter  and  Elderhorst, 
chemists,  and  Leo  Lesquereux,  paleobotanist.  The  appointments, 
according  to  the  manuscript  notes  of  Richard  Owen,  were  all  dic- 
tated by  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen. 

Salaries. — According  to  the  terms  of  the  bill  establishing  the  sur- 
vey, Doctor  Owen's  salary  was  at  the  rate  of  $2,500  a  year.  Prof. 
Richard  Owen,  in  the  manuscript  note  referred  to,  writes  that  the 
salary  of  Mr.  Cox  and  that  of  the  other  assistants  was  $1,200  a  year ; 

1  Concerning  this  Prof.  Richard  Owen  writes  (MS.)  :  "  Mr.  Cox  says  the  first  volume 
was  so  badly  printed  by  the  State  printer  that  Governor  Conway  had  a  second  edition 
printed  (I  think  in  Philadelphia)  at  his  own  expense.  All  arrangements  had  been  made 
by  my  brother  for  printing  and  engraving  the  second  volume.  Professor  Lesley  bad  also 
undertaken  to  read  the  proof." 

136075—20 3 


16  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

and  that  of  the  subassistants  was  at  the  rate  of  $40  per  month.    None 
of  the  officers  received  salaries  from  other  institutions. 

Result*. — According  to  Professor  Branner,  Doctor  Owen's  effort-, 
were  devoted  entirely  to  the  work  of  reconnaissance,  the  first  report 
treating  the  region  north  of  the  Arkansas  River,  and  the  second  that 
south  of  the  river.  In  the  main  his  ideas  of  the  geological  structure 
of  the  State  were  correct,  and  his  facts  have  been  of  great  service  in 
working  out  the  details  of  the  structure  and  the  areal  geology. 
Errors  were  made,  but  they  were  few  and  unimportant,  especially 
when  we  take  into  consideration  the  limited  time  and  small  means 
at  the  disposal  of  the  survey.  It  may  be  well  (quoting  Doctor  Bran- 
ner) to  mention  the  more  fundamental  of  these  errors,  because  they 
have  so  long  been  current : 

1.  It  was  thought  that  the  Arkansas  coals  belonged  to  the  Lower- 
Coal  Measures.     Coal  does  occur  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  north 
of  the  Boston  Mountains,  and  the  generalization  was  made  from 
these  beds.     The  coal  of  the  Arkansas  Valley  is  in  an  altogether  dif- 
ferent position — near  the  top  of  the  Coal  Measures. 

2.  It  was  thought  that  the  novaculites,  now  known  to  be  Silurian, 
were  Carboniferous.     No  fossils  had  then  been  found  in  or  near  the 
novaculites. 

3.  The  theory  of  northeast-southwest  metalliferous  veins  across  the 
State,  although  advanced  only  as  "  probable,"  led  to  much  searching 
for  silver  and  lead,  much  loss  of  time  and  money,  and  to  much  dis- 
appointment. 

The  Civil  War  broke  out  shortly  after  the  publication  of  Owen's 
second  report,  and  the  survey  was  discontinued  through  the  follow- 
ing act: 

An  act  to  repeal  the  one  hundred  and  sixty-eighth  chapter  of  Gould's  Digest. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas, 
That  the  law  providing  for  the  appointment  of  a  gelogist  of  this  State,  and  for 
a  geological  survey  of  this  State,  as  provided  for  by  chapter  168  in  Gould's 
Digest,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby  repealed :  and  that  this  act  take  effect  nn<l 
be  In  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  January  21,  1861. 

The  books  and  specimens  collected  during  the  period  of  these  sur- 
veys were  disposed  of  according  to  the  following: 

An  act  for  the  benefit  of  St.  John's  College. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas,  That  the 
geological  and  mineralogical  specimens  on  deposit  in  the  office  of  the  secretary 
of  state  be  turned  over  to  St.  John's  College  and  placed  in  its  cabinet,  for  the 
use  of  the  faculty,  students,  and  others,  and  that  the  miscellaneous  books  ou 
deposit  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  be  turned  over  to  the  said  college, 
to  be  placed  in  their  library  for  the  use  of  the  faculty,  students,  and  others: 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  17 

Provided,  That  said  college  shall  return  the  whole  of  said  books  and  specimens 
hereby  deposited  with  them  when  called  for  by  the  State  officers. 
Approved,  January  21,  1861. 

The  material  thus  disposed  of  would  appear  from  the  notes  of 
Richard  Owen  to  have  been  largely  duplicates.  He  writes: 

I  believe  duplicate  specimens  were  forwarded  to  Little  Rock  for  a  State 
museum.  *  *  *  On  arriving  at  New  Harmony  [Owen's  headquarters]  all 
[that  is,  the  specimens]  were  placed  in  one  room  of  the  laboratory,  designated 
as  the  Arkansas  room.  *  *  *  Some  of  the  duplicates  went  to  the  Indiana 
State  University.  No  special  zoological  collections  were  made  and  no  library 
was  formed. 

SECOND    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY    UNDER    W.    F.    ROBERTS,    1871. 

In  1866  a  bill  providing  for  a  second  geological  survey  was  passed 
by  the  senate  of  the  general  assembly,  but  was  rejected  by  the  house. 
In  his  message  to  the  assembly  of  1868  Gov.  Clayton  Powell  recom- 
mended the  continuation  of  the  survey,  but  the  committee  to  whom 
the  matter  was  referred,  reported  that,  "  owing  to  the  unsettled  con- 
dition of  the  country  and  the  lack  of  funds  to  prosecute  the  above 
work,"  the  bill  should  be  indefinitely  postponed.  In  the  assembly 
of  three  years  later  the  subject  received  more  favorable  considera- 
tion, and  the  following  bill  was  passed: 

An  act  entitled  An  act  to  authorize  the  Governor  to  appoint  a  State  geologist  to  develop 
the  mineral  resources  of  the  State  of  Arkansas,  and  for  other  purposes. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas, 
That  the  Governor  be  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  a  State  geologist, 
who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  two  years. 

SEC.  2.  Any  person  who  shall  have  been  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act  shall,  on  receiving  his  commission,  proceed  to  make  a  geological  examination 
of  the  State,  and  report  to  the  Governor  the  result  of  his  explorations  and  dis- 
coveries once  in  three  months. 

SEC.  3.  The  State  geologist  appointed  under  this  act  shall  be  authorized  to 
employ  one  or  more  assistants,  who  shall  be  under  his  supervision,  and  he  shall 
be  entitled  to  receive  a  salary  of  $2,500  per  annum,  all  traveling  and  other  neces- 
sary expenses. 

SEC.  4.  There  shall  be  set  apart  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  a  proper 
place  for  a  mineral  cabinet,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to 
select  choice  specimens  of  all  minerals  that  he  may  discover  and  deposit  the 
fame,  properly  labeled,  in  the  mineral  cabinet. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $15,000  is  hereby  appropriated 
out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated  to  carry  this  act 
into  effect. 

SEC.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  28,  1871. 

Personnel  and  results. — Under  the  act  Gov.  P.  A.  Hoadley  ap- 
pointed W.  F.  Roberts,  sr.,  State  geologist  on  June  5,  1871.  The 
records  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  do  not  show  how  long 
Mr.  Roberts  held  office,  but  in  his  message  to  the  assembly  in  1873 


18  BULLETIX   10f),    UNITED  STATES    NATIOXAJ.    MUSEUM. 

the  governor  mentions  the  fact  that  Mr.  Roberts  returned  to  Penn- 
sylvania the  preceding  July,  and  had  not  since  been  heard  from. 
Dr.  George  Haddock,  of  Arkadelphia,  had  been  appointed  Roberts' 
assistant,  and  accompanied  him  through  the  westerly  part  of  the 
State.  With  what  results  is  not  definitely  known,  since  Roberts' 
report  was  never  published,  the  manuscript,  according  to  the  author's 
statements,  being  deposited  in  a  bank  because  the  State  Avas  unable 
to  print  it.  A  series  of  articles,  however,  was  subsequently  pub- 
lished in  the  Age  of  Steel  of  St.  Louis  in  1887-88,  and  it  is  regarded 
by  Professor  Branner  as  probable  that  these  represented  his  views 
of  the  geology  of  the  State,  though  they  are  largely  a  repetition  of 
results  given  by  Owen.  In  1873  Dr.  George  Haddock  published  a 
pamphlet  of  66  pages,  entitled :  Reports  of  a  Geological  Reconnais- 
sance of  a  Part  of  the  State  Arkansas  Made  During  the  Years 
1871-72.  This  was  likewise  of  little  importance  and  added  nothing 
to  the  work  of  Owen. 

THIRD    GEOLOGICAL    SUKVEV    UNDER    GEORGE    HADDOCK    AND    OTHERS, 
1873-1874. 

In  the  general  assembly  of  1873  the  matter  of  a  renewal  of  the 
survey  was  taken  up  and  a  bill  passed  as  follows : 

An  act  entitled  An  act  to  authorize  the  governor  to  appoint  a  State  geologist  to  develop 
the  mineral  resources  of  the  State  of  Arkansas,  and  for  other  purposes. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  6j/  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas, 
That  the  governor  be  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  a  State  geologist, 
who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  two  years,  except  he  be  removed  as 
hereinafter  provided. 

SEC.  2.  Any  person  who  shall  have  been  appointed  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall,  on  receiving  his  commission,  proceed  to  make  a  geological  ex- 
amination of  the  State,  and  report  to  the  governor  the  results  of  the  explora- 
tions and  discoveries  once  every  12  months. 

SEC.  3.  The  State  geologist  appointed  under  this  act  shall  be  authorized  to 
employ  one  or  two  hands,  who  shall  be  under  his  supervision ;  and  he  shall  be 
entitled  to  receive  a  salary  of  $2,500  per  annum,  all  traveling  and  other  neces- 
sary expenses. 

SEC.  4.  There  shall  be  set  apart,  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  a 
proper  place  for  a  mineral  cabinet,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geolo- 
gist to  select  choice  specimens  of  all  minerals  that  he  may  discover  and  deposit 
the  same,  properly  labeled,  in  the  mineral  cabinet. 

SEC.  5.  The  governor  shall  be  authorized  and  shall  have  full  power  to  remove 
the  said  State  geologist  whenever  in  his  opinion  the  interests  of  the  State  may 
require  it,  and  in  that  event  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist  shall  cease  from 
the  date  of  his  removal. 

SEC.  6.  The  sum  of  $15,000  is  hereby  appropriated  to  carry  this  act  into  effect. 

SEC.  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  April  25,  1873. 

Under  this  act  the  following  geologists  were  appointed :  George 
Haddock,  appointed  May  15,  1873.  and  removed  from  office  January 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  19 

14,  1874.  Mr.  Haddock,  who  is  said  to  have  been  a  Scotchman,  had 
been  assistant  geologist  under  Mr.  Roberts  the  year  before ;  he  made 
no  report  except  the  one  published  under  a  former  appropriation  and 
mentioned  above.  William  C.  Hazeldine,  appointed  January  14, 
1874,  and  removed  June  29,  1874.  Mr.  Hazeldine  was  an  English- 
man by  birth,  and  had  been  a  member  of  the  State  legislature  from 
Richmond,  Little  River  County,  in  1871.  Later  he  was  circuit  judge 
of  the  second  district  of  Arkansas,  and  lived  at  Augusta,  Woodruff 
County.  As  State  geologist  he  made  no  report,  and,  so  far  as  can  be 
ascertained,  did  no  field  work.  Arnold  Syberg  was  appointed  June 
29,  1874.  and  remained  in  office  to  the  end  of  the  term.  Mr.  Syberg 
was  a  native  of  Prussia;  was  at  one  time  a  captain  in  the  Regular 
Army  of  the  United  States;  afterwards  State  engineer  of  the  State 
of  Arkansas,  and  still  later  engineer  in  the  Confederate  Army.  He 
made  no  report,  and  the  only  work  done  was  to  receive  and  examine 
specimens  sent  or  brought  in  from  various  parts  of  the  State. 

The  total  amount  appropriated  for  the  1873-74  survey  ($15,000) 
was  spent,  and,  in  addition  thereto,  the  legislature  voted  $2,386  in 
a  deficiency  bill. 

The  failure  of  the  surveys  for  the  years  1868  to  1875  to  yield  any 
geological  results  must  be  attributed  to  the  general  demoralization  of 
the  State  government  during  the  reconstruction  period. 

No  further  efforts  were  made  to  carry  on  a  geological  survey  until 
the  year  1881,  when  bills  for  such  work  were  defeated  in  both 
branches  of  the  general  assembly. 

In  the  assembly  of  1883  the  only  legislation  passed  relating  to 
geological  work  was  a  senate  concurrent  resolution  "  authorizing  and 
directing  the  governor  to  make  application  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  of  the  United  States  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State 
of  Arkansas." *  Nothing  seems  to  have  come  of  this  effort  to  obtain 
help  from  the  National  Government. 

FOUKTII  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  JOHN  C.  BRANNER,   1887-1893. 

The  fourth  geological  survey  of  the  State  was  undertaken  under 
the  suggestion  of  Gov.  Simon  P.  Hughes,  in  his  message  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  in  January,  1887.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the  act 
of  authorization : 

A  bill  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of  Arkansas. 
Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas: 
SECTION  1.  That  the  governor  is  hereby  required  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of 
known  integrity  and  competency,  having  n  practical  and  scientific  knowledge  of 
the  sciences  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term 

J. Journal  of  Geology,   vol.   2.   1894,  pp.   829-830. 


20  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

of  two  years  from  the  time  lie  enters  upon  the  duties  of  his  office:  Provided, 
That  he  shall  be  at  all  times  subject  to  removal  by  the  governor  for  incompe- 
tency  or  gross  neglect  of  duty.  That  said  geologist  shall,  upon  consultation  with 
and  approval  of  the  governor,  appoint  one  or  more  suitable  assistants,  not  ex- 
ceeding three  in  number,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  skillful,  analytical  and  agri- 
cultural chemist;  the  said  geologist  and  assistants  to  constitute  a  geological 
corps,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make  a  complete  and  thorough  geological,  agri- 
cultural, and  mineralogical  survey  of  each  and  every  county  in  the  State. 

SEC.  2.  The  said  survey  shall  have  for  its  objects:  First,  an  examination  of 
the  geological  structure  of  the  State,  including  the  dip,  magnitude,  order,  and 
relative  positions  of  the  several  strata,  their  richness  In  coal,  clays,  ores,  min- 
eral waters,  building  stone,  and  other  useful  material  for  economic  purposes, 
and  their  accessibility  for  mining,  or  manufacture;  second,  an  accurate  chemi- 
cal analysis  and  classification  of  the  various  soils  of  the  State,  with  the  view 
of  discovering  the  best  means  of  preserving  and  improving  their  fertility,  and 
of  pointing  out  the  most  beneficial  and  profitable  modes  of  cultivation ;  also,  a 
careful  aualj'sis  of  the  different  ores,  rocks,  peats,  marls,  clays,  saline,  and  all 
mineral  waters  within  the  State;  third,  to  ascertain  by  meteorological  obser- 
vations the  local  causes  which  produce  variations  of  climate  in  the  different 
sections  of  the  State;  also,  to  determine  by  strict  barometrical  observations  the 
relative  elevation  and  depression  of  the  different  parts  of  the  State. 

SKC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist,  in  the  progress  of  the  examina- 
tion thereby  directed,  to  collect  such  specimens  of  rocks,  ores,  soils,  fossils, 
organic  remains,  and  mineral  compounds  as  will  exemplify  the  geology,  min- 
eralogy, and  agronomy  of  the  State;  and  he  shall  deposit  said  specimens,  accu- 
rately labeled  and  classified,  in  a  room  to  be  provided  by  the  State  laud  com- 
missioner, who  shall  carefully  preserve  and  keep  the  same  under  his  super- 
vision. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  on  or  before  the  first  Monday  in 
December  of  each  year  during  the  time  occupied  in  said  survey,  to  make  a 
printed  report  to  the  governor  of  the  results  and  progress  of  the  survey,  accom- 
panied by  such  maps,  profiles,  and  drawings  as  may  be  necessary  to  exemplify 
the  same,  which  reports  the  governor  shall  lay  before  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  5.  When  the  survey  shall  be  fully  completed  the  said  geologist  shall 
make  to  the  governor  a  final  report,  including  the  results  of  the-entire  survey, 
accompanied  by  such  drawings  and  topographical  maps  as  may  be  necessary  to 
illustrate  the  same,  and  by  a  single  geological  map,  showing  by  colors  and  other 
appropriate  means,  the  stratification  of  the  rocks,  the  character  of  the  soil,  the 
localities  of  the  beds  of  the  mineral  deposits,  and  the  character  and  the  extent 
of  the  different  geological  formations. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  salary  of  said  geologist  shall  be  $3,500  per  annum,  and  the 
salaries  of  his  assistants  not  more  than  $1,800  per  annum  each,  which  salaries 
shall  be  paid  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  now  prescribed  by  law  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  other  State  officers. 

SEC.  7.  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  there 
is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  now  in  the  treasury  of  the  State 
not  otherwise  appropriated,  for  chemicals  and  for  contingent  expenses  of  the 
survey,  including  the  actual  and  necessary  traveling  expenses  of  the  geological 
corps  and  hire  of  local  assistants,  $10,000,  which  sum  so  appropriated  shall 
be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor  upon  the  certificate  of  said 
geologist,  and  approved  by  the  governor,  which  certificate  and  approval  shall 
alone  authorize  the  auditor  of  the  State  to  draw  his  warrant  upon  the  treasurer 
for  the  amount  so  certified  and  approved. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  21 

SEC.  8.  No  money  shall  be  paid  for  the  purposes  of  said  survey  until  said 
geologist  shall  have  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as  prescribed  by 
this  act. 

SKC.  9.  The  survey  shall  be  commenced  as  soon  after  the  appointment  of  said 
geologist  and  his  assistants  as  practicable,  and  shall  be  completed  within  two 
yenrs  from  and  after  the  time  of  its  commencement.  To  facilitate  said  survey 
the  geologist  and  his  assistants  shall  have  access  to  the  field  notes  and  maps  of 
the  public  surveys  in  the  office  of  the  commissioner  of  State  lands  free  of 
charge.  When,  at  any  time  during  the  progress  of  such  survey,  said  geologist 
shall  discover  any  considerable  deposits  of  mineral,  metals,  ores,  clays,  coals,  or 
anything  else  of  value,  situated  upon  the  land  or  lands  of  any  citizen  or  citi- 
zens of  this  State,  he  shall  forthwith  notify  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  dis- 
covery or  discoveries;  and  should  any  such  discovery  or  discoveries  be  upon  any 
land  or  lands  belonging  to  the  State,  he  shall  fit  once  and  without  delay  notify 
the  governor  thereof;  and  the  governor,  upon  the  receipt  of  such  notice,  shall 
forthwith  cause  all  such  lands  to  be  withdrawn  from  sale  or  donation  until 
otherwise  provided  by  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  10.  That  all  laws  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  regaled,  and  this  act 
shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  5,  1887. 

Personnel. — Under  this  act,  Dr.  J.  C.  Branner,  then  professor  of 
geology  in  the  University  of  Indiana,  was  appointed  State  geologist, 
entering  npon  his  duties  June  24,  1887.  Assistants  in  special  lines 
of  investigation  were  from  time  to  time  appointed  as  follows:  T.  B. 
Comstock,  to  report  on  mines  of  gold  and  silver;  R.  A.  F.  Penrose, 
on  those  of  manganese ;  L.  S.  Griswold,  on  novaculite ;  T.  C.  Hopkins, 
on  marbles ;  and  J.  F.  Williams,  on  the  igneous  rocks.  R.  N.  Brockett 
served  as  chemist.  Mr.  Comstock  resigning  at  the  end  of  the  first 
season,  that  of  1887,  Mr.  Arthur  Winslow  was  appointed  in  his  place. 
Volunteer  assistance  along  various  lines  was  furnished  by  O.  P.  Hay, 
of  Butler  University,  Indiana;  C.  H.  Bollman,  of  the  University  of 
Indiana:  F.  V.  Coville,  of  Cornell  University;  F.  W.  Simonds,  of 
the  Arkansas  Industrial  University ;  R.  T.  Hill,  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey;  J.  II.  Shinn,  of  Little  Rock,  Arkansas;  and  G.  D. 
Harris,  of  Jamestown.  New  York.  Charles  E.  Taft  served  as  topo- 
grapher. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  general  assembly  in  1889  there  was  violent 
opposition  to  the  continuation  of  the  survey,  due  chiefly  to  the  ex- 
position of  certain  fraudulent  claims  regarding  gold  mines  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State.  This  opposition,  was,  however,  unsuccess- 
ful, and  the  following  bill  passed.  As  will  be  noted,  it  was  so 
worded  that  it  was  unnecessary  for  the  subsequent  assemblies  to  do 
more  than  vote  the  necessary  appropriations. 

An  act  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of  Arkansas,  approved  March  5,  1887,  and  ap 

propriatlng  ton  thousand  dollars  to  defray  tbe  expenses  of  said  survey. 
Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas: 
SECTION  1.  That  section  1  of  an  act  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of 

Arkansas,  approved  March  5,  1887,  be  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows,  to  wit: 


22  BULLETIN    10:>,    UNITE!-)   STATES    NATIONAL    .MUSEUM. 

That  the  governor  is  hereby  required  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate,  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of  known  integ- 
rity and  competency,  having  a  practical  and  scientific  knowledge  of  the  science 
of  geology  and  mineralogy,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  two  years 
from  the  time  he  enters  upon  the  duties  of  his  office:  Provided,  That  he  shall 
be  at  all  times  subject  to  removal  by  the  governor  for  incompeteucy  or  gross 
neglect  of  duty.  That  said  geologist  shall,  upon  consultation  with  and  approval 
of  the  governor,  appoint  one  or  more  suitable  assistants,  not  exceeding  four  in 
number,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  skillful,  analytical,  ami  agricultural  chemist; 
the  said  geologist  and  assistants  to  constitute  a  geological  corps.  wl;ose  duty  it 
shall  be  to  make  a  complete  and  thorough  geological,  agricultural,  and  miner- 
alogical  survey  of  each  and  every  county  in  the  State. 

SEC.  2.  That  section  6  of  said  act  be  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows,  to  wit : 
That  the  salary  of  said  geologist  shall  be  $3,500  per  annum:  the  salaries  of  three 
of  his  assistants  shall  be  .$2,000  per  annum ;  and  the  salary  of  one  of 
his  assistants  not  more  than  $1,800  per  annum,  which  salaries  shall  be  paid  at 
the  time  and  in  the  manner  now  prescribed  by  law  for  the  payment  of  the  other 
State  officers. 

SEX;.  3.  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  pn.visii.ns  of  rhis  act  there 
is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  now  in  the  treasury  of  the  State  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  for  chemical  and  contingent  expenses  of  the  survey, 
including  the  actual  and  necessary  traveling  expenses  of  the  geological  corps 
and  hire  of  local  assistants,  $10,000,  which  sum  so  appropriated  shall  be  ex- 
pended, under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  upon  the  certificate  of  said  geolo- 
gist, and  approved  by  the  governor,  which  certificate  and  approval  shall  alone 
authorize  the  auditor  of  State  to  draw  his  warrant  upon  the  treasurer  for  the 
amount  so  certified  and  approved. 

SEC.  4.  That  all  laws  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  repealed,  and  this  act 
shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  29,  1889. 

Under  this  bill  Doctor  Branncr  was  again  appointed  State  geolo- 
gist. The  assembly  of  1891  made  the  same  appropriation  as  for  each 
of  the  two  previous  years,  but  with  the  stipulation  that  the  survey 
should  be  brought  to  a  close  by  the  end  of  March,  1903.  This,  so 
far  as  the  field  work  was  concerned,  was  practically  accomplished 
and  further  appropriations  asked  only  sufficient  to  complete  the 
preparation  of  the  reports.  The  sum  of  $4.000  was  appropriated  for 
this  with  the  understanding  that  Doctor  Branncr  should  prepare  the 
reports  without  expense  to  the  State  beyond  the  assistance  he  might 
need  in  office  and  clerical  work,  and  that  the  printing,  binding,  and 
engraving  of  the  reports  should  be  paid  for.  as  before,  out  of  the  gen- 
eral appropriations  for  the  State. 

The  reports,  as  issued,  are  mainly  in  the  form  of  monographs,  and, 
in  the  case  of  that  of  Penrose  on  manganese,  by  no  means  limited  to 
deposits  within  the  State  limits.  Annual  reports  alone  were  pro- 
vided for,  and  for  this  reason  the  volumes,  instead  of  being  numbered 
consecutively,  are  given  in  this  form  and  divided  into  volumes,  of 
which  each  one  is  as  a  rule  given  up  to  a  single  subject. 


•o;.-. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  23 

The  following  laws  were  passed  from  time  to  time  relative  to  the 
distribution  of  these  reports: 

[Act  of  1889.] 

SEC.  3.  That  there  shall  be  printed  by  the  proper  contractor,  annually,  2,000 
copies  of  the  report  of  the  State  geologist  to  the  governor:  Provided,  That, 
with  the  approval  of  the  board  of  public  contracts,  a  larger  uuniber  of  said 
reports,  or  of  any  special  reports  of  said  State  geologist,  which  may  be  of  sp'ecial 
value  to  the  people  of  this  State,  may  be  printed :  and,  provided  further,  That 
the  governor,  with  the  approval  of  the  board,  may  cause  to  be  published  any 
reports  of  the  State  board  of  health,  or  other  important  reports  of  State  officers 
or  agents,  not  provided  for  in  chapter  123  of  Mansfield's  Digest. 

An  act  to  regulate  the  printing  and  distribution  of  tbe  reports  of  the  geological  eun 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas: 
SECTION  1.  The  edition  of  the  reports  of  the  geological  survey  hereafter  pub- 
lished shall  be  4.000  copies.  The  distribution  of  these  reports  shall  be  made  by 
the  secretary  of  state,  as  follows ;  50  copies  to  the  governor ;  10  copies  to  each 
of  the  members  of  the  senate;  10  copies  to  each  of  the  members  of  the  house  of 
representatives;  10  copies  to  each  of  the  following  State  officers:  The  secretary 
of  state,  the  treasurer,  the  auditor,  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and 
the  land  commissioner ;  300  copies  to  the  State  geologist,  who  shall  distribute 
them  to  professional  geologists  in  this  country  and  abroad,  and  to  persons  ren- 
dering material  aid  to  the  geological  survey ;  200  copies  to  the  State  librarian 
for  exchange  with  other  States  and  Territories.  Of  this  number  he  shnll  also 
send  a  copy  to  each  of  the  colleges  of  this  State,  and  one  copy  to  the  library  of 
the  State  university  of  each  State  in  the  Union.  He  shall  distribute  one  copy 
to  each  of  the  following  scientific  societies  of  the  United  States  maintaining 
libraries:  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco,  Cal. ;  Connecticut 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  New  Haven,  Conn. ;  Smithsonian  Institution, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Indiana  Academy  of  Sciences,  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Davenport 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Iowa  City,  Iowa;  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  Boston,  Mass.;  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Mass. ;  Peabody  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Salem,  Mass. ;  Worcester  Natural  History  Society,  Worcester,  Mass. ;  Minnesota 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Minneapolis,  Minn. ;  Academy  of  Science,  Wash- 
ington University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  American  Geological  Society ;  American  Geo- 
graphical Society,  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 
New  York,  N.  Y. :  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Central  Park,  New 
York,  N.  Y. ;  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  Vassal-  Brothers' 
Institute,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. ;  Elisha  Mitchell  Scientific  Society,  Chapel  Hill, 
N.  C.;  Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History,  108  Broadway,  Cincinnati,  Ohio; 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Lackawana  In- 
stitute, Scranton,  Pa.;  Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society,  Wilkes- 
Barre,  Pa. 

The  remaining  volumes,  with  the  exception  of  10  copies,  which  shall  be  re- 
tained in  the  State  library,  shall  be  sold  by  the  secretary  of  state  and  the 
receipts  covered  into  the  State  treasury.  The  price  of  the  separate  volumes 
shall  be  fixed  by  the  printing  board  in  such  a  manner  as  to  have  them  cover  as 
nearly  as  possible  the  average  cost  of  printing,  engraving,  paper,  binding,  and 
necessary  clerical  work.  Each  volume  may  be  sold  soparately,  but  a  map  shall 


24  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

not  be  sold  separately  from  the  volume  of  the  report  which  it  is  intended  to 
accompany,  or  the  volume  separately  from  its  map  or  maps. 

SEC.  2.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  conflict  with  this  act  are  hereby 
repealed,  and  this  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  April  1,  1889. 

An  act  to  regulate  the  distribution  of  the  geological  reports  of  the  State. 

Whereas  there  remains  in  the  State  library  a  large  number  of  the  geological 
reports  of  1888;  and 

Where?! s  a  much  greater  number  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the  public  printer  and 
will  soon  be  issued ;  and 

Whereas  the  principal  object  in  making  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and 
having  the  same  published  :-,t  a  heavy  cost,  was  to  make  known  to  scientists  and 
capitalists  the  vast  mineral  resources  of  the  State  and  induce  an  early  develop- 
ment of  the  same ;  and 

Whereas  many  applications  for  the  geological  reports  of  State  are  made  by 
the  citizens  of  other  States  and  countries  desiring  to  invest  labor  and  capital  in 
developing  the  mineral  resources  of  this  State;  Therefore, 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to 
distribute  the  geological  reports  of  1888,  1889,  and  1890,  as  follows : 

Report  of  1888:  To  each  member  of  the  general  assembly  of  3891,  2  copies; 
to  each  State  officer,  2  copies;  to  the  State  geologist  (J.  C.  Branner),  100  copies; 
to  the  secretary  of  state  for  distribution  in  scientific  institutions,  scientists  and 
capitalists  in  this  and  other  States  seeking  information  us  to  our  mineral  re-' 
sources,  250  copies. 

Report  of  1889  and  1890 :  To  each  member  of  the  general  assembly  of  1891, 
5  copies;  to  each  State  officer,  5  copies;  to  the  State  geologist  (J.  C.  Branner), 
250  copies;  to  the  States  and  Territories,  50  copies;  to  colleges  and  high  schools 
of  this  State  and  universities  and  scientific  institutions  in  other  States  and  Ter- 
ritories, 100  copies;  to  the  secretary  of  state  for  distribution  to  scientific  insti- 
tutions, scientists,  and  capitalists  in  this  and  other  States  seeking  information 
as  to  our  mineral  resources,  350  copies. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  residue  of  said  reports  be  retained  in  the  State  library  fur 
sale,  at  such  price  as  the  printing  board  may  fix. 

SEC.  3.  That  this  act  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  April  8,  1891. 

An  act  to  regulate  the  distribution  of  the  geological  reports  of  the  State  of  Arkansas. 

Be  it  enacted  by  tJie  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Arkansas: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to 
distribute  the  geological  reports  of  this  State  for  the  years  1888,  1889,  1890, 
1892,  and  all  subsequent  reports  as  follows:  To  the  State  geologist  (Prof.  J.  C. 
Branner),  150  copies  each  of  all  volumes  hereafter  published;  to  the  States  and 
Territories,  one  copy  each  of  volume  1,  1891,  and  volume  2,  1892,  and  one  copy 
each  of  all  volumes  hereafter  published;  to  colleges  and  high  schools  of  this 
State  and  universities  and  scientific  institutions  in  other  States,  one  copy  each 
of  all  volumes  published  subsequent  to  volume  3,  1890;  to  the  secretary  of  state, 
for  distribution  to  scientists  and  capitalists,  150  volumes  each  of  volumes  1,  2,  3, 
and  4  of  1888 ;  150  copies  each  of  volume  2  of  1889 ;  150  copies  each  of  volumes 
1,  2,  and  3  of  1890;  250  copies  each  of  volume  1,  1891;  250  copies  of  volume  1, 
1892;  250  copies  each  of  all  volumes  hereafter  published.  To  the  members  of 
the  goner;il  assembly  as  follows:  reiK>rts  of  1888,  one  copy  each;  reports  of 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  25 

1889,  one  copy  each;  reports  of  1890,  volumes  1  and  2,  one  copy  each;  reports 
of  1890,  volume  3,  three  copies  each ;  reports  of  1891,  three  copies  each ;  reports 
of  1S92,  three  copies  each ;  of  all  volumes  hereafter  published,  five  copies  each. 

SEC.  2.  That  before  the  secretary  of  state  shall  be  authorized  to  distribute  any 
of  the  reports  to  scientists  or  capitalists  as  provided  for  in  section  1,  he  shall 
require  the  applicant  to  state  in  writing  "  that  he  is  a  scientist  or  a  capitalist," 
and  that  he  wishes  the  reports  to  aid  him  in  investigating  the  mineral  resources 
of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  secretary  of  state  shall  not  be  authorized  to  distribute  any 
of  the  reports  to  scientists  or  capitalists  until  the  postage  or  express  charges  on 
same  have  been  paid. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  residue  of  said  reports  be  retained  in  the  State  library  for 
sale  at  such  price  as  the  printing  board  may  fix. 

SEC.  5.  That  all  acts  in  conflict  herewith  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  repealed, 
and  that  this  act  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  April  6,  1893. 

Results. — The  following  are  some  of  the  general  economic  results 
of  the  survey's  work  as  given  by  Professor  Branner: 

1.  The  areal  and  structural  geology  of  the  State  in  so  far  as  the 
subdivisions  are  known.     (The  exact  parting  between  the  Carbon- 
iferous and  Lower  Carboniferous  along  the  southern  margin  of  the 
Carboniferous  is  not  know7n;  indeed  it  is  not  known  whether  the 
Lower  Carboniferous  comes  to  the  surface  south  of  the  Arkansas 
River.) 

2.  Reporting  upon  the  reputed  gold  mines  of  the  State. 

3.  Outlining  the  coal  area. 

4.  Determining  and  pointing  out  the  adaptabilities  of  the  various 
coals,  and  the  best  methods  of  mining  and  marketing  them. 

5.  Showing  the  extent,  value,  and  method  of  locating  manganese 
deposits. 

6.  Mapping  and  calling  attention  to  the  character,  extent,  and  dis- 
tribution of  the  marbles  and  other  limestones. 

7.  Discovery  of  chalk,  giving  its  distribution,  and  suggesting  uses 
to  which  it  may  be  put. 

8.  Chemical  analyses  of  the  mineral  waters. 

9.  Showing  the  character  of  the  iron  ores. 

10.  Discovery  of  bauxite  and  giving  its  distribution. 

11.  Pointing  out  the  character,  distribution,  and  availability  of  the 
clays  of  the  State. 

12.  Determining  by  te?t.«  the  character  of  the  granites  and  giving 
their  distribution. 

13.  Analyses  and  distribution  of  the  zinc  ores. 

Some  of  the  more  comprehensive  geologic  problems  that  yet  re- 
main to  be  solved  relate  to — 

1.  The  paleontology  of  the  State. 

2.  The  physical  geography. 

3.  Quaternary  history. 


26 


BULLETIN    101),   UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


4.  Relation  of  the  paleozoic  beds  to  those  of  the  other  parts  of  th« 
continent  and  to  those  of  the  world. 

5.  The  divisions  of  the  Silurian  beds. 

Expenses  of  publications. — Summary  of  appropriations  and  pub- 
lications. 


Term. 

Geologist. 

Appro- 
priation. 

Reports  published. 

3£.|"~ 

Maps. 

1857-1858 

D  D  Owen 

$4  800 

First  survev 

1             256 

!>..•,•;..  IM-.O 

do 

12  000 

1              431 

1 

1871-1873 

W.  F.  Roberts,  Sr  .. 

'  15,000 

Haddock's  pamphlet.  . 

1  !            63 

1873-4874 

Geo.  Haddock  
W.  C.  Hazeldine  

1 
\    17,386 

None  

I 

...,  .  . 

A.Syberg  

1 

1 

Total 

{49  186 

3  1           750 

i 



1 

TOTALS  OF  BRANNER  SURVEYS. 


1887-1889 
1889-1891 

I.  C.  Branner  
do  

$27,800 
32,600 

Reports  for  1887-1888  1          5 
Reports  for  18S9-1S90.     .  .              5 

1,105 
2  373 

» 
21 

1891-1893 

.do  

32  600 

Reports  for  1891-1892.           1          4 

887 

5 

1S93-1895 

.do 

4  000 

•2  000 

38 

Total  

$97  000 

18 

6,365 

69 

1 

1  Doctor  Branner  writes  that  but  $10,700  of  this  amount  was  expended,  the  remaining 
$4,800  being  carried  over  to  the  next  survey.     For  the  latter  $17,380  was  appropriated, 
but  $19,628  expended.     The  extra  $2,242  was  presumably  paid  from  the  sum  carried  ov<n 
as  above. 

2  As   given   In   Professor   Branner's    history   of   the    Arkansas    Survey,    in    the    second 
volume  of  the  Journal  of  Geology  for  1894. 

8  About  that  amount. 

Engraving,  printing,  and  binding  are  not  included  in  the  total  for 
the  period  1887-1895.  These  items  and  the  cost  of  fuel,  lights,  sta- 
tionery, and  postage  would  probably  bring  the  total  expenditures  of 
the  Branner  survey  up  to  about  $120,000,  and  the  total  cost  of  all  the 
State  geological  surveys  up  to  $171,428. 

Concerning  the  volumes  mentioned  as  in  preparation.  Professor 
Branner  furnishes  the  following  information: 

1.  The  Zinc  and  Lead  Regions  of  North  Arkansas,  by  J.  C.  Branner.     Pp. 
xiv-f395  and  atlas.     Little  Rock,  1900.     (This  was  finally  culled  a  part  of  the 
report  for  1892,  because  the  active  work  was  supposed  to  have  ended  in  1892.) 

2.  Report  on   the   Coal   Deposits  of  Arkansas,    by   Arthur  Winslow,    J.    C. 
Branner,  and  others.    This  report  was  prepared,  but  no  appropriation  was  ever 
made  for  publishing  it.     After  much  delay  I  finally  asked  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  to  publish  it.     The  subsequent  history  appeared  in  Science, 
October  2G,  1006,  volume  24,  pages  532-537,  and  December  7,  1906,  volume  24, 
pages  722-728.     *     *     *     The  results  of  subsequent  work  by  members  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  staff  appeared  as  Bulletin  326.     My  o\vn  more 
detailed  report  with  large  scale  maps  remains  unpublished. 

3.  Report  on  the  Clays,  Kaolins,  and  Bauxites,  by  J.  C.  Branner.    The  publi- 
cation of  this  report  was  never  provided  for  by  the  State.    Part  of  it  was  pub- 
lished by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  as  Bulletin  351. 

4.  The  Geology  of  the  Lower  or  Barren  Coal  Measures  of  Arkansas--,  by  J.  C. 
Branner,  J.  H.  Means,  and  G.  H.  Ashley.    This  report  was  likewise  never  pro- 
vided for.    Dr.  Ashley's  part  on  the  region  south  of  the  novaculite  area  I  had 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN   109     PL.  3 


I! 


00 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  27 

published  by  the  American  Philosophical  Society  in  its  Proceedings,  volume  36, 
pages  217-318.  The  parts  by  Means  and  myself  were  never  published. 

Other  reports  were  also  in  preparation,  one  of  which,  on  the  Phosphate  Rocks 
of  Arkansas,  by  J.  C.  Branner  and  J.  F.  Newsom,  the  director  of  the  Arkansas 
Experiment  Station  was  induced  to  publish  in  1902  as  Bulletin  74. 

There  is  also  a  lot  of  unpublished  matter  on  the  general  geology  and  paleon- 
tology of  the  State  and  on  the  mineral  resources. 

CALIFORNIA. 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDO*  Dlt.  J.  li.  TRASK,  1850-1 8. Hi. 

Organization. — Leaving  out  of  consideration  the  purely  geographi- 
cal explorations  of  Capt.  J.  C.  Fremont  in  1844.  and  Maj.  W.  H. 
Emory  in  1846,  and  also  the  private  work  of  Philip  T.  Tyson  in  1850, 
the  history  of  scientific  surveys  in  California  under  public — that  is 
State — auspices  may  be  said  to  have  begun  with  the  appointment  of 
Dr.  John  B.  Trask  as  State  geologist  in  1853.1  Doctor  Trask,  it 
would  appear,  had,  of  his  own  volition  acquired  a  certain  amount  of 
information  regarding  the  geology  of  the  State,  which,  through  a 
joint  resolution  of  the  legislature,  was  published  as  a  State  document 
in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet  of  31  pages  entitled:  A  Report  on  the 
Geology  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  or  the  California  Range. 

On  the  6th  of  May  of  this  same  year  a  joint  resolution  passed  the 
assembly  authorizing  further  geological  examinations  of  some  parts 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  Mountains.  The  following  is  a  tran- 
script of  this  resolution : 

Resoh-ed,  That  the  senate  and  assembly  of  the  State  of  California  do  hereby 
authorize  Dr.  John  B.  Trask  to  report  more  fully  and  especially  on  the  unoccu- 
pied mineral  lands  lying  upon  the  eastern  borders  of  the  valleys  of  the  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin,  and  alluded  to  in  his  report  of  April  6,  1S53,  on  the 
Geology  of  the  Mineral  District  of  Sierra  Nevada,  and  contained  in  section  2 
of  said  report,  under  head  of  "  Mineral  Resources " ;  said  report  to  comprise, 
as  near  as  possible,  the  area  of  such  lands  in  each  county  in  said  valleys,  and 
the  facilities  they  offer,  and  requisitions  necessary  to  insure  their  occupancy 
and  improvement. 

Resolved,  That  an  examination  of  the  coast  range,  as  far  as  practicable,  and 
as  far  as  the  means  within  his  power  will  admit  of,  be  made,  and  that  a  full 
report  be  prepared  and  furnished  the  next  legislature. 

Resolved,  That  the  amount  of  money  which  the  legislature  may  appropriate 
s-hall  be  a  compensation  for  the  information  already  obtained,  and  that  which 
shall  be  embodied  in  the  report  to  be  made  the  next  legislature. 

The  day  following  a  supplemental  act  was  passed,  the  purport  of 
which  was  to  reimburse  Doctor  Trask  for  previous  outlay,  and  to 

1  In  1852,  at  what  was  the  third  session  of  tlie  legislature  of  the  new  State  of  Cali- 
fornia, a  resolution  was  reported  calling  for  immediate  attention  and  action  on  the  part 
of  Congress,  "  not  only  for  the  purpose  of  more  speedily  developing  the  mineral  resources 
of  this  State,  but  to  enable  the  agriculturalist  to  predicate  the  success  of  his  labors  upon 
a  sure  data,  and  not  be  entirely  dependent  upon  rains  to  susioin  and  mature  his  crops." 
Nothing  seems,  however,  to  have  come  of  this. 


28  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

enable  him  to  continue  the  work.     The  wording  of  this  act  was  as 
follows : 

An  act  to  compensate  Dr.  John  B.  Trask  for  his  report  on  the  Geology  of  the  Mineral 
Districts  and  to  enable  him  to  make  further  examinations. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  comptroller  is  hereby  required  to  draw  his  warrant,  in  favor 
of  Dr.  John  B.  Trask,  on  the  treasurer  of  State,  for  the  sum  of  $2,000,  to  be 
paid  for  the  geological  report  furnished  by  said  Trnsk,  and  to  enable  him  to 
prosecute  further  investigations  relative  to  the  same  subject,  under  authority  of 
certain  resolutions  passed  by  the  senate  and  assembly. 

Approved,  May  7,  1853. 

Under  this  act  Doctor  Trask  again  took  the  field  and  presented  to 
the  assembly  of  1854  his  second  report,  entitled :  A  Report  on  the. 
Geology  of  the  Coast  Mountains  and  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
Embracing  their  Industrial  Resources  in  Agriculture  and  Mining. 
This  was  printed  in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet  of  95  pages.  The  re- 
sults would  appear  to  have  been  satisfactory  to  the  legislature,  for 
on  May  15  of  that  year  (1854)  the  following  act  was  passed: 

An  act  to  authorize  and  enable  Dr.  John  B.  Trask  to  complete  his  geological  examination* 
of  parts  of  the  State  of  California. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  tuixembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  sum  of  $5,000  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  moneys 
belonging  to  the  general  fund,  to  enable  Dr.  John  B.  Trask  to  complete  his  geo- 
logical survey  of  the  unexamined  portions  of  the  Coast  Mountains,  south  of  the 
thirty-fifth  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  certain  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
and  report  the  same  to  the  next  legislature. 

Publications. — The  first  report  of  Doctor  Trask,  a  pamphlet  of  31 
pages,  contains  a  sketch  of  the  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the 
eastern  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  and  to  the  coast 
line  within  the  forty-first  and  forty-second  degrees  of  north  latitude. 
It  is  founded,  as  already  noted,  on  personal  observations  made  dur- 
ing the  years  1850-1852.  Doctor  Trask's  first  report,  in  his  capacity 
of  State  geologist,  appeared  in  1854  in  the  form  of  Senate  Document 
No.  9,  a  pamphlet  of  95  pages.  This  contained  a  description  of  the 
geology  of  the  Monte  Diablo  range,  Salinas  Valley,  from  Point 
Pinos  to  the  Nacimiento  River,  Santa  Cruz  Mountains;  structure 
of  the  valleys  of  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin:  review  of  the  geo- 
logical changes  in  the  coast  mountains  and  Monte  Diablo  range; 
classification  of  the  rocks  of  the  coast  mountains  and  Monte  Diablo 
range;  position  and  relation  of  the  volcanic  rocks  to  the  Tertiaries; 
volcanic  rocks  preceding  the  Tertiary  era;  most  recent  volcanic 
rocks  of  the  coast  mountains;  changes  of  level  and  river  terraces; 
soils  of  the  valley  Santa  Clara  and  shores  of  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco; valley  of  the  Salinas:  soils  of  the  Salinas;  Pajaro  Valley; 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  29 

Livermore  Valley ;  mineral  resources  of  the  coast  mountains ;  mineral 
districts,  embracing  parts  of  the  counties  of  Nevada,  Placer,  El 
Dorado,  and  Calaveras;  quartz  veins,  and  their  relative  age  in  Cali- 
fornia; character  and  position  of  the  older  veins  below  the  surface; 
present  government  of  metallic  veins;  descriptions  of  mines,  with 
list  of  gold  mines. 

His  second  report  appeared  in  1855,  forming  Senate  Document 
No.  14,  a  pamphlet  of  94  pages,  entitled :  Report  on  the  Geology  of 
the  Coast  Mountains,  Embracing  their  Agricultural  Resources  and 
Mineral  Productions,  also  Portions  of  the  Middle  and  Northern 
Mining  Districts.  It  contained  a  description  of  the  physical  geog- 
raphy of  the  coast  mountains;  geology  of  the  coast  mountains; 
Tertiary  rocks  of  the  coast  mountains;  primitive  rocks  of  the  coast 
mountains;  volcanic  rocks  of  the  coast  mountains;  geology  of  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains;  stratified  rocks  of  the  San  Bernardino 
chain  and  plains  of  Los  Angeles;  extent  of  the  infusorial  group; 
plains  of  Los  Angeles;  artesian  borings;  soils  and  productions  of 
Los  Angeles;  mineral  productions  of  Los  Angeles;  country  north  of 
the  American  River ;  mineral  district  of  the  upper  Sacramento  Val- 
ley; geology  of  the  northern  coast  mountains;  Carboniferous  lime- 
stone of  the  eastern  part  of  Shasta  County ;  Trinity  County ;  struc- 
ture of  the  Sacramento  Valley;  Tertiary  rocks  and  other  deposits 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  placer  mining;  quartz  veins;  quartz  mines, 
with  descriptions  of  mines,  and  statistics. 

The  third  report,  forming  Assembly  Document  No.  14,  of  the  ses- 
sion of  1856,  comprised  66  pages.  This  contained  a  description  of 
the  physical  geography  of  the  region  lying  in  the  coast  mountains 
north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco ;  geological  structure  of  the  coast 
mountains;  mineral  character  of  the  primitive  rocks  of  the  coast 
mountains ;  soils  of  Petaluma  County ;  plains  west  of  the  Sacramento 
River;  San  Bernardino;  geology  of  Table  Mountain,  Tuolumne 
County ;  Carboniferous  rocks  of  the  northern  district ;  salines  of  the 
upper  Sacramento  Valley;  Mammoth  Mines,  Seventy-six,  Jamison 
Creek;  descriptions  of  mines,  etc.;  analyses  of  saline  waters  from 
Lick  Springs,  Shasta  County;  gold  mines  in  operation  in  1855,  and 
table  of  altitudes. 

Expense. — The  total  expense  of  the  Trask  survey  would  appear 
to  have  been  the  $7,000  appropriated  by  the  legislature  of  1853-54. 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  JOSIAH  D.  WHITNEY,   1860-1873. 

Following  the  work  of  Trask,  the  next  official  survey  of  Califor- 
nia was  undertaken  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney,  in  virtue  of  the  follow- 
ing act : 


30  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

An  act  to  create  the  office  of  State  geologist  and  define  the  duties  thereof. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  .1.  D.  Whitney  is  heivb/  appointed  State  geologist,  whose  duty  it 
shall  be,  with  the  aid  of  such  assistants  as  he  may  appoint,  to  make  an  accurate 
and  complete  geological  survey  of  this  State,  and  to  furnish  in  his  report  of  the 
same  proper  maps  and  diagrams  thereof,  with  a  full  and  scientific  description  of 
its  rocks,  fossils,  soils,  and  minerals,  and  of  its  botanical  and  zoological  produc- 
tions, together  with  specimens  of  the  same,  which  specimens  shall  be  properly 
labeled  and  arranged,  and  deposited  in  such  place  as  shall  be  hereafter  provided 
for  that  purpose  by  the  legislature. 

SEC.  2.  Said  State  geologist  shall,  as  near  as  may  be,  at  the  beginning  of  each 
session  of  the  legislature,  present  to  the  governor,  who  shall  lay  the  same  before 
the  legislature,  a  report  of  progress,  in  which  the  operations  of  the  geological 
survey  during  the  preceding  year  shall  be  set  forth  and  its  more  important 
practical  results  made  public.  He  shall  also  furnish  such  estimates  as  he  shall 
deem  proper  of  the  amount  of  the  appropriation  which  shall  be  required  for  the 
continuation  of  the  survey.  His  report  shall  also  embrace  the  amount  of  ex- 
pense incurred  up  to  that  period. 

SEC.  3.  On  the  completion  of  the  .survey  the  State  geologist  shall  prepare  and 
present  to  the  governor  a  full  and  comprehensive  report,  embodying  the  results 
of  the  entire  survey,  with  proper  maps,  diagrams,  and  drawings  of  the  same; 
and  the  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  directed  to  obtain  the  copyright  for  the 
same,  as  also  of  the  annual  reports  of  said  geologist  for  the  benefit  of  this  State. 

SEC.  4.  Whenever  one  or  more  volumes  of  the  geological  survey  herein  pro- 
vided for  shall  be  published,  the  governor  and  secretary  of  state  may  cause  such 
books  to  be  sold  upon  the  most  advantageous  terms  to  the  State;  and  any 
moneys  derived  from  such  sales  shall  be  placed  to  the  common  school  fund  of 
the  State. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  geologist  shall  prepare  for  and  superintend  the  publication 
of  his  reports  of  the  final  results  of  the  survey  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  he 
shall  present  to  the  legislature  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  such  publication. 

SEC.  6.  The  State  geologist  shall  receive  for  his  compensation  the  sum  of 
?6,000  per  annum,  payable  monthly,  and  his  assistants  shall  receive  such  com- 
pensation as  shall  be  determined  upon  by  the  governor  and  said  geologist, 
which,  together  with  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  shall  be  audited  by  the 
State  controller,  and  paid  out  of  ine  amount  herein  appropriated,  or  out  of  such 
appropriation  as  shall  hereafter  be  made  for  that  purpose :  Provided,  That  the 
compensation  herein  allowed  shall  be  paid  only  from  the  time  they  shall  enter 
upon  the  performance  of  their  duties. 

SEC.  7.  Whenever  the  said  J.  D.  Whitney  shall  notify  the  governor  of  his 
acceptance  of  the  appointment  herein  made,  the  governor  shall  cause  to  be 
issued  to  said  Whitney  his  commission  under  the  .seal  of  State ;  and  if  the  said 
Whitney  shall  decline,  to  serve  us  said  geologist,  or  die,  or  become  unable  to 
prosecute  said  survey,  the  governor  of  this  State  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint 
some  suitable  person  to  prosecute  said  survey. 

SEC.  8.  The  sum  of  $20.000  is  hereby  set  apart  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  State 
treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  as  a  special  fund  for  the  payment  of  the 
expenses  incurred  by  said  surveyor. 

Six:.  9.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  April  21,  1860. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  31 

Under  these  apparently  favorable  auspices1  a  party,  consisting  of 
Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney,  W.  H.  Brewer,  and  William  Ashburner,  sailed 
from  New  York  on  October  22,  1860,  arriving  in  San  Francisco  the 
14th  of  November  following.  In  order  that  field  work  might  be  car- 
ried on  during  the  winter,  the  party  repaired  almost  at  once  to  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  where,  during  the  time  intervening  from 
December  12  to  February  7,  a  reconnoissance  was  made  of  a  portion 
of  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino  counties. 

Brief  reports  were  rendered  from  time  to  time,  from  which  the 
following  facts  are  largely  gleaned.  As  announced  in  a  notice  of 
progress  up  to  May,  1863,*  the  survey  was  governed  by  two  principal 
ideas:  First,  to  make  as  rapidly  as  possible  a  reconnoissance  of  the 
State  with  the  view  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  its  general  geologi- 
cal structure,  the  age  of  the  various  formations  which  occur  in  it, 
and  as  complete  a  general  idea  as  possible  of  their  range  and  ex- 
tent, so  that  a  foundation  might  be  laid  for  the  detailed  work  which 
would  follow  the  preliminary  examination ;  second,  at  the  same  time 
that  the  general  examination  was  going  on,  to  work  up  in  detail 
certain  more  important  districts,  so  that  the  public  might  have  light 
on  questions  of  economical  interest,  and  at  the  same  time  be  able  to 
form  an  idea  of  what  the  work  might  be,  if  ever  carried  to  comple- 
tion. Besides  this,  a  natural  history  survey  was  to  be  carried  on  and 
material  collected  to  form  a  State  museum. 

The  survey  authorized  under  the  act  of  April  21,  1860,  expired  by 
constitutional  limit  on  the  same  day  of  the  same  month  of  1864.  To 
enable  the  continuance  of  the  work  the  following  act  was  passed: 

An  act  to  create  the  office  of  "State  geologist  and  to  define  the  duties  thereof. 

The  people  of  tlic  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
<>nact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  J.  D.  Whitney  is  hereby  appointed  State  geologist.  He  shall  be 
commissioned  by  the  governor,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty,  with  the  aid  of  such 
assistants  as  lie  may  appoint,  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and 
prepare  a  report  of  said  survey  for  publication,  and  superintend  the  publication 
of  the  same.  Such  report  shall  be  in  the  form  of  a  geological,  botanical,  and 
zoological  history  of  the  State,  and  the  number  of  volumes  and  the  number  of 
copies  of  each  volume  to  be  printed,  and  the  style,  form,  maps,  diagrams,  or 
illustrations  to  be  contained  therein  or  to  be  published  separately,  shall  be 
determined  by  the  State  geologist;  and  said  report,  when  published,  shall  be 

1 "  No  State  geological  survey  was  ever  more  auspiciously  Inaugurated,  wisely  provided 
for,  or  fraught  with  more  interesting  scientific  and  practical  problems."  American  Jour- 
nal of  Science,  vol.  30,  1860,  p.  157.  And  again,  on  p.  424 :  "  No  similar  enterprise  in 
the  United  States  has  ever  been  set  on  foot  on  a  more  liberal  and  enlightened  basis  or 
opened  under  more  favorable  auspices  as  respects  either  the  importance  of  the  work  to  be 
done  or  the  ability  of  those  charged  with  the  duty." 

•Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  3.  1863. 

136075—20 4 


32  BUT  .T.F.TIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

sold  upon  such  terms  as  the  governor  and  secretary  of  state  may  decide  upon, 
and  the  proceeds  of  such  sales  shall  be  paid  into  the  common  school  fund  of 
the  State. 

SEC.  2.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants 
to  devote  the  time  not  necessarily  required  in  the  preparation  and  superin- 
tendence for  publication  of  the  reports  provided  for  in  section  1  of  this  act,  to  a 
thorough  and  scientific  examination  of  the  gold,  silver,  and  copper  producing 
districts  of  this  State,  and  to  make  such  scientific  and  practical  experiments  as 
will  be  of  value  in  the  discovery  of  mines  aud  the  working  and  reduction  of  ores. 

SEC.  3.  The  following  sums  of  money  are  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any 
money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and  for  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  fiscal 
years :  For  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  $9,000,  to  be  drawn  monthly  on  the  last 
day  of  each  month ;  for  salary  of  two  assistants,  $6,600,  to  be  drawn  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist ;  for  publication  of  two  volumes  of 
report,  $6,000;  for  office  rent  and  expenses  of  survey  in  mining  districts,  and 
experiments  in  ores  and  all  incidental  expenses  of  work,  $10,000,  to  be  drawn 
one-half  each  fiscal  year. 

SEC.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

R.  BUBNEIX,  President  of  the  Senate  pro  tern. 
WM.  H.  SEARS,  Speaker  of  the  Assembly. 

Approved  April  4,  1864. 
FEED.  F.  Low,  Governor. 

Notwithstanding  the  favorable  conditions  under  which  the  Whit- 
ney survey  was  organized,  it  early  became  evident  that  there  was  a  de- 
cided lack  of  sympathy  between  the  legislature  and  the  director  of 
the  survey.  This  is  shown  in  the  annual  reports  of  Mr.  Whitney  and 
the  numerous  lectures  which  he  delivered  before  the  assembly.  It  is 
also  evident  from  the  fact  that,  as  noted  in  his  annual  report  dated 
1869,  while  a  committee  of  the  assembly  visited  the  survey  and  made 
a  critical  examination  of  the  collections  and  publications,  reporting 
unanimously  in  favor  of  the  continuation  of  the  work,  nevertheless 
no  definite  action  was  taken  by  the  legislature  and  a  bill  authoriz- 
ing its  continuation  failed  to  pass  the  senate;  still  another,  making 
appropriations  to  pay  the  outstanding  debts  of  the  survey  and  au- 
thorizing the  executive  to  take  possession  of  the  property  in  the  hands 
of  the  State  geologist,  met  a  similar  fate. 

Whitney  was,  nevertheless,  unwilling  to  discontinue  the  work, 
even  under  these  conditions,  and,  trusting  in  a  more  favorable  ac- 
tion by  future  legislatures,  continued  it  on  a  small  scale.  In  this  way 
a  deficit,  which  at  the  close  of  1867  had  amounted  to  some  $8,500, 
was  increased  to  about  $11.500  at  the  termination  of  the  session  of 
the  legislature  of  1867-68,  at  which  time  the  field  work  was  entirely 
suspended,  leaving  the  work  of  publication  still  progressing,  though 
the  valuable  collections  were  still  unprovided  for. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  33 

Up  to  December,  1867,  there  had  been  appropriated  for  the  support 
of  the  survey  the  sum  of  $124,600.  Two  reports  had  been  published 
and  one  large  map,  while  five  volumes  of  reports  were  in  process 
of  publication. 

The  adjournment  of  the  legislature  without  taking  any  definite 
action  in  regard  to  the  continuation  of  the  survey  left  the  whole  of 
this  work  in  the  hands  of  the  State  geologist,  who  had  entered  into 
various  contracts  for  printing,  engraving,  and  for  preparation  of  ma- 
terials for  the  press.  It  therefore  became  a  serious  question  with 
him  whether  the  work  should  be  stopped  altogether,  or  he  should 
endeavor  to  carry  on  the  work  at  his  own  risk  and  expense  and  trust 
to  another  legislature  to  pass  favorably  upon  the  question  of  resum- 
ing the  field  work  and  completing  the  survey  according  to  the  original 
plan,  the  latter  course  being  finally  decided  upon.  That  in  so  doing 
Whitney  had  not  overestimated  the  possibilities  of  the  case  is  shown 
by  the  following  act  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1869-70 : 

An  art  to  settle  and  pay  the  unpaid  expenses  of  the  State  geological  survey. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  board  of  examiners  are  authorized  and  directed  to  examine, 
and,  if  found  correct,  to  allow  all  unpaid  accounts  of  the  State  geologist  for  the 
expense  of  said  survey  up  to  April  30,  1868,  and  all  expenses  that  have  been 
incurred  by  or  under  the  direction  of  the  governor  since  that  time  for  the  pres- 
ervation and  protection  of  the  property  of  said  survey ;  but  nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  authorize  the  payment  of  any  salaries  or  expenses  of  said  survey 
since  April  30,  1808,  except  those  authorized  by  (the)  governor  as  aforesaid. 

SEC.  2.  All  the  proceeds  from  sales  of  the  publications  of  said  survey  shall  be 
applied,  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  to  the  completion  of  the  unfinished 
publications  of  said  survey. 

SEC.  3.  A  sum  not  exceeding  $25,000  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  money 
in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  the  payment  of  said  accounts, 
when  allowed  by  said  board  of  examiners;  but  no  money  shall  be  paid  under 
this  act  until  all  the  property  of  every  kind  and  description  properly  belonging 
to  the  State  or  to  the  survey,  including  instruments,  specimens,  preparations, 
and  all  other  effects,  shall  have  been  first  surrendered  to  the  governor  or  such 
person  as  he  shall  authorize  to  receive  the  same. 

SEC.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  March  16,  1870. 

A  few  days  later  the  following  bill  was  passed  to  enable  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  work  for  two  years  longer : 

An  act  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of  the  'State  of  Callfoi-nla. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  proceed,  and  with  all 
reasonable  diligence,  complete  geological  survey  of  this  State  and  the  publication 
of  the  results  thereof. 


34  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

SEC.  2.  The  sum  of  $2,000  per  month,  payable  monthly,  for  the  period  of  two 
years,  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise 
jippropriated  to  pay  the  expenses  of  said  survey  and  publication. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  March  25,  1870. 

Under  the  conditions  of  this  act  steps  were  taken  toward  the  com- 
pletion of  the  map  of  central  California,  which  was  intended  to  em- 
brace the  region  from  Owens  Lake  on  the  southern  limit  to  Lassens 
Peak  on  the  north,  thus  including  about  one-third  of  the  area  of 
the  State.  The  sheet  was  not  completed  owing  to  the  failure  of  ap- 
propriations. 

In  his  report  covering  the  operations  for  the  years  1870-71  Whit- 
ney announced  that  of  the  11  or  12  volumes  contemplated  in  the 
regular  series  of  volumes  of  the  report,  four  had  already  been  pub- 
lished, four  more  were  under  way.  two  only  awaited  the  favorable 
action  of  the  legislature  to  be  at  once  put  in  hand,  while  two  that  had 
been  begun  had  been  suspended  for  want  of  means. 

March  13,  1872,  the  following  act  was  passed : 

An  act  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  California. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,,  repn  tented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  proceed  and  with  all 
reasonable  diligence  complete  the  geological  survey  of  this  State  and  the  pub- 
lication of  the  results  thereof. 

SEC.  2.  The  sum  of  $2,000  per  month,  payable  monthly  for  the  period  of  two 
years  from  and  after  the  25th  day  of  March,  A.  D.  1872,  is  hereby  appropriated, 
out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  pay  the  ex- 
penses of  said  survey  and  publication,  and  the  controller  is  hereby  directed  to 
draw  his  warrants  upon  the  treasurer  and  in  favor  of  the  State  geologist 
therefor. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  March  13,  1872. 

Whitney,  apparently  becoming  fully  convinced  by  this  time  that 
no  further  moneys  than  those  appropriated  by  the  act  of  March  13 
would  be  forthcoming,  announced  in  his  reports  of  the  operations 
of  the  survey  for  1872-73  that  he  had  determined  to  close  his  office 
in  connection  with  the  State  as  soon  as  the  maps  and  volumes  had 
been  completed,  and  that  he  would  by  no  means  retain  the  office  of 
State  geologist  beyond  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  June  30,  1875.  He 
estimated  that  an  amount  of  money  not  less  than  $100,000  would  be 
required  to  complete  the  work  already  begun  and  in  process  of  pub- 
lication. This  sum  included  the  cost  of  completion  of  the  map  of 
central  California  and  those  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  the  most  important  mining  districts,  as  well  as  the  cost 
of  publication  of  seven  additional  volumes  on  geology,  ornithology. 


GEOLOGICAL  AKD  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.        35 

botany,  and  fossil  plants,  together  with  a  folio  atlas.  This  sum  the 
legislature  did  not  see  fit  to  grant,  and  the  survey  passed  out  of 
existence  simply  through  lack  of  funds. 

Personnel. — The  original  party  that  sailed  from  New  York  com- 
prised only  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney,  director,  and  W.  H.  Brewer  and 
William  Ashburner.  assistant  geologists.  In  1861  C.  H.  Hoffmann  be- 
came attached  as  topographer ;  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  zoologist ;  and  Wil- 
liam Gabb  as  paleontologist.  In  1862  the  force  was  increased  through 
the  volunteer  services  of  A.  Remond  and  the  employment  of  W.  V. 
Wackenreuden  as  topographer.  In  1863  it  was  still  further  in- 
creased by  the  volunteer  services  of  Clarence  King  and  James  T. 
Gardiner. 

In  1866  there  were  added  F.  E.  Brown,  H.  N.  Bolander,  C.  R. 
Brinley,  A.  Hartwig,  A.  W.  Keddied,  A.  D.  Wilson,  and  R. 
d'Heureuse.  In  1870  Amos  Bowman.  W.  A.  Goodyear,  and  Alfred 
Craven  were  added  to  the  force. 

Beginning  with  1862.  F.  B.  Meek,  of  Washington,  undertook  the 
examination  of  the  invertebrate  fossils  older  than  the  Triassic  and 
J.  S.  Newherry  that  of  the  fossil  plants.  The  vertebrate  fossils  were 
referred  to  Joseph  Leidy.  of  Philadelphia:  the  diatoms  to  A.  M. 
Edwards:  the  mollusks  to  P.  P.  Carpenter:  and  the,  fishes  to  Theo- 
dore Gill. 

Prof.  S.  F.  Baird  ultimately  edited  Doctor  Cooper's  ornithological 
notes,  while  F.  H.  Storer  and  S.  F.  Peckham,  of  Boston,  received  small 
allotments  for  chemical  work  on  the  hydrocarbons.  Chester  Averill 
acted  as  barometric  observer  throughout  the  existence  of  the  survey. 

Disposition  of  collections. — Section  1  of  the  act  of  1860  provided 
for  the  collection  of  specimens  which  should  be  deposited  "  in  such 
place  as  shall  be  hereafter  provided  for  that  purpose  by  the  legisla- 
ture." No  such  provision  was.  however,  made  during  the  life  of  the 
survey,  although  in  1863  it  was — 

Resolved,  by  the  assembly,  the  senate  concurring,  That  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney, 
State  geologist;  John  Swett,  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  and 
J.  F.  Houghton,  surveyor  general,  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  constituted  a  board 
of  commissioners  to  report  to  the  legislature,  on  or  before  the  second  Monday  of 
December,  1863,  upon  the  feasibility  of  establishing  a  State  university,  embrac- 
ing an  agricultural  college,  a  school  of  mines,  and  a  museum  (including  the 
geological  collections  of  this  State),  and  that  said  board  report  such  facts  and 
considerations  as  they  may  deem  important  in  connection  therewith. 

In  obedience  to  this  resolution  an  elaborate  report  was  submitted 
recommending  the  establishment  of  a  State  polytechnic  school  and 
the  placing  of  the  collections  of  the  survey  in  a  suitable  fireproof 
building,  in  which  should  be  ample  accommodations  for  displaying 
and  showing  them,  as  well  as  room  for  a  library,  laboratory,  and  an 
office  for  the  survey. 


36  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

So  far  as  can  be  learned  from  the  annual  reports  no  action  was 
taken  by  the  legislature  on  this  recommendation,  and  it  was  not 
until  1874,  on  the  discontinuance  of  the  survey,  that  final  steps  were 
taken  by  the  passage  of  an  act,  a  transcript  of  which  is  given  below : 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  preservation  of  the  material  of  the  geological  survey  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  deliver  to  the  presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  in  this  State,  all  instruments, 
accoutrements,  furniture,  property,  maps,  books,  drawings,  manuscripts,  notes, 
engravings,  lithographic  stones,  wood  cuts,  field  notes,  and  other  material  of 
every  description  and  nature  belonging  or  appertaining  to  the  geological  survey 
of  California ;  such  surrender  and  delivery  to  be  made  without  delay. 

SEC.  2.  The  regents  of  the  University  of  California  shall  safely  keep  and  pre- 
serve, at  the  said  university,  all  the  property  and  material  referred  to  in  section 
1  of  this  act,  until  such  time  as  the  legislature  may  direct  otherwise. 

SEC.  3.  The  sum  of  $5,000  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the 
general  fund  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  pay  the  necessary  cost  of  arrang- 
ing, packing,  transporting,  and  delivering  the  said  property  and  material;  and 
the  controller  shall  draw  his  warrant  or  warrants  for  such  purpose,  not  to 
exceed  said  sum  of  $5,000,  when  directed  to  do  so  by  the  State  board  of  ex- 
aminers, and  the  treasurer  shall  pay  the  same. 

SEC.  4.  The  regents  of  said  university  shall  keep  on  hand  and  offer  for  salt' 
all  volumes  of  reports  and  maps  published  by  said  geological  survey;  they  may 
also,  as  soon  as  the  present  supply  of  reports  and  maps  is  exhausted,  cause  any 
portion  of  the  same  to  be  republished  and  sold  at  the  prices  now  provided  or 
that  may  be  hereafter  provided  by  law ;  Provided,  That  said  republication  shall 
be  done  without  cost  to  the  State;  Provided  further,  That  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  all  such  maps  and  reports,  over  and  above  the  cost  of  publication,  shall 
be  paid  in  to  the  State  treasurer  and  by  him  credited  to  the  school  fund  of  the 
State. 

SEC.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  March  27,  1874. 

This  act  was  preceded  by  the  following: 

Assembly  Concurrent  Resolution  No.  60,  requesting  Professor  Whitney  to  return  to  Cali- 
fornia all  specimens  collected  by  him.     Adopted  March  25,  1874. 

Resolved  by  the  assembly,  the  senate  concurring,  That  Professor  Whitney,  late 
State  geologist,  be  and  he  is  hereby  requested  to  return  to  the  State  of  California 
all  specimens  collected  by  him  during  his  official  term  as  such  State  geologist, 
and  that  they  be  placed  in  possession  of  the  faculty  of  the  State  University,  for 
the  use  and  benefit  of  State  University. 

Expenses. — The  appropriations  for  the  survey,  as  made  by  th» 
various  legislatures,  were  as  follows.  1860,  $20,000;  1860-61,  $15,000: 
1861-62,  $15,000;  1862-63,  $20,000;  1863-64,  $24,600;  1865-66, 
$30,000;  1867-68,  nothing;  1869-70,  $73,000;  1871-72,  $48,000;  total, 
$245,600. 

To  which  must  be  added  the  $13,000  mentioned  by  Whitney  in  his 
report  for  1871  as  having  been  received  from  the  sale  of  publications. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  37 

bringing  the  total  cost  for  the  13  years  up  to  $258,600,  an  average  of 
$19,892.30  per  year. 

Publications. — At  the  time  of  the  discontinuing  of  the  survey — 
that  is  up  to  1874 — there  had  been. published,  in  addition  to  the  brief 
annual  reports,  two  volumes  on  paleontology,  one  on  geology,  and 
one  on  ornithology.  The  remaining  volumes  constituting  the  re- 
ports of  the  survey  were  published  under  Whitney's  direction,  in 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  permission  to  this  effect  having  been 
granted  by  the  board  of  regents  of  the  State  University,  in  whose 
hands  the  matter  had  been  left. 

As  originally  planned  by  Whitney,  the  entire  report  was  to  com- 
prise from  13  to  15  volumes,  with  an  atlas  and  folio.  The  act  of 
April  4,  1864,  provided  that  these  reports  should  be  sold  upon  such 
terms  as  the  governor  and  secretary  of  the  state  might  decide,  the 
proceeds  of  such  sales  to  be  paid  into  the  common-school  fund  of  the 
State.  By  the  act  of  March  16, 1870,  this  ruling  was  changed,  so  that 
the  proceeds  of  all  such  sales  might  be  applied  to  the  completion  of 
unfinished  publications.  The  amount  thus  rendered  available  up 
to  November,  1871,  as  stated  by  Whitney  in  his  report  for  that 
year,  amounted  to  about  $13,000.  Subsequent  acts  relative  to  the 
distribution  of  publications  were  as  follows : 

An  net.  to  authorize  the  distribution  of  the  reports  of  the  State  geological  survey. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
t-naet  as  follotcs: 

SECTION  1.  On  the  application  of  any  consul  residing  in  the  city  of  Sau 
Francisco  and  representing  a  European  government,  to  the  governor  of  the 
State  of  California,  requesting  a  set  of  the  reports  of  the  State  geological  sur- 
vey, to  be  deposited  in  some  well  known  and  established  scientific  or  literary 
institution  under  the  control  of  the  government  of  which  he  is  the  accredited 
representative,  an  order  may  be  issued  from  the  governor  to  the  secretary  of 
state  or  the  State  geologist,  as  the  case  may  be,  directing  them  to  furnish  one 
such  set  of  reports  only  to  each  nation  having  a  consul  residing  in  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  provided  further,  that  the  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall 
he  furnished,  on  demand  on  the  secretary  of  state  and  the  State  geologist,  with 
one  set  for  the  State  Normal  School,  two  sets  for  the  State  University,  and  two 
sets  for  the  State  Library. 

SEC.  2.  The  secretary  of  state  or  the  State  geologist  on  the  presentation  of 
such  order,  shall  deliver  to  the  party  therein  named  such  set  or  parts  of  set 
of  the  reports  of  the  State  geological  survey  as  may  be  designated,  taking  his 
receipt  therefor.  They  shall  annually,  on  the  first  day  of  September  of  each 
year,  report  to  the  governor  the  number  of  volumes  so  issued,  at  whose  request, 
and  to  what  institution  presented. 

SKC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  February  2,  1872. 


38  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

An  act  supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  An  act  to  authorize  the  distribution  of  the  report* 
of  the  State  geological  survey,  approved  February  2,  1872. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  Of  each  of  the  volumes  and  maps  of  the  State  geological  survey 
already  published,  or  which  may  be  hereafter  published,  100  copies  shall  be 
deposited  at  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  by  the  State  geologist,  subject 
to  the  order  of  the  governor,  for  gratuitous  distribution  to  the  various  State 
and  Territorial  libraries,  to  public  libraries,  and  to  the  libraries  of  universities, 
colleges,  and  learned  societies  in  the  United  States. 

SEC.  2.  One  hundred  copies  of  the  same  may  be  distributed  by  the  State 
geologist  to  public  libraries  and  learned  institutions  in  foreign  countries,  to  the 
officers  of  other  geological  surveys,  and  to  persons  who  may  have  rendered 
special  services  to  the  geological  survey  of  California. 

SEC.  3.  On  application  by  the  county  clerks  of  the  respective  counties  to  the 
State  geologist,  one  copy  of  each  of  same  shall  be  given  to  each  county  in  the 
State  of  California,  to  be  deposited  and  kept  with  the  county  records,  and  to  be 
accessible  at  all  reasonable  hours  for  inspection  by  the  general  public,  the 
county  clerk  being  held  responsible  for  the  safe  keeping  of  the  same. 

SEC.  4.  The  secretary  of  state  and  the  State  geologist  shall  each  keep  a  record 
of  the  volumes  and  maps  thus  distributed,  specifying  the  names  of  the  insti- 
tutions or  individuals  to  whom  the  same  are  given,  and  the  State  geologist 
shall  biennially  communicate  such  record  as  kept  by  him  to  the  office  of  the 
secretary  of  state,  where  a  complete  record  of  the  distribution  herein  provided 
for  shall  be  preserved. 

Approved  April  1,  1872. 

Results. — As  before  noted,  the  reports  of  this  survey  are  embodied 
in  three  volumes  on  geology  and  paleontology,  published  by  the 
State,  and  two  volumes  on  the  auriferous  gravels,  published  by  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  after  Whitney's  re- 
tirement. It  was  announced  by  the  statement  of  progress  for  1872-7B 
that  a  geological  map  of  the  whole  State  had  been  colored,  but  it 
seems  not  to  have  been  issued.  The  first  volume,  or  Report  of  Prog- 
ress and  Synopsis  of  Field  Work  for  1860-1864,  appeared  in  1865. 
This  was  a  quarto  of  498  pages.  It  contained  a  great  amount  of 
descriptive  matter  relating  to  the  areal  geology  of  various  parts  of  the 
State,  particularly  of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada,  with  a 
chapter  on  the  mining  regions.  It  was  announced  on  the  discovery 
of  a  single  shell  in  the  rocks  of  Alcatraz  Island  that  the  socalled  San 
Francisco  was  of  undoubted  Cretaceous  age.  The  serpentines  of 
Mount  Diablo  and  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula  were  considered  to 
be  metamorphic  sediments — a  mistake  repeated  by  later  observers. 
Whitney  was  decidedly  pessimistic  regarding  the  probability  of  the 
occurrence  of  petroleum  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  unhesitatingly  dis- 
couraged the  promoting  of  enterprises  of  this  nature.  It  was  due  to 
his  stand  regarding  this  particular  project  that  arose,  according  to  his 
own  account,  much  of  the  antagonism  to  the  survey  from  speculators 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  39 

and  promoters,  whose  efforts  at  selling  stock  were  thereby  checked. 
"  Petroleum  is  what  killed  us.  By  the  word  '  petroleum '  understand 
the  desire  to  sell  worthless  property  for  large  sums  and  the  impolicy 
of  having  anybody  around  to  interefere  with  the  little  game,"  he 
wrote. 

All  those  chains  or  ranges  of  mountains  in  California  which  had 
been  uplifted  since  the  deposition  of  the  Cretaceous  were  considered 
to  belong  to  the  Coast  Ranges;  those  which  were  elevated  before  the 
Cretaceous,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  slates  of  the  western  slope  in 
Mariposa  County  were  identified  as  of  Jurassic  age,  and  the  calcare- 
ous slates  of  Plumas  County  as  Triassic.  The  limestones  in  the  Gray 
Mountains  had  been  previously  referred  by  Trask  to  the  Carbonifer- 
ous, and  to  this  Whitney  agreed.  The  peculiar  dome-shaped  con- 
centric structure  of  the  granite  in  the  Sierras  was  dwelt  upon  with 
considerable  detail,  and  the  curved  structure  of  the  sheets  thought  to 
have  been  produced  by  the  contraction  of  the  material  while  cooling 
or  solidifying.  The  Yosemite  Valley  itself  Whitney  thought  to  be 
due  to  a  differential  movement,  the  half  dome  seeming  beyond  a  doubt 
to  have  been  split  asunder  in  the  middle,  and  one-half  to  have  gone 
down  in  what  he  called  "the  wreck  of  matter  and  the  crush  of 
worlds."  In  other  words,  lie  considered  the  valley  as  due  to  the 
downward  drop  of  an  enormous  fault  block. 

The  first  volume  of  the  palentological  reports  appeared  in  1864. 
This  comprised  243  pages,  with  32  full-page  plates  of  fossils.  Con- 
cerning the  work  thus  far  done.  Whitney  wrote,  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science  for  November,  1864: 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  result  of  the  survey  is  the  proof  we  have  obtained 
of  the  immense  development  of  rocks,  equivalent  in  age  to  the  upper  Trias  of 
the  Alps,  and  paleontologically  closely  allied  to  the  limestones  of  Hallstadt  nnd 
Aussee,  and  the  St.  Cassian  beds,  that  extremely  important  and  highly  fossiJ- 
iferous  division  of  the  Alpine  Trias.  *  *  *  Enough  fossils  have  been  found 
to  justify  the  assertion  that  the  sedimentary  portion  of  the  great  metalliferous 
belt  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America  is  chiefly  made  up  of  rocks  of  Jurassic 
and  Triassic  age.  While  we  are  fully  justified  in  saying  that  a  large  portion  of 
the  auriferous  rocks  of  California  consist  of  metamorphic  Triassic  and  Jurassic 
strata,  we  have  not  a  particle  of  evidence  to  uphold  the  theory  *  *  *  that 
all  or  even  a  portion  are  older  than  the  Carboniferous.  *  *  *  We  are  able 
to  state  *  *  *  that  this  metal  (gold)  occurs  in  no  inconsiderable  quantity 
in  metamorphic  rocks  belonging  as  hish  np  in  series  as  the  Cretaceous. 

The  second  volume  of  the  paleontological  reports,  published  in 
1869,  comprised  299  pages  with  36  full-page  plates,  and  was  given  up 
wholly  to  descriptions  of  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  fossils.  In  the 
introductory  note  the  statement  is  reiterated  concerning  the  age  of 
the  gold-bearing  rocks,  and  the  absence  of  rocks  older  than  Carbonif- 


40  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATION  AL   MUSEUM. 

erous  not  merely  in  California  but  in  the  whole  region  west  of  the 
one  hundred  and  sixteenth  meridian. 

The  topographic  work  of  this  survey,  under  the  direction  of  Hoff- 
mann, has  been  claimed  verbally  by  Prof.  W.  H.  Brewer  to  have 
been  considerably  in  advance  of  any  heretofore  undertaken.  He 
introduced  a  system  of  rough  triangulation  well  adapted  to  the  needs 
of  the  survey,  but  his  contours  were  indicated  by  hachures. 

As  to  the  exact  cause  of  the  failure  of  the  survey  under  Whitney 
opinions  may  differ.  It  was  a  by  no  means  unusual  fate  in  the  his- 
tory of  State  surveys,  and  reasons  of  one  kind  and  another  are  easy 
to  find.  Taken  all  in  all  that  given  by  Dr.  Rossiter  W.  Haymond  * 
seems  in  the  light  of  present  knowledge  to  best  fit  the  case : 

It  happened  that,  when  a  question  of  a  further  appropriation  was  pending, 
the  only  report  which  had  been  issued  by  the  survey  (Whitney's)  was  a  volume 
on  paleontology;  and  an  opponent  of  the  appropriation  carried  the  house  with 
him  by  simply  reading  random  extracts  from  that  dry  and  technical  treatise, 
as  samples  of  the  character  of  the  work  which  had  been  done  at  the  public 
expense  up  to  that  time.  The  appropriation  was  refused,  and  the  valuable  work 
of  Bowman  and  others,  on  the  old  river  channels  of  California  and  their  gold- 
bearing  gravels  and  cements,  was  thereby  barred  from  publication  for  several 
years.  For  this  result  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney,  the  distinguished  head  of  the  sur- 
vey, has  often  been  blamed,  on  the  ground  that  he  expended  money  and  time  in 
a  preliminary  topographical  and  geological  survey  without  attacking  problems 
of  immediate  industrial  interest.  Personally  I  think  there  is  some  foundation 
for  this  criticism.  Professor  Whitney,  with  a  lofty  and  serene  regard  for  the 
logical  sequence  of  science,  and  an  equal  disregard  for  the  clamor  of  industrial 
interests,  had  begun  his  work  with  the  topographical  reconnoissance  necessary 
as  a  basis  for  accurate  geological  deductions  and  correlations;  and,  in  the 
course  of  this  preliminary  labor,  his  field  parties  had  made  incidentally  many 
interesting  paleontological  observations,  undoubtedly  significant  in  their  bear- 
ing upon  the  geology  of  the  State.  Professor  Whitney  had  also  started  inves- 
tigations of  more  immediate  and  evident  practical  importance,  but  unfortun- 
ately, in  his  plan  of  a  permanent  and  monumental  scientific  achievement,  these 
were  not  of  prime  importance  and  were  advancing  slowly.  Probably  the 
thought  never  occurred  to  him  that  it  would  make  any  difference  what  he 
published  first  as  the  fruit  of  his  work  for  the  State,  and  thus  he  made  the 
profound  mistake  in  policy  of  issuing,  merely  because  it  was  ready,  a  learned 
book  on  palaeontology  for  the  benefit  of  a  limited  outside  public  of  specialists, 
and  to  the  profound  dissatisfaction  of  the  people  who  had  paid  him  and  were, 
reasonably  or  unreasonably,  expecting  something  else  for  their  money. 

ESTABLISHMENT  OF  A   STATE   MINING  BUREAU.    1880-1900. 

By  an  act  of  the  legislature,  approved  April  16,  1880,  there  was 
created  a  State  mining  bureau  and  in  conjunction  therewith  the 
office  of  State  mineralogist.  The  wording  of  the  act  was  as  follows : 

1  In  a  footnote  to  a  Biographical  Sketch  of  J.  D.  Hague,  Ball.  No.  26.  Amer.  Inst.  Mln. 
Ensrs..  1909,  p.  118. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  41 

Assembly  bill  No.  415.  approved  April  16,  1880.— An  act  to  provide  for  the  establishment 
and  maintenance  of  a  mining  bureau. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  There  shall  be  and  is  hereby  established  in  this  State  a  mining 
bureau,  the  principal  office  of  which  shall  he  maintained  in  the  city  of  San 
Francisco,  at  which  place  there  shall  be  collected  by  the  State  mineralogist 
and  preserved  for  study  and  reference,  specimens  of  all  the  geological  and 
mineralogical  substances,  including  mineral  waters,  found  in  this  State,  espe- 
cially those  possessing  economic  or  commercial  value,  which  specimens  shall 
he  marked,  arranged,  classified,  and  described,  and  a  record  thereof  preserved, 
showing  the  character  thereof  and  the  place  from  whence  obtained.  The  State 
mineralogist  shall  also,  as  he  has  opportunity  and  means,  collect,  and  in  like 
manner  preserve  at  said  office,  minerals,  rocks,  and  fossils  of  other  States, 
Territories,  and  countries,  and  the  collections  so  made  shall  at  all  reasonable 
hours  be  open  to  public  inspection,  examination,  and  study. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  appoint  a  citizen  of  this  State 
having  a  practical  and  scientific  knowledge  of  mining  and  mineralogy  to  the 
office  of  State  mineralogist,  to  hold  his  said  office  for  the  term  of  four  years,  or 
until  the  appointment  and  qualification  of  his  successor,  who  shall  take  and 
subscribe  the  oath  of  office  prescribed  by  the  constitution,  and  who  shall  re- 
ceive for  his  services  a  salary  of  $3,000  per  annum,  to  be  paid  as  other  officers 
of  the  State  are  paid,  and  shall  also  receive  his  necessary  traveling  expenses 
when  traveling  on  the  business  of  his  office,  to  be  allowed  and  audited  by  the 
State  board  of  examiners,  the  whole  to  be  paid  out  of  the  mining  bureau  fund 
hereinafter  provided  for,  and  not  otherwise. 

SEC.  3.  In  addition  to  the  collection,  classification,  arranging,  and  preserva- 
tion of  specimens,  as  provided  in  the  first  section  of  this  act,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  State  mineralogist  to  make  analytical  assays  as  required;  and, 
when  the  funds  in  the  mining  bureau  fund  are  sufficient  therefor,  to  provide  and 
maintain  a  library  of  works  on  mineralogy,  geology,  and  mining ;  to  arrange  in 
cases  such  specimens  as  he  may  collect;  to  procure  and  preserve  models  and 
drawings  of  mining  machinery,  and  of  milling  machinery  used  in  the  reduction 
of  ores ;  to  correspond  with  established  schools  of  mining  and  metallurgy,  and 
obtain  and  preserve  for  public  inspection  and  use  such  information  respecting 
improvements  in  mining  and  mining  machinery  as  will  be  of  practical  value 
to  the  people  of  this  State ;  to  visit  the  several  mining  districts  of  each  county 
of  the  State  from  time  to  time,  ascertain  and  record  their  history,  describe 
their  geological  formation  and  altitudes,  the  character  of  the  mines  and  ores, 
and  the  general  development  of  the  district.  At  the  close  of  each  year  he  shall 
make  a  report  in  detail  to  the  governor,  showing  the  amount  of  disbursements 
of  the  bureaii  under  his  charge,  the  number  of  specimens  collected,  and  giving 
such  statistical  information  in  reference  to  mines  and  mining  as  shall  be 
deemed  important. 

SEC.  4.  The  State  mineralogist  may,  from  time  to  time  and  as  the  funds  in 
the  mining  bureau  fund  will  permit,  appoint  such  assistants  as  he  may  deem 
necessary  and  proper  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  objects  of  this  act,  and  the  effi- 
cient provision  and  maintenance  of  a  bureau  of  mining  information  and  statis- 
tics, and  may  procure  and  maintain  the  necessary  rooms  and  furniture  for  the 
office  and  uses  of  the  bureau  in  San  Francisco;  but  the  entire  expenses  of  the 
bureau  for  salaries,  assistance,  rents,  furniture,  fuel,  and  all  other  things  per- 


42  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

taining  to  the  bureau  must  not,  in  any  one  year,  be  greater  than  can  be  paid 
out  of  the  mining  bureau  fund  herein  provided  for. 

SEC.  5.  For  the  pui-pose  of  establishing  a  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  said 
mining  bureau  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  tax  collectors  in  the  several  counties 
in  this  State,  and  of  the  license  collector  of  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco, 
on  the  second  Monday  in  January,  April,  July,  and  October,  in  each  year,  to 
transmit  by  express  to  the  State  treasurer  all  moneys  collected  by  them  from 
mining  corporations,  or  from  corporations  formed  for  milling  ores,  or  for  sup- 
plying water  for  mining  purposes,  under  or  by  virtue  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act 
imposing  a  tax  on  the  issue  of  cetificate.s  of  stock  corporations,"  approved  April 
1,  1878,  and  to  forward  to  the  State  controller  by  mail  a  certificate  showing  the 
amount  of  money  so  forwarded  to  the  Stnte  treasurer  and  the  date  when  the 
same  was  transmitted,  and  also  showing  the  names  of  the  several  corporations 
from  which  the  same  was  received  and  the  amount  received  from  each.  The 
State  treasurer  shall  receive  the  amounts  so  transmitted  and  give  duplicate  re- 
ceipts therefor,  one  of  which  shall  be  filed  with  the  State  controller  and  tin- 
other  shall  be  returned  by  mail,  or  return  express,  to  the  collector  from  whom 
the  money  was  received;  and  after  paying  out  of  the  money  so  received  the 
charges  for  the  traasmission  thereof,  the  amount  of  which  shall  be  noted  on  the 
receipt  filed  with  the  State  controller,  he  shall  retain  the  remainder  in  his  hands 
as  a  separate  fund,  to  be  known  as  the  mining  bureau  fund,  to  be  used  only  In 
payment  of  drafts  made  for  the  expenses  of  the  mining  bureau  established  under 
this  act,  and  out  of  which  all  the  expenses  of  said  bureau  shall  be  paid. 

SEC.  6.  Such  tax  collectors  and  license  collector  shall  hereafter  be  required  to 
pay  into  the  county  treasuries  of  their  respective  counties  only  that  portion  of 
the  moneys  collected  by  them  under  the  act  of  the  legislature  mentioned  in  the 
last  preceding  section  which  is  collected  from  corporations  other  than  those 
mentioned  in  section  5  of  this  act. 

SEC.  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Under  this  act  Mr.  Henry  G.  Hanks  was  appointed  State  mineral- 
ogist and  served  until  May  13,  1886,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
William  Irelan,  Jr.  Soon  after  the  institution  of  the  bureau  it  had 
become  evident  to  the  State  mineralogist  that  the  fundamental  act 
was  radically  defective,  and  in  1885  a  supplemental  act  was  passed, 
as  follows  : 

An  act  supplementary  to  au  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  n  mining  bureau,"  approved  April  10,  1880. 


The  People  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  Senate  and  A 
do  enact  an  follows: 

SECTION*  1.  All  proi>erty  of  this  State  pertaining  to  said  mining  bureau  and  the 
money  and  financial  affairs  thereof  shall  be  vested  in  nnd  be  under  the  direction 
and  control  of  a  board  of  trustees  of  said  bureau. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  of  the  State  to  appoint  five  citizens 
and  residents  of  this  State  to  be  such  trustees. 

SEC.  3.  The  appointees  herein  mentioned,  when  assembled,  shall  constitute 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  State  mining  bureau,  three  of  whom  shall  constitute 
a  quorum.  The  board  shall  have  power,  by  said  name,  to  sue  and  defend.  They 
shall  keep  a  record  of  all  their  proceedings,  and  they  shall  elect  one  of  those  so 
appointed  to  be  president  of  the  board,  and  shall  hnve  the  ri?ht  to  appoint  a 
custodian  of  the  museum  and  other  employees.  The  State  mineralogist  shall  be 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  43 

the  director  of  the  museum,  and  shall  have  the  right  to  appoint  a  custodian  of 
the  museum  and  other  employees,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees, and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  consult  the  board  in  all  matters  of  importance. 

SEC.  4.  Said  board  shall  make  rules  for  its  own  government,  for  regulating 
the  custody  and  disbursement  of  funds,  and  the  mode  of  drawing  the  same  from 
the  State  treasury. 

SEC.  5.  The  board  of  trustees  shall,  annually,  report  to  the  governor  of  the 
State  the  condition  of  the  bureau,  with  a  statement  of  the  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures in  detail,  which  report  shall  be  published  in  the  annual  report  of  the  State 
mineralogist  provided  for  in  the  act  to  which  this  is  supplementary. 

SEC.  6.  The  trustees  are  hereby  empowered  to  pay  out  of  any  moneys  coming 
into  their  hands  the  amount  advanced  by  Wells,  Fargo  &  Company,  shown  in  the 
financial  statement  of  the  State  mineralogist  and  published  in  his  report. 

SEC.  7.  The  board  of  trustees  shall  be  empowered  to  receive,  on  behalf  of  the 
State,  bequests  or  gifts,  legacies  and  devises,  real  estate  and  other  property,  and 
to  use  the  same  in  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  donors ;  and  if  no  instruc- 
tions are  given,  to  use  their  discretion  for  the  best  interests  of  the  State 
museum. 

SEC.  8.  The  board  of  trustees  may,  with  the  assistance  of  the  State  mineral- 
ogist, prepare  a  special  collection  of  ores  and  minerals  of  California,  to  be  sent 
to  any  World's  Fair  or  exposition  at  which  they  may  deem  it  desirable  to  dis- 
play the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State. 

SEC.  9.  All  acts  or  laws  in  conflict  with  this  net  are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  10.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Under  this  act  William  Irelan,  jr.,  S.  Heydenfeldt,  jr.,  J.  I. 
Davis,  W.  E.  Dean,  and  George  Hearst  were  appointed  trustees. 

The  bureau,  as  organized  under  this  law,  had  for  its  immediate 
motive  the  collection  and  preservation,  for  study  and  reference,  of 
materials  pertaining  to  economic  geology,  and  to  make  assays  and 
furnish  information  relative  to  the  resources  of  the  State  and  their 
utilization.  It  was  to  be  sustained  in  part  by  a  tax  on  the  issue  of 
certificates  of  stock  corporations.  In  addition,  appropriations  for 
geological  work  were  from  time  to  time  made  by  the  State  legislature. 
Under  these  conditions  the  bureau  fund  was  a  somewhat  variable 
quantity,  rarely  amounting  to  more  than  $2,000  or  $3.000  annually, 
while  the  legislative  appropriations  were  some  $10,000,  $15,000  or 
$25,000.  for  the  running  expenses  of  the  bureau  and  for  field  work. 

Personnel. — The  term  of  office  of  the  State  mineralogists  was  by 
the  original  act  limited  to  four  years,  or  until  the  appointment  and 
qualification  of  his  successor.  The  various  incumbents  and  their 
periods  of  service  were  as  follows:  Henry  G.  Hanks,  1880  to  May 
10, 1886;  William  Irelan,  Jr.,  from  1886  to  September  15,  1892;  J.  J. 
Crawford,  1892  to  1896;  and  A.  S.  Cooper,  1896  to  1900,  the  latter 
being  in  turn  superseded  by  L.  E.  Aubrey.  The  following  list  com- 
prises the  names  of  those  who  have  from  time  to  time  served  as  field 
assistants,  and  who,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  law  (sec.  4),  were 
appointed  by  the  State  mineralogist.  The  salaries  of  the  assistants 


44  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

was  left  discretionary,  that  of  the  State  mineralogist  alone  being 
fixed  by  law  at  $3,000  a  year. 

Assistants  on  California  State  mining  bureau :  C.  H.  Aaron.  Mel- 
ville Atwood,  Myron  Angell,  C.  C.  Van  Blarcom,  A.  Blanc,  Stephen 
Bowers,  J.  A.  Brown,  K.  E.  Browne,  J.  H.  Grossman,  H.  De  Groot, 
W.  H.  Fairbanks,  L.  P.  Goldstone,  J.  F.  O.  Gorman,  W.  A.  Good- 
year, J.  B.  Hobson,  "W.  D.  Johnson  (Chemist).  Samuel  Locke,  A. 
McGregor,  J.  A.  Miner.  W.  P.  Miller,  F.  C.  Mathyas,  J.  H.  Means, 
C.  A.  Ogden,  E.  B.  Preston,  L.  C.  von  Pelersdorf,  T.  J.  Quimby, 
L.  Silver,  W.  H.  Storm,  J.  H.  Tibbett,  F.  F.  Thomas,  W.  L.  Watts, 
H.  A.  Whiting,  F.  H.  Wheeler,  E.  A.  Wiltsee,  Charles  G.  Yale. 

Expenses  and  appropriations. 

October  1,  1880,  to  September  1,  1882 $20, 858. 60 

September  1,  1882,  to  June  1,  1883 3,087.25 

May  15,  1880,  to  May  15,  1884 41,941.17 

May  15,  1884,  to  May  15,  1885 7,818.82 

April  16,  1885,  to  July  13,  1886 25,664.44 

July  13,  1888,  to  July  1,  1887 36,893.90 

July  1,  1887,  to  July  1,  1888 35,044.60 

October,  1889,  to  October,  1890 54, 653.  05 

October  1,  1890,  to  July  1,  1891 5,  228.  80 

July  1,  1891,  to  July  1,  1892 , 30, 128. 05 

July  1,  1892,  to  July  1,  1893 28, 102. 00 

July  1,  1893,  to  July  1,  1894 27,480.00 

July  1,  1894,  to  July  1,  1895 27, 361.  80 

July  1,  1895,  to  July  1,  1896 26,908.70 

July  1,  1896,  to  July  1,  1897 25,000.00 

July  1,  1897,  to  July  1,  1898 25, 000. 00 

July  1,  1898,  to  July  1,  1899 25, 000. 00 

July  1,  1S99,  to  July  1,  1900 25,000.00 


Total i. $471, 171.  23 

PvMicoMons. — Annual  and  biennial  reports  were  issued,  and,  in 
addition,  up  to  1900,  20  bulletins,  including  the  last  issued  under 
the  Cooper  administration  and  bearing  the  date  1901.  The  subject 
matter  of  all  these  is  largely  of  an  economic  nature  and  much  of 
necessity  of  only  transient  value.  The  tenth  annual  report,  it  should 
be  noted,  issued  during  the  administration  of  William  Irelan,  Jr., 
contained  a  colored  geological  map  of  the  State. 

The  bureau  is  still  in  active  existence  at  the  time  this  publica- 
tion goes  to  press. 

Museum  and  library. — An  extensive  museum  and  valuable  library 
have  been  built  up  under  the  organization,  the  same  being  at  present 
housed  on  the  second  floor  of  the  Ferry  Building,  at  the  foot  of 
Market  Street.  The  library,  in  the  report  for  1907,  was  said  to  con- 
tain upwards  of  4,000  to  5,000  volumes  and  many  pamphlets. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  4 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  45 

COLORADO. 

Within  the  limits  of  this  history  no  successful  attempt  at  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  geological  survey  seems  to  have  been  made.  It  is 
true  that  in  1872  the  territorial  legislature  showed  a  slight  realiza- 
tion of  the  possible  value  of  such  a  survey,  and  a  willingness  to  profit 
by  it  provided  it  cost  them  nothing.  The  following  is  the  text  of  an 
act  passed  with  this  in  view : 

Be  it  enacted  6y  the  council  and  house  of  representatives  of  Colorado  Ter- 
ritory: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  governor  of  the  Territory  is  hereby  authorized  and  em- 
powered to  appoint,  by  aud  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  legislative  coun- 
cil, a  territorial  geologist,  who  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  governor,  reside  in 
the  Territory,  and  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  two  years  from  the  date  of  his 
appointment. 

SEC.  2.  No  compensation  for  services,  nor  for  any  expenses  whatever,  shall  be 
paid  by  the  Territory  to  or  for  the  said  territorial  geologist. 

SEC.  3.  The  territorial  geologist  shall  report  the  result  of  his  surveys  and  ob- 
servations, made  under  and  by  virtue  of  the  commission  provided  for  in  section 
1  of  this  act,  to  the  governor  of  the  Territory,  to  be  submitted  to  the  next 
legislative  assembly,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1874. 

SEC.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  February  9,  1872. 

It  is  said1  that  under  this  law  J.  Alden  Smith  was  appointed 
State  geologist  in  1874  and  1881;  Ernest  LeNeve  Foster  in  1883; 
J.  Alden  Smith  again  in  1885;  Fred  G.  Buckley  in  1887;  George  E. 
Kedzie  in  1889  and  1893 ;  Thomas  A.  Eicard  in  1897  and  1899 ;  John 
W.  Finch  in  1901  and  1903 ;  and  B.  A.  Langridge  in  1906.  Naturally, 
in  view  of  section  2,  however  able  may  have  been  the  various  officials, 
little  was  accomplished.  Three  or  four  brief  reports  are  said  to  have 
been  published,  but  these  have  long  since  passed  out  of  print,  and  are 
unavailable  for  reference. 

CONNECTICUT. 

SURVEY  UNDER  J.  G.  PERCIVAL  AND  C.  U.  SHEPARD,  1835-1842. 

In  the  annual  message  of  Governor  Edwards  of  Connecticut  to 
the  State  legislature  of  1835  there  occurs  the  following  relative  to  the 
establishment  of  a  geological  survey : 

The  mineralogical  treasures  which  have  been  developed  within  a  few  years 
and  which  are  constantly  coming  to  light  in  different  parts  of  our  country  give 
us  reason  to  believe  that  we  have  not  as  yet  availed  ourselves  to  the  extent  that 
we  might  of  this  source  of  wealth,  and  suggests  the  expediency  of  a  more  syste- 
matic examination  than  has  hitherto  taken  place.  In  some  instances  this  has 
been  done  under  the  public  patronage  and  by  public  authority.  An  examination 
of  the  kind  in  our  State  might  lead  to  some  important  discoveries.  An  accurate 

1  Bulletin  465,  U.   8.   Geological  Survey,   1911,  p.   24. 


46  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

and  thorough  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  by  scientific  men,  if  it  should 
not  result  in  any  immediate  discoveries  of  moment,  would  at  least  have  the 
effect  of  aiding  individuals  in  their  future  researches  on  their  own  lands.  Much 
labor  has  been  expended  and  money  wasted  in  the  search  after  metals  and 
minerals,  which  a  knowledge  of  those  substances  and  the  relative  position  they 
uniformly  occupy  would  have  shown  to  be  useless. 

The  geological  character  of  a  country  indicates  its  topographical  features,  and 
a  geological  map  would  serve  as  a  guide  in  the  examination  and  selection  of 
routes  for  railroads  and  canals  and  internal  improvements  of  every  kind,  the 
location  of  which  depends  on  the  topical  features  of  the  country  through  which 
they  pass.  A  survey  of  the  kind  referred  to  would  furnish  every  individual 
with  such  information  respecting  his  possessions  as  would  guard  him  against 
the  wiles  of  prowling  speculators.  Much  labor  has  been  bestowed  on  this 
subject,  and  much  information  collected  by  individuals  in  different  sections  of 
the  State,  and  it  is  important  that  this  information  should  be  embodied  and 
preserved.  The  expense  would  be  trifling,  and  bear  but  a  very  small  propor- 
tion to  the  benefits  which  may  be  derived  from  it.  This  is  a  subject  in  which 
the  whole  community  has  a  deep  interest,  and  it  is  recommended  that  imme- 
diate measures  be  taken  for  its  accomplishment.  Similar  surveys  have  been 
already  had  in  some  of  the  States,  and  the  attention  of  others  is  turned  to  the 
subject.  Let  us  not  be  deficient  on  our  part.  We  have  heretofore  furnished, 
and  we  can  still  furnish,  our  full  quota  to  those  economical  and  scientific 
researches  which  seem  to  be  the  order  of  the  day. 

In  accordance  with  this  recommendation,  the  following  resolutions 
were  introduced  and  passed : 

Resolved,  That  the  governor  be  and  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  a  commit- 
tee of  suitable  persons  to  make  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Connecticut 
and  to  report  the  same  to  the  general  assembly  at  their  May  session  of  1836. 

Resolved,  That  the  property  of  such  survey  shall  be  in  and  belong  to  the  State 
and  shall  be  disposed  of  as  the  general  assembly  may  direct. 

Pursuant  to  these  resolutions,  the  Governor  made  the  necessary  ap- 
pointments, as  below  :* 

Henry  W.  Edwards,  governor  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  to  James  Gates 
Percival  and  Charles  Upham  Shepard,  greeting:  Pursuant  to  resolves  passed  by 
the  general  assembly  of  Connecticut,  at  Hartford,  in  May,  1835,  I  do  appoint 
you,  said  Percival  and  Shepard,  a  committee  to  make  and  complete  the  survey 
and  report  in  said  resolves,  to  perform  the  duties  thereof,  and  obey  the  instruc- 
tions from  time  to  time  received  from  the  proper  authority. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  official  seal  at  New  Haven,  this  15th  day  of  June, 
A.  D.  1835. 

HENRY  W.  EDWARDS. 

Field  work  under  these  authorizations  appears  to  have  been  be- 
gun at  once,  and  a  preliminary  report  rendered  to  the  legislature  of 
1836.  This  was  accepted  and  the  necessary  authority  granted  for 
continuing  the  survey  another  year,  publication  to  be  delayed  until 
the  necessary  researches  were  completed. 

llt  is  said  (Bull  No.  7,  Conn.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  1907)  that  the  charge  of  the 
survey  was  first  offered  to  Professor  Silliman,  who  declined.  Percival  and  Shepard  also  nt 
first  declined,  but  finally  accepted  at  the  urgent  request  of  Governor  Edwards. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  47 

Professor  Sliepard,  to  whom  was  assigned  the  economical  and 
mineralogical  part  of  the  work,  submitted  his  report  to  the  legis- 
lature of  1837.  This  gave  rise  to  the  following: 

Report  of  the  committee  on  the  geological  survey. 

The  joint  committee  on  the  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State, 
ro  whom  was  referred  the  special  message  of  the  governor  and  the  accompany- 
ing papers  relating  to  the  mineralogical  department  of  said  survey,  having  had 
the  same  under  their  consideration,  report : 

That  Professor  Shepard  has  brought  his  examination  into  the  mineralogy  of 
the  State  to  a  close  and  the  results  of  his  labors  have  been  before  us  in  a  highly 
interesting  and  valuable  report.  This  report,  embracing  the  statistics  of  all  our 
present  mineral  resources,  the  condition  of  our  mines,  quarries,  and  diggings  of 
every  description,  and  suggestions  as  to  the  most  profitable  manner  of  working 
them  both  to  the  proprietors  and  the  public,  all  of  which  are  capable  of  imme- 
diate application,  your  committee  recommend  should  be  immediately  published. 
This  rei>ort  will  attract  public  attention  to  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State, 
which  is  shown  to  be  most  abundant,  and  only  stands  in  need  of  capital  and 
enterprise  to  be  profitably  developed.  It  will  apprise  landed  proprietors  of  re- 
sources of  which  in  many  instances  they  are  now  ignorant,  and  in  others  will 
afford  them  information  how  to  turn  to  increased  account  such  as  they  already 
know  to  exist.  It  teaches  what  things  may  be  expected  in  certain  districts  of 
the  State,  points  out  the  mode  of  searching  for  them,  and  the  way  to  identify 
them  when  found. 

Another  consideration  which  should  determine  its  immediate  publication  is, 
that  it  may  receive  the  supervision  of  Professor  Shepard  while  passing  through 
the  press — a  supervision  altogether  necessary  from  the  nature  of  the  subjects 
treated  of,  and  which  it  may  not  be  in  his  power  to  extend  after  this  summer. 
For  this  reason,  too,  your  committee  recommend  its  being  published  at  New 
Haven,  where  Professor  Shepard  resides,  and  where  publishers  are  more  accus- 
tomed to  this  kind  of  work  than  elsewhere  in  the  State. 

The  document  will  constitute  an  octavo  volume,  or  pamphlet,  of  150  pages, 
and  if  published  in  the  style  in  which  these  surveys  are  done  in  other  States 
will  cost  about  25  cents  a  copy.  Your  committee,  therefore,  recommend  an 
appropriation  of  a  sum  of  money  not  exceeding  $500,  or  such  less  sum  as  his 
excellency  the  governor  may  contract  for,  for  the  publication  of  2,000  copies. 
That  of  this  number  the  governor  be  authorized  to  distribute  copies  in  the 
following  manner: 

Two  copies  to  the  Library  of  Congress ;  two  copies  to  the  governor  of  every 
State  in  the  Union;  two  copies  to  the  library  of  Yale  College  of  Washington 
College,  and  of  the  Wesleyan  University  of  this  State,  and  to  each  of  the  State 
officers ;  one  copy  to  each  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court ;  one  copy  to  each 
of  the  judges  of  the  county  court  and  to  each  probate  judge  of  this  State,  who 
are  not  members  of  this  legislature ;  one  copy  to  each  member  of  the  two  houses 
of  the  present  legislature ;  one  copy  to  the  town  clerk  of  very  town  in  the  State ; 
50  copies  to  remain  at  the  disposal  of  Professor  Shepard,  and  the  same  number 
at  the  disposal  of  his  excellency  the  governor.  And  the  governor  is  further 
authorized  to  furnish  any  bookseller  such  number  of  copies,  to  be  disposed  of 
on  such  terms  as  his  excellency  may  deem  proper,  for  the  benefit  of  the  State. 
136075—20 5 


48  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

This  disposition  of  this  report  which  your  committee  have  recommended,  in 
case  it  should  be  published,  will  only  reach  about  one-half  the  number  proposed 
to  be  printed,  and  will  leave  1,000  copies  to  be  taken  up  by  private  sale,  or 
disposed  of  by  the  next  general  assembly. 

With  these  considerations  your  committee  would  respectfully  recommend  the 
adoption  of  the  accompanying  resolution.  All  of  which  is  respectfully  sub- 
mitted. 

JAMES  BEKBE,  (.'liainnan. 

The  above  report  was  accepted  and  the  following  resolution  passed 
relative  to  the  publication  of  the  same : 

Resolved  by  this  assembly,  That  2,000  copies  of  Professor  Shepard's  report 
on  the  mineralogy  of  the  State  be  published  under  the  superintendence  of  the 
author,  and  that  a  sum  of  money  not  exceeding  $500  be  appropriated  to  defray 
the  expenses;  and  that  the  comptroller  of  public  accounts  is  hereby  authorized 
to  draw  an  order  on  the  treasurer  for  such  sum,  not  exceeding  $500,  to  be  paid 
out  of  any  money  not  otherwise  appropriated ;  and  his  excellency  the  governor 
is  hereby  appointed  commissioner  to  see  the  object  of  this  resolution  effected. 

This  report,  as  issued  in  1837,  comprised  188  octavo  pages.  It 
was  divided  into  three  parts:  1  Economical,  2  Scientific,  and  3  A 
descriptive  catalogue  of  the  rock  and  mineral  collection  made  dur- 
ing the  work,  comprising  595  names. 

Percival's  report,  owing  to  the  author's  disposition  to  go  into 
minute  details,  was  delayed  from  year  to  year,  finally  appearing  in 
1842  in  the  form  of  an  octavo  volume  of  495  pages,  with  a  geological 
map  of  the  State  in  black  and  white.  According  to  Shepard,  Percival 
was  a  martyr  to  literary  and  scientific  conscientiousness.  Xot  being 
fully  satisfied  in  his  own  mind,  he  refused  to  make  his  report  to  the 
legislature  when  such  was  demanded,  but  asked  for  an  extension  of 
time.  He  thus  continued  his  labors  from  year  to  year  upon  a  sti- 
pend scarcely  adequate  to  cover  expenses.  Instead,  however,  of 
nearing  the  goal,  he  only  receded  from  it.  New  difficulties  met  him 
in  the  work;  fresh  questions  arose  in  the  progress  of  geology  itself 
that  called  for  re-examinations.  His  notes  swelled  to  volumes  and 
his  specimens  increased  to  thousands.  He  was  in  danger  of  being- 
crushed  under  the  weight  of  his  doubts  and  materials.  At  last  the 
people  clamored  for  the  end  of  the  work.  The  legislature  became 
peremptory  and  forced  Percival  to  acquiesce.  In  1842  (seven  years 
from  the  commencement  of  the  survey)  he  rendered  an  octavo  report 
of  495  pages,  in  the  introduction  to  which  he  observes : 

I  regret  to  say  I  have  not  had  the  means  allowed  me  for  additional  investiga- 
tions, nor  even  for  a  proper  use  of  my  materials,  either  notes  or  specimens. 
The  number  of  localities  from  which  I  have  collected  specimens  I  have  esti- 
mated at  nearly  8,000;  the  records  of  dips  and  bearings  are  still  more  numerous. 
The  report  which  follows  is  but  a  hasty  outline,  written  mainly  from  recollection, 
with  only  occasional  reference  to  my  materials  and  under  circumstances  little 
calculated  for  cool  consideration. 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS. 

Percival's  account  of  his  methods  of  procedure  are  not  without  in- 
terest. He  says :  * 

I  had  twice  surveyed  the  whole  State  on  a  regular  plan  of  sections  from  east 
to  west,  reducing  the  intervals  in  the  last  survey  to  an  average  distance  of  2 
miles,  thus  passing  along  one  side  of  each  of  the  nearly  5,000  square  miles  of 
the  State.  *  *  *  I  had  examined  all  objects  of  geological  interest,  particu- 
larly the  rocks  and  those  including  minerals,  with  minute  attention.  I  scarcely 
passed  a  ledge  or  point  of  rock  without  particular  examination.  I  had  com- 
pleted 11  manuscript  volumes,  amounting  to  nearly  1,500  pages,  very  finely  writ- 
ten in  abbreviation.  I  had  collected  specimens  from  at  least  8,000  localities, 
according  to  a  very  reduced  calculation  from  actual  enumeration  of  one  town, 
and  several  specimens  from  each  locality,  each  specimen  intended  to  illustrate 
something  peculiar  and  noticed  in  my  notes;  all  my  specimens  marked  on  the 
papers  enclosing  them  and  checked  in  my  notebooks,  so  that  I  know  their  precise 
locality  and  could  again  trace  them  to  the  spot  where  I  found  them.  In  all 
these  researches,  from  the  commencement,  I  had  had  in  view  the  determination 
of  the  geological  system  of  the  rocks  of  the  State.  All  these  researches  had 
been  a  continued  process,  not  only  of  particular  examination,  but  of  comparison 
and  reflection,  all  tending  to  the  determination  of  the  great  system.  I  say  with 
the  confidence  of  conviction — of  that  conviction  which  arises  from  long-con- 
tinued devotion  to  the  subject— that  I  have  determined  in  my  mind  the  system 
of  arrangement;  that  it  is  a  new  system  with  me,  the  result  of  my  own  un- 
assisted observation,  one  which  I  have  not  traced  in  my  reading,  and  one  which 
I  believe  to  be  of  the  highest  importance,  not  only  to  science,  but  for  economical 
purjwses.  *  *  *  Besides  this  more  general  plan  of  the  survey,  I  had  espe- 
cially explored  and  traced  out  the  trap,  both  connected  with  the  primary  and 
secondary,  and  determined  a  new  and  important  system  of  arrangement,  ap- 
parently applicable  to  both,  and  one,  too,  of  which  I  have  found  no  traces  in  my 
reading.  *  *  * 

Up  to  the  session  of  1840,  I  had  employed  five  years  on  the  survey  and  had 
received  $3.000,  averaging  $600  per  annum,  out  of  which  I  had  defrayed  all 
expenses,  traveling  expenses  included.  *  *  *  I  was  then  required  to  prepare 
a  report,  cut  off  from  all  resources,  deprived  of  that  pittance  of  $500,  which  I 
might  have  secured  two  years  before  almost  without  additional  labor,  if  I  had 
regarded  my  own  interests  only. 

According  to  Professor  Dana,1  'Percival,  on  entering  upon  his 
duties,  saw  before  him  two  great  problems : 

First,  the  character  and  origin  of  the  trap  ridges  of  the  State,  such  as  East 
and  West  Rocks  near  New  Haven,  the  Hanging  Hills  of  Meriden,  and  other 
similar  heights  to  the  north  and  south,  *  *  *  and,  secondly,  the  characters 
and  origin  of  the  granitic  series  of  rocks  which  prevail  through  all  the  rest  of 
the  State. 

Percival's  observations  pro\7ed : 

that  there  had  been  not  one  long-continuous  fracture  through  the  State  from 
New  Haven  to  the  regions  of  Mt.  Tom  and  beyond,  for  the  injection  of  liquid 
trap  rock,  but  instead,  a  series  of  openings  along  a  common  line,  and  that  thei'e 
wore  several  such  lines  running  a  nearly  parallel  course  over  a  broad  region 
of  country.  He  also  found  that  the  ridges  which  compose  a  range  do  not 
always  lie  directly  in  the  same  line,  but  that  often  the  parts  which  follow  one 

1  Life  and  Letters  of  J.  G.  Percival,  by  J.  IT.  Wood. 


50  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

another  are  successively  to  the  east  of  one  another,  or  to  the  west,  en  echelon 
(as  the  French  style  it)  ;  and,  further,  that  the  parts  of  the  component  ridges  of 
a  range  were  often  curved,  or  a  succession  of  curving  lines.  He  discovered,  too, 
that  in  the  region  of  the  Meriden  Hanging  Hills  the  trap  ridges  take  a  singular 
east  and  west  bend  across  the  great  central  valley  of  the  State — a  course 
wholly  at  variance  with  the  old  notions. 

The  work  which  he  accomplished  was,  in  the  first  place,  an  extended  topo- 
graphical survey  of  this  portion  of  the  State,  and,  secondly,  a  thorough  exami- 
nation of  the  structure  and  relations  of  the  trap  ridges,  with  also  those  of  the 
associated  sandstone.  And  it  brought  out,  as  its  grand  result,  a  system  of 
general  truths  with  regard  to  the  fractures  of  the  earth's  crust,  which,  as 
geologists  are  beginning  to  see,  are  the  very  same  that  are  fundamental  in  the 
constitution  of  mountain  chains.  For  this  combination  of  many  approximately 
parallel  lines  of  ranges  in  one  system,  the  composite  structure  of  the  several 
ranges  and  the  en  echelon,  or  advancing  and  retreating  arrangement  of  the 
successive  ridges  of  a  range,  are  common  features  of  mountain  chains.  The 
earth's  great  mountains  and  the  trap  ranges  of  central  New  England  are  results 
of  subterranean  forces  acting  upon  the  earth's  crust  according  to  common  laws. 
The  State  of  Connecticut,  through  the  mind  and  labors  of  Percival,  has  con- 
tributed the  best  and  fullest  exemplification  of  the  laws  yet  obtained,  and  thus 
prepared  the  way  for  a  correct  understanding  of  the  great  features  of  the 
globe.  *  *  * 

Percival  pursued  his  second  subject,  that  of  the  granitic  rocks,  with  similar 
fidelity,  and  mapped  out  with  care  the  several  formations.  *  *  *  His  labors 
were  not  without  practical  results,  for  he  was  the  first  to  explain  correctly  the 
origin  of  the  iron-ore  beds  of  Kent  and  similar  beds  in  the  Green  Mountain 
range.1 

The  receipt  of  this  report  gave  rise  to  the  following  resolution : 

At  the  general  assembly  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  holden  at  New  Haven  in 
said  State,  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  forty-two. 

Resolved  by  this  assembly.  That  not  less  than  1,000  copies  of  Dr.  James  (!. 
Percival's  report  on  the  geology  of  Connecticut  be  published  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  author,  and  that  a  sum  not  exceeding  $1,500  be  appropriated  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  printing  and  superintending,  and  that  the  controller  of 
the  public  accounts  be  hereby  authorized  to  draw  an  order  on  the  treasurer  for 
such  sum,  not  exceeding  $1,500,  to  be  paid  out  of  money  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated; and  his  excellency  the  governor  and  Hon.  Henry  W.  Edwards  are 
hereby  appointed  commissioners  to  see  the  object  of  this  resolution  effected. 

And  be  it  further  resolved,  That  the  commissioners  before  named  be  author- 
ized to  cause  the  copyright  of  the  said  report  to  be  secured  to  the  State  and  to 
permit  any  additional  number  of  copies  to  be  published  and  disposed  of  in  such 

1  Messrs.  Gregory  and  Robinson,  of  the  present  survey  (1907),  In  like  manner  render 
appreciative  testimony :  "  Percival's  Report  on  the  Geology  of  Connecticut  is  not  a  read- 
able book;  it  does  not  contain  theories  and  Inferences  and  bits  of  lively  description,  but 
merely  dry  facts  grouped  geographically.  It  Is  about  the  last  book  which  a  poet,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  of  his  time,  would  be  expected  to  write.  Accuracy  and  keenness  of 
observation  and  distinctness  of  representation  are,  however,  prime  requisites  for  lasting 
scientific  work,  and  in  these  qualities  Percival  excelled.  The  more  the  modern  geologist 
becomes  familiar  with  the  involved  structures  and  exasperating  variations  found  within 
the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  State,  the  more  respect  and  admiration  he  has  for  Percival's 
discrimination  and  skill  of  delineation.  It  Is  doubtful  if  ever  a  more  accurate  discrimina- 
tion of  the  various  members  of  a  complicated  series  of  crystalline  rocks  on  field  evidence 
alone  was  ever  accomplished." 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


JAMES  CURTIS  BOOTH 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  DELAWARE,    1839-41. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  51 

manner  and  on  such  terms  as  they  may  deem  proper,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
iiuthor:  Provided,  That  no  additional  expense  be  thereby  incurred  by  the  State 
over  and  above  the  sum  of  $1,500  aforesaid. 

Expeiise, — The  resolution  establishing  the  survey  makes  no  refer- 
ences to  expenses  or  appropriations.  Nothing  is  stated  as  to  amount 
paid  Professor  Shepard  for  services,  but  in  the  bill  of  1837,  $500 
was  appropriated  for  the  publication  of  his  report.  Percival,  in  his 
lamentations,  writes  of  having  received  $3,000  in  salary,  and,  as  above 
noted,  $1,500  was  appropriated  for  publication.  The  expense  of  the 
survey  can  then  be  placed  at  $5,000,  exclusive  of  Professor  Shepard's 
salary,  which  it  is  safe  to  say  was  small,  if  indeed  he  received  any- 
thing. 

By  an  act  approved  June  3,  1903,  a  second  survey,  geological  and 
natural  history,  was  established  under  control  of  a  board  of  commis- 
sioners, with  Prof.  William  North  Rice,  superintendent.  This  sur- 
vey is  still  in  progress.1 

DELAWARE.2 

The  first  and  only  systematic  attempt  at  a  geological  .survey  of 
Delaware  was  made  in  1837,  in  virtue  of  an  act  of  the  legislature, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  transcript : 

An  net  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  this  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  of  the 
State  of  Delaware  in  general  assembly  met,  That  Thomas  Stockton,  of  New 
Castle  County ;  Jonathan  Jenkins,  of  Kent  County ;  and  Dr.  Henry  F.  Hall,  of 
Sussex  County,  be  and  they  are  hereby  appointed  commissioners  to  procure  to 
be  made  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  this  State.  And  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  said  commissioners,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  the  passage  of 
this  act,  to  appoint  a  State  geologist  of  talents,  integrity,  and  suitable  scientific 
and  practical  knowledge  of  his  profession,  who  shall  also  be  a  scientific  and 
practical  mineralogist. 

SEC.  2.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  immediately  to 
commence  and  carry  on  with  as  much  expedition  and  despatch  as  may  be  con- 
sistent with  minuteness  and  accuracy,  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of 
the  State,  with  a  view  to  determine  the  order,  succession,  arrangement,  relative 
position,  and  the  dip  or  inclination,  and  also  the  comparative  magnitude  of  the 
several  strata,  or  geological  formations,  within  the  State,  and  to  discover  and 
examine  all  beds  and  deposits  of  ores,  coals,  clays,  marls,  and  such  other 
mineral  substances  as  may  be  deemed  useful  or  valuable,  together  with  such 
other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and  complete  geological  and 
mineralogical  survey  of  this  State. 

SEC.  3.  And  it  shall  be  further  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist,  on  or 
before  the  first  day  of  January  in  each  and  every  year  during  the  time  neces- 
sarily occupied  by  the  survey,  to  make  a  report  of  the  progress  of  the  survey, 
accompanied  with  such  maps,  drawings,  and  specimens  as  may  be  necessary 

1  See  Bulletin  4G5,  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey,  1911. 
*  Compiled  in  part  from  manuscript,  by  ,T.  C.  Booth. 


52  BULLETIN    100,    UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL    Ml'SKUAI. 

and  proper  to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same,  to  the  secretary  of  the  State 
of  Delaware,  who  shall  lay  them  before  the  legislature,  at  their  next  meeting 
thereafter. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  the  said  commissioners  to  employ  such 
suitable  assistants  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  for  the  full  performance  of 
the  duties  imposed  upon  the  said  State  geologist,  and  also  to  procure  to  be  made 
a  correct  map  of  this  State,  and  cause  to  be  marked  thereon,  by  colors  and  other 
appropriate  means,  the  various  areas  occupied  by  the  different  geological  forma- 
tions in  the  State,  together  with  the  beds  or  deposits  of  the  various  mineral 
substances  discovered ;  and  on  the  completion  of  the  said  .survey  to  compile,  or 
cause  to  be  compiled,  a  memoir  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State, 
comprising  a  complete  account  of  the  leading  subjects  and  discoveries  which 
have  been  embraced  in  the  survey,  which  memoir  they  shall  transmit  to  the 
secretary  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  to  be  by  him  laid  before  the  legislature 
at  their  next  meeting  thereafter. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  commissioners  be  and  they 
:ire  hereby  authorized  to  contract  and  agree  with  the  said  State  geologist  ami 
assistants  for  their  services  upon  such  terms  and  for  such  reasonable  compen- 
sation as  shall  seem  to  them  just  and  proper;  and  for  the  payment  of  such  com- 
pensation they,  by  their  chairman,  are  hereby  authorized  to  draw  upon  the 
State  treasurer,  who  is  hereby  required  to  pay  the  same  out  of  the  moneys 
appropriated  for  that  purpose. 

SEC.  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  commissioners  shall  receive 
for  their  services  the  sum  of  $3  a  day  each  for  each  and  every  d)ty  that  they 
shall  be  engaged  in  the  prosecution  of  the  duties  hereinafter  imposed  upon 
them,  to  be  paid  as  is  hereinbefore  directed  for  the  payment  of  the  State  geol- 
ogist and  assistants;  and  it  shall  be  the  further  duty  of  the  said  commissioners 
to  keep  a  just  and  true  account  of  their  own  services  as  to  days  on  which  they 
are  engaged  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  herein,  as  well  as  by  the  services 
performed  by  the  said  State  geologist  and  assistants,  together  with  the  moneys 
paid  and  ordered  drawn  by  them,  in  furtherance  of  the  objects  of  this  act,  which 
account  shall  be  presented  by  them  to  the  legislature,  for  settlement,  at  the  next 
biennial  session  after  the  completion  of  the  said  survey. 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  ou  and 
completing  the  said  geological  and  mineralogical  survey,  the  sum  of  $3,000  is 
hereby  appropriated,  to  be  subject  to  the  orders  of,  and  expended  by,  the  said 
commissioners,  as  hereinbefore  directed:  Provided,  That  not  more  than  the  sum 
of  §1,000  of  such  appropriation  shall  be  expended  in  any  one  county  of  this 
State  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  objects  of  this  act. 

SEC.  8.  In  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  any  one  or  more  of  the  commis- 
sioners herein  appointed  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  governor  of  this  State  to  fill 
the  vacancy  thus  occasioned  by  the  appointment  of  such  person  or  persons  from 
the  county  in  which  such  vacancy  may  occur  as  shall  in  his  judgment  be  suit- 
able and  qualified  for  the  appointment. 

Dover,  Feb'y  13, 1837. 

No  change  or  modification  in  this  law  was  found  necessary,  the 
single  appropriation  of  $3.000  being  sufficient  to  cover  all  expenses, 
including  that  of  publication.  The  survey  had  no  connection  with 
any  other  institution,  being  established,  conducted,  and  completed 
under  the  act  above  quoted. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.         53 

Administration. — Under  the  authority  granted  the  commissioners 
named  in  the  act  of  establishment, .  Dr.  J.  C.  Booth  was  appointed 
State  geologist  in  the  spring  of  1837.  No  assistants  or  subordinates 
were  employed.  Doctor  Booth's  salary  was  at  the  rate  of  $1,000  a 
year,  and  continued  for  but  two  years.  From  a  somewhat  superficial 
survey  of  the  State  he  decided  that,  since  of  the  2.200  square  miles 
included  in  the  State  area.  2,000  square  miles  were  devoted  chiefly 
to  agriculture,  his  principal  efforts  should  be  directed  to  this  feature 
of  the  work.  To  quote  his  own  words  he  devoted  his  time  "  chiefly 
to  the  assumed  duties  of  a  traveling  instructor  in  agriculture,  with- 
out exhibiting  the  formality  of  teacher  among  the  people  to  be 
taught,"  The  fertilizing  resources  of  the  green  sand  and  shell  marls 
were,  as  a  result,  given  a  major  share  of  his  attention.  No  museum 
nor  library  was  provided  for.  Such  fossils  as  were  collected  were 
placed  in  the  hands  of  Timothy  Conrad  and  others  for  identification. 

Expenses^ — The  total  cost  of  the  survey,  as  already  noted,  was 
$3.000,  of  which  $2,000  was  for  salary  of  Doctor  Booth  and  $1,000 
to  pay  the  cost  of  publication  of  the  report. 

Publication. — The  report  comprised  but  a  single  volume  of  188 
pages,  a  few  hundred  copies  only  being  issued,  the  same  being  dis- 
tributed gratis  by  the  commissioners. 

Benefits. — The  chief  benefits  of  the  survey,  as  stated  by  Doctor 
Booth,  were : 

After  having  surveyed  the  State  with  sufficient  minuteness  to  describe  its 
geological  features,  and  to  point  out  the  then  and  probable  future  value  of  the 
different  geological  formations,  I  devoted  the  larger  portion  of  the  time  remain- 
ing for  the  completion  of  the  survey  (more  than  one-half  of  the  whole  survey 
period  of  two  years)  to  traversing  the  State  in  every  direction,  and  personally 
communicating  information  on  agriculture,  and  especially  on  the  development 
of  agriculture  in  each  district,  by  means  of  the  geological  advantages  offered  by 
such  district.  I  regarded  such  a  result  as  more  important  and  of  greater  value 
to  the  State  than  any  additions  to  nattiral  science;  and  after  the  experience 
and  reflection  of  50  years  in  the  same  line  of  thought,  I  perceive  no  good  ground 
or  reason  to  change  my  views. 

FLORIDA. 

Until  the  establishment,  in  1907,  of  a  State  survey,  under  the  di- 
rection of  E.  H.  Sellards.  Florida  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  under- 
taken any  systematic  geological  work  at  State  expense.  In  the  re- 
ports of  the  assembly  for  1852-53  is  found  an  act,  approved  by  the 
governor  on  January  8,  1853,  establishing  the  office  of  State  engineer 
and  geologist.  The  act  need  not  be  quoted  entire.  It  is  sufficient  to 
note  that  it  authorized  the  general  assembly,  by  joint  vote,  to  elect 
a  State  engineer  and  geologist,  who  should  hold  office  for  the  term  of 
two  years.  The  duties,  ns  outlined  in  the  act.  were  the  making  of 


54  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

surveys  of  the  swamp  lands  for  the  purpose  of  reclamation.  Salary, 
not  to  exceed  $2,000  a  year,  and  other  necessary  expenses,  were  to 
be  paid  out  of  the  receipts  from  the  sale  of  these  same  swamp  lands, 
or,  should  these  amounts  prove  insufficient,  out  of  the  internal-im- 
provement fund. 

Under  this  act  Mr.  F.  L.  Dancy  was  appointed  State  engineer  an<l 
geologist  in  1853.  It  is  not  apparent  that  he  was  a  geologist  in  any 
sense  of  the  word  or  that  he  attempted  to  do  any  geological  work. 
His  report  as  State  engineer  occupies  pages  19  to  36  of  documents 
accompanying  the  message  of  the  governor  of  Florida,  submitted  No- 
vember 28,  1854.  All  that  occurs  relative  to  geology  is  given  on  page 
20  of  the  appendix,  and  reads  as  follows : 

On  the  subject  of  the  geology  of  the  State  I  have  made  no  report,  from  the 
fact  that  the  general  assembly  failed  to  specify  any  duties  or  make  any  appro- 
priations to  defray  any  expenses  incurred  in  reference  to  the  matter.  Conse- 
quently, nothing  has  been  done  by  me  except  to  obtain  specimens  of  soils  ami 
minerals  from  the  various  localities  (where  marked  changes  were  perceptible) 
visited  by  me  in  the  performance  of  the  duties  of  engineer. 

The  office  was  abolished  by  an  act  of  the  assembly  in  1855.  Noth- 
ing further  appears  to  have  been  done  until  1886,  when,  on  his  own 
responsibility,  and  evidently  without  the  passage  of  any  enactment  by 
the  legislature,  Governor  Perry  appointed  Dr.  J.  Kost,  State  geolo- 
gist. Below  is  a  transcript  of  the  letter  making  this  appointment, 
together  with  that  of  a  letter  given  to  Doctor  Kost,  the  purpose  of 
which  is  self-apparent : 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

In  the  name  and  under  the  authority  of  the  State  of  Florida. 

Whereas  Dr.  J.  Kost  has  been  duly  appointed  by  the  governor  to  make  a 
geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Florida : 

Now,  therefore,  reposing  especial  trust  and  confidence  in  the  ability,  fidelity, 
and  prudence  of  the  said  Dr.  J.  Kost,  I,  Edward  A.  Perry,  governor  of  the 
State  of  Florida,  under  and  by  the  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  In  me,  do 
hereby  appoint  and  commission  said  Dr.  J.  Kost  to  make  such  survey  of  the 
State  of  Florida,  and  to  have,  hold,  and  exercise  all  the  powers  appertaining 
thereto,  and  tp  perform  the  duties  thereof,  and  to  enjoy  all  the  privileges  and 
benefits  of  the  same. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  do  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  cause  to  be  affixed 
the  great  seal  of  the  State  of  Florida,  at  Tallahassee,  the  capital,  this,  the 
first  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1886,  and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
the  one  hundred  and  tenth  year. 

K.  A.  PERRY,  Governor  of  Florida. 

P»y  the  Governor:  Attest. 

JANUARY  1,  1886. 
To  all  whom  it  may  concern: 

Realizing  how  important  to  our  State  and  to  all  interested  in  ascertaining 
and  developing  its  resources  that  there  should  be  a  thorough  geological  survey 
of  Florida,  and  recognizing  that  in  the  absence  of  a  legislative  appropriation 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN   109     PL.  6 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  55 

therefor  I  should  be  powerless  to  institute  such  an  undertaking  but  for  the 
liberal  offer  of  Dr.  J.  Kost  to  make  such  survey  free  of  all  cost  to  the  State, 
provided  that  he  be  furnished  with  transportation  for  himself  and  one  assistant 
for  the  purpose,  I  have  cheerfully  accepted  Doctor  Kost's  generous  proposition, 
and  respectfully  bespeak  for  him  such  facilities  and  cooperation  from  the  trans- 
portation lines  of  the  State  and  from  the  people  as  it  may  be  in  their  power  to 
extend  to  him.  All  such  courtesies  will  be  highly  appreciated. 
Respectfully, 

E.  A.  PERBT,  Governor. 

It  is  evident  that  Kost's  services  were  wholly  gratuitous,  although 
the  writer  is  informed  that  certain  sums  were  paid  for  freight  and 
labor  on  collections  intended  for  museum  materials.  The  records 
however,  show  no  payment  for  geological  work.1 

Kost  made  one  report,  entitled  First  Report  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Florida.  This  was  issued  in  1887,  and  was  in  form  of  a 
pamphlet  of  31  pages,  but  contained  little  of  value.  In  May,  1889. 
the  following  resolution  was  passed  by  the  State  assembly,  but  with 
no  appreciable  effect : 

Joint  resolution  memorializing  Congress  for  a  continuation  of  the  geological  survey  of  the 
State  of  Florida. 

Whereas  the  work  done  by  the  United  States  geologist  in  the  State  of  Florida 
has  shown  surprising  promise  in  value,  in  the  truthful,  instructive,  and  necessary 
information  concerning  the  geology  of  our  State ;  and 

Whereas  the  work  has  been  discontinued ;  therefore — 

Be  it  resolved  by  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Florida,  That  we  deem  it  of 
the  greatest  importance  to  our  State  that  such  surveys  should  be  continued  to 
completion ;  to  that  end  our  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress  be  and 
they  are  hereby  requested  to  use  all  effort  to  procure  the  immediate  resuming 
and  continuance  of  said  work,  and  for  that  purpose  Congress  is  hereby  me- 
morialized. 

Approved  May  7.  1889. 

GEORGIA. 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  JOHN  R.  COTTING,   1836-1840. 

With  a  view  to  attracting  the  attention  of  the  legislature  to  the 
importance  of  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State  "the 
patriotic  citizens  of  Burke  and  Richmond  Counties,  at  their  own  in- 
dividual expense,"  in  1835  directed  John  Ruggles  Getting 

to  make  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  their  respective  counties;  to 
examine  all  localities  of  limestone,  marls,  and  other  minerals  useful  in  agricul- 
ture and  the  arts;  also  rocks  that  may  be  proper  for  the  purposes  of  architec- 
ture, the  construction  of  roads,  railways,  etc. ;  to  examine  the  water  of  springs 
and  wells  with  regard  to  the  salubrity  or  nonsalubrity  of  the  same:  to  analyze 
the  soil  on  different  plantations  in  the  two  counties  with  a  view  to  their  im- 
provement; to  illustrate  the  whole  by  drawings,  diagrams,  and  a  chart  of  the 
two  counties,  and  to  present  a  report  of  the  same  to  his  excellency  the  governor. 

1  I  am  indebted  to  Ptate  Geologist  E.  O.  Sellards  for  tlic  above  information. 


56  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL 

This  to  be  done  in  order  that  the  matter  might  come  properly  before 
the  two  branches  of  the  legislature. 

In  conformity  with  these  instructions  Mr.  Getting  begun  hi<  sur- 
vey March  21,  1836,  at  a  place  called  Shell  Bluff,  on  the  Savannah 
River,  rn  Burke  County,  and  continued  his  investigations  until  both 
counties  were  completed.  His  results  were  published  in  the  form  of 
a  small  octavo  volume  of  128  pages,  bearing  the  date  1836. 

This  laudable  attempt  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Getting  and  the  citizens 
of  Burke  and  Richmond  Counties  was  only  partially  successful.  The 
immediate  result  was  the  passage  by  the  senate  of  the  following  reso- 
lution, which  was  approved  on  the  7th  of  December,  1836 : 

The  committee  appointed  on  that  portion  of  the  governor's  message  which 
relates  to  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Georgia  say  they  have  given  the 
same  due  consideration  and  ask  leave  to  make  the  following  report : 

That  they  feel  sensible  that  this  is  a  subject  entitled  to  the  most  favorable 
consideration  of  the  legislature  at  this  time,  not  only  from  the  importance  of 
developing  the  resources  of  Georgia  as  they  are  connected  with  the  arts,  the 
agricultural,  the  mining,  and  the  manufacturing  interests  of  this  State,  but 
from  the  further  consideration  that  she  is  bound  to  contribute  her  share  with 
those  States  who  have  engaged  in  a  similar  enterprise  to  the  cause  of  science  and 
the  diffusion  of  that  information  that  can  not  but  be  useful  to  our  sister  States 
and  that  of  the  whole  country.  Your  committee  believe  that  perhaps  no  State 
of  the  Union  is  more  interested  in  such  an  examination  than  Georgia ;  with  a 
most  extensive  territory,  reaching  from  the  marshes  of  the  seacoast  and  pine 
forests  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  traversing  a  large  extent  of  country  of 
every  variety  of  location  and  soil,  containing  localities  doubtless  affording  the 
most  important  means  of  enriching  and  restoring  her  impoverished  and  barren 
lands;  a  subject  most  intimately  connected  with  the  interests  of  ngriculture, 
whilst  the  arts  and  manufactures  will  find  ample  materials  for  their  enterprise 
and  profit.  Your  committee  believe  that  new  articles  of  commerce  will  be  de- 
veloped for  the  employment  and  enriching  our  citizens. 

The  extensive  mining  region  of  the  western  portion  of  our  State,  known,  as 
they  are,  to  contain  extensive  and  rich  deposits  of  gold  and  other  important 
metals,  furnish  strong  incentives  to  this  undertaking.  That  our  citizens  may 
not  wsiste  their  resources  in  irregular  and  unscientific  experiment  much  may  be 
done  by  the  employment  of  one  suitable  and  scientific  individual,  or  more,  who 
shall  furnish  such  facts  and  lay  down  such  principles  as  will  enable  them  to 
direct  their  capital  and  enterprise  with  greater  security  against  losses  and  disap- 
pointments so  well  calculated  to  check  the  spirit  of  enterprise. 

Intimately  connected  with  this  subject  is  the  great  interests  of  internal  im- 
provement, whether  by  means  of  our  navigable  rivers  or  inlets  or  by  means  of 
railroads.  The  streams  of  the  State,  with  their  extent  and  capabilities  of  navi- 
gation, the  ridges,  mountains,  and  general  (fertility)  of  the  country,  with  its 
capacity  for  agriculture  and  commerce,  it  is  high  time  that  Georgia,  with  all 
her  treasures,  in  money  and  resources,  should,  forgetting  party  bickering  and 
strife,  make  an  effort  to  raise  herself  to  that  exalted  station  among  her  sister 
States  to  which  she  is  entitled  by  the  extent  and  fertility  of  her  territory,  the 
ample  resources  of  commercial  and  agricultural  enterprise,  her  favorable  loca- 
tion in  reference  to  the  other  States,  and  the  energy  and  intelligence  of  her  citi- 
zens. Your  committee,  therefore,  hog  leave  to  report  the  following  resolutions. 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   XATTRAL    HISTOKY   SUKVEYS.  57 

Re ^ <,1  red,  That  his  excellency  tlie  governor,  or  his  successor  in  office,  be.  anil 
he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  employ,  as  soon  as  convenient,  one  or  more  suitable 
nnd  well-qualified  persons  to  undertake  the  work  of  a  careful  and  scientific 
geological  survey  of  all  the  counties  in  Georgia,  under  his  direction  and  advice. 

And  f<e  it  further  resolved,  That  the  sum  of  $10,000  ought  to  be  appropriated 
for  that  purpose,  subject  to  the  warrant  of  the  executive,  out  of  any  moneys  in 
the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  and  said  sum  be  inserted  in  the  appro- 
priation act  of  this  year. 

Resolved  further,  That  the  geologist  s-o  appointed  shall  keep  an  office  at  the 
seat  of  government,  where  he  shall  preserve,  for  the  use  of  the  State,  the  vari- 
ous specimens  connected  with  the  survey,  and  shall  remain  at  the  seat  of 
government  during  the  greatest  part  of  the  session  of  the  legislature.  He  shall 
make  an  annual  report  of  the  progress  of  the  work  to  the  governor,  and  at  the 
termination  of  his  survey  he  shall  prepare  from  his  journals  and  reports,  a 
consolidated  report  for  publication,  to  be  handed  over  to  the  governor,  and  the 
Copyright  secured  to  the  State,  and  make  returns  semiannually  to  the  governor. 

In  senate,  agreed  to,  December  7,  1836. 

ROBEKT  M.   ECHOLS, 

President  of  the  Senate. 

Although  so  favorably  inaugurated,  however,  nothing  seems  to 
have  been  accomplished,1  and  on  December- 11,  1840,  the  survey  was 
suspended  and  finally  abolished  through  the  following  enactment : 

In  House  of  Representatives. 

Whereas  the  creation  of  the  office  of  a  geological  surveyor  of  this  State  in- 
volves the  State  in  an  annual  expenditure  of  several  thousand  dollars,  without 
producing  any  adequate  advantage  to  the  people  thereof : 

Be  it  therefore  resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
State  of  Georgia,  in  general  assembly  met,  That  the  said  office  of  geological 
surveyor  of  this  State  be,  and  the  same  is,  hereby  abolished. 

Agreed  to,  November  27,  1840. 

The  matter  seems,  however,  to  have  come  up  later  for  reconsidera- 
tion, in  the  senate,  with  the  following  result : 

Jn  Senate. 

Whereas  John  R.  Getting  has  in  contemplation  (and  has  partly  prepared)  to 
publish  a  complete  report  of  the  agricultural  and  geological  survey  of  all  the 
counties  in  this  State;  and 

Whereas  nearly  half  the  State  has  been  surveyed,  and  an  immense  amount 
of  matter  collected  and  contained  in  the  journals  of  said  John  II.  Cotting,  to- 
gether with  a  variety  of  drawings ;  and 

Whereas  the  most  interesting  portion  of  Georgia  remains  yet  to  be  examined, 
and  the  results  of  his  future  investigation  is  necessary  to  prevent  the  total 
loss  of  all  his  past  labors  and  expenditures. 

1  S.  W.  McCallie  writes :  (Bull.  465,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  pp.  37-38)  that  a  report  was  rendered  in 
1837  covering  the  counties  of  Chatham,  Columbia,  Effingham,  Screven,  Burke,  Richmond, 
Lincoln,  Elbert,  Franklin,  Habershnm,  nnd  part  of  Wilkes  and  Oglethorpo.  This,  however, 
was  never  published. 


58  BULLETIN   10V>,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Therefore,  be  it  resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
State  of  Georgia  in  general  assembly  met,  That  his  excellency  the  governor  be, 
and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  allow  John  R.  Cotting  the  full  and  entire  use 
of  the  geological  department  of  this  State,  together  with  all  the  instruments, 
apparatus,  and  privileges  appertaining  to  the  same,  so  far  as  may  be  necessary 
for  completing  the  geological  survey  of  this  State  at  his  expense. 

And  be  it  further  resolved,  That  John  R.  Cotting  be  allowed  to  continue  the 
geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  this  State,  and  retain  the  title  of  State 
geologist,  without  any  compensation  from  the  State. 

And  be  it  also  resolved,  That  the  copyright  reserved  to  the  State  be,  and  the 
same  is  hereby,  vested  in  John  R.  Cotting. 

Agreed  to,  December  18,  1840. 

The  printed  records  do  not  show  that  the  passage  of  these  resolu- 
tions was  productive  of  any  results.  It  is  not  known  to  the  writer 
what  became  of  Cotting's  notes,  nor  is  it  apparent  why  the  survey 
was  abandoned. 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY    UNDER  GEORGE  LITTLE,    1874-1879. 

The  second  attempt  at  a  systematic  survey  of  the  State,  under  State 
auspices  was  undertaken  in  1874,  under  the  conditions  enumerated 
below : 

An  act  to  create  the  office  of  State  geologist,  and  to  provide  for  a  geological,  mineralogicai. 
and  physical  survey  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Whereas  the  State  of  Georgia  contains  valuable  deposits  of  iron,  coal,  copper, 
gold,  and  other  minerals,  numerous  water  powers,  and  other  undeveloped 
sources  of  wealth;  and 

Whereas  the  true  value  of  these  resources,  representing  the  natural  wealth 
.at  Georgia,  has  not  been  determined  by  scientific  examination  and  made  known 
to  the  public ;  and 

Whereas  an  accurate  and  mineralogicai  and  physical  survey  of  the  State, 
made  by  competent,  scientific  authority,  and  published  under  the  sanction  of 
the  State,  would,  by  its  general  distribution,  make  known  the  superior  advan- 
tages of  Georgia,  and  hence  by  attracting  immigration  and  capital,  add  greatly 
to  the  development  and  wealth  of  the  State;  therefore — 

SECTION  I.  Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  the  office  of  State  geologist  of  the  State 
of  Georgia  is  hereby  created ;  that  the  governor,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  the 
passage  of  this  act,  shall  nominate  a  competent  person  to  this  office,  to  be  con- 
firmed by  the  senate,  who  shall  hold  his  office  until  removed  by  the  appointing 
power  for  inefficiency,  incompetency,  or  misconduct,  or  until  abolishment  of  the 
office  by  the  general  assembly.  The  office  of  the  State  geologist  shall  be  at  the 
seat  of  government. 

SEC.  II.  Be  it  enacted,  That,  in  connection  with  the  office  named  in  the  first 
section  of  this  act,  there  shall  be  a  board  of  advisement,  with  the  governor  as 
its  president,  to  consist  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  comptroller  general, 
treasurer,  attorney  general,  and  State  school  commissioner. 

SEC.  III.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  shall  have  two  competent 
assistants,  to  be  chosen  by  the  board,  who  shall  be  at  any  time  removed  by  the 
appointing  power  for  the  like  causes  for  which  the  State  geologist  may  be  re- 
moved. It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  forthwith 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  59 

to  map  out  the  State  into  three  geological  sections,  as  nearly  equal  in  area  as 
possible,  to  be  known  as  north  Georgia,  middle  Georgia,  and  south  Georgia  geo- 
logical sections.  So  soon  as  a  general  outline  of  geological  survey  of  the  entire 
State  shall  have  been  made  the  State  geologist  shall  enter  upon  one  of  these 
sections,  and  assign  one  to  each  of  his  assistants ;  and,  under  the  control  of  the 
first  named,  the  corps  shall  proceed  to  make  a  careful  and  complete  geological, 
mineraloglcal,  and  physical  survey  of  the  State;  to  enter  upon  records,  to  be 
kept  for  that  purpose  in  his  office,  an  accurate  statement  of  the  locality  and 
extent  of  all  water  powers,  woods,  roads,  springs,  and  watercourses,  and  the 
climate  and  general  physical  condition  of  the  country ;  to  collect,  analyze,  and 
classify  specimens  of  minerals,  plants,  and  soils,  and  enter  the  same  on  record ; 
to  cause  to  be  preserved  in  a  museum  specimens  illustrating  the  geology,  min- 
eralogy, soils,  plants,  valuable  woods,  and  whatever  else  may  be  discovered  in 
Georgia  of  scientific  or  economic  value.  For  the  purpose  of  making  the  analysis 
here  contemplated  the  State  geologist  shall  have  access  to  the  chemical  labora- 
tory of  the  State  University.  The  State  geologist  shall  have  the  supervision  of 
the  entire  work  and  shall  be  responsible  for  the  accuracy  and  thoroughness  of 
the  same. 

SEC.  IV.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  board  of  advisement  shall  have  the  super- 
vision of  the  money  expenditures  in  the  prosecution  of  the  work  contemplated 
by  this  act.  The  State  geologist  shall  make  to  the  governor  monthly  statements, 
under  oath,  of  all  incidental  expenses  necessarily  expended  by  himself  and  his 
assistants  in  and  about  the  discharge  of  their  labors.  The  governor  shall  lay  this 
statement  before  the  board,  who  shall  allow  or  reject  the  account,  as  in  their 
judgment  may  be  right.  When  an  account  is  allowed  the  governor  shall  draw 
his  warrant  for  the  amount  thereof  upon  the  fund  appropriated  by  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act.  The  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  board,  may 
at  any  time  suspend  the  field  operations  of  the  geological  corps  until  the  next 
meeting  of  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  V.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  shall  make  the  governor  an 
annual  report  of  all  information  developed  in  the  progress  of  his  work,  and  the* 
governor  shall  lay  the  same  before  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  VI.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist  shall  be  $2,000 
I>er  annum,  and  that  of  his  assistants  $1,200  per  annum  each. 

SEC.  VII.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $10,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may 
be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated,  annually,  for  five  years,  to  carry  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  into  effect. 

SFC.  VIII.  Repeals  conflicting  laws. 

Approved  February  27,  1874. 

This  act  was  subsequently  amended,  as  noted  later. 

Under  the  act  of  1874,  Dr.  George  Little  was  appointed  State  geolo- 
gist at  a  salary  of  $2,000  a  year  and  A.  R.  McCutcheon  and  W.  S. 
Schley  assistants  at  salaries  of  $1,200  a  year  each.  These  assistants 
were  chosen  by  the  board  of  advisement.  In  addition,  D.  C.  Barrow 
was  put  in  charge  of  the  survey  office  at  Atlanta,  while  the  services 
of  W.  J.  Land  as  chemist  and  C.  A.  Locke  as  civil  engineer  were  also 
secured. 

The  field  work  was  begun  September  16,  1874,  in  accordance  with 
the  plan  of  the  original  enactment.  The  first  brief  report  of  30 


60  BULLETIN    109,   UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

pages,  giving  the  results  of  the  "\vork  up  to  December  31,  1874,  show- 
that  the  chief  efforts  were  directed  toward  economic  results. 

In  this  report  Doctor  Little  called  attention  to  the  fact  that,  in 
order  to  satisfactorily  meet  the  demands  of  the  citizens  of  the  State, 
the  corps  of  the  survey  should  be  increased.  The  following  amend- 
ment to  the  law  was  therefore  passed  and  approved  on  February 
27,1875: 

An  act  to  amend  An  act  to  create  the  office  of  State  geologist,  and  to  provide  for  a  geo- 
logical, mlneralogical,  and  physical  survey  for  the  State  of  Georgia,  approved  Febru- 
ary 27.  1874,  and  further  to  define  the  duties  of  the  Stare  geologist  and  hi.«  ass 
and  for  other  purposes  therein  mentioned. 

SECTION  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Georgia, 
That  from  arid  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  a*  soon  as  the  State  geologist 
shall  have  performed  the  duties  required  in  the  third  .section  of  the  act  entitled 
"An  act  to  create  the  office  of  State  geologist,  and  to  provide  for  a  geological, 
mineralogical,  and  physical  survey  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  and  fur  other  pur- 
poses," approved  February  27,  1874,  and  that  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  State 
geologist  and  of  his  assistants  therein  named  to  commence  the  prosecution  of 
their  duties  on  the  eastern  or  western  boundary  of  the  State,  taking  in  each  of 
the  sections  to  be  known  as  north,  middle,  and  south  Georgia,  the  most  easterly 
or  westerly  tier  of  the  counties  in  these  respective  sections,  and  to  examine, 
survey,  and  report  upon  the  same,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the 
provisions  of  said  act;  and  afterwards  to  take  the  next  most  easterly  or 
westerly  tier  of  counties  running  from  north  to  south,  and  so  on,  until  all  the 
counties  in  each  one  of  the  three  sections  in  this  State  shall  have  been  fully 
surveyed,  examined,  and  reported  upon,  as  is  provided  for  in  said  act  creating 
the  office  of  State  geologist. 

SEC.  II.  The  general  assembly  do  enact.  That  section  3  of  said  original  act 
he,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  by  striking  out  first  clause  of  snid  se^-tici; 
and  inserting  in  lieu  thereof,  "that  the  State  geologist  shall  have  three  :i-;<;st- 
ants.  to  be  appointed  or  removed  by  the  board  of  advisement  on  his  recommenda- 
tion " ;  and  that  said  section  be  further  amended  by  striking  from  the  tenth 
line  the  words,  "enter  upon  one  of  these  sections,"  and  so  that  said  section. 
when  amended,  shall  permit  said  State  geologist  to  assign  one  assistant  to  each 
geological  section  of  the  State,  he  having  general  supervision  of  the  whole  work. 

SEC.  III.  The  general  assembly  do  enact,  That  section  6  of  the  original  act. 
approved  February  27.  1S74.  be.  and  the  same  is  hereby,  repealed.1 

SEC.  IV.  Repeals  conflicting  laws. 

Approved  February  27,  1875. 

Under  this  amendment  the  following  organization  was  effected: 

Northern  division:  A.  R.  McCutcheon,  LaFayette.  Walker  County. 
geologist ;  M.  T.  Singleton.  Kingston,  Bartow  County,  engineer. 

Middle  division :  D.  C.  Barrow,  jr..  YToodville,  Oglethorpe  County. 
geologist;  C.  A.  Locke.  Decatur,  DeKalb  County,  engineer. 

Southern  division:  R.  H.  Loughridge.  Atlanta.  Fulton  County. 
geologist:  C.  C.  Terry,  Columbus,  Muscogee  County,  engineer;  W.  S. 
Schley.  of  Savannah.  Chatham  County,  in  charge  of  office:  TV".  J. 
Land,  of  Atlanta.  Fulton  Countv.  chemist:  and  Prof.  F.  H.  Bradley. 


1  The  section  (VI)  of  the  original  act  prescribed  the  pay  of  the  geologist  and  assistants. 


GEOLOGICAL  AXD  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.         61 

Nacoochee,  White  County,  geologist  and  special  surveyor  of  the  gold 
region  and  the  Blue  Ridge. 

During  1875,  105  of  the  137  counties  of  the  State  were  visited,  and 
data  collected  sufficient,  as  announced  in  the  second  annual  report, 
to  permit  the  working  out  during  the  winter  months  of  "  the  general 
geology  of  the  whole  State,  and  to  construct  a  map  approximately 
correct,  on  which  most  of  the  useful  minerals  can  be  noted  and  many 
of  the  roads  and  water  powers.  We  are  now  prepared,"  Doctor 
Little  announced,  "  to  enter  upon  the  detailed,  systematic  and  accu- 
rate survey  of  each  county  in  the  several  divisions  of  the  State ;  and 
it  is  proposed,  during  the  next  season,  to  begin  this  work  at  three 
points  on  the  western  border  of  the  State."  The  plan  was  not,  how- 
ever, carried  out,  owing  presumably  to  insufficient  time,  the  survey 
being  abolished  by  the  following  resolution,  in  1881 : 

Whereas  the  general  assembly  of  Georgia,  by  act  approved  February  27,  1874, 
did  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  and  did  create  the  office  of  State 
geologist,  making  an  appropriation  of  $10,000  per  annum  for  five  years,  and  no 
longer,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  said  act ;  and 

Whereas  said  term  of  five  years  did  expire  in  the  year  1879,  and  said  appro- 
priation was  not  extended  or  continued,  the  act  of  1874  being  thus  allowed  to 
expire  by  its  own  limitations,  the  general  assembly  of  1879  directing,  by  joint 
resolution,  approved  October  17,  1879,  the  governor  to  turn  over  to  the  com- 
missioner of  agriculture  all  the  material  of  said  geological  department,  and 
further  requiring  the  governor  to  sell  all  the  chemicals,  live  stock,  and  camp 
equipage  of  said  department,  thereby  giving-uotice  to  the  world  that  said  geo- 
logical survey  was  ended  and  said  office  of  geologist  abolished;  therefore, 

Be  it  resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  That  said  office  of  State 
geologist  was  discontinued  and  abolished  in  the  year  1879  by  the  facts  above 
recited,  and  that  the  said  geologist  has  no  claim  on  the  State  for  any  salary  as 
such  geologist  since  that  date. 

Approved  September  28,  1881. 

Expenses. — The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  fixed  by  law  at 
$2,000  a  year  and  those  of  his  assistants  at  $1,200  a  year.  The  ex- 
pense of  publication  of  the  second  report  was  provided  for  by  a 
special  appropriation  of  $500.  The  total  expense  of  the  survey,  as 
shown  by  the  appropriations,  would  appear  to  have  been: 

As  provided  by  act  of  1874,  $10,000  a  year  for  five  years $50,000 

For  printing—    500 

For  chemicals 500 


$51,  OOU 

Publications. — Two  brief  annual  reports  in  the  form  of  pamphlets 
of  36  and  16  pages,  respectively,  constitute  the  entire  official  re- 
sults of  the  survey,  though  in  Jones's  Handbook  of  the  State  of  Geor- 
gia, 1876,  pages  17  to  143  are  occupied  with  an  account  of  the  geology 
of  the  State,  which  is  accredited  to  Little,  as  is  also  a  catalogue  of 


62  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

ores,  rocks,  and  woods  selected  for  the  Paris  Exposition.  By  a  reso- 
lution dated  February  26,  1877,  the  edition  of  the  report  of  the  geol- 
ogists was  fixed  at  5,000  copies. 

Museum. — Although  the  wording  of  the  original  act  would  seem 
to  have  contemplated  the  formation  of  a  museum,  no  definite  steps 
in  that  direction  appear  to  have  been  taken.  In  the  final  resolution 
for  the  abolition  of  the  survey  it  was  provided  that  all  the  ma- 
terial of  the  survey,  aside  from  live  stock  and  camp  equipage,  should 
be  turned  over  to  the  commissioner  of  agriculture. 

THIRD  GEOLOGICAL  8URVEY  UNDER  J.  W.  SPENCER  AND  W.  S.  YEATE8, 

1889-1900. 

From  the  time  of  cessation  of  work  by  Doctor  Little  until  Novem- 
ber, 1889,  the  State  survey  seems  to  have  been  dormant.  On  the 
12th  of  that  month  the  following  act  was  passed  and  approved: 

An  act  to  revive  the  office  of  State  geologist,  and  to  provide  for  a  geological,  uilneralogical, 
and  physical  survey  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  and  for  other  purposes. 

SECTION  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  That  the  office 
of  State  geologist  is  hereby  revived,  and  the  governor,  as  soon  as  practicable 
after  the  passage  of  this  act,  shall  appoint,  with  the  consent  of  the  advisory 
board,  a  competent  person  to  this  office,  who  shall  have  a  thorough,  scientific, 
and  practical  knowledge  of  the  science  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  and  who  is 
not  connected  with  any  school  or  college  us  an  Instructor.  The  State  geologist 
shall  enter  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  on  the  1st  day  of  July,  1890,  and  shall 
hold  until  removed  by  the  appointing  power  for  inefficiency,  incompetency,  or  mis- 
conduct, or  until  the  office  is  abolished  by  the  general  assembly.  The  office  of 
the  State  geologist  shall  be  at  the  seat  of  government. 

SEC.  IT.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  there  shall  be  an  advisory  board,  con- 
sisting of  the  governor  of  the  State  (who  shall  be  president  of  the  board),  the 
commissioner  of  agriculture,  the  State  school  commissioner,  the  State  treasurer, 
the  comptroller  general,  and  the  attorney  general.  Four  members  present  at 
any  meeting  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  any  business. 

SEC.  III.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  two  competent  assistant  State  geologists 
shall  be  chosen  by  the  advisory  board,  who  may  be  removed  at  any  time,  by  the 
appointing  power,  for  incompetency,  inefficiency,  or  misconduct.  It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  to  divide  the  State  into  three 
geological  sections,  as  nearly  equal  in  area  as  may  be  expedient,  to  be  known 
as  North  Georgia,  Middle  Georgia,  and  South  Georgia  geological  sections;  the 
northern  section  shall  extend  from  the  State  line  southward  to  the  thirty-fourth 
degree  of  latitude ;  the  middle  section  shall  extend  from  that  degree  southward 
to  the  thirty-third  degree  of  latitude;  the  southern  section  shall  extend  from 
the  last-mentioned  degree  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State  line ;  the  survey 
and  exploration  of  each  of  said  sections  shall  commence  simultaneously  by  said 
State  geologist  and  his  assistants ;  and  $1,000  of  the  foregoing  appropriation,  or 
so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  shall  be  applied  to  each  of  said  sections 
for  an  outfit  and  necessary  expenses  incident  to  the  prosecution  of  the  work  in 
each  section.  So  soon  as  a  general  outline  of  geological  survey  of  the  entire 
State  shall  have  been  made,  the  State  geologist  shall  enter  upon  one  of  theso 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  63 

sections,  and  assign  one  to  each  of  bis  assistants ;  and,  under  the  control  of  the 
first  named,  the  corps  shall  proceed  to  make  a  careful  and  complete  geological, 
mineralogical,  and  physical  survey  of  the  State;  to  ente^r  upon  record,  to  be 
kept  for  that  purpose  in  his  office,  an  accurate  statement  of  the  extent  of  all 
water  powers,  woods,  roads,  springs,  and  watercourses,  and  the  climate,  topo- 
graphy, and  general  physical  character  of  the  country,  and  locate  the  belts  of 
ores  and  useful  minerals,  building  material ;  report  characteristics  and  compo- 
sition of  soils,  and  the  deposits  of  marls  and  phosphates;  to  collect,  analyze, 
and  classify  specimens  of  minerals,  plants,  and  soils,  and  enter  the  same  upon 
record;  to  cause  to  be  preserved  in  a  museum  specimens  illustrating  the  geol- 
ogy, mineralogy,  soils,  plants,  valuable  woods,  and  whatever  else  may  be  discov- 
ered in  Georgia  of  scientific  or  economic  value,  and  shall  make  a  report  of  the 
survey  of  every  county  of  this  State,  accompanied  with  all  necessary  maps  and 
illustrations.  For  the  purpose  of  making  the  analysis  contemplated  in  this  act, 
the  State  geologist  shall  have  access  to  the  chemical  laboratory  of  the  State. 
The  State  geologist  shall  have  supervision  of  the  entire  work,  and  shall  be 
responsible  for  the  accuracy  of  the  same.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State 
geologist  to  make  reports  to  the  advisory  board  as  often  as  required  by  them, 
and  they  shall  report  to  each  general  assembly  the  progress  and  condition  of  the 
survey;  an  accurate  account  of  money  spent;  and  such  reports  of  the  State 
geologist  and  his  assistants  as  have  been  completed,  together  with  all  such  In- 
formation as  may  be  deemed  necessary  and  useful. 

SEC.  IV.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  advisory  board  shall  have  the  super- 
vision of  the  money  expenditures  in  the  prosecution  of  the  work  contemplated 
by  this  act.  The  State  geologist  shall  make  to  the  advisory  board  monthly 
statements  under  oath  of  all  incidental  expenses  necessarily  incurred  by  him- 
self and  his  assistants,  accompanied  by  proper  vouchers,  in  the  discharge  of 
their  labors.  The  board  shall  audit  such  accounts,  item  by  Item,  and  approve 
or  reject  the  same,  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  right.  When  an  account  Is 
allowed,  the  governor  shall  draw  his  warrant  for  the  amount  thereof  upon  the 
funds  appropriated  by  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The  governor,  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  board,  may,  at  any  time,  suspend  the  field  operations  of 
the  geological  corps  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  V.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  shall,  keep  his  office 
in  a  room  to  be  set  aside  for  that  purpose  by  the  governor,  and  the  commissioner 
of  agriculture  shall  furnish  the  clerical  work  required  by  the  State  geologist. 

SEC.  VI.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist  shall 
be  $2,500  per  annum,  and  the  two  assistants  shall  each  receive  a  salary  of 
$1.250  per  annum,  to  be  paid  as  now  provided  by  law  for  the  payment  of  other 
state  house  officers. 

SEC.  VII.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist,  with  the  consent  of 
the  board  of  advisement,  may  employ  a  specialist,  or  specialists,  at  any  time. 

SEC.  VIII.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  neither  the  State  geologist  nor  his 
assistants  shall  disclose  to  any  person,  except  to  the  owner  of  the  land,  the 
result  of  a  survey,  until  the  same  is  made  public  by  publication  of  the  report 
by  the  advisory  board,  which  shall  be  monthly  or  quarterly. 

SEC.  IX.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants 
shall  deposit,  in  the  office  of  the  governor,  all  maps,  surveys,  notes,  or  memo- 
randum of  surveys,  when  the  surveys  are  completed,  which  are  hereby  declared 
to  be  the  property  of  the  State. 

SEC.  X.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $8,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as 
may  be  necessary,  be,  and  the  same  is,  hereby  appropriated,  annually,  for  the 

136075—20 6 


64  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

period  of  five  years,  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  act,  and  this  appropria- 
tion shall  tnke  effect  annually,  commencing  on  July  1,  1890. 

SEC.  XL  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  laws  in  conflict  with  this  act  are 
hereby  repealed. 

Approved,  November  12,  1889. 

Administration. — Under  this  law  J.  W.  Spencer  was  appointed 
State  geologist,  entering  upon  his  duties  July  1,  1890.  C.  C.  Ander- 
son, a  civil  engineer,  was  put  in  charge  of  the  hydrographic  work  of 
the  survey  and  E.  T.  Whatley  appointed  assistant  geologist,  the  as- 
sistants being  appointed,  according  to  the  text  of  the  law,  by  the 
governing  board. 

The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  fixed  at  $2,500  a  year  and 
that  of  his  assistants  at  $1,250  a  year.  Doctor  Spencer  remained 
in  office  until  1893,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  W.  S.  Yeates,1  under 
whom  the  following  have  from  time  to  time  served  as  assistants: 
F.  P.  King,  S.  W.  McCallie,  George  E.  Ladd,  Thos.  L.  Watson,  as 
geologists;  K.  L.  Packard  and  Walter  L.  Mitchell,  chemists,  the 
salary  remaining  as  under  Doctor  Spencer. 

Publications. — During  Doctor  Spencer's  administration  two  re- 
ports were  published,  one  termed  Administrative,  but  devoted 
quite  largely  to  the  geology  of  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  forma- 
tions of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State;  and  the  other  issued 
under  date  of  July  1,  1891,  entitled  The  Paleozoic  Group,  compris- 
ing some  400  pages  and  including  the  geology  of  10  counties  of  the 
northwestern  portion  of  the  State  and  their  economical  resources. 

Museum. — A  very  satisfactory  exhibit  of  the  mineral  and  economic 
products  of  the  State  has  been  built  up  and  is  now  on  display  at  the 
statehouse. 

Expenses— The  expense  of  the  survey,  aside  from  cost  of  publica- 
tion, would  appear  to  have  been  fully  met  by  the  appropriation 
authorized  in  the  bill  of  November  12,  1889 — $8,000  a  year  for  the 
ensuing  seven  years  (1889-1896),  and  $10,000  a  year  since  that  date. 
The  average  cost  of  publication  of  the  bulletins  is  given  as  $3  a  page 
with  22|  cents  additional  a  volume  for  cloth  bindings.  At  present 
the  cost  of  publication  is  met  by  an  annual  appropriation  of  $2,500. 

ILLINOIS. 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  J.  G.  NORWOOD,  1851-1858,  AND  A.   H. 
WORTHEN,    1858-1880. 

The  first  geological  survey  of  Illinois  was  organized  under  an  act 
of  the  general  assembly  approved  February  17,  1851.  The  following 
is  the  text  of  the  act : 

'Mr.  Yeates  died  on  February  19,  1908,  and  was  succeeded  by  S.  W.  McCalHc,  who 
Btill  holds  the  office.  (See  Bull.  465,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  1911.) 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  7 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  5 

An  act  for  a  geological  and  mlneraloglcal  survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 
SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  represented  in 
the  General  Assembly,  That  the  governor,  auditor,  and  treasurer  of  the  State 
are  hereby  authorized  and  required,  as  early  as  may  be,  to  employ  a  geologist 
of  known  integrity  and  practical  skill  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  geological 
and  minerological  survey  of  the  entire  territory  of  this  State. 

2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  to  proceed,  as  soon  as  the  neces- 
sary arrangements  can  be  made,  and  with  as  much  despatch  as  may  be  consist- 
ent with  minuteness  and  accuracy,  to  ascertain  the  order,  succession,  arrange- 
ment, relative  position,  dip,  and  comparative  magnitude  of  the  several  strata 
or  geological  formation  within  the  State ;  to  search  for  and  examine  all  the  beds 
and  deposits  of  ores,  coals,  clays,  marls,  rocks,  and  such  other  mineral  sub- 
stances as  may  present  themselves,  and  to  obtain  chemical  analysis  of  these 
substances,  the  elements  of  which  are  undetermined ;  and,  by  strict  barometrical 
observations,  to  determine  the  relative  elevations  and  depressions  of  the  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  State. 

3.  It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist,  during  the  time  employed  in  the 
above  work,  to  make  annual  reports  of  the  progress  and  results  of  his  labor, 
accompanied  by  such  maps  and  drawings  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  illus- 
trate the  said  reports;  all  of  which  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  governor,  in 
such  condition  as  he  may,  without  delay,  cause  them  to  be  printed  and  circu- 
lated throughout  the  State  or  wherever  else  he  may  desire  to  send  them. 

4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  to  procure  and  preserve  a  full  and 
entire  suite  of  the  different  specimens  found  in  the  State,  and  cause  them  to  be 
delivered  to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  shall  cause  them  to  be  properly  ar- 
ranged in  a  cabinet,  and  deposited  in  some  apartment  in  or  convenient  to  the 
capitol.    Said  suite  shall  be  sufficienly  large  to  furnish  specimens  to  all  institu- 
tions of  learning  within  the  State,  empowered  to  confer  degrees  in  the  arts  and 
sciences. 

5.  The  final  reports  of  said  geologist  shall  embody  the  results  of  the  entire 
survey,  and  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  geological  map  of  the  State,  showing,  by 
different  colors  and  other  marks  and  characters,  the  precise  localities  and  extent 
of  the  different  geological  formations. 

6.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  and  completing  the  said  survey  the  sum  of 
not  exceeding  $3,000  is  hereby  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  governor,  to  be  ap- 
plied to  the  payment  of  the  said  geologist,  and  such  assistants  as  he  may  employ, 
by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  governor,  auditor,  and  treasurer,  and  to  defray 
the  incidental  expenses  of  the  survey;  which  annual  appropriation  shall  con- 
tinue until  the  completion  of  said  survey,  or  until  its  discontinuance  be  ordered 
by  the  legislature  of  this  State. 

7.  No  money  shall  be  paid  to  said  geologist  or  for  the  purpose  of  said  survey 
until  the  work  shall  be  commenced. 

8.  The  said  survey  shall,  if  practicable,  be  commenced  at  the  southern  part 
of  the  State  and  be  proceeded  with  northerly. 

This  act  to  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 
Approved,  February  17,  1851. 

In  1853,  and  again  in  1872,  this  law  was  supplemented  and  amended 
by  the  passage  of  the  following : 

That  the  sum  of  $5,000  be,  and  the  same  is,  hereby  annually  appropriated  for 
the  purpose  of  carrying  out  and  completing  the  geological  and  mineralogical 
survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois;  and  also  the  further  sum  of  $500  per  annum, 


66  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  accurate  topographical  maps  of  the  several  coun- 
ties in  the  State,  to  be  made  out  under  the  direction  and  superintendence  of  the 
State  geologist.  The  said  sums  of  money  are  hereby  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
the  governor,  to  be  applied  by  him  to  the  uses  and  purposes  specified  in  this 
act  and  the  act  to  which  this  is  an  amendment. 

An  act  providing  for  the  publication  and  distribution  of  the  fifth  volume  of  the  report  of 
the  State  geologist  and  to  fix  the  amount  of  his  salary  until  the  publication  of  the 
sixth  and  final  volume  of  said  report. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the  State  of  Ilinois,  represented  i» 
the  general  assembly.  That  the  publication  of  3,000  copies  of  the  fifth  volume 
of  the  report  of  the  State  geologist  is  hereby  authorized,  and  the  sum  of  $6,500 
is  hereby  appropriated  to  defray  the  cost  of  engraving  the  necessary  plates, 
maps,  and  diagrams  required  for  said  volume;  said  engraving  to  be  done  under 
the  direction  of  the  State  geologist,  who  first  obtain  bids  for  doing  the  work 
from  several  different  engravers,  and  submit  such  bids  to  the  governor,  who 
shall  first  approve  the  bid  most  favorable  to  the  State,  and  order  the  geologist 
to  make  a  contract  on  the  terms  of  said  bid. 

2.  The  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  required  to  procure  the  paper  necessary 
for  the  said  fifth  volume,  of  a  quality  not  inferior  to  that  used  in  the  volumes 
of  this  report  already  published,  and  have  said  volume  printed  under  the  State 
contract  for  public  printing,  end  bound  by  the  public  binder  in  same  style  and 
quality  as  former  volumes,  at  a  rate  to  be  fixed,  before  delivered  to  him,  by  the 
secretary,  auditor,  and  treasurer,  with  the  aid  of  experts,  as  now  provided  by 
law;  and  the  amount  necessary  to  defray  the  expense  of  the  same  is  hereby 
appropriated. 

3.  The  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  authorized  to  distribute  the  said  fifth  vol- 
ume, when  published,  as  follows:  One  copy  to  each  college,  educational,  his- 
torical, and  literary  institution  in  the  State,  as  now  provided  by  law ;  200  copies 
to  the  State  geologist,  to  be  used  in  exchanges,  a  list  of  which  shall  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  governor  for  his  approval,  and  on  all  such  copies  for  exchange 
shall  be  written  or  printed  "  With  the  compliments  of  the  people  of  the  State  of 
Illinois,"  and  the  person's  name  to  whom  sent ;  and  the  balance  of  said  volumes 
to  the  members  of  the  twenty-seventh  general  assembly,  to  be  by  them  dis- 
tributed in  their  respective  counties  and  districts,  as  far  as  practicable,  to  per- 
sons who  have  sets  of  the  former  volumes. 

4.  There  shall  be  paid  to  the  State  geologist  the  sum  of  $2,000.  as  in  full  for 
his  services  and  all  expenses  in  superintending  the  publication  of  the  said  fifth 
volume,  and  finishing  the  sixth  volume  for  publication ;  to  be  paid  quarterly 
out  of  any  money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

Approved,  April  3,  1872. 

That  portion  of  the  act  of  1851  relating  to  the  preservation  of 
suites  of  specimens  not  proving  sufficiently  explicit,  was  later  amended 
so  as  to  read  as  below : 

An  act  to  amend  an  act  entitled  "An  act  for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  th« 
State  of  Illinois,"  approved  February  17,  1851. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  represented  <n 
the  general  assembly,  That  section  4  of  "An  act  for  a  geological  and  miner- 
alogical survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois,"  approved  February  17,  1851,  be,  and 
the  same  is  hereby,  amended,  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  67 

4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  to  procure  and  preserve  a  full 
and  entire  suite  of  the  different  specimens  found  in  the  State,  and  cause  them 
to  be  delivered  to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  shall  cause  them  to  be  properly 
arranged  in  a  cabinet,  and  deposited  in  some  apartment  in  or  convenient  to  the 
capitol.  Said  suite  shall  be  sufficiently  large  to  furnish  specimens  to  all  insti- 
tutions of  learning  within  the  State  which  are  empowered  to  confer  degrees  in 
the  arts  or  sciences,  to  the  State  normal  schools,  to  the  industrial  university  at 
Champaign,  and  to  all  chartered  institutions  of  science  located  in  this  State 
which  publish  their  proceedings  and  which  keep  up  a  regular  system  of  ex- 
changes with  other  like  institutions. 

Approved,  April  29,  1873. 

It  is  evident  from  the  wording  of  the  original  act  of  establishment 
that  the  formation  of  a  library  was  not  contemplated,  though  in  the 
third  clause  of  the  act  of  April  3,  1872,  reference  is  made  to  copies 
of  the  reports  "  to  be  used  as  exchanges."  Presumably  a  considerable 
amount  of  material  must  have  accumulated,  the  growing  importance 
of  which,  together  with  the  importance  of  the  geological  collections, 
caused  the  passage  of  the  following  full  and  explicit  act,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  establishment  of  the  existing  State  historical  and  natu- 
ral history  museum : 

An  act  to  establish  a  State  historical  and  natural  history  museum ;  to  provide  for  its  care 
and  maintenance,  and  to  appropriate  money  therefor.  Approved  May  25,  1877.  In 
force  July  1,  1877. 

Whereas  it  is  important  and  desirable  that  all  books,  manuscripts,  and  other 
matters  illustrative  of  the  early  history  of  this  State  shall  be  preserved  in  some 
permanent  form;  and 

Whereas  the  collection  of  geological  specimens  accumulated  in  the  progress 
of  the  geological  survey  of  this  State  are  lying  in  a  disorganized  mass  in  the 
basement  of  the  capitol ;  and 

Whereas  the  large  and  valuable  collection  of  specimens  of  zoology  and  botany 
in  the  museum  of  natural  history  at  Normal  are  now  in  a  building  not  fire- 
proof, and  therefore  in  danger  of  destruction  by  fire :  therefore — 

10.  Established. — 1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  rep- 
resented- in  the  general  assembly,  That  there  is  hereby  established  at  the  capi- 
tol of  the  State  a  State  historical  library  and  cabinet  of  natural  history,  to  be 
known  as  "  The  Illinois  State  Historical  Library  and  Natural  History  Museum." 

11.  Rooms  in  statehouse. — 2.  The  rooms  in  the  west  wing  of  the  statehouse, 
known  as  the  miscellaneous  library  rooms,  are  hereby  set  apart  for  the  said 
library  and  museum  established  by  this  act. 

12.  Management — Trustees. — 3.  The   Illinois    State    Historical   Library   and 
Natural  History  Museum  shall  be  under  the  management  of  three  trustees,  con- 
sisting of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, who  shall  have  power  to  make  all  such  rules  and  regulations,  not  incon- 
sistent with  law,  as  may  be  necessary  for  its  management. 

13.  Curator. — 4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  trustees  to  appoint  a  curator, 
who  shall  be  a  person  of  competent  scientific  attainments,  and  who  shall  pos- 
sess a  practical  knowledge  of  the  science  of  geology. 

14.  Curator  to  be  the  librarian. — 5.  The  curator  shall  act  as  librarian  and 
shall  have  the  custody,  superintendence,  and  charge  of  all  articles  directed  to 


68  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

be  deposited  in  said  library  and  museum,  and  shall  also  perform  the  acts  which 
are  or  may  be  required  by  law  of  the  State  geologist. 

35.  Curator  to  select  certain  looks. — 6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  cura- 
tor, as  soon  as  the  statehouse  commissioners  furnish  the  bookcases  and  furniture 
designed  for  the  galleries  of  said  rooms,  to  select  from  the  State  library  all 
books  and  documents  relating  to  the  history  of  this  State  and  place  them  in  the 
new  rooms  as  a  nucleus  for  a  State  historical  library. 

16.  Geological  specimens  to  be  removed  and  classified. — 7.  It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  curator  as  soon  after  this  act  takes  effect  as  is  practicable,  to  have 
the  collection  of  geological  specimens  accumulated  in  the  progress  of  the  geo- 
logical survey  of  this  State,  and  other  specimens  hereinafter  named,  removed  to 
said  rooms  and  classified,  labeled,  and  arranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
effectually  preserved  and  at  the  same  time  open  to  the  inspection  of  the  public. 

17.  Duplicate  specimens. — 8.  One  each  of  all  the  duplicate  zoological  and 
botanical  specimens  now  on  hand  in  the  Illinois  museum  of  natural  history  at 
Normal,  which  are  not  needed  to  illustrate  the  natural  history  work  of  the  State 
Normal  University,  are  hereby  directed  to  be  deposited  as  soon  as  practicable  in 
the  museum  established  by  this  act  by  the  curator  of  said  Illinois  Museum  of 
Natural  History. 

18.  Museum  at  Normal. — 9.  It  is  hereby  directed  that  the  Illinois  Museum  of 
Natural  History  at  Normal  be  converted  into  a  State  laboratory  of  natural  his- 
tory, at  which,  under  the  direction  of  the  curator  thereof,  the  collection,  preser- 
vation, and  determination  of  all  zoological  and  botanical  material  for  said  State 
museum  shall  be  done.  It  is  made  a  part  of  the  duty  of  said  curator  to  provide, 
as  soon  as  possible,  a  series  of  specimens  illustrating  the  zoology  and  botany 
of  the  State,  to  deposit  them  from  time  to  time  in  the  museum  established  by 
this  act,  and  to  furnish  as  far  as  practicable,  all  zoological  and  botanical  ma- 
terial needed  by  the  State  educational  institutions  for  the  proper  performance 
of  their  work. 

19.  Appropriation. — 10.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  the  following  named  sums  are  hereby  appropriated  out  of  the  Stata 
treasury  for  the  purposes  herein  specified : 

For  the  salary  of  the  curator  provided  for  in  this  act,  the  sum  of  $2,500  per 
annum  for  two  years,  payable  quarterly. 

For  the  purpose  of  moving  the  geological  specimens  from  the  basement,  and 
of  moving  the  natural  history  specimens  at  Normal  to  the  rooms  designated, 
and  for  arranging,  classifying,  labeling,  and  putting  all  the  said  specimens  in 
such  condition  that  they  will  be  effectually  preserved  and  at  the  same  time  open 
to  the  convenient  inspection  of  the  public,  the  sum  of  $500. 

For  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  collections  in  natural  history,  the  sum  of 
$1,000  per  annum,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  curator  of  the  State 
laboratory  at  Normal. 

20.  When  and  how  drawn. — 11.  The  auditor  of  public  accounts  is  hereby 
authorized  and  required  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasurer  for  the  moneys 
herein  appropriated,  upon  the  order  of  the  board  of  trustees:  Provided,  That 
no  portion  of  said  moneys,  other  than  the  annual  salaries,  shall  be  due  and 
payable  until  satisfactory  vouchers  in  detail  shall  have  been  filed  with  the 
auditor  for  the  expenditures  incurred. 

The  survey,  as  will  be  noted  by  reference  to  these  various  enact- 
ments, had  no  connection  with  any  other  institution  and  was  sus- 
tained wholly  by  legislative  appropriations,  at  first  annual  and  later 
biennial. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  69 

Administration. — Under  the  act  of  1851  Dr.  J.  G.  Norwood  was 
appointed  State  geologist  and  J.  H.  McChesney,  Henry  Pratten, 
Anthony  Varner,  and  A.  H.  Worthen,  assistants.  In  March,  1858, 
A.  H.  Worthen  became  State  geologist,  and  H.  M.  Bannister,  F.  H. 
Bradley,  E.  T.  Cox,  Henry  Engelmann,  H.  C.  Freedman,  H.  A. 
Green,  J.  H.  McChesney,  and  Frank  Snow,  assistants  in  geology, 
with  W.  Billington,  topographer.  Leo  Lesquereux,  F.  B.  Meek,  J.  S. 
Newberry,  and  Orestes  St.  John  were  assistants  in  paleontology.1 

According  to  the  terms  of  the  law,  assistants  were  appointed  only 
with  the  consent  of  the  governor,  auditor,  and  treasurer.  The  sal- 
aries paid  the  directors  varied  at  different  periods  from  $2,000  to 
$3,000  a  year;  those  of  the  assistants  in  geology,  from  $800  to  $1,000; 
and  those  of  the  paleontologists  from  $1,200  to  $1,800.  Topograph- 
ers received  but  $500  a  year. 

Museum. — Section  IV  of  the  act  of  1851  called  for  the  making  of 
collections  to  be  delivered  to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  should  "  cause 
them  to  be  properly  arranged  in  a  cabinet  and  deposited  in  some 
apartment  in  or  convenient  to  the  capitol."  It  was  stipulated  also 
that  the  collection  should  be  sufficiently  large  to  furnish  specimens 
to  all  institutions  of  learning  within  the  State  empowered  to  confer 
degrees  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  In  1873  this  clause,  as  noted,  was 
so  amended  as  to  include  the  State  Normal  Schools,  the  Industrial 
University  at  Champaign,  and  all  chartered  institutions  of  science 
located  in  the  State  and  which  published  their  proceedings  and  kept 
up  a  regular  system  of  exchanges  with  other  like  institutions. 

Publications. — Doctor  Norwood  remained  in  charge  of  the  survey 
until  the  spring  of  1858,  during  which  time  he  published  two  bro- 
chures, the  first  in  connection  with  Henry  Pratten  in  1855.  which 
consisted  of  77  pages  of  text  and  three  plates.  This  appeared  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  The 
second,  entitled  Abstract  of  a  Keport  on  Illinois  Coals,  with  de- 
scription and  analyses,  and  a  general  notice  of  the  coal  fields,  con- 
tained 93  pages  of  text  and  was  published  in  Springfield  in  1857. 

Under  Worthen's  administration  the  first  and  second  volumes  of 
the  final  report  were  published  in  1866,  the  third  in  1868,  the  fourth 
in  1870,  the  fifth  in  1873,  the  sixth  in  1875,  the  seventh  in  1883,  and 
the  eighth  in  1890.  These  volumes  contained  detailed  reports  of  all 
the  counties  of  the  State  and  as  much  of  the  paleontology  as  the  time 
and  means  at  the  disposal  of  the  director  enabled  him  to  complete. 

1  The  statements  made  on  p.  43  of  Survey  Bulletin  No.  465,  relative  to  E.  O.  Ulrich,  in 
somewhat  misleading,  since  the  survey  came  to  an  end  In  1872,  as  noted.  It  was  not  until 
1885  that  Mr.  Ulrich  was  employed  by  Mr.  Worthen,  then  curator  of  the  State  Museum, 
to  complete  volume  8  of  the  reports  of  the  defunct  organization,  an  appropriation  for 
which  had  been  made  by  the  legislature  of  that  year. 


70  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  Paleozoic  rocks  of  the  State,  especially  the  upper  and  lower 
Carboniferous  formations,  proved  to  be  exceedingly  rich  in  fossil 
remains,  and  the  whole  of  the  second  and  a  portion  of  each  suc- 
ceeding volume  of  the  reports  was  devoted  to  the  description  and 
illustration  of  the  new  forms  discovered  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
work  of  the  survey.  One  hundred  and  ninety-five  octavo  plates  and 
numerous  woodcuts  were  required  to  properly  illustrate  the  species 
described  in  the  first  six  volumes. 

The  editions  of  the  various  reports  were  exhausted  in  a  few  months 
after  publication,  and  as  there  was  a  continued  demand  for  them  at 
the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  the  thirty-first  general  assembly 
passed  an  act  in  1881  authorizing  a  reprint  in  three  volumes  of  the 
economical  portion  of  the  six  volumes  previously  published,  and  also 
requiring  the  curator  of  the  museum  to  prepare  and  publish  another 
volume  of  geology  and  paleontology  to  correspond  in  form  and  style 
with  the  six  originals,  to  be  entitled:  Volume  7  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Illinois.  Five  thousand  copies  of  this  volume  were  au- 
thorized and  3,000  copies  each  of  the  three  volumes  of  economic  geol- 
ogy. These  three  volumes  were  issued  in  1882,  and  volume  7,  con- 
taining 31  plates,  the  following  year. 

The  publications  of  the  survey  were  distributed  partly  by  the  gen- 
eral assembly,  each  member  receiving  five  copies,  and  the  remainder 
by  the  secretary  of  state,  except  300  copies,  which  were  given  to  the 
authors  of  the  work  for  foreign  distribution. 

Benefits. — 'The  material  results  of  the  survey  of  Illinois  have  been 
the  correct  determination  of  the  coal  resources  of  the  State,  by  de- 
fining the  extent,  number,  and  thickness  of  the  different  coal  seams ; 
a  full  report  on  the  lead  regions  of  both  the  northern  and  southern 
part  of  the  State ;  also  pointing  out  the  location  and  extent  of  other 
mineral  products,  such  as  building  stone,  hydraulic,  and  common 
limestones,  clays  for  pottery,  firebrick,  paint,  etc.  Its  contributions 
to  science  have  been  the  discovery,  description,  and  illustration  of 
nearly  1,200  new  or  little  known  species  of  fossils  and  the  publica- 
tion of  a  geological  map  of  the  State  on  a  scale  of  6  miles  to  the  inch. 

The  development  of  the  coal  resources  undoubtedly  gave  a  decided 
impetus  to  nearly  all  industrial  interests,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
cheap  and  abundant  fuel  resources,  steel  and  iron  mills  and  extensive 
zinc  works  have  been  established.  The  same  cause  has  stimulated 
railroad  enterprise  and  added  vastly  to  the  value  of  the  prairie  lands 
which,  before  the  coal  resources  were  known,  were  considered  as  of 
little  value,  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity  of  fuel. 

As  noted  in  the  laws,  the  survey  was  abolished  in  1872,  though  ap- 
propriations for  completing  the  publications  were  continued  until 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATUBAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.        71 

1875,  when  all  active  work  ceased  for  a  period  of  30  years,  to  be 
revived  once  more  in  1905.1 

Expenses. — The  following  summary  of  appropriations  for  the  geo- 
logical survey,  1851-1875 ;  the  Historical  Library  and  State  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  1877-1889 ;  and  for  the  State  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  1889  to  1900,  is  furnished  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Crantz,  curator : 

1851.  Seventeenth  General  Assembly:  Survey  instituted  and  a  sum 

not  to  exceed  $3,000  a  year  appropriated $6, 000. 00 

1853.  Eighteenth  General  Assembly :  General  appropriation,  a  year, 

$5,000 ;  for  topographical  maps,  a  year,  $500 11,  000. 00 

1855.  Nineteenth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Same  amounts..     11,  000. 00 

1857.  Twentieth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Same  amounts 11, 000.  00 

1859.  Twenty-first  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Same  amounts    11, 000.  00 

1861.  Twenty-second  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Same 

amounts 11, 000. 00 

1863.  Twenty-third  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Same  amounts, 

and  $500  a  year,  rent  of  storeroom  for  collections 12, 000. 00 

1865.  Twenty-fourth  General  Assembly  appropriation:  Same 

amounts,  and  $20,000  for  publishing  reports,  vols.  1  and  2__  32, 000. 00 

1867.  Twenty-fifth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  For  salary,  ge- 
ogist,  a  year,  $3,000;  survey,  a  year,  $10,000;  publishing 
3,000  copies,  vol.  3,  $5,000 31,000.00 

1869.  Twenty-sixth  General  Assembly  appropriation:  Salary,  geolo- 
gist, a  year,  $3,000;  illustrating  and  publishing  vol.  4, 
$7,500 ;  completing  drawings,  vol.  5,  $1,500 15, 000. 00 

1871.  Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly  appropriation:  Salary,  ge- 
ologist, a  year,  $2,000;  publishing  and  illustrating  vol.  5, 
$6,500 10,  500.  00 

1873.  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly  appropriation:  Salary,  ge- 
ologist, a  year,  $2,500;  salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $500; 
salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $600;  moving  collections,  $125; 
drawings  for  vol.  6,  $1,500;  illustrating  and  publishing 
vol.  6,  $7,500;  special  appropriation  for  payment  of  claim 
for  binding  of  vols.  1  and  2,  $7,636.18 23, 961. 18 

1875.  Twenty-ninth  General  Assembly  made  no  appropriations  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  survey. 

1877.  Thirtieth  General  Assembly  passed  act  to  establish  a  State 
historical  library  and  State  museum  of  natural  history. 
Appropriated — salary,  curator,  a  year,  $2,500;  increasing 
collections,  a  year,  $1,000 ;  moving  collections,  $500 7,  500. 00 

1879.  Thirty-first  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Salary,  curator, 

a  year,  $1,800;  contingent  fund,  a  year,  $300 4,  200.  00 

1881.  Thirty-second  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Salary,  cura- 
tor, a  year,  $2,000;  salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $600;  contin- 
gent fund,  a  year,  $300;  preparing  vol.  7,  general  reports, 
and  vols.  1,  3  of  economic  geology,  $5,000;  printing  and 
binding  of  5,000  copies  of  vol.  7  and  3,000  copies  of  vols.  1, 
3,  economic  geology,  $5,000 15,800.00 

1  Bull.  465,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pp.  42-51. 


72  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

1883.  Thirty-third  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Salary,  cura- 
tor, a  year,  $2,000;  salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $600;  salary, 
janitor,  a  year,  $600;  contingent  fund,  a  year,  $300;  mu- 
seum cases,  $1,000 $8,  000.  00 

1885.  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Preparing  vol. 
8  for  publication,  $5,000;  salary,  curator,  a  year,  $2,000; 
salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $600 ;  salary,  janitor,  a  year,  $900 ; 
contingent  fund,  a  year,  $300 ;  for  increasing  zoological  and 
archaeological  collections,  $3,000  a  year 18,600.00 

1887.  Thirty-fifth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Salary,  curator, 
a  year,  $2,000;  salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $800;  salary,  jani- 
tor, a  year,  $900;  contingent  fund,  a  year,  $300 8, 000. 00 

1889.  Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Salary,  curator, 
a  year,  $2,000 ;  salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $1,000 ;  salary,  jani- 
tor, a  year,  $900;  contingent  fund,  a  year,  $300 8,400.tO 

The  Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly  passed  act  separating  the  his- 
torical library  and  State  museum. 

1891.  Thirty -seventh  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Salary,  cura- 
tor, a  year,  $2,500 ;  salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $1,000 ;  salary, 
janitor,  a  year,  $900 ;  contingent  fund,  a  year,  $500 9, 800.  00 

1893.  Thirty-eighth  General  Assembly  appropriation:  Salary,  cura- 
tor, a  year,  $2,500 ;  salary,  assistant,  a  year,  $1,000 ;  salary, 
janitor,  a  year,  $720 ;  contingent  fund,  a  year,  $500 9, 440. 09 

1895.  Thirty-ninth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Same  amounts.      9.  440. 00 

1897.  Fortieth  General  Assembly  appropriation :  Same  amounts 9, 440.  00 

1899.  Forty-first  General  Assembly  appropriation:  Same  amounts—      9,440.00 


Total $303,  521. 18 

In  this  total  are  not  included  the  cost  of  office  supplies,  such  as  ink, 
pens,  papers,  envelopes,  etc.,  furnished  direct  by  the  secretary  of  state. 

INDIANA.1 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  DAVID  DALE  OWEN,  1837-1838. 

The  first  geological  survey  of  Indiana,  under  State  auspices,  was 
made  under  the  authorization  of  the  following : 

Act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Indiana. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
That  the  governor  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  and  required  annually  here- 
after to  appoint  and  commission  a  person  of  talents,  integrity,  and  suitable 
scientific  acquirements,  as  geologist  for  the  State  of  Indiana,  who  shall  receive 
In  consideration  of  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties  an  annual  salary  not 
exceeding  $1,500,  and  necessary  expenses  not  exceeding  $250,  to  be  paid  as  the 
salaries  of  other  civil  officers  of  State  are  or  may  be  directed  to  be  paid. 

SEC.  2.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  geologist  to  be  appointed  as  aforesaid 
to  make  a  complete  and  minute  geological  survey  of  the  whole  State,  commenc- 
ing with  those  portions  in  the  vicinity  of  the  contemplated  public  works  (always 
having -reference  to  the  directions  hereinafter  provided),  and  thence  through  the 
other  portions  of  the  State,  with  as  much  expedition  and  accuracy  as  may  be 

1  Compiled  In  part  from  manuscripts  by  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown  and  Prof.  Richard  Owen. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    103     PL.  8 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  73 

consistent  with  minuteness  and  dispatch,  and  he  shall  prepare  and  lay  before 
the  legislature,  at  the  commencement  of  every  session,  a  detailed  account  of  all 
remarkable  discoveries  made  and  the  progress  of  the  work,  accompanied  with 
proper  maps  and  diagrams,  including  a  geological  chart  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  the  geologist  of  the  State,  at  those  sea- 
sons not  suited  to  active  prosecution  of  the  geological  survey,  to  analyze  and 
ascertain  the  qualities  and  properties  of  mineral  substances  or  soils  left  at  his 
office  or  residence  for  that  purpose  by  any  citizen  of  the  State  and  taken  from 
any  proportion  of  the  territory  of  the  State. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  said  geologist,  appointed  by  virtue  of  this  act,  shall  be  subject 
to  the  orders  of  the  executive  of  the  State,  and  shall  hold  himself  ready  on  rea- 
sonable notice  to  make  geological  examinations  in  the  vicinity  of  internal  im- 
provement which  the  legislature  has  or  may  hereafter  direct  to  be  made:  Pro- 
vided, That  this  act  shall  expire  at  the  termination  of  the  year  1838,  unless  the 
same  be  reenacted  by  the  next  legislature  of  this  State. 

SEC.  5.  This  act  to  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  February  6,  1837. 

Dr.  David  Dale  Owen,  by  this  act,  was  appointed  State  geologist 
and  made  a  reconnoissance  of  the  State,  takng  a  general  view  of 
the  several  formations  and  designating,  with  a  fair  amount  of  ac- 
curacy, the  boundary  of  the  coal  fields.  According  to  manuscript 
notes  by  Dr.  Richard  Owen  he  had  no  assistants.  He  made  his  own 
field  observations  (traveling  on  horseback),  and  his  chemical  analyses 
in  his  laboratory  at  New  Harmony.  No  topographical  work  was 
attempted.  He  made  but  one  report,  which  was  issued  in  two  parts 
in  1838,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  an  appointment  under  the  Gen- 
eral Government.  Owing  to  the  financial  depression,  1838-1840, 
no  successor  was  appointed,  and  the  survey  came  to  an  end. 

In  1850  the  subject  of  a  survey  was  once  more  brought  up,  and  the 
following  resolutions  passed,  though  without  apparent  effect : 

A   Joint  resolution  upon  the  subject  of  a  grant  cf  land  for  a  geological  survey  of  the 
State  of  Indiana. 

Whereas,  a  large  part  of  the  mineral  lands  in  the  State  of  Indiana  belong  to 
the  United  States,  and  their  value  consists  chiefly  in  the  minerals  under  the 
surface  that  are  not  so  easily  to  be  ascertained  without  a  geological  survey  of 
the  district  in  which  they  lie ;  and  whereas,  the  people  of  this  State  desire  the 
direct  and  indirect  advantages  that  would  grow  out  of  the  development  and  use 
of  these  minerals  and  deem  it  justice  that  the  General  Government  should  con- 
tribute its  fair  proportion  to  the  cost  of  bringing  its  own  lands  into  market: 
wherefore — 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
That  our  Senators  in  Congress  are  hereby  instructed  and  our  Representatives 
requested  to  use  their  exertions  to  procure  a  grant  of  a  township  of  land,  or  its 
equivalent,  of  the  unsold  lands  of  the  United  States  in  Indiana  for  the  purpose 
of  aiding  the  State  in  making  a  full  geological  survey  thereof. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor  be  requested 
to  transmit  a  copy  of  this  joint  resolution  to  each  of  our  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives in  Congress. 

Approved  January  21,  1850. 


74  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

In  1852  the  matter  came  up  once  more  in  a  similar  form,  and  the 
following  joint  resolution  passed,  though  again  with  no  apparent 
result : 

A  Joint  resolution  in  relation  to  a  donation  of  public  lands  for  a  geological,  agricultural, 
and  topographical  survey. 

Be  it  resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  That  our  Sen 
ators  in  Congress  be  instructed  and  Representatives  requested  to  use  their  votes 
and  influence  to  effect  the  passage  of  a  law  giving  to  the  States,  respectively,  in 
which  there  is  so  much  unsold  public  land,  one  township  in  each  landofflce  dis- 
trict, to  be  applied  by  the  proper  authorities  of  the  State  for  the  purpose  of 
making  a  geological,  agricultural,  and  topographical  survey  of  such  State;  and 

Be  it  further  resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor  be  and  is  hereby  au- 
thorized to  furnish  each  of  our  Senators  and  Representatives  a  copy  of  this  joint 
resolution ;  also  one  copy  to  each  of  the  governors  of  the  several  States,  and  re- 
quest them  to  lay  the  same  before  the  legislatures. 

Approved  January  12,  1852. 

In  1853  Gov.  Joseph  A.  Wright,  in  his  message  to  the  legislature, 
urged  the  resumption  of  the  geological  survey  in  order  to  develop 
the  mineral  resources  of  the  State.  In  response  to  this  there  was 
made,  according  to  the  manuscript  notes  of  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown, 
a  small  appropriation  which  became  available  in  January,  1854.  To 
expend  this  the  governor  appointed  Doctor  Brown  State  geologist. 
One  report  was  made  on  the  work  of  the  season  of  1854.  This  the 
legislature  refused  to  publish  on  the  ground  that  it  conveyed  an 
erroneous  and  exaggerated  idea  as  to  the  value  of  the  coals  of  the 
State.  Appropriation  for  the  continuation  of  the  work  was  also 
refused.  Doctor  Brown's  suppressed  report,  it  should  be  stated,  was 
subsequently  published  in  the  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. 


SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  D.  D.  OWEN  AND  RICHARD  OWEN, 
1859-1861.1 

The  subject  of  a  survey  coming  again  before  the  legislature,  in 
1859,  the  following  enactment  was  passed : 

An  act  authorizing  the  State  board  of  agriculture  to  cause  a  geological  reconnoissance  of 
the  Slate  to  be  made,  to  make  collections  and  analyses  of  specimens,  and  making  ap- 
propriations therefor. 

Whereas  the  State  board  of  agriculture  has  memorialized  the  general  assembly 
for  such  aid  a  full  geological  survey  of  the  State  would  give  in  furtherance  of 
the  object  for  which  said  board  was  organized ;  and 

Whereas  the  finances  of  the  State  are  not  now  in  a  condition  which  would 
justify  such  an  appropriation  as  would  carry  out  the  plan  contemplated  by  the 
memorialists;  and 

1  Prepared  In  part  from  manuscripts  by  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown  and  Prof.  Richard  Owen. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  75 

Whereas  it  is  now  believed  that  the  sum  of  $5,000,  granted  by  the  State  to 
said  board,  together  with  such  voluntary  contributions  as  might  be  made  to  it, 
would  be  sufficient  to  make  a  geological  reconnoissance  of  the  State  and  the  de- 
termination of  the  general  boundaries  of  its  geological  formation  and  also  to 
make  collections  and  analyses  of  specimens  of  minerals,  ores,  earths,  and  stone 
from  every  portion  of  the  State,  and  thus  prepare  the  way  for  a  more  full  and 
systematic  survey  to  be  made  hereafter  under  the  direction  of  the  State  execu- 
tive; therefore — 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
That  the  sum  of  $5,000  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  the  State  treasury,  and  to 
be  paid  on  the  warrant  of  the  auditor  to  the  said  State  board,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  the  geological  reconnoisance,  collections,  and  analyses  of  specimens 
of  minerals,  ores,  earths,  and  stones :  Provided,  That  one-half  of  said  sum  shall 
not  be  paid  prior  to  April  15,  1860,  and  the  other  half  not  before  the  loth  of 
October,  I860. 

SEC.  2.  The  governor  is  hereby  directed  to  select  a  convenient  room  in  the 
capitol,  or  in  any  building  that  may  be  erected  by  the  State,  if  a  suitable  one 
can  be  found,  and,  if  not,  hire  one  for  the  deposit  and  safe-keeping  of  such 
minerals,  soils,  ores,  fossils,  maps,  sketches,  etc.,  as  may  be  collected  and  made 
by  direction  of  said  board,  which  room  shall  be  placed  under  the  control  of  said 
board. 

SEC.  3.  The  State  board  of  agriculture  shall,  on  or  before  the  15th  of  •De- 
cember, 1860,  make  a  full  report  to  the  governor  of  the  expenditures  of  said 
appropriation,  with  full  vouchers  thereof  and  of  the  results  accomplished  there- 
by. The  governor  shall  have  2,000  copies  of  said  report  printed  for  the  use  of 
the  next  general  assembly. 

Organization. — Under  this  law  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen,  then  State  geolo- 
gist of  Arkansas,  was  for  the  second  time  appointed  State  geologist 
of  Indiana,  and  his  brother,  Kichard  Owen,  assistant.  Doctor  Owen 
dying  shortly  after  the  work  was  begun,  Richard  Owen  became  State 
geologist,  holding  the  position  until  1861,  when  he  resigned  to  take 
command  of  a  regiment  of  volunteers  in  the  Federal  Army.  The 
vacancy  then  created  was  not  filled,  and  thus  the  third  attempt  at  a 
geological  survey  of  the  State  came  to  an  end. 

This  survey  had  no  connection  with  any  institution  other  than  the 
board  of  agriculture,  and  was  sustained  during  its  brief  existence 
by  the  single  appropriation  of  $5,000.  Section  3  of  an  act  approved 
May  11,  1861,  however,  made  the  State  geologist  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  the  State  University,  and  directed  that  in  the  progress  of 
the  work  he  collect  specimens  of  geology  and  mineralogy  in  duplicate 
and  deposit  one  set  of  the  same  in  the  university  cabinet. 

Administration. — The  Owens  were  assisted  on  this  survey  by  Dr. 
Robert  Peter,  chemist;  Leo  Lesquereux,  botanist;  and  J.  P.  Lesley, 
topographical  engineer,  the  State  geologist,  himself,  being  ap- 
pointed by  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  and  the  assistants  by 
Doctor  Owen.  No  promotions  were  made  during  the  existence  of 
the  survey.  The  salaries  were  at  the  rate  of  $8  a  day  for  State 


76  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

geologist;  $4  a  day  for  assistants;  and  from  $1.50  to  $2  for  labor. 
No  salaries  were  received  from  other  institutions. 

Museum. — A  considerable  amount  of  material  was  collected  which 
was  deposited  in  the  State  collection  at  Indianapolis,  forming  thus, 
the  beginnings  of  the  present  State  museum.  No  library  was  at- 
tempted. 

Expenses. — The  total  cost  of  the  survey,  as  already  noted,  was 
$5,000,  which  included  salaries,  traveling  expenses,  transportation 
of  specimens,  analyses,  and  a  large  part  if  not  all  of  the  expenses  of 
printing  and  engraving. 

Publications. — The  single  report  published  was  printed  in  1862 
at  Indianapolis,  in  the  form  of  an  octavo  volume  of  368  pages.  The 
edition  is  stated  to  have  been  but  300  copies,  25  of  which  were  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  the  State  geologist  to  be  distributed  as  he  desired. 
The  entire  cost  of  publication  is  given  in  Prof.  Richard  Owen's  notes 
as  about  $600,  or  $2  a  copy. 

The  following  notes,  in  the  handwriting  of  Professor  Owen  are 
not  without  interest  as  showing  his  method : 

The  object  of  the  reconnoissance  by  railroad  in  the  autumn  of  1859  was  to 
give  such  a  general  idea  of  the  general  geology  and  of  the  important  localities  to 
be  visited  as  would  render  our  survey  of  I860  more  efficient  and  economical  of 
time  and  money.  Printed  circulars  were  sent  in  advance  to  the  different  mem- 
bers of  the  board  for  distribution,  informing  farmers,  who  had  specimens  to 
exhibit  or  soil  for  analysis  exactly  how  to  proceed  and  where  to  deposit  them. 
At  my  request  Doctor  Clapp  made  tridaily  observations  at  North  Albany 
with  his  standard  cistern  barometer,  so  as  to  enable  me  to  correct  for  meteoro- 
logical changes  in  making  hypsometrical  observations. 

The  analytical  and  office  work  performed  at  New  Harmony  was  all  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen  while  he  lived ;  the  methods  were  the  result 
of  his  long  experience.  As  mentioned  in  the  prefatory  letter,  page  7  of  my 
report,  he  designed  to  give  some  general  observations  on  agricultural  chemistry 
and  milk  sickness,  particularly  the  connection  of  the  latter  with  peculiar  geo- 
logical formations. 

In  addition  to  the  objects  above  enumerated  which  were  kept  In  view  during 
the  survey  I  may  mention  that  in  connection  with  general  observations  regard- 
ing the  soil  of  any  region,  its  fertility,  etc.,  I  noted  the  predominance  of  any 
given  forest  tree,  such  as  oak  growth,  prevalence  of  beech,  etc.  (e.  g.,  see  report, 
p.  20S,  also  p.  36).  These  notes  I  could  take  as  we  passed  along,  without  even 
stopping  the  carriage.  In  arranging  them  in  the  report,  each  subject  being  under 
a  separate  heading,  any  information  wanted  could  be  readily  reached  by  turn- 
ing to  the  county  and  consulting  under  its  appropriate  heading  the  subject  re- 
quired. The  lists  of  fossils  in  a  given  locality  or  formation  were  always 
arranged  according  to  their  zoological  sequence  or  classification  (e.  g.,  report, 
p.  39).  Perhaps  the  typical  section  on  page  47,  as  a  means  of  understanding 
other  sections,  may  be  mentioned  here. 

Some  of  the  above  methods  I  give  under  this  head,  as  they  may  perhaps  claim 
to  be  improvements  on  the  earlier  systems.  Under  this  head  may  perhaps  also 
be  mentioned  some  synopses  of  classification  translated  from  the  French :  1. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  77 

Brongniart's  Ferns ;  2,  Milne  Edward's  Corals  and  Classification  of  Animal  King- 
dom; 3,  (English)  Woodward's  Classification  of  the  Mollusca;  4,  A  suggestive 
table  of  my  own  of  Divisions  and  Subdivisions  of  Time  and  Vertical  Space;  5. 
a  map  of  Wyandotte  Cave,  after  carrying  my  barometer  through  and  obtaining 
a  topographical  survey  record  from  the  proprietor. 

I  sent  every  specimen  collected,  unless  a  duplicate  was  needed,  for  further 
examination  and  description  to  Indianapolis,  where  I  suppose  they  can  still  be 
found  in  the  State  collection.  One  remarkable  specimen  I  may  mention  was 
found,  on  being  weighed  at  the  nearest  Adams  Express  office,  to  be  153  pounds 
and  about  3  feet  across  its  base.1  It  was  the  framework  or  skeleton  of  a  single 
community  of  polyp  first  described  by  Hall  as  Favistella  stella  [sic],  but  consid- 
ered by  Edwards  and  Haine  as  Columnaria  alveolata.  It  is  just  at  the  junction 
between  lower  and  upper  Silurian,  and  fine  specimens  can  be  found  at  the  deep 
cut  near  Madison,  Ind.  But  this  large  specimen  had  become  detached  and 
rolled  to  the  foot  of  a  considerable  hill.  It  being  in  the  form  of  a  cone  we 
turned  it  with  its  face  or  base  upon  two  rails,  and  aided  by  my  assistant,  Mr. 
James  Patterson,  of  Jeffersonville,  Ind.,  we  carried  it  to  the  top  of  the  hill, 
where  we  found  a  wagon  going  to  the  railroad  station,  on  which  we  loaded  it. 

Later  State  geologists  added  to  the  State  collection  or  museum  at  Indianapolis, 
which  was  in  the  geological  rooms  of  Prof.  Collett  in  the  old  statehouse,  now, 
however,  I  believe  pulled  down. 

The  $5,000  appropriation  for  the  survey  was  expended  for  per  diem  of  the 
several  officers  and  employees  for  traveling  expenses,  transportation  of  min- 
erals and  fossils,  analysis,  printing  and  engraving  report,  etc.  An  accurate  and 
separate  account  was  kept  and  rendered  at  brief  intervals  to  the  State  board 
of  agriculture.  I  remember  the  secretary  expressing  his  astonishment  that  I 
should  have  gone  so  much  into  detail  as  to  mention  each  5  cents'  worth  of  milk 
obtained  at  the  farm  houses,  if  we  happened  to  camp  near  one. 

The  entire  sum  was,  I  think,  the  result  of  a  single  appropriation,  and  as  far 
as  I  remember  included  the  printing  and  engraving.  Of  this,  however,  I  am 
not  quite  certain,  for  I  remember  when  I  was  in  Camp  Morton  (see  p.  302  of  the 
report)  as  colonel  of  the  60th  Indiana  Volunteers,  guarding  the  4,000  prisoners 
taken  at  Fort  Donelson,  I  called  on  Governor  Morton  with  reference  to  the  illus- 
trations (wood  cuts  from  my  sketches),  and  I  thinJc  obtained  some  addition 
from  a  contingent  fund  for  the  engraver. 

Benefits. — 1.  The  analyses  of  the  soils;  the  disenchantment  of  individuals 
who  had  "  married  a  gold  mine,"  by  proving  to  them  that  it  was  a  bed  of  sul- 
phur and  iron ;  the  calculations  made  for  some  who  desired  to  sink  shafts,  and 
actually  found  coal  within  a  few  feet  of  the  depth  indicated  (this  occurred  at 
West  Franklin  and  elsewhere)  ;  the  dissuasion  from  expending  money  for  an 
artesian  well  near  an  anticlinal  axis;  and  much  information  of  a  similar  char- 
acter imparted  to  the  citizens  of  Indiana  during  the  survey  and  by  the  pub- 
lication of  the  report,  may  perhaps  entitle  this  survey  to  the  claim  of  having 
benefited  the  citizens  of  Indiana. 

2.  As  regards  the  benefit  to  science,  although  perhaps  not  much  that  was 
new  may  have  been  presented,  yet  this  survey  paved  the  way  for  others,  in 
which  fine  block  coal,  porcelain  clay,  and  clay  for  terra  cotta  were  pointed 
out,  etc.  Had  more  time  and  means  been  at  our  disposal  I  think  we  could 
have  accomplished  work  that  would  have  been  creditable,  but  the  war  inter- 
fered for  a  time  with  all  such  pursuits,  and  I  was  invited  by  our  war  governor 
(the  late  Senator  Morton)  to  take  a  military  commission  and  aid  in  endeavoring 

1  For  a  fuller  description  see  p.  49  of  the  Report  on  Franklin  County. 


78  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

to  convince  the  South  that  State  rights  too  strictly  interpreted  meant  dis- 
integration of  the  Union.  Acceding  to  his  wishes  I  closed  iny  connection  with 
the  State  board  of  agriculture  and  with  the  second  Indiana  geological  survey. 

THIRD   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY    UNDER   E.    T.    COX,    JOHN    COLLETT,    AND 
OTHERS,  1869-1900. 

In  1869  the  subject  of  a  renewal  of  the  survey  came  before  the 
legislature  and  the  act  passed  of  which  the  following  is  a  transcript : 

An  act  providing  tor  a  geological  survey  and  for  the  collection  and  preservation  of  * 
geological  and  mlneraloglcal  cabinet  of  the  natural  history  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
creating  the  office  of  State  geologist,  defining  his  duties,  and  fixing  his  salary. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  Ity  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
That  a  department  of  geology  and  natural  science  is  hereby  established  In 
connection  with,  and  under  the  control  and  direction  of,  the  Indiana  State  board 
of  agriculture,  for  the  collection  and  dissemination  of  information  in  relation 
to  geological  and  other  scientific  investigations  to  be  made,  as  hereinafter  pro- 
vided for,  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture,  mining,  the  arts,  and  manufactures. 

SEC.  II.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to 
appoint  a  suitable  person  as  State  geologist  to  take  charge  of  said  department ; 
and  said  geologist  shall  hold  his  office  for  a  term  of  two  years  and  till  his 
successor  shall  be  appointed  as  aforesaid,  with  an  annual  compensation  of 
$1,800,  to  be  paid  in  quarterly  payments;  and,  in  addition  to  his  salary,  said 
geologist  shall  be  paid  also  for  the  necessary  traveling  expenses  incurred  while 
engaged  in  prosecuting  the  field  surveys,  and  for  chemical  reagents  used  in  the 
analytical  work. 

SEC.  III.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  State  geologist  shall  have  a 
thorough  practical  knowledge  of  geology  and  analytical  chemistry,  and  shall 
establish  his  office  at  Indianapolis,  in  the  State  of  Indiana,  in  a  room  or  rooms 
furnished  to  him,  free  of  charge,  by  the  Indiana  State  board  of  agriculture; 
and  he  shall  be  required  also  to  supply  himself,  free  of  cost  to  the  State,  with 
all  the  apparatus  necessary  to  fit  up  an  analytical  laboratory  adapted  to  making 
chemical  analyses  of  soils,  ores,  metals,  mineral  waters,  and  other  substances 
that  may  be  thought  of  value  or  general  interest  to  the  citizens  of  the  State. 

SEC.  IV.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  State  geologist  shall,  from  time 
to  time  make  a  survey  of  a  portion  of  the  State,  in  order  to  be  able  to  com- 
plete a  thorough  geological  survey  of  the  whole  State  as  soon  as  consistent 
with  his  other  duties  as  herein  defined ;  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  also  to  collect, 
properly  label,  and  arrange  in  the  agricultural  rooms  specimens  of  the  ores, 
coals,  building  stones,  clays,  soils,  and  organic  remains,  quadrupeds,  birds, 
reptiles,  fishes,  Crustacea,  mollusca,  insects,  and  all  other  objects  of  natural 
history  peculiar  to  the  State,  and,  as  far  as  practicable,  of  other  States  and 
countries  also. 

SEC.  V.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  .State  geologist  shall  also  be 
required  fo  make  annual  reports  to  the  Indiana  State  board  of  agriculture 
embracing  the  full  results  of  his  labors  for  each  year,  which  reports  shall  be 
published  along  with  the  proceedings  of  the  said  State  board  of  agriculture. 

SEC.  VI.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That,  in  order  to  carry  the  provisions  of 
this  act  into  effect,  the  sum  of  $5,000  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  annually 
appropriated  out  of  any  funds  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated, 
and  placed  in  charge  of  the  Indiana  State  board  of  agriculture  for  their  dis- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  79 

bursement  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  herein  made  and  provided  for; 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  file  with  the  State  board  of 
agriculture,  a  statement  accompanied  with  the  proper  vouchers  for  all  moneys 
expended  by  him  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  VII.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  there  shall  be  printed  and  bound 
annually  in  a  separate  volume  2,500  copies  of  the  repoi-t  of  the  State  geologist, 
to  be  printed  and  provided  by  law  for  printing,  binding,  and  distributing  the 
laws  and  journals. 

This  act  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  5,  1869. 

At  the  session  of  1879  the  legislature  revised  this  law  and  created 
a  bureau  of  statistics  and  geology.  The  following  is  the  text  of  this 
act: 

An  act  providing  for  the  establishment  of  a  State  bureau  of  statistics  and  geology,  creat- 
ing the  office  of  the  chief  of  such  department,  defining  his  duties,  providing  for  the 
collection  of  statistics  oa  agriculture,  manufactures,  commerce,  education,  labor,  social, 
and  sanitary  subjects,  making  said  chief,  curator  of  the  geological  cabinet,  and  ap- 
propriating money  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  act. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
That  a  department  of  statistics  and  geology  is  hereby  established  for  the  col- 
lection and  dissemination  of  information,  hereinafter  provided,  by  annual 
printed  reports  made  to  the  governor  and  legislature  of  the  State. 

SEC.  2.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint,  as  soon  after  the  passage 
of  this  act  as  convenient,  and  thereafter  biennially,  some  suitable  person  to  act 
as  chief,  who  shall  have  power  to  employ  such  assistants  as  he  may  deem  neces- 
sary, and  said  officer  and  assistants  shall  constitute  the  Indiana  bureau  of  sta- 
tistics and  geology,  with  headquarters  to  be  furnished  by  the  State:  Provided, 
That  such  chief  of  the  bureau  of  statistics  shall  be  an  expert  in  the  sciences  of 
geology  and  chemistry. 

SEC.  3.  The  duties  of  said  bureau  shall  be  to  collect,  systematize,  tabulate, 
and  present  in  annual  reports,  as  hereinafter  provided,  statistical  information 
and  details  relating  to  agriculture,  manufacturing,  mining,  commerce,  labor, 
education,  social  and  sanitary  conditions,  vital  statistics,  marriages,  and  deaths, 
and  to  the  permanent  prosperity  of  the  productive  industry  of  the  people  of  the 
State. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  several  city,  incorporated  town,  county  and 
township  assessors,  trustees,  officers  of  school  boards,  and  boards  of  health  in 
their  respective  cities,  towns,  counties,  and  townships;  the  agents  or  superin- 
tendents of  all  manufacturing,  mining,  and  mechanical  establishments;  the 
managers  and  superintendents  of  all  corporations,  manufacturing,  mechanical, 
and  transportation  companies  and  associations;  and  county  superintendents  of 
schools,  to  make  reports  and  answer  questions  relating  to  the  duties  of  said 
bureau,  upon  such  blanks  as  may  be  furnished  to  them  for  such  purposes  by  said 
bureau.  And  the  chief  of  said  department  shall  have  power  to  administer  oaths, 
to  examine  witnesses  under  oath  on  questions  relating  to  production,  manufac- 
turing, mining,  transportation,  labor,  wages,  savings,  and  respecting  such  other 
matters  as  relates  to  the  duties  of  said  bureau. 

SEC.  5.  The  chief  of  said  bureau  shall  be  the  curator  of  the  geological  cabinet, 
museum,  chemical  laboratory,  apparatus,  and  library,  and  shall  from  time  to 

136075—20 7 


80  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

time,  as  may  be  practicable,  add  specimens  to  the  cabinet  of  minerals,  organic 
remains,  and  other  objects  of  natural  history  peculiar  to  the  State  and  other 
States  and  countries. 

SEC.  6.  The  annual  compensation  of  the  chief  of  said  bureau  shall  be  $1,200, 
to  be  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  State  as  provided  by  law  for  similar  ex- 
penditures ;  and  in  addition  thereto  the  sum  of  $2,500  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby, 
annually  appropriated,  out  of  any  funds  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise 
appropriated,  for  two  years,  to  be  expended,  or  so  much  of  it  as  may  become 
necessary,  in  the  discretion  of  the  chief  of  said  bureau,  in  carrying  out  the  pur- 
poses of  said  department,  as  herein  provided.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chief 
of  said  department  to  render  annually  to  the  governor  a  detail  statement, 
accompanied  with  the  proper  vouchers,  for  all  moneys  expended  by  him  in  carry- 
Ing  out  the  provisions  of  this  act:  And  provided  further,  That  no  greater  ex- 
penditure of  money,  or  liability  therefor,  shall  be  made  or  incurred  by  the  chief 
of  said  bureau,  or  his  assistants,  than  the  sum  herein  appropriated  for  carrying 
into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  7.  Any  person  or  persons  authorized  by  the  bureau  to  collect  statistics 
or  answer  questions  relating  thereto,  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  make  true 
returns,  as  provided  for  in  this  act,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  a  fine  not  exceeding 
$200. 

SEC.  8.  The  fines  arising  under  this  act  may  be  recovered  in  any  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction,  by  information  or  complaint  of  the  attorney  general, 
and  the  same  shall  accrue  to  the  State  and  be  paid  into  the  treasury  thereof. 

SEC.  9.  The  act  approved  March  5,  1869,  establishing  a  separate  department 
of  geology,  and  the  acts  amendatory  thereof  and  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby 
repealed. 

SEC.  10.  Whereas  an  emergency  exists  for  the  immediate  taking  effect  of  this 
act  it  shall  therefore  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Again,  in  1881,  the  law  relating  to  surveys  was  revised  and  a  de- 
partment of  geology  and  natural  history  created.  The  following 
is  the  text  of  this  law : 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  establishing  of  a  department  of  geology  and  natural  history  In 

this  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
That  a  department  of  geology  and  natural  history  is  hereby  established  for  the 
purpose  of  continuing  the  geological  and  scientific  survey  of  this  State,  of 
discovering  and  developing  its  natural  resources,  disseminating  information  in 
regard  to  its  agricultural,  mining,  and  manufacturing  advantages. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  governor  shall  appoint  a  competent  and  suitable  person,  who 
shall  be  skillful  in  geology  and  natural  science,  as  State  geologist,  and  who  shall 
be  the  chief  of  said  department;  and  said  chief  shall  have  power  and  be 
authorized  to  call  to  his  assistance  such  help  as  he  may  deem  necessary,  but 
in  no  case  to  exceed  the  amount  of  expenditure  authorized  by  the  general 
assembly.  Said  State  geologist,  when  commissioned  by  the  governor,  shall 
take  an  oath  of  office  as  other  officers,  and  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  four  years; 
but  said  State  geologist  may  be  removed  by  the  governor  for  cause  and  a 
successor  appointed  in  his  stead,  and  the  governor  shall  fill  any  vacancy  which 
may  occur  from  any  cause.  The  compensation  of  said  State  geologist  shall 
be  $1,800  per  year,  which  shall  be  paid  as  other  salaries  are  required  by  law 
to  be  paid. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  81 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist  to  continue  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State,  by  counties  or  districts,  and  to  complete  and  revise  the 
same  as  may  be  practicable.  He  shall  give  special  attention  to  the  discovery  of 
minerals,  stones,  or  other  natural  substances  useful  in  agriculture,  manufacture, 
or  the  mechanical  arts ;  he  shall  be  curator  of  the  geological  cabinet,  museum, 
apparatus,  and  library,  and  shall  from  time  to  time,  as  may  be  practicable, 
add  specimens  to  the  cabinet  of  minerals,  organic  remains,  and  other  objects 
of  natural  history  peculiar  to  this  State  and  other  States  and  countries. 

SEC.  4.  The  offices  of  the  geological  department  shall  be  in  such  rooms  as  may 
be  assigned  for  this  purpose,  and  he  shall  keep  such  office  and  the  State  museum 
open  during  the  usual  business  hours  of  other  offices  of  State  when  not  en- 
gaged in  field  or  other  work  requiring  his  absence  therefrom. 

SEC.  5.  The  State  geologist  shall  make  to  the  governor  an  annual  report  of 
his  labors  and  discoveries,  and  of  all  useful  information  he  may  have  obtained 
In  such  service,  including  such  descriptions  and  figures  in  geology,  paleontology, 
and  archeology  as  may  promote  science  and  aid  in  the  diffusion  of  knowledge; 
and  5,000  copies  of  such  report  shall  be  printed  and  published  in  like  manner 
as  other  official  reports. 

SEC.  6.  An  appropriation  of  $5,000  annually  shall  be,  and  is  hereby,  made  for 
the  next  succeeding  two  years,  which  shall  include  the  salaries  of  the  State 
geologist  and  his  paid  assistant;  and  if  any  part  thereof  shall  remain  un- 
expended it  shall  remain  a  part  of  the  general  fund  of  the  State,  to  be  used 
as  other  general  funds  of  the  State  are  used. 

SEC.  7.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  8.  Whereas  an  emergency  is  hereby  declared  to  exist  for  the  immediate 
taking  effect  in  this  act,  it  shall,  therefore,  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and 
after  its  passage. 

Administration. — Under  the  enactment  of  1869  Prof.  E.  T.  Cox 
was  appointed  State  geologist,  with  F.  H.  Bradley  and  Dr.  Rufus 
Raymond  as  assistants,  Dr.  G.  M.  Levette  acting  chemist.  In  1870 
Dr.  John  Collett  was  added  to  the  corps  of  assistant  geologists  and 
made  a  survey  of  Sullivan  County,  and  Professor  Cox  examined  Mar- 
tin County.  In  1871  Messrs.  Cox  and  Collett  surveyed  Daviess 
County.  In  1872  additional  assistants  were  appointed,  and  B.  C. 
Hobbs  made  a  survey  of  Parke  County;  E.  B.  Warder,  of  Ohio, 
Switzerland  and  Dearborn  counties,  and  John  Collett  of  Pike 
County.  In  1873  W.  W.  Borden  spent  the  season  in  the  examina- 
tion of  Clark  and  Floyd  counties.  In  the  same  year  John  Collett 
made  a  survey  of  Warren,  Lawrence,  Knox,  and  Gibson  counties, 
and  Doctor  Levette  made  a  cursory  examination  of  Dekalb,  Steuben, 
Noble,  Elkhart,  St.  Joseph,  and  Laporte  counties.  In  1874  Jack- 
son County  was  surveyed  by  Professor  Cox ;  Brown  County  by  Pro- 
fessor Collett ;  Scott  and  Jefferson  by  W.  W.  Borden.  An  elaborate 
report  on  the  fishes  of  Indiana  was  presented  by  Prof.  D.  S.  Jordan, 
and  a  full  report  of  the  flora  of  Jefferson  County  was  made  by 
Prof.  J.  M.  Coulter.  In  1875-76  Vigo  and  Huntington  counties 
were  examined  by  E.  T.  Cox ;  Jennings  and  Ripley  counties  by  W.  W. 


82  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Borden;  Orange  County  by  Dr.  M.  N.  Elrod  and  S.  Mclntire; 
Vandenburg,  Owen,  Montgomery,  and  Clay  counties  by  John  Col- 
lett ;  and  a  hydrographic  survey  of  certain  small  lakes  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  State  was  made  and  reported  upon  by  Doctor  Levette. 
In  1877  Professor  Cox  made  a  survey  of  Wayne  County,  and  in 
1878  Harrison  and  Crawford  counties  were  surveyed  and  reported 
upon  by  John  Collett. 

Under  the  act  of  1879  John  Collett  was  appointed  statistician  and 
geologist,  but  with  an  appropriation  of  only  $4,000  a  year  for  the 
work  of  both  departments  and  only  $505  of  which  was  expended  on 
geology  during  the  year  1879-80.  G.  K.  Greene  was  appointed  as 
assistant  geologist  and  made  a  survey  of  Monroe  County.  In  1880 
Professor  Collett  made  a  survey  of  Putnam  County. 

Under  the  act  of  1881  Mr.  Collett  was  appointed  by  the  governor 
as  chief  geologist  for  a  period  of  four  years.  As  assistants  in  the  field 
he  appointed  Drs.  A.  J.  Phinney,  M.  N.  Elrod,  and  R.  T.  Brown. 
To  Doctor  Phinney  was  assigned  the  survey  of  Delaware  County ;  to 
Doctor  Elrod,  Bartholomew  County ;  and  to  Doctor  Brown,  Fountain 
County;  the  geologist  in  chief  devoting  himself  to  the  survey  of 
Shelby  County. 

In  1882  the  force  of  field  geologists  was  increased  by  the  addition 
of  D.  S.  McCaslin,  the  assignments  being  as  follows:  To  Doctor 
Elrod,  Decatur  County;  to  Doctor  Phinney,  Randolph  County;  to 
Mr.  McCaslin,  Jay  County;  and  to  the  geologist  in  chief,  Jasper 
County. 

In  1883  Professor  Collett  spent  a  part  of  the  summer  in  Posey 
County,  Doctor  Brown  being  assigned  to  work  in  Morgan  County, 
Doctor  Elrod  in  Rush  County,  Doctor  Phinney  in  Grant  County, 
and  Mr.  McCaslin  in  Johnson  County.  Special  assistants  in  1883 
were  John  M.  Coulter,  botanist ;  John  N.  Hurty,  chemist ;  Fred.  M. 
Stein,  conchologist ;  Ralph  S.  Perry,  entomologist;  Fletcher  M.  Noe, 
ornithologist  and  taxidermist;  Oliver  P.  Hay,  herpetologist ;  and 
James  Hall,  C.  A.  White,  and  Leo  Lesquereux.  paleontologists. 
Lesquereux,  as  paleobotanist,  presented  in  that  year  an  elaborate  de- 
scription of  the  fossil  botany  of  the  Indiana  coal  fields. 

During  1884  the  department  was  left  without  funds  through  the 
failure  of  the  legislature  to  pass  the  necessary  appropriation  bill. 
Doctor  Collett,  however,  unwilling  that  the  work  should  be  sus- 
pended, proposed  to  pay  the  current  expenses  of  the  assistants  from 
his  private  funds:  $1,494.76  was  thus  advanced  by  Doctor  Collett, 
who  was  subsequently  reimbursed,  however.  Under  these  conditions 
Doctor  Brown  surveyed  the  counties  of  Hamilton  and  Madison,  and 
Doctor  Elrod,  those  of  Fayette  and  Union.  Professors  Cope  and 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL,  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  83 

Wortrnan,  of  Philadelphia,  furnished  an  elaborate  paper  on  the 
Post-Pliocene  vertebrates  of  Indiana,  and  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry  one  on 
the  Drift  deposits  of  Indiana. 

The  office  of  Professor  Collett  as  geologist  in  chief  expired  in  April, 
1885,  and  Governor  Gray  appointed  J.  Maurice  Thompson  his  suc- 
cessor, under  whom  Doctor  Phinney  was  assigned  to  work  in  Henry 
County ;  Doctor  Brown  in  Hancock ;  Prof.  S.  S.  Gorby  in  Benton  and 
Tippecanoe ;  and  W.  H.  Thompson  in  Starke  and  Clinton  counties. 

Professor  Thompson  resigned  in  December,  1888,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  S.  S.  Gorby,  who,  with  W.  H.  Thompson  and  Charles  K. 
Dryer,  had  been  one  of  his  assistants.  S.  A.  Miller,  it  should  be 
noted,  served  as  paleontologist.  In  the  sixteenth  annual  report  it  is 
said  by  Professor  Gorby  that  no  assistance  had  been  allowed  either 
in  the  museum  or  the  field  since  his  appointment.  In  the  seventeenth 
annual  report,  bearing  date  of  1891,  the  following  is  given,  showing 
the  personnel  of  the  survey:  S.  S.  Gorby,  State  geologist;  Maurice 
Thompson,  assistant  geologist;  Moses  N.  Elrod,  assistant  geologist; 
Charles  R.  Dryer,  chemist  and  geologist;  S.  A.  Miller,  paleontologist; 
O.  P.  Hay,  herpetologist;  W.  S.  Blatchley,  entomologist;  E.  Brad- 
ner,  botanist;  J.  E.  Beasley,  taxidermist;  Thomas  McQuade,  in- 
spector of  mines;  N.  J.  Hyde,  supervisor  of  oils;  E.  T.  J.  Jordan, 
supervisor  of  natural  gas. 

In  the  eighteenth  annual  report  (for  1893)  the  personnel  is  given 
as:  S.  S.  Gorby,  State  geologist;  Charles  R.  Dryer,  assistant  geolo- 
gist ;  E.  P.  Cubberly,  assistant  geologist ;  S.  A.  Miller,  paleontologist ; 
J.  N.  Hurty,  chemist;  J.  D.  Kramer,  chemist;  W.  B.  Van  Gorden, 
botanist;  J.  E.  Beasley,  taxidermist;  Thomas  McQuade,  superintend- 
ent of  mines ;  N.  J.  Hyde,  supervisor  of  oils ;  E.  T.  J.  Jordan,  super- 
visor of  gas. 

In  1894  is  was  as  follows:  S.  S.  Gorby,  State  geologist;  Thomas 
Elrod,  assistant  geologist ;  A.  C.  Benedict,  assistant  geologist ;  O.  P. 
Hay,  icthyologist. 

In  1895  W.  S.  Blatchley  was  made  State  geologist.  With  him 
were  associated  T.  C.  Hopkins  and  E.  M.  Kindle,  assistant  geolo- 
gists; W.  A.  Noyes  and  Robert  Lyons,  chemists;  O.  P.  Hay,  zoolo- 
gist; Robert  Fisher,  inspector  of  mines;  J.  C.  Leach,  supervisor  of 
natural  gas;  and  C.  F.  Hall,  supervisor  of  oil  inspection. 

In  1896  the  personnel  was  still  further  increased.  T.  C.  Hopkins 
and  C.  E.  Siebenthal  were  employed  in  researches  on  building  stone; 
George  H.  Ashley  on  coal ;  J.  T.  Scovell  and  A.  F.  Foerste  on  local 
geology;  W.  A.  Xoyes  as  chemist;  M.  A.  Howe,  physicist;  J.  C. 
Leach,  supervisor  of  gas  inspection;  C.  F.  Hall,  of  oil;  Robert 
Fisher,  inspector  of  mines;  and  James  Epperson,  assistant  in- 
spector. 


84  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

In  1897  the  assistants  were  J.  H.  Ashley,  in  charge  of  coal  survey, 
with  C.  E.  Siebenthal,  J.  T.  Scovell,  and  E.  M.  Kindle,  paleonto- 
logical  assistants.  A.  F.  Foerste  served  as  assistant  in  local  geology ; 
A.  W.  Butler,  as  ornithologist;  W.  A.  Noyes,  chemist;  J.  C.  Leach, 
supervisor  of  natural  gas;  C.  F.  Hall,  supervisor  of  oil  inspection; 
Robert  Fisher,  inspector  of  mines;  and  James  Epperson,  assistant 
inspector. 

In  1898  J.  A.  Price  was  added  to  the  force  of  assistants  on  the  coal 
survey. 

In  1899  R.  E.  Call  served  as  conchologist  and  Stanley  Coulter  as 
botanist;  E.  B.  Williamson,  entomologist;  W.  C.  Zaring,  supervisor 
of  oil  inspection;  and  Charles  Long,  assistant  inspector  of  mines; 
with  these  substitutions  the  personnel  of  the  survey  remaining  as 
before.  In  1900  E.  M.  Kindle  served  as  paleontologist. 

Salaries. — The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  at  first  placed  at 
$2,000  a  year,  but  the  amount  was  afterwards  changed  to  $1,800  a 
year.  The  compensation  for  field  and  laboratory  work  was  by  the 
piece,  the  remuneration  being  determined  by  the  chief  geologist. 
The  amount,  however,  is  stated  to  have  been  always  low. 

Museum. — The  number  of  specimens  belonging  to  the  State  at  the 
time  of  the  transfer  of  the  State  museum  by  the  department  of 
agriculture  to  the  bureau  of  statistics  and  geology  (1879)  was  8,912. 
The  cost  ($500)  of  arranging  and  cataloguing  was  borne  by  the 
State  board  of  agriculture.  To  this  number  were  then  added  by 
the  bureau  11,649  pieces,  of  which  10,268  were  acquired  by  purchase. 

At  the  present  time  fossil  flora  of  the  early  Carboniferous  forma 
tions  in  the  State  are  especially  well  represented.  There  is  also  a 
large  and  varied  collection  of  stone  implements  and  pottery  of  pre- 
historic age.  A  library,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  reports  of  other  sur- 
veys received  in  exchange,  was  built  up. 

Expenses. — The  approximate  total  expense  of  the  surveys  succeed- 
ing Owen's  is  as  follows: 

Under  E.  T.  Cox,  1869  to  1878,  inclusive $66,000 

Under  John  Collett,  1SSO  to  1884,  inclusive 25.  000 

Under  Maurice  Thompson,  1885  to  1887,  inclusive 10,000 

Under  S.  S.  Gorby,  18SS  to  1S94,  inclusive 42,000 

Under  W.  S.  Batchley,  1895  to  1900,  inclusive 38,  800 

$181,  803 

During  the  year  1879-80  the  sum  of  $505  was  expended  under  Pro- 
fessor Collett's  administration  for  geological  purposes,  as  already 
noted. 

The  cost  of  printing  and  engraving  the  reports  was  borne  inde- 
pendently of  the  geological  appropriations. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  9 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  85 

Publications. — An  edition  of  5,000  copies  of  each  report  was 
printed  up  to  1885,  when  the  number  was  increased  to  8,000  copies. 
But  5,000  copies  were  issued  of  the  report  for  1895. 

Up  to  the  year  1900,  25  volumes  had  been  issued,  ranging  from  250 
to  1,740  pages  each,  exclusive  of  maps.  These  reports  were  not  sold, 
but  were  distributed  in  various  ways.  Some  were  given  in  exchange 
for  other  reports ;  others  presented  to  literary  and  scientific  institu- 
tions ;  to  geologists  engaged  in  scientific  research ;  and  the  remainder 
to  the  several  counties  through  the  county  auditors  and  county  super- 
intendents of  schools. 

IOWA. 

FIRST   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY   UNDER   JAMES    HALL,    1855-1857. 

A  portion  of  Iowa  was  included  in  surveys  made  by  David  Dale 
Owen  under  authority  of  the  United  States  General  Land  Office, 
in  1839.  The  first  survey  under  State  auspices  was  that  made  by 
James  Hall  and  J.  D.  Whitney  by  virtue  of  the  following  enact- 
ment, approved  January  23,  1855 : 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  l>y  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  That 
the  governor  may  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  a 
State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of  competent  scientific  and  practical 
knowledge  of  the  sciences  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  who  shall  hold  his  office 
for  the  term  of  two  years  unless  sooner  removed  by  the  governor. 

2.  The  said  State  geologist  shall,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  governor, 
appoint  one  suitable  person  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  who 
shall  be  a  skillful  analytical  and  experimental  chemist. 

3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and  his  assistant,  as  soon  as  may  be 
practicable  after  the  appointment,  to  commence  and  carry  on,  with  as  much 
expedition  as  possible,  a  thorough  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the 
State,  as  also  of  the  character  and  quality  of  the  soil  for  agricultural  purposes. 

4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  assistant  to  make  full  and  complete  examinations 
and  assays  of  all  rocks,  ores,  soils,  and  other  substances  which  may  be  submitted 
to  him  by  the  State  geologist  for  the  purpose,  and  to  furnish  him  with  a  de- 
tailed and  complete  account  of  results  so  obtained. 

5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist,  on  or  before  the  first  Monday  of 
December  in  each  year,  during  the  time  not  necessarily  occupied  by  said  survey, 
to  make  report  of  said  survey  and  the  progress  thereof,  accompanied  with  such 
maps,  drawings,  and  specifications  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  exemplify 
the  same  to  the  governor,  who  shall  lay  a  copy  of  the  reports  before  the  general 
assembly. 

6.  It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  such  geologist  to  forward  to  the  governor,  from 
time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  said  survey,  such  specimens  of  rocks,  ores, 
coals,  soils,  fossils,  and  other  mineral  substances  discovered  and  examined 
properly  labeled,  as  may  be  proper  and  necessary  to  form  a  complete  cabinet  of 
collections  of  specimens  of  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State ;    and  the  governor 
shall  cause  the  same  to  be  preserved  for  the  benefit  of  the  State,  for  public  in- 
spection.   Said  geologist  shall  cause  to  be  represented  on  the  map  of  the  State, 
by  colors  and  other  appropriate  means,  the  various  areas  occupied  by  the  dif- 


86  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

ferent  geological  formations  of  the  State,  and  mark  thereon  the  localities  of  the 
respective  beds  of  deposits  of  the  various  mineral  substances  discovered,  and  the 
character  of  the  soil ;  and,  on  the  completion  of  the  survey,  to  compile  a  memoir 
of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State,  comprising  complete  accounts  of 
the  leading  subjects  and  discoveries  which  have  been  embraced  in  the  survey. 

7.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum 
of  $2,500  is  hereby  annually  appropriated  for  the  said  term  of  two  years,  to  be 
expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor.     The  salaries  of  the  geologist  and 
assistant  shall  be  fixed  by  the  census  board  of  the  State;  the  salaries  of  the 
geologist  and  assistant,  however,  shall  not  commence  until  they  have  respec- 
tively entered  upon  the  discharge  of  their  duties;  and  upon  the  completion  of 
said  survey  and  the  duties  connected  therewith  the  same  shall  cease  and  de- 
termine. 

8.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  publication  in 
the  Iowa  Republican  and  Iowa  Capital  Reporter. 

Early  in  1857  an  additional  act  was  passed,  as  below : 

An  act  making  provision  for  the  continuation  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  That 
there  be,  and  is  hereby,  appropriated  from  the  treasury  of  the  State,  out  of  any 
moneys  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  $10,000,  to  aid  in  the  further 
prosecution  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  and  to  be  expended  under 
the  direction  of  the  governor. 

SEC.  2.  All  geological  specimens  and  fossils  collected  during  said  survey  are 
hereby  granted  to  the  State  University,  and  shall  be  deposited  and  carefully 
kept  in  a  cabinet  to  be  by  that  institution  devoted  to  this  purpose. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  pxiblica- 
tion  in  the  Iowa  City  Republican  and  the  Iowa  Capital  Reporter. 

Administration. — Under  these  acts  Dr.  James  Hall  of  New  York 
was  appointed  State  geologist  and  J.  D.  Whitney,  chemist  and  min- 
eralogist. A.  H.  Worthen,  subsequently  State  geologist  of  Illinois, 
was  made  assistant  geologist.  B.  J.  Hall  and  E.  Hungerford  also 
served,  first  as  volunteer  and  afterwards  as  paid  assistants.  Mr.  A. 
E.  Cooley  joined  the  force  in  the  summer  of  1857.  Hall,  in  a  personal 
report  to  Governor  Grimes,  thus  outlined  his  results  and  views  at 
the  end  of  the  first  season's  work : 

ALBANY,  January.  1856. 
To  His  Excellency  JAMES  W.  GRIMES,  Governor. 

SIB  :  In  accordance  with  your  instructions  I  proceeded  to  Iowa  in  September 
last  to  commence  a  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

From  my  previous  knowledge  of  the  general  geological  structure  of  the  State 
of  Iowa,  I  was  aware  that  an  examination  along  the  course  of  the  Mississippi 
River  would  give  me  a  complete  section  of  the  rock  strata  in  the  order  of 
succession  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest  or  from  the  oldest  to  the  newest 
formation  as  far  as  the  Coal  Measures.  Accordingly,  I  proceeded  at  once  to 
the  north  line  of  the  State,  making  a  cursory  examination  of  the  formations 
still  farther  north,  which  will  enable  me  to  show  the  connection  of  the  geology 
of  Iowa  with  that  of  Minnesota. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  87 

With  the  exception  of  several  excursions  Into  the  interior  in  order  to  trace 
out  more  fully  some  of  the  formations,  my  whole  time  was  expended  in  the 
investigations  along  the  Mississippi  River.  I  have  examined  with  care  all 
the  exposures  of  rock  from  the  northern  line  of  the  State  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Des  Moines  River,  and  I  have  the  materials  for  constructing  a  well-defined 
section  of  the  rocks  along  this  whole  line.  This  section  will  be  the  ground- 
work for  all  future  operations  in  the  interior  of  the  State  and  is  very  im- 
portant as  preliminary  progress  in  the  survey.  The  limits  of  each  formation 
along  the  river  line  are  now  well  ascertained,  as  also  the  character  and  order 
of  succession  among  the  different  beds,  giving  us  greater  facility  and  certainty 
In  tracing  the  continuation  of  the  same  formations  into  the  interior  of  the 
State  when  the  great  accumulation  of  drft  material  often  obscures  the  under- 
lying rocky  strata. 

During  this  investigation  I  have  been  able  to  prove  the  existence  of  several 
rock  formations  not  before  known  in  the  State,  though  well  known  in  New  York 
and  elsewhere.  The  facts  thus  ascertained  will  show  that  the  geological  series 
in  Iowa  is  much  more  complete  than  had  heretofore  been  supposed,  and  It 
places  us  at  once  in  the  position  to  make  comparisons  between  its  geology  and 
the  geology  of  other  portions  of  our  country  which  have  been  accurately  studied. 

The  lowest  rock  which  I  find  in  Iowa  on  the  Mississippi  River  is  that  known 
as  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  being  the  lowest  fossil-bearing  rock  in  the  known 
world.  This  rock  with  all  those  above  it  dips  beneath  the  level  of  the  river 
as  we  descend  the  stream,  admitting  an  examination  of  all  the  beds  in  succes- 
sion as  they  descend  to  the  river  level. 

The  formations  thus  recognized  in  their  ascending  order  are  the  Potsdam  sand- 
stone, Calciferous  sandstone  (lower  magneslan  limestone  of  Owen)  ;  the  sand- 
stone of  the  Chazy  period;  the  Birdseye,  Black  River,  and  Newton  limestones; 
the  Galena  limestone;  Hudson  River  group;  Niagara  limestone;  a  group  of 
limestone  beds  above  the  Niagara  limestone  requiring  a  new  designation.  The 
Onondaga  salt  group;  the  lower  Helderberg  limestones;  the  Hamilton  group; 
the  Chemung  group;  the  Burlington  limestone;  the  cherry  beds  of  the  Lower 
Rapids;  the  Keokuk  arid  Warsaw  limestones.  The  latter  are  succeeded  by  the 
Coal  Measures  of  lov/a,  which  occupy  much  of  the  southern  and  central  por- 
tions of  the  State. 

The  small  area  of  coal  measures  which  begins  above  Davenport  and  extends 
to  below  Muscatine  along  the  river  is  but  a  narrow  and  interrupted  belt,  and 
has  no  connection  with  the  series  of  coal  measures  which  occupy  the  interior  of 
the  State. 

•   The  Burlington  and  Keokuk  limestones  belong  to  the  series  termed  "  Car- 
boniferous limestones,"  as  well  as  some  succeeding  beds  not  seen  at  Keokuk. 

As  there  existed  much  confusion  in  regard  to  the  Carboniferous  limestones, 
as  elucidated  iu  the  report  of  this  part  of  the  country,  I  found  it  necessary  to 
trace  these  formations  some  distance  south  of  the  limit  of  Iowa,  when  they 
become  more  fully  developed  and  the  facilities  for  studying  their  relations  are 
more  favorable.  Consequently,  after  the  season  had  so  far  advanced  that  I 
could  no  longer  work  in  the  State  I  carried  forward  my  investigations  to  the 
southward,  with  the  most  gratifying  results.  These  results  I  shall  give  in 
detail  iu  the  report  hereafter  to  be  made,  and  I  flatter  myself  that  it  may  not 
be  without  interest  to  the  people  of  Iowa,  as  I  feel  sure  that  it  will  be  regarded 
as  of  the  greatest  interest  to  the  science  of  geology. 

Mr.  Whitney  has  devoted  his  time  mostly  to  the  lead  region  in  the  vicinity  of 
Dubuque  and  will  be  prepared  to  communicate  next  year  some  valuable  informs- 


88  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

tion.     He  has  also  examined  the  iron  ore  of  the  Maquoqueta  Valley,  and  we 
shall  be  prepared  to  speak  fully  in  reference  to  its  extent  and  value. 

From  what  has  been  done  already  I  feel  that  the  geology  of  Iowa  will  have  a 
great  interest  when  once  thoroughly  worked  out  and  the  results  presented  to  the 
public.  In  regard  to  the  scientific  results,  or  those  which  will  attract  attention 
In  the  scientific  world,  I  feel  that  there  is  already  more  material  than  I  had 
expected  the  entire  survey  to  yield. 

Publications  of  the  survey. — The  manuscript  of  the  final  report 
would  appear  to  have  been  submitted  early  in  1857  or  the  latter  part 
of  1856.  Its  receipt  gave  rise  to  the  following  joint  resolution  pro- 
viding for  the  distribution  of  the  reports : 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  lotca,  That  the  governor 
be,  and  is  hereby,  authorized  to  procure  the  printing  of  2,000  copies  of  the  report 
of  the  State  geologist,  and  that  he  cause  one  copy  thereof  to  be  transmitted  to 
each  member  of  the  general  assembly  and  the  remainder  to  be  deposited  in  the 
office  of  the  secretary  of  state. 

Resolved,  That  the  governor  be  further  authorized  to  draw  his  warrant  on 
the  State  auditor  for  the  expease  thereof,  who  shall  audit  and  allow  the  same. 

For  reasons  beyond  the  control  of  the  authors,  due  mainly,  as  it 
appears  from  the  report,  to  delay  in  engraving  the  necessary  plates, 
the  volume  was  not  ready  for  the  printer  until  September,  1858, 
when  it  was  issued  in  two  parts,  the  first  being  given  up  mainly  to 
general  geology  and  physical  geology  and  the  second  to  paleontol- 
ogy. The  survey  was  discontinued  at  the  end  of  the  two  years  set 
by  the  law  of  establishment.  Hall,  however,  with  characteristic  per- 
sistence, refused  to  give  up,  and  in  1860  wrote  the  Hon.  W.  H.  F. 
Gurley  suggestions  for  its  revival,  as  follows : 

To  the  Hon.  W.  H.  F.  GTTBLEY, 

Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means 

of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  Iowa,  1860. 

SIB:  I  take  the  liberty  of  submitting  for  your  consideration  some  suggea 
tions  regarding  the  geological  survey  and  its  continuation,  which  are  essentially 
the  same  as  I  have  already  verbally  communicated  to  the  committee  of  the 
two  houses. 

There  are  two  ways  in  which  the  geological  survey  may  be  continued  for 
the  next  two  years  without  making  the  larger  appropriation  that  would  be 
required  to  complete  the  survey  of  the  western  half  of  the  State. 

One  of  these  modes  will  be  the  one  already  proposed  to  the  committees,  which 
requires  that  I  shall  keep  one  assistant  in  the  field,  whose  especial  duty  it  shall 
be,  under  the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  State  geologist,  to  make  careful 
exploration  of  the  counties  occupied  by  the  coal  measures,  and  the  results  to 
be  laid  down  on  the  county  maps  in  the  same  manner  as  upon  those  maps  al- 
ready shown  to  the  committee;  and  beyond  this  to  provide  for  the  completion 
of  certain  laboratory  and  oflice  work  which  has  been  already  commenced,  and 
which  is  necessary  in  the  preparation  of  the  materials  previously  collected  and 
those  to  be  collected,  for  another  report  of  the  character  of  that  already  made. 
It  is  absolutely  necessary  that  this  latter  work  shall  go  on  or  much  will  be  lost 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  89 

that  is  already  practically  completed,  and  it  will  cost  much  more  in  the  end 
should  it  now  be  dropped  and  taken  up  again  after  two  years  or  at  any  future 
time. 

By  this  means  the  localities  and  position  of  the  coal  beds,  their  extent  and 
thickness  will  be  determined,  and  the  resources  of  the  State  in  this  important 
mineral  will  be  thoroughly  developed.  It  is  unnecessary  to  enlarge  upon  the 
importance  to  the  State  of  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  extent  and  character 
of  the  coal  formation  in  the  western  and  southwestern  parts  of  the  State. 

It  should  be  provided  also  that  there  be  authority  to  publish  such  results  of 
this  survey  as  shall  be  deemed  important  for  giving  information  to  the  people 
in  regard  to  this  and  other  mineral  resources  of  the  State,  or  any  other  facts  of 
interest  and  importance  which  may  be  made  known  in  connection  with  the 
survey. 

It  is  very  desirable  also  that  certain  investigations  be  made  in  the  lead  re- 
gion of  Dubuque,  with  a  view  to  the  completion  of  the  map  of  that  region,  and 
which  shall  conform  in  perfection  with  the  maps  of  the  adjacent  portions  of 
Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  including  the  entire  lead  region  of  the  Northwest. 

To  accomplish  this  will  require  $2,000  annually  for  actual  expenditures,  with- 
out providing  anything  as  salary  for  the  State  geologist. 

Should  the  committee  prefer  to  consider  the  question  of  completing  the  work 
in  the  lead  region  and  the  publication  of  the  map  as  proposed,  I  submit  the 
following  memoranda  regarding  an  equitable  division  of  the  necessary  ex- 
penditure. 

The  great  lead  region  of  the  Northwest  lies  in  the  States  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
and  Illinois,  much  the  greater  part  of  it  being  within  the  State  of  Wisconsin, 
and  the  finishing  of  the  map  will  be  completed  during  the  present  year.  As 
these  States  are  individually  and  mutually  interested  in  this  mineral  region  and 
all  that  pertains  to  it,  it  is  proposed  that  each  contribute  to  the  expense  of  the 
publication,  so  that  the  map  may  be  presented  as  a  whole,  and  the  report  em- 
brace the  consideration  of  the  entire  region,  by  which  means  the  inhabitants  of 
each  State  could  possess  the  complete  work. 

I  give  below  the  estimated  cost  of  printing  geological  report  of  the  lead 
region : 

Cost  of  engraving  and  printing  geological  map,  number  of  copies  2,500 —  $1, 500 

Same  number  of  large  crevice  map 750 

Cost  of  printing  report  with  the  necessary  illustrations — 1,  500 


$3,  750 

This  expense  to  be  divided  as  follows.  Wisconsin,  three-fifths,  $2,250,  number  of 
copies,  1,500;  Iowa,  one-fifth,  $750,  number  of  copies,  500;  Illinois,  one-fifth, 
$750,  number  of  copies,  500.  These  sums  are  exclusive  of  field  work. 

Should  this  plan  be  adopted  and  a  larger  number  of  copies  were  required  by 
Iowa — a  number  corresponding  to  that  of  the  geological  report  already  printed — 
that  number  could  be  had  for  the  additional  cost  of  paper  and  printing,  the 
original  cost  of  the  engraving  and  the  composition  of  the  letterpress  having 
been  defrayed  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  States  interested  as  above  indicated. 

This  report  on  the  entire  lead  region  could,  moreover,  be  incorporated  in  a 
volume  with  other  results  of  the  Iowa  geological  survey,  the  paging  being  BO 
arranged  as  to  admit  of  the  other  matter  following  in  its  proper  order. 

If  the  500  copies  alone  were  sufficient  these  may  be  secured  for  the  sum 
of  $750  as  above,  with  the  addition  of  $500  for  the  completion  of  the  field  work. 
The  field  work  In  the  lead  region  of  Wisconsin  will  be  completed  this  year, 


90  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

and  the  map  will  be  completed  this  year,  and  the  map  will  be  ready  for  the 
engraver  as  early  as  November  next.  The  geological  map  mentioned  embraces 
the  entire  lead  region  of  the  three  States,  and  is  about  30  by  40  inches.  The 
crevice  map  shows  all  the  known  workings  of  Iowa  and  Illinois,  and  the  most 
important  part  of  those  in  Wisconsin,  laid  down  on  a  large  scale  in  red  lines,  on 
a  map  about  3  by  5£  feet.  It  is  probable  and  indeed  almost  certain  that  the 
Legislature  of  Wisconsin  will  order  the  engraving  of  one  or  both  these  maps 
the  present  year,  and  should  the  Legislature  of  Iowa  take  no  action  in  regaro 
to  the  matter,  I  propose  to  take  some  step  by  which  the  use  of  the  engraving 
can  be  secured  to  Iowa  at  some  future  time. 

In  accordance  with  the  plan  of  the  survey  indicated  above,  every  one  of  the 
300  copies  of  the  Iowa  geological  report  sent  to  foreign  governments  and 
societies,  as  well  as  to  the  State  governments,  is  accompanied  by  a  circular 
stating  that  the  work  of  the  survey  is  in  progress  and  that  a  second  volume 
will  soon  be  published,  and  that  the  State  is  desirous  of  securing  European 
works  from  their  public  libraries  in  exchange. 

I  might  here  state  that  the  ultimate  plan  of  the  survey  contemplates  a  com- 
plete exploration  of  the  western  half  of  the  State,  with  carefully  examined 
sections  of  the  valley  of  the  Des  Homes  and  of  the  Missouri,  which  will  be 
engraved  in  a  similar  manner  to  that  given  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  in  the 
first  volume.  Examinations  of  the  drift  and  alluvial  materials  of  the  surface 
and  the  soils  have  been  commenced  and  a  large  accumulation  of  facts  relative 
to  the  soils  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  State  collected.  The  discussion  of  this 
subject  in  all  its  bearings  can  not  be  properly  taken  up  until  the  western  hnlf 
of  the  State  shall  have  been  examined,  when  this  department  of  the  survey 
will  receive  that  attention  which  its  importance  demands. 

In  making  the  preceding  statement  I  have  borne  these  facts  in  mind,  and 
aware  of  the  necessity  of  economy,  I  have  asked  for  the  smallest  sum  that  will 
enable  me  to  do  the  work  proposed  and  to  preserve  the  materials  collected  and 
prepare  them  for  a  future  report,  and  at  the  same  time  secure  that  priority  for 
the  State  of  Iowa  to  which  she  is  entitled  by  the  publication,  at  a  trifling  ex- 
pense of  such  matters  as  might  otherwise  be  lost  to  us ;  and  by  this  means 
secure  originality  or  the  result  of  original  investigation  for  the  future  com- 
plete report,  the  character  of  which  I  am  very  desirous  should  be  kept  up  to 
the  standard  of  the  preceding  volumes. 

******* 

(Signed)  JAMES  HAIJ. 

Nothing  seems,  however,  to  have  come  from  this,  but  as  late  as 
1865  Hall  \vrote  Governor  Grimes : 

I  never  understood  that  I  was  appointed  by  you  for  any  specific  time,  but 
to  complete  the  survey,  and  your  instructions  to  me  were  that  I  should  make 
volume  1  of  such  a  character  that  another  volume  of  similar  size  would  con- 
tain the  entire  result.  This  plan  was  adopted,  and  I  felt  that  should  there  be 
u  disposition  to  resume  the  survey  an  opportunity  would  be  given  me  to  make 
another  volume  as  promised.1 

1  It  appears  further  from  correspondence  that  Hall  was  never  fully  reimbursed  for 
certain  outlays  which  he  had  felt  justified  In  making,  though  sundry  appeals  were  rande  to 
the  legislature  to  remedy  the  omission.  In  one  instance  a  member  made  a  distinct  offer  to 
get  a  bill  through,  or,  if  unsuccessful  in  his  attempt,  to  procure  the  pass-age  of  an  act 
that  would  enable  Hall  to  sue  for  it  in  the  county  conrts ;  this,  however,  on  the  following 
extraordinary  terms:  "Namely,  for  one-half  (the  amount)  if  successful,  or  nothing  if 
not."  The  undertaking  was  deservedly  unsuccessful,  the  member  writing  under  date  of 
May  27,  1872 :  "  I  am  sincerely  ashamed  of  the  conduct  of  the  State  in  ignoring  your 
claim  under  the  circumstances  and  done  (sic)  my  very  best  to  wipe  out  the  stain." 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  91 

Expenses. — The  total  expense  would  appear  from  the  appropria- 
tions to  have  been  $5,000  for  salaries  and  $10,000  for  publication, 
a  total  of  $15,000. 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  CHARLES  A.  WHITE,  1866-1870. 

With  the  discontinuance  of  the  Hall- Whitney  survey,  matters  in 
Iowa  lay  dormant  until  1866.  when  a  movement  for  its  completion 
culminated  in  the  following  enactments : 

An  act  providing  for  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Iowa. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  That 
for  the  purpose  of  completing  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  Charles  A. 
White,  of  Johnson  County,  is  hereby  appointed  State  geologist  and  shall  hold 
his  office  for  the  term  of  two  years  or  until  his  successor  is  appointed.1 

SEC.  2.  The  State  geologist  shall  be  authorized  to  appoint  a  competent  assis- 
tant, and  also  a  skillful  analytical  and  experimental  chemist,  who  shall  report 
to  the  State  geologist  the  analysis  of  such  soils,  rocks,  coals,  ores,  and  other 
mineral  substances  as  he  may  submit  to  him  for  that  purpose.  He  shall  also 
have  power  to  employ  such  further  assistance  as  he  may  deem  necessary  to 
prosecute  promptly  and  efficiently  the  field  work  connected  with  the  survey. 
All  persons  employed  by  him  shall  be  under  his  direction  and  subject  to  removal 
by  him.  All  the  specimens  of  minerals,  fossils,  rocks,  soils,  coals,  ores,  or  other 
geological  or  mineral  substances  of  any  value  or  interest  to  either  the  practical 
or  amateur  geologist,  and  any  drawings  or  sketches  of  the  same  obtained  or 
made  by  the  State  geologist,  as  well  as  the  copyright  of  the  reports,  and  all 
books  printed  therefrom  shall  belong  to  the  State,  and  no  specimens,  copy, 
draft,  or  part  of  the  same  shall  be  given  away  or  sold,  or  be  permitted  to  be 
carried  away  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act.  And  the  State  geologist 
or  any  of  his  assistants  or  employees  or  any  person  who  shall  violate  any 
provision  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  to  carry 
on  with  as  much  expedition  as  practicable  the  geological  and  mineralogical  sur- 
vey of  the  State,  including  observations  and  examinations  of  the  soil  for  agri- 
cultural purposes.  He  may  also  include  in  his  report  such  matters  as  pertain 
to  physical  geography  and  such  other  matters  as  properly  and  usually  pertain  to 
a  survey  of  this  kind,  it  being  expressly  required  of  the  State  geologist  and  his 
assistant  that  these  duties  be  performed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  to  the 
people  of  the  State  the  greatest  amount  of  practical  information  in  relation  to 
its  resources. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  on  or  before  the  first  Monday 
of  January  of  each  year  to  prepare  a  report  of  said  survey  and  its  progress, 
accompanied  by  such  maps  and  drawings  as  may  be  necessary  to  illustrate  the 
same,  and  transmit  them  to  the  governor,  who  shall  lay  a  copy  of  such  reports 
before  the  general  assembly.  The  State  geologist  shall,  as  far  as  practicable, 
nse  such  words  in  his  reports  as  are  in  common  use,  and  that  he  shall  accom- 

1  It  appears  from  correspondence  that  Professor  Hall  still  considered  himself  as  en- 
titled to  the  appointment,  and  was  inclined  to  resent  Doctor  White's  candidacy.  He, 
however,  declined  to  accept  the  directorship  excepting  under  "  practically  the  same  basis 
as  the  old." 


92  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

pany  each  volume  of  his  reports  with  a  glossary.  It  shall  also  be  his  duty  to 
piepare,  from  time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  the  survey,  communications 
for  publication  in  the  newspapers  of  the  State,  provided  it  shall  be  done  without 
expense  to  the  State,  embodying  such  information  in  reference  to  the  character 
and  quality  of  the  soil,  deposits  of  coal,  minerals,  and  other  valuable  substances 
as  he  may  deem  of  general  interest  and  importance  to  the  public. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  cause  collections  to  be 
made  of  rocks,  soils,  fossils,  coals,  ores,  and  other  mineral  substances  discovered 
or  examined,  which  shall  be  disposed  of  as  follows,  to  wit,  all  rare  specimens  of 
which  duplicates  can  not  be  found,  and  all  specimens  from  which  descriptions 
or  illustrations  are  drawn  for  publication,  shall  be  deposited  in  the  cabinet  of 
the  State  University.  A  full  series  of  the  best  of  such  specimens  as  more  par- 
ticularly exemplifiy  the  economic  geology  of  the  State  shall  be  deposited  in  the 
cabinet  of  the  State  agricultural  college.  All  other  specimens  shall  be  dis- 
tributed to  the  cabinets  of  all  other  organized  institutions  of  learning  in  the 
State,  giving  preference  to  the  State  University,  the  State  agricultural  college, 
and  the  medical  college  at  Keokuk. 

SEC.  6.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum  of 
$6,500  is  hereby  annually  appropriated  for  the  term  of  two  years  out  of  such 
moneys  in  the  treasury  as  are  not  otherwise  appropriated.  This  fund  shall  be 
drawn  from  time  to  time  for  the  purposes  of  the  survey  on  requisitions  signed 
by  the  State  geologist  and  approved  by  the  census  board.  The  salary  of  the 
State  geologist  shall  be  $2,000  annually,  and  the  salary  of  his  assistant  shall  be 
fixed  by  the  State  geologist  in  such  amounts,  not  exceeding  $1,500  annually,  and 
for  such  periods  as  he  may  deem  proper,  but  which  shall  not  exceed  the  term  of 
his  own  appointment.  The  rate  of  pay  of  all  other  persons  employed  by  the 
State  geologist  shall  be  fixed  by  him,  but  shall  not  exceed  the  usual  price  paid 
for  the  kind  of  labor  performed,  nor  in  any  case  shall  it  exceed  $4  per  day. 

SEC.  7.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  contravention  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  are  hereby  repealed,  and  all  appointments  made  under  the  provisions  of 
said  acts  are  hereby  annulled. 

SEC.  8.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  pub- 
lication in  the  Iowa  State  Register  and  Iowa  Homestead,  newspapers  pub- 
lished at  Des  Moines. 

Under  this  act  work  was  immediately  begun,  and  at  the  close  of 
1867  a  preliminary  report  was  made,  which  was  published  in  pam- 
phlet form.  The  continuation  and  completion  of  the  work  was  pro- 
vided for  by  the  following  act : 

An  act  providing  for  the  further  prosecution  and  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of 

the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  T>y  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  That 
for  the  purpose  of  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  that  the 
present  State  geologist  be  continued  in  office,  and  that  the  sura  of  $6,500  be 
hereby  annually  appropriated,  out  of  such  moneys  in  the  State  treasury  as  are 
not  otherwise  appropriated,  until  the  said  survey  is  completed,  or  until  the 
general  assembly  shall  order  its  discontinuance.  This  appropriation  shall  be 
drawn  from  time  to  time  for  the  purposes  of  the  survey  and  the  payment  of 
the  salaries  of  its  officers  as  denned  and  limited  in  chapter  73  of  the  acts  of 
the  eleventh  general  assembly,  upon  requisitions  signed  by  the  State  geologist 
and  vouchers  approved  by  the  census  board  and  filed  with  the  auditor  of  State. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  93 

SEC.  2.  The  State  geologist  is  hereby  required  to  complete  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  January,  1870,  and  to  prepare 
a  full  and  complete  report  of  said  survey,  accompanied  by  such  maps  and  draw- 
ings as  may  be  necessary  to  illustrate  the  same,  and  transmit  them  to  the 
governor,  who  shall  lay  a  copy  of  such  reports  before  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  3.  On  or  before  the  first  Monday  in  each  year  the  State  geologist  shall 
prepare  careful  statements  of  his  accounts  with  the  survey  for  the  previous  year, 
embodying  them  in  the  form  of  a  financial  report,  and  send  the  same  to  the 
governor,  together  with  such  vouchers  as  it  may  be  practicable  for  him  to  ob- 
tain;  and  the  governor  shall  lay  the  whole  before  the  general  assembly,  to- 
gether with  the  report  of  progress  of  the  State  geologist. 

SEC.  4.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  contravention  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  publication 
in  the  State  Register  and  Evening  Statesman. 

Approved  April  8,  1S68. 

I  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  act  was  published  in  the  Iowa  Evening 
Statesman,  April  17,  1S68,  and  in  the  daily  State  Register,  April  19,  1868. 

ED.  WRIGHT,  Secretary  of  State. 

The  thirteenth  general  assembly  failed  to  make  any  provision  for 
the  continuation  of  the  work,  but  passed  the  following  law  pro- 
viding for  the  publication  and  distribution  of  the  report: 

An  act  providing  for  the  publication  of  the  report  of  the  State  geologist  and  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  same. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  That 
the  census  board  be  and  are  hereby  authorized  to  contract  with  the  present  State 
printer  for  3,000  copies  of  the  report  of  the  State  geologist  as  now  presented  to 
this  general  assembly:  Provided,  the  expense  shall  not  exceed  $10  per  copy  for 
the  first  1,000  copies,  and  $4  per  copy  for  each  additional  copy.  Said  report  to 
be  equal  in  every  respect,  mechanically,  to  Hall's  Geological  Report  of  Iowa,  or 
to  the  Illinois  geological  reports;  the  engravings,  views,  maps,  diagrams,  etc.,  to 
be  equally  as  well  executed;  and  the  whole  to  be  bound  in  two  royal  octavo 
volumes:  Provided,  further,  that  the  said  State  printer  shall,  in  consideration 
of  the  copyright  of  the  report,  stereotype  the  work  and  retain  the  plates  and  the 
engraved  stones  and  electrotypes,  and  supply  the  State  on  future  orders  at  $5 
per  copy. 

SEC.  2.  The  State  geologist  shall  superintend  the  publication  of  said  report  and 
be  allowed  a  reasonable  compensation  therefor,  to  be  fixed  by  the  census  board, 
and  paid  out  of  the  fund  heretofore  appropriated  for  the  prosecution  of  the  geo- 
logical survey  and  remaining  unexpended. 

SEC.  3.  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  section  1  of 
this  act  there  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  State  treasury 
not  otherwise  appropriated  the  sum  of  $18,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary. 

£EC.  4.  That  the  report,  when  printed  and  bound,  shall  be  disposed  of  as 
follows — to  wit :  Two  copies  to  every  member  of  the  thirteenth  general  assem- 
bly, every  officer  of  State,  and  each  judge  of  the  supreme  court ;  one  copy  to  each 
person  who  was  a  member  of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  general  assemblies,  to 
each  officer  of  the  senate  and  house,  and  each  regular  reporter  of  the  thirteenth 
general  assembly,  to  the  office  of  each  county  auditor  in  the  State,  to  each 
incorporated  college  and  scientific  institution  in  the  State,  to  each  orphans' 


94  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

home  and  reform  school,  and  to  each  person  who  has  furnished  gratuitous 
material  for  publication  in  the  report ;  25  copies  to  the  State  university,  the 
State  agricultural  college,  the  State  geologist,  and  the  State  library ;  five  copies 
to  the  assistant  and  chemist  of  the  survey ;  two  copies  each  to  the  institutions 
for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  blind,  and  both  hospitals  for  the  insane ;  100  copies 
to  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  governor  and  State  geologist  for  distribution 
to  scientific  men  and  learned  societies  and  colleges  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
State ;  the  remaining  copies  to  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  secretary  of  state 
and  disposed  of  as  the  census  board  may  direct. 

SEC.  5.  That  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  in  contravention  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  pub- 
lication in  the  Daily  Iowa  State  Register  and  the  Daily  Evening  Statesman, 
newspapers  published  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Approved  April  13,  1870. 

Personnel. — The  personnel  of  the  survey  was  limited  to  Dr.  C.  A. 
White,  State  geologist;  Orestes  St.  John,  assistant  geologist;  and 
Rush  Emery,  chemist.  The  appointment  of  assistants  "was  by  law  in 
the  hands  of  the  director  of  the  survey.  The  salary  of  the  State 
geologist  was  fixed  by  the  law  of  March  30,  1866,  at  $2,000  a  year, 
and  that  of  the  assistants  at  amounts  not  exceeding  $1,500  a  year. 

Museum  and  library. — The  law  of  establishment  required  that  all 
specimens,  drawings,  sketches,  books,  etc.,  obtained  or  made  by  the 
State  geologist,  should  become  the  property  of  the  State, 

Expenses. — The  total  expense  of  the  White  survey,  as  indicated  by 
the  appropriations,  was  as  follows:  For  1866  to  1868,  $13,000;*  for 
1868  to  1870,  $13,000(?) ;  for  publications,  $18,000. 

Publications. — Two  reports  of  progress,  under  date  of  1868,  were 
issued,  and  a  two-volume  final  report  of  viii-f  380  and  viii-f  443 
pages,  under  date  of  1870,  the  edition  authorized  by  the  law  of  April 
3,  1870,  being  limited  to  3.000  copies,  at  a  cost,  as  above  noted,  not 
exceeding  $1,800.  The  distribution  of  the  volumes  was  also  controlled 
by  the  same  law,  to  which  reference  may  be  made.1 

THIRD  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  SAMUEL  CALVIN,  1892-1900. 

With  the  close  of  the  White  survey  in  1870,  geological  work  at  the 
expense  of  the  State  was  discontinued  until  1892,  when  it  was  again 
taken  up  under  authority  of  the  following  act : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Town. 
Be  it  enacted  by  tJie  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  loica: 
SECTION  1.  There  is  hereby  created  and  established  a  geological  survey  lor 
the  State  of  Iowa,  which  shall  be  under  the  direction  and  in  charge  of  the 

»  Doctor  White  informed  the  writer  that  some  $2,000  of  this  first  appropriation  was  un- 
expended and  returned  to  the  Treasury. 

*  The  first  annual  report  consisted  of  but  three  pages,  and  a  "  few  "  copies  only  Issued. 
The  matter  was,  however,  reprinted  with  the  second  annual,  together  with  a  number  of 
letters  written  by  Doctor  White  for  the  newspapers  and  while  In  the  field. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  95 

geological  board,  which  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  the  State  auditor,  the 
presidents  of  the  agricultural  college  and  the  State  university,  and  the  Iowa 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

SEC.  2.  The  duties  of  the  geological  board  shall  be  to  have  oversight  and  full 
control  of  the  surveys,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided ;  to  appoint  a  State 
geologist  and  such  expert  assistants,  recommended  by  the  State  geologist,  aa 
may  be  necessary  to  audit  accounts ;  and  to  annually  furnish  for  publication  a 
report  of  the  operations  of  the  survey. 

SEC.  3.  The  duty  of  the  director  or  State  geologist  shall  be  to  make  a  com- 
plete survey  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  State  in  all  their  economic  and 
scientific  aspects,  including  the  determination  of  the  order,  arrangement,  dip, 
and  comparative  magnitude  of  the  various  formations;  the  discovery  and  ex- 
amination of  all  useful  deposits,  their  richness  in  mineral  contents,  and  their 
fossils;  and  the  investigation  of  the  position,  formation,  and  arrangement  of 
the  many  different  ores,  coals,  clays,  building  stones,  glass  sands,  marls,  peats, 
mineral  oils,  natural  gas,  mineral  and  artesian  waters,  and  such  other  mineral 
materials  as  may  be  useful,  with  particular  regard  to  the  value  of  said  sub- 
stances for  commercial  purposes  and  their  accessibilities ;  also  the  quasi  noting 
of  the  characters  of  the  various  soils  and  their  capacities  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses ;  the  growth  of  timber  and  other  scientific  or  natural  history  matters  that 
may  be  of  practical  importance  and  interest  A  complete  cabinet  collection 
may,  at  the  option  of  the  board,  be  made  to  illustrate  the  natural  products  of 
the  State ;  and  the  board  may  also  furnish  suites  of  materials,  rocks,  and  fossils 
for  colleges  and  public  museums  located  within  the  State,  provided  the  general 
State  collection  is  not  made  to  suffer  thereby. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall,  further,  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  make,  or  cause 
to  be  made,  detailed  maps  and  reports  of  the  counties  or  districts  as  fast  as  the 
work  is  completed,  which  maps  shall  embrace  all  such  geological,  mineralogical, 
topographical,  and  scientific  details  necessary  to  make  complete  reports  of  the 
said  districts.  Whenever  the  information  obtained  warrants  it  the  results  of 
any  special  investigation  of  agricultural  or  geological  phenomena  shall  be 
brought  together  in  a  memoir  of  final  report  for  publication,  accompanied  by 
proper  illustrations  and  diagrams.  On  or  before  the  first  day  of  January  of 
each  year  the  State  geologist  shall  lay  before  the  geological  board  a  full  report 
of  the  work  of  the  preceding  year,  together  with  such  minor  reports  and  papers 
as  may  be  considered  desirable  for  publication.  When  occasion  requires  im- 
portant information  may  be  issued  in  the  form  of  special  bulletins  for  the  im- 
mediate use  of  the  people  at  large.  From  time  to  time  items  of  general  interest 
or  announcements  of  new  discoveries  may  be  furnished  the  newspapers  or 
periodicals  for  publication. 

SEC.  5.  The  reports  contemplated  in  this  act  shall,  under  the  direction  of  the 
board,  be  disposed  of  as  follows:  1.  To  each  of  the  present  State  officers  and 
to  each  member  of  this  assembly  who  shall  annually  send  his  address  to  the 
geological  board,  one  copy  of  each  published  volume;  and  to  each  member  of 
any  future  assembly  which  shall  authorize  the  publication  of  any  report,  one 
copy  of  such  report  shall  be  sent.  2.  Twenty  copies  of  each  volume  published 
shall  be  furnished  to  the  State  library;  10  copies  to  the  State  historical  society, 
State  university,  State  agricultural  society,  and  State  horticultural  board;  two 
copies  to  each  chartered  college  and  normal  school  in  Iowa ;  and  to  the  libraries 
of  each  State  institution,  the  Iowa  academy  of  sciences,  Davenport  academy  of 
sciences,  and  to  the  general  officers  of  each  railroad  that  has  furnished  aid  to 

136075-20 8 


96  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  survey.  3.  One  copy  of  each  volume  to  each  public  library;  to  the  library  of 
each  academy  or  other  educational  institution ;  to  each  scientific  society  in  the 
State;  to  each  first-class  library;  to  each  scientific  survey  or  organization  issuing 
regular  publications,  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State;  and  to  each  geologist  of  na- 
tional reputation  on  receiving  his  written  application  therefor.  4.  All  remaining 
volumes,  after  retaining  a  sufficient  number  to  supply  future  demands,  shall 
be  sold  to  persons  making  application  for  them  at  the  cost  price  of  publication  of 
such  volume,  the  moneys  thus  accruing  to  be  turned  into  the  treasury  of  the 
State. 

SEC.  6.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum 
of  $10,000,  or  as  much  thereof  as  may  be  needed,  is  hereby  annually  appro- 
priated for  the  next  biennial  term. 

SEC.  7.  The  members  of  the  board  shall  be  allowed  the  actual  expenses  attend- 
ing the  duties  assigned  them  by  this  act.  The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  and 
his  expert  and  all  other  assistants  shall  be  fixed  by  the  geological  board,  and 
shall  be  a  part  of  and  come  out  of  the  sum  provided  for  in  section  6.  The 
necessary  postage,  stationery,  and  office  expenses  of  the  State  geologist  shall 
be  paid  by  the  State  as  the  expenses  of  other  State  officers  are  provided  for. 
The  expense  of  printing,  engraving,  binding,  and  distribution  of  the  reports 
of  the  survey  shall  be  paid  out  of  any  moneys,  not  otherwise  appropriated,  in 
the  State  treasury  on  warrants  of  the  State  auditor  approved  by  the  geo- 
logical board. 

SEC.  8.  All  previous  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are  hereby 
repealed. 

Administration. — Under  this  act  Prof.  Samuel  Calvin  was  ap- 
pointed State  geologist  and  served  continuously  until  1904.  The  per- 
sonnel during  the  several  years  up  to  and  including  1900  was  as 
follows : 

1892.  Samuel  Calvin,  State  geologist;  Charles  R.  Keyes,  assistant 
State  geologist;  S.  W.  Beyer,  G.  L.  Houser,  C.  D.  Jameson. 

1893.  Geological  corps:  Samuel  Calvin,  State  geologist;  Charles 
E.  Keyes,  assistant  State  geologist;  G.  E.  Patrick,  chemist.     Spe- 
cial and  temporary  assistants:  S.  W.  Beyer,  H.  F.  Bain,  N.  E. 
Newman,  E.  H.  Lonsdale,  A.  C.  Spencer,  A.  G.  Leonard,  F.  C.  Tate, 
C.  D.  Jameson,  A.  J.  Jones,  W.  H.  Norton,  J.  L.  Tilton,  F.  M.  Fultz, 
C.  H.  Gordon,  and  J.  P.  Farnsworth. 

1894.  Geological  corps:  Samuel  Calvin,  State  geologist;  Charles. 
R.  Keyes,  assistant  State  geologist;  G.  E.  Patrick,  chemist;  special 
assistants,  S.  W.  Beyer,  H.  F.  Bain,  N.  E.  Newman,  E.  H.  Lonsdale, 
A.  C.  Spencer,  A.  G.  Leonard,  F.  C.  Tate,  A.  J.  Jones,  W.  H.  Norton, 
J.  L.  Tilton,  F.  M.  Fultz,  C.  H.  Gordon,  and  A.  G.  Wilson. 

1895.  Geological  corps:  Samuel  Calvin,   State  geologist;   H.   F. 
Bain,  assistant  geologist;  special  assistants,  W.  H.  Norton,  S.  W. 
Beyer,  A.  G.  Leonard,  J.  L.  Tilton,  N.  E.  Newman. 

1896.  Geological  corps:  Samuel   Calvin,   State  geologist;   H.   F. 
Bain,  assistant  geologist;  A.  G.  Leonard,  assistant  geologist;  special 
assistants,  W.  H.  Norton,  S.  W.  Beyer,  J.  L.  Tilton,  N.  E.  Newman. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.    10 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  07 

1897.  Geological  corps:  Samuel  Calvin,   State  geologist;  H.  F. 
Bain,  assistant  geologist;  special  assistants,  W.  H.  Norton,  S.  W. 
Beyer,  J.  L.  Tilton,  N.  E.  Newman. 

1898.  Geological   corps:  Samuel   Calvin,   State  geologist;   H.  F. 
Bain,  assistant  geologist;  special  assistants,  J.  B.  Weems  (chemist), 
S.  W.  Beyer,  W.  H.  Norton,  J.  A.  Udden,  N.  E.  Newman. 

1899.  Geological  corps:  Samuel  Calvin,  State  geologist;  H.  F. 
Bain,  assistant  geologist ;  special  assistants,  J.  B.  Weems,  S.  W.  Beyer, 
W.  H.  Norton,  J.  A.  Udden,  T.  H.  Macbride,  F.  A.  Wilder,  B.  L.  Mil- 
ler, T.  J.  Savage,  I.  A.  Williams,  N.  E.  Newman. 

1900.  Geological   corps:  Samuel   Calvin,   State  geologist;    A.   G. 
Leonard,  assistant  geologist;   special  assistants,  J.   B.  Weems,   S. 
W.  Beyer,  W.  H.  Norton,  J.  A.  Udden,  T.  H.  Macbride,  F.  A.  Wilder, 
B.  L.  Miller,  T.  J.  Savage,  I.  A.  Williams,  N.  E.  Newman. 

As  the  law  provided,  the  survey  was  under  direction  of  a  board, 
which  appointed  the  State  geologist  and  such  expert  assistants  as 
he  might  recommend. 

Salaries  and  expenses. — The  salary  of  the  geologist,  who  is  also  pro- 
fessor of  geology  in  the  State  university,  is  $800 ;  that  of  the  assist- 
ant geologist,  $1,500.  The  appropriation  for  1892  was  $10,000  and 
for  1893  to  1900,  $5,000  annually;  a  total  of  $50,000. 

Publications. — Eleven  volumes  of  reports  were  issued,  beginning 
with  1892-,  up  to  1900.  The  size  of  the  editions  was  3,000  volumes, 
of  which  2,000  volumes  were  bound  in  cloth  and  1,000  volumes  in 
paper.  The  cost  of  these  issues  was  as  follows:  Volume  I,  Annual 
Report  for  1892,  $2,600;  Volume  II,  Special  Report  on  Coal,  and  Vol- 
ume III,  Annual  Report  for  1893,  $5,800 ;  Volume  IV,  Annual  Report 
for  1894,  $3,600 ;  Volume  V,  Annual  Report  for  1895,  and  Volume  VI, 
Special  Report  on  Artesian  Wells,  $5,250 ;  Volume  VII,  Annual  Re- 
port for  1896,  $3,750;  Volume  VIII,  Annual  Report  for  1897,  $3,750; 
Volume  IX,  Annual  Report  for  1898,  $4,200;  Volume  X,  Annual 
Report  for  1899,  $5,400 ;  Volume  XI,  Annual  Report  for  1900,  $4,200. 

KANSAS. 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  BENJAMIN  F.  MUDGE,   1864-1865. 

Prior  to  1864  the  little  that  was  known  of  the  geology  of  Kansas 
was  due  to  the  disconnected  and  often  hasty  notes  by  members  of 
various  exploring  expeditions,  as  those  of  Long,  1819-20,  Fremont, 
1842-1844,  Stansbury,  1849,  and  Messrs.  Swallow,  Hawn,  and  F.  B. 
Meek  in  1858.  In  1864  the  matter  of  a  systematic  survey  was  taken 
up  through  the  medium  of  the  following  act,  the  passage  of  which  is 
said  to  have  been  instigated  chiefly  by  Benjamin  F.  Mudge,  who  be- 
came the  first  State  geologist: 


98  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSETJM. 

An  act  providing  for  a  geological  and  mlneraloglcal  survey. 

Re  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Kansas: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint,  with  the  consent  of 
the  senate,  a  State  geologist  for  the  State  of  Kansas,  whose  term  of  service 
shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  March,  A.  D.  1864,  and  end  on  the  first  day 
of  March,  A.  D.  1865. 

SEC.  2.  The  State  geologist  shall  procure  the  necessary  regents  and  all  the 
requisite  apparatus  for  quantitative  and  qualitative  analysis.  He  shall  procure 
the  necessary  assistance  and  proceed  to  classify  the  rocks  and  soils  of  each 
county  of  the  State.  He  shall  visit  and  analyze  the  salt  springs  already  dis- 
covered, and  use  due  diligence  in  efforts  to  discover  others.  He  shall  investi- 
gate coal  formations  and  other  mineral  deposits  by  the  various  appliances 
known  to  the  departments  of  geology  and  mineralogy.  He  shall  analyze  the 
soils  in  the  several  settled  counties,  report  their  depth,  and  show  their  adapta- 
tion for  the  growing  of  particular  grains  and  grasses.  He  shall  immediately 
report  any  important  discoveries  of  valuable  deposits  or  other  matters  of  great 
importance  to  the  State.  He  shall,  during  the  current  year,  collect  and  label 
a  geological  cabinet,  illustrating  the  geology  of  Kansas,  and  shall  deposit  the 
same  with  the  State  librarian. 

SEC.  3.  He  shall,  between  the  first  day  of  November  and  the  first  day  of  Decem- 
ber, A.  D.  1S64,  make  and  deliver  to  the  governor  his  annual  report,  which  shall 
contain  a  complete  detail  of  his  labors  and  discoveries  during  the  year. 

SEC.  4.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  direct  the  auditor  of  the  State  to 
draw  his  orders  on  the  State  treasurer  for  such  sums  as.  in  his  judgment,  may 
be  necessary  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  survey,  said  sums  not  to  exceed 
in  the  aggregate  $3,500  during  the  year.  These  orders  shall  be  marked  "  Geo- 
logical survey  " :  Provided,  That  no  bills  for  services  rendered,  or  expenses  in- 
curred by  the  State  geologist,  shall  be  paid  until  a  detailed  statement,  specifying 
the  number  of  days'  service,  and  the  items  of  expenses  verified  by  affidavit,  and 
approved  by  the  governor  and  filed  with  the  auditor  of  State. 

SEC.  5.  Before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  the  State  geologist  shall 
enter  into  bond  to  the  State  of  Kansas  in  the  sum  of  $5,000,  with  security  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  governor  of  the  State,  conditioned  that  he  will  faithfully 
and  properly  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  he  shall  take  and  subscribe  the 
following  oath : 

"  I, ,  State  geologist  for  the  State  of  Kansas,  do  solemnly  swear  that  I 

will  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  constitution  of  the 
State  of  Kansas,  and  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  my  oflice  as  prescribed 
by  law,  according  to  the  best  of  my  ability." 

SEC.  6.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  remove  such  appointee  for  incom- 
petency  or  neglect  of  duty  and  to  fill  all  vacancies  that  may  occur  by  death  or 
otherwise. 

SEC.  7.  This  act  shall  be  In  force  from  and  after  its  publication  once  in  the 
Topeka  Tribune. 

Approved,  February  10,  1864. 

Administration  and  personnel.— Under  this  law  Professor  Mudge, 
as  stated  above,  was  appointed  State  geologist,  with  Maj.  F.  Hawn, 
a  civil  engineer,  chief  assistant;  G.  C.  Swallow,  paleontologist;  Dr. 
Tiffin  Sinks,  chemist  and  mineralogist;  and  C.  A.  Logan,  botanist. 
The  work,  as  must  be  evident,  was  limited  both  in  time  and  funds, 
and  but  little  accomplished. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  99 

Results. — The  report  of  his  work,  a  pamphlet  of  but  56  pages, 
did  not  appear  until  1866.  The  first  15  pages  of  this  was  given  up  to 
"  General  principles  "  and  the  remainder  to  "  Economical  geology." 

In  part  first  he  recognized  the  following  geological  horizons,  be- 
ginning with  the  oldest  and  lowermost:  (1)  Coal  measures,  (2)  Per- 
mian, (3)  Triassic,  (4)  Cretaceous,  (5)  Drift,  (6)  Loess,  and  (7) 
Alluvium.  It  would  appear  that  the  development  within  the  State 
of  either  the  Sub-Carboniferous  or  the  Tertiary  deposits  was  unrecog- 
nized. In  the  short  notice  given  to  the  Cretaceous  deposits  which 
had  received  very  little  attention,  there  was  foreshadowed  the  dis- 
covery that  the  Kansas  Cretaceous  system  yields  true  chalk. 

Considerable  attention  was  given  in  this  report  to  the  items  of  coal 
and  salt.  In  connection  with  the  former  he  gave  some  account  of 
the  boring  for  coal  which  had  then  begun  in  Leavenworth  County, 
and  a  geological  section  of  the  strata  of  Leavenworth  County  was  given 
to  a  depth  of  400  feet.  This  boring  ultimately  reached  coal  at  a 
depth  of  over  700  feet.  A  full  description  of  the  Tuthill  salt  marsh 
in  Republic  County  was  given,  and  references  made  to  other  de- 
velopments of  salt  brines  in  wells,  streaks,  and  springs.  Some  of 
these  were  compared  with  the  sources  of  salt  utilized  in  New  York 
and  elsewhere,  and  analyses  and  methods  of  manufacture  also  given 
in  detail. 

Expenses. — The  total  expense  of  the  year's  work  was  apparently 
covered  by  the  appropriation — $3,500. 

SECOND  SURVEY  UNDER  GEORGE  C.  SWALLOW,   1805-1868. 
An  act  making  an  appropriation  for  a  geological  survey. 

Be  it.  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Kansas: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint,  with  the  consent 
of  the  senate,  a  State  geologist  for  the  State  of  Kansas,  whose  term  of  service 
shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  March,  1865. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  sum  of  $7,500,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  needed,  Is 
hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise 
appropriated  for  the  prosecution  of  the  geological  survey  for  the  year  1865: 
Provided,  That  services  rendered  or  expense  incurred  by  the  State  geologist 
shall  not  be  paid  until  a  detailed  statement,  specifying  the  number  of  days' 
service  and  the  items  of  expenses,  verified  by  affidavit  and  approved  by  the 
governor,  be  filed  with  the  auditor  of  state. 

SEC.  3.  The  auditor  of  state  shall  issue  his  warrant  on  the  treasurer  of  the 
rtate  for  such  accounts  as  the  governor  shall  approve. 

SEC.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  publica- 
tion once  in  the  Daily  State  Record. 

Approved  February  11,  1865. 

Administration  and  personnel. — Under  this  law  G.  C.  Swallow, 
paleontologist  for  the  first  survey,  became  director.  Otherwise  the 
personnel  remained  as  under  Professor  Mudge's  administration. 


100  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Results. — In  a  single  report,  a  pamphlet  of  192  pages,  issued  in 
1866,  are  given  reports  discussing  the  climate  as  relating  to  health 
and  to  various  forms  of  disease,  rainfall,  and  other  meteorological 
phenomena.  As  the  legislature  had  prescribed  work  to  be  done  in 
each  county,  this  volume  had  a  special  report  on  the  geology  of 
Miami  County,  giving  a  section  of  the  formations  found  therein  and 
investigating  the  questions  of  petroleum,  iron,  and  coal.  Major 
Hawn  contributed  reports  on  eight  counties,  though  these  were  not 
nearly  as  full  as  that  of  Miami,  which  appears  to  have  been  very 
thoroughly  examined  as  a  typical  region  of  the  coal-measure  epoch. 
Briefer  reports  were  made  of  Brown,  Doniphan,  Chase,  Lyon,  Linn, 
Butler,  Osage,  and  Morris  counties.  The  Loess  is  recognized  as  oc- 
curring in  Lyon,  Chase,  and  Morris  counties,  and  also  is  spoken  of 
as  occurring  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  State  in  the  Republican 
Valley.  The  rocks  of  these  three  last-named  counties  are  described 
as  Permian.  Reference  is  made  to  drawings  of  sections  and  lists  of 
fossils,  which  Avere,  however,  never  published,  and  no  further  appro- 
priations were  made  for  continuing  the  work.  It  is  useless  to  dis- 
cuss the  reasons  for  this  discontinuance,  as  the  appropriation  was 
stopped  before  the  report  was  distributed.  When  it  was  finally  is- 
sued the  work  was  severely  criticized  by  geologists  of  the  East,  and 
it  would  appear  that  it  erred  in  making  exact  statements  where  only 
approximations  were  possible,  and  in  attempting  too  much  by  rapid 
explorations  in  obedience  to  an  unreasonable  public  demand  for  im- 
mediate results. 

This  survey  died  a  natural  death  through  the  failure  of  the  legis- 
lature to  make  the  necessary  appropriations.  It  is  stated  that  at 
various  times  between  1866  and  1895  unsuccessful  attempts  were  made 
to  revive  it,  bills  for  that  purpose  being  introduced  at  nearly  every 
session  of  the  legislature.  It  was  not,  however,  until  1889  that  any- 
thing definite  was  actually  accomplished,  when  a  law  was  passed 
under  which  the  survey  at  present  in  progress  was  actually  organ- 
ized in  1895.  (See  Buil.  465,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 

Expenses. — The  appropriations  for  the  two  surveys  amounted  to 
$11,000. 

KENTUCKY. 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  DAVID  DALE  OWEN, 
1854-1SG0.1 

Preliminary  remarks. — In  Collins's  Historical  Sketches  of  Ken- 
tucky (vol.  1,  p.  26) ,  it  is  recorded  that  "  lands  were  granted  by  the 
legislature,  January  31st,  1811,"  at  the  nominal  price  of  10  cents  an 

»  From  manuscript  by  Dr.  Robert  Peter,  State  chemist  of  Kentucky. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.    II 


DAVID  DALE  OWEN 

STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  KENTUCKY,   1854,   OF  ARKANSAS,    1859-60, 
AND  OF   INDIANA,,   1837-38   AND   I860. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  101 

acre,  "  to  encourage  the  building  of  ironworks  and  salt  works,  in 
Pulaski  and  Wayne  Counties,  which  was,  probably,  the  first  appro- 
priation made  by  the  State  toward  developing  the  mineral  resources. 

Two  years  after  Kentucky  was  admitted  as  a  State  in  the  Union, 
in  1790,  an  iron  furnace,  called  Old  State  Iron  furnace,  and  an  iron 
foundry,  were  built  and  established  in  what  is  now  Bath  County 
(previously  part  of  Bourbon  County)  to  utilize  the  very  large  de- 
posit of  iron  ore  in  that  locality,  which  yet  supplies  several  furnaces. 

Doctor  Samuel  Brown,  a  graduate  of  Edinburgh  and  one  of  the 
first  medical  professors  in  Transylvania  University,  early  in  the 
present  century,  gave  much  attention  to  the  natural  history  of  Ken- 
tucky and  contributed  to  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  and  Bruce's  Journal  of  Mineralogy,  a  description 
of  an  unusually  large  niter  cavern  on  Crooked  Creek  in  Madison 
County  (now  in  Rockcastle  County) ;  and  in  the  first  volume  of  Silli- 
man's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  described  the  process 
by  which  the  niter  was  made  and  the  best  theory  of  its  formation 
according  to  the  science  of  his  day;  giving,  in  other  publications, 
descriptions  of  fossils  and  minerals  of  Kentucky. 

A  more  remarkable  explorer  of  early  times  in  this  State  was  Con- 
stantine  S.  Rafinesque,  born  in  a  suburb  of  Constantinople,  in  1784. 
Invited  to  Kentucky  in  1819  by  his  friend,  John  D.  Clifford,  who  was 
one  of  the  earliest  promoters  of  natural  science  in  the  State,  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  natural  science,  etc.,  in  Transylvania  University, 
under  the  Rev.  Horace  Halley.  and  in  1824  wrote  the  most  remark- 
able and  portentous  Annals  of  Kentucky,  which  were  published  as  a 
prefix  to  the  History  of  Kentucky  by  Humphrey  Marshall,  in  which, 
in  only  26  duodecimal  pages,  he  gives  the  geological,  ethnological, 
and  historical  annals  of  Kentucky,  from  the  first  day  of  the  creation 
according  to  Moses,  down  to  the  current  year. 

The  geology  and  history  of  this  singular  production  may  be  esti- 
mated by  the  following  quotations : 

The  parallel  strata  are  formed  in  the  following  way:  1,  limestone;  2,  slate; 
3,  sandstone ;  4,  freestone ;  5,  gist ;  G,  pebblestone. 

By  the  operations  of  submarine  volcanoes  the  strata  of  coal,  clay,  and  amyg- 
daloid are  found  and  intermixed  *  *  *  with  the  above  strata. 

The  fourth  period  of  Kentucky  history  (before  Noah's  flood)  answers  to  the 
sixth  day  or  period  of  the  general  creation. 

And  no  one  criticized  this  wonderful  display  of  learning,  thus  illus- 
trating the  low  state  of  science  in  this  State  in  these  early  times. 

A  remarkable  fact  in  the  history  of  this  active  and  visionary  natu- 
ralist is  that  in  a  letter  written  by  him  to  Prof.  M.  O.  Torrey,  of 
New  York,  dated  December  1,  1832,  he  seems  to  have  anticipated  the 
theory  of  Charles  Darwin  as  to  the  evolution  of  man,  by  the  state- 


102  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

ment  "  that  species,  and  probably  genera  also,  are  formed  in  organ- 
ized beings  by  gradual  deviations  of  shapes,  forms,  and  organs,  tak- 
ing place  in  the  lapse  of  time.  There  is  a  tendency  to  deviations  and 
mutations  through  plants  and  animals  by  gradual  steps. 

This  view  of  the  subject  will  settle  botany  and  zoology  in  a  new 
way  and  greatly  simplify  these  sciences.  The  races,  breeds,  or  varie- 
ties of  men,  monkeys,  dogs,  roses,  apples,  wheat,  *  *  *  anci 
almost  every  other  genus  may  be  referred  to  one  or  a  few  primitive 
species." ' 

In  1836  Dr.  Samuel  P.  Hildreth,  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  contributed  to 
the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  (vol.  29,  p.  1)  a  volumi- 
nous paper,  Observations  on  the  Bituminous  Coal  Deposits  in  the 
Valley  of  the  Ohio  and  the  accompanying  strata,  etc.,  156  pages,  illus- 
trated by  36  pages  of  woodcut  figures  of  fossils  and  sections  of  strata 
throughout  the  text,  in  which  he  gave  many  facts  as  to  the  existence 
of  iron  ore  in  quantity,  salt  water,  petroleum,  inflammable  gas,  and 
coal  in  various  localities,  some  of  which,  he  said,  had  been  commu- 
nunicated  to  him  by  the  present  writer  [Dr.  Peter],  who  at  that 
time,  being  attached  to  the  medical  department  of  Transylvania 
University,  had  obtained  most  of  them  from  the  medical  students 
who  came  from  the  several  localities  in  Kentucky. 

On  December  28,  1838,  W.  W.  Mather  made  a  report  to  Governor 
Clark  of  a  Geological  Eeconnoissance  of  Kentucky,  in  accordance 
with  the  following  joint  resolution  of  the  general  assembly  of  that 
State  and  his  appointment  by  the  governor : 

Whereas,  it  is  important  to  the  agricultural,  manufacturing,  and  commercial 
interests  of  this  Commonwealth  that  its  mineral  wealth  and  resources  should  be 
well  understood  and  be  properly  developed :  Therefore — 

Be  it  resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky, 
That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  governor  of  this  Commonwealth  to  appoint  some 
competent  person  to  prepare  and  report  to  the  next  general  assembly  a  plan,  in 
detail,  for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  this  State,  together  with  the 
probable  annual  expenses  and  the  time  necessary  to  complete  said  survey.  It 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  person  thus  appointed  by  the  governor  to  visit  the 
mineral  regions  of  the  State  and  make  geological  reconnoissance  thereof  and 
report  to  the  next  general  assembly  his  views  thereon,  and  whether,  in  his 
opinion,  the  expense  attending  such  survey,  as  is  proposed,  will  be  compensated 
by  the  facts  to  be  developed. 

And  be  it  further  resolved,  That  to  enable  the  governor  to  carry  into  effect 
this  resolution  the  sum  of  not  exceeding  $1,000  is  hereby  appropriated. 

Approved  February  16,  1838. 

Doctor  Mather's  report  is  comprised  within  40  octavo  pages,  in- 
cluding 7  pages  of  a  "  glossary  of  terms."  His  instructions  were  "  to 
make  a  general  geological  and  mineralogical  reconnoissance  of  the 

1  From  hia  Atlantic  Journal,  Extra  of  No.  6,  Philadelphia,  1833. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       103 

State  and  report  thereon,  together  with  a  plan  in  detail,  with  esti- 
mates, for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey." 

In  this  report  (p.  3)  he  estimated  the  coal  field  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Kentucky  at  7,000  square  miles,  and  said  that  the  coal  measures 
of  the  western  portion  of  the  State  embraced  about  12  counties — 
"most  of  which  is  in  the  Green  River  Valley,"  giving  also  the  ap- 
proximate boundaries  of  these  two  great  coal  fields,  with  remarks 
on  some  of  the  associated  iron  ores,  etc.  "The  remaining  portion 
of  the  State,"  he  remarks  (on  p.  4),  "  is  mostly  occupied  by  limestone 
as  a  substratum,  and  forms  the  richest  and  most  productive  agricul- 
tural region  of  the  State."  He  described  the  three  varieties  of  coal 
found  in  Kentucky — "  the  caking  coal,  the  noncaking  "  (now  called 
"splint  or  block  "  coal),  and  the  cannel  coal,  and  dwelt  on  the  great 
economy  of  the  uses  of  coal  over  wood,  etc.  He  gave  the  localities 
of  many  coal  beds  and  mines  and  of  deposits  of  iron  ores ;  among  the 
rest  a  bed  of  "  calcareous  carbonate  of  iron  15  feet  thick,"  near  the 
old  Buckner  iron  works,  5  miles  southeast  of  Greenville  (p.  9),  and 
the  celebrated  bed  of  oolitic  limonite  ore  (so-called  dyestone  ore) 
near  Old  State  Furnace,  Bath  County,  12  to  18  feet  thick  (p.  17), 
giving  credit  for  many  facts  to  the  Hon.  David  Trimble,  who  had 
recently  made  an  elaborate  report  to  the  legislature  (session  1837-38) 
on  the  Coal  and  Iron  Interests  of  Kentucky. 

After  brief  notices  of  the  "slate  formation"  (Devonian  shales), 
the  niter  caves,  mineral  and  gas  springs,  and  petroleum  outflow,  he 
passed  to  the  limestones,  which  he  classified  as  follows  (p.  29)  : 

1.  The  limestone  beds  in  the  coal  formation. 

2.  The  cavernous  limestone,  below  the  conglomerate  and  above  the  slate  rock. 

3.  The  great  limestone  below  the  slate. 

He  concluded  his  report  with  remarks  on  the  probable  beneficial 
results  of  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey,  and,  in  his  appen- 
dix, gave  his  plan  for  conducting  the  same,  advising  the  appointment 
of  a  chief  geologist,  and  an  appropriation  of  $12,000  a  year  for  four 
years,  etc. 

It  appears  that  no  action  was  taken  by  the  general  assembly  on 
this  report. 

Eight  years  afterward,  on  January  29,  1847,  a  "  Memorial  from 
the  Kentucky  Historical  Society,"  at  Louisville,  by  its  committee, 
composed  of  L.  P.  Yandell,  Henry  Pirtle,  and  S.  S.  Goodwin,  "  in 
relation  to  a  geological  survey  of  Kentucky,"  was  presented  to  the 
general  assembly  of  that  commonwealth. 

In  this  they  spoke  of  the  great  utility  of  such  surveys  and  state 
that  already  18  States  in  the  Union  had  undertaken  them,  and  gave, 
in  extenso,  elaborate  letters  on  the  value  of  such  surveys,  from  Prof. 


104  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

B.  Silliman.  of  Yale  College;  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  of  Boston;  and  Dr. 
D.  D.  Owen  and  Dr.  J.  G.  Norwood,  of  Indiana. 

Doctors  Owen  and  Norwood,  in  their  letter,  spoke  of  the  utility  of 
such  surveys,  in  the  information  they  gave  as  to  the  renovation  of 
soils,  in  the  knowledge  obtained  of  valuable  ores  and  minerals,  of 
building  materials,  and  as  a  guide  to  internal  improvements,  etc. 
They  estimated  the  cost  of  a  general  survey  at  about  $4,000  a  year 
for  three  years,  saying  that  a  full  detailed  survey  would  cost  much 
more  and  require  more  time. 

Prof.  B.  Silliman  dwelt  more  on  the  scientific  benefits  from  such 
a  survey,  and  gave  no  estimates. 

Dr.  Charles  T.  Jackson  especially  advised  attention  to  the  economi- 
cal advantages. 

Preoccupied  by  the  stirring  events  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  the 
legislature  appears  to  have  taken  no  action  on  this  memorial  of  the 
historical  society. 

In  1853  a  "  Memorial  of  the  Agricultural  Associations  of  the  State 
and  Many  Citizens  "  to  the  general  assembly  of  Kentucky  in  an  octavo 
pamphlet  of  16  pages,  with  an  accompanying  Geological  Sketch  Map 
of  Kentucky  ("partly  conjectured"),  colored  to  represent  the  sev- 
eral geological  formations  as  then  known,  was  presented  to  the  legis- 
lature. This  memorial  was  signed  by  Benjamin  Gratz,  George  Rob- 
ertson, and  Robert  Peter,  committee  of  the  Fayette  County  agricul- 
tural and  mechanical  association ;  George  W.  Hancock,  Philip  Speed, 
and  W.  D.  Gallagher,  committee  of  the  southwestern  agricultural 
and  mechanical  association  at  Louisville;  Robert  Mallory,  Daniel 
Brannin,  and  William  S.  Helm,  committee  of  the  Union  agricultural 
and  mechanical  association  of  Shelby,  Henry,  and  Oldham  counties, 
and  Alex.  M.  Brown,  William  C.  Lyle,  and  G.  W.  Williams,  com- 
mittee of  the  Bourbon  County  agricultural  and  mechanical  associa- 
tion. 

The  memorial  was  written  by  Robert  Peter,  who  also  added  the 
map,  which  he  colored  mainly  from  a  geological'  map  which  had 
been  published  shortly  before  this  time  by  a  Mr.  Lawrence,1  who  had 
been  traveling  through  Kentucky,  making  observations  and  lectur- 
ing on  geology.  This  map  showed,  approximately,  the  extent  of 
seven  formations:  blue  limestone,  gray  limestone,  dark  slate,  red 
sandstone,  and  Carboniferous  limestone,  Coal  Measures  and  conglom- 
erate, and  Cretaceous — the  Tertiary  of  the  southwest  corner  of  the 
State  supposed  at  that  time  to  be  of  this  formation. 

The  memorialists  respectfully  urged  the  propriety  of  instituting  a 
geological  survey  of  the  State,  believing  "  that  the  prosperity  of  any 
country  bears  a  relation  to  the  development  and  improvement  of  its 

1  Presumably  Byrem  Lawrence. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       105 

natural  resources  by  an  enlightened  population " :  that  "  no  great 
public  work  promises  to  be  more  valuable  to  Kentucky,  in  proportion 
to  the  amount  of  expenditure  required,  than  a  thorough  geological 
and  mineralogical  survey " ;  and  that  "  a  large  body  of  our  en- 
lightened citizens  are  very  desirous  that  such  a  survey  should  be 
speedily  commenced." 

In  the  same  year  (1853)  W.  TV.  Mather  made  a  "  geological  ex- 
amination of  the  line  of  the  (proposed)  Lexington  and  Big  Sandy 
Railroad,  in  the  employ  of  the  company,  and  in  his  report  to  R. 
Apperson,  president  of  the  railroad  company,  said  that — 

The  line  of  the  road  transverses  a  rich  agricultural  country,  from  Lexington 
to  the  Licking  River,  where  it  enters  the  mineral  region.  *  *  *  The  mineral 
materials  available  along  the  road  and  easy  of  access  are :  Coal,  both  bituminous 
and  cannel ;  iron  ore  in  numerous  workable  beds  of  great  extent  and  good  work- 
ing qualities;  building  stones  and  freestones  of  the  very  best  qualities  in  in- 
exhaustible quantities;  limestones  of  various  qualities,  adapted  for  making 
white  lime  and  hydraulic  cement,  fire  clay,  firestone,  etc. 

He  gave  the  following  "  table  of  the  order  of  superposition  of  the 
principal  masses  of  the  rock  formations :  " 

Coal  formation,  containing  common  and  cannel  coal  and  iron  ore. 

Carboniferous  limestone,  called  the  white  limestone,  and  covered  by  a  seam  of 
iron  ore. 

Fine-grained  sandstone,  the  same  as  the  Waverly  sandstone  of  Ohio,  so  much 
worked  in  that  State  as  fine  building  stone. 

Buff-colored  limestone,  contains  cement  rock  and  some  beds  of  iron  ore. 

Blue  limestone,  under  the  Blue  Grass  region. 

Describing  these  formations  in  detail,  he  gave  estimates  as  to  the 
amount  of  their  valuable  deposits,  to  their  economical  uses  and  the 
business  they  might  give  to  the  proposed  railroad. 

The  people  of  Kentucky  had  become  greatly  interested  about  this 
time  in  internal  improvements,  and  the  development  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  State,  which  were  generally  believed  to  be  great 
and  valuable,  but  the  extent  of  which  was  not  known,  was  a  power- 
ful motive  in  that  direction. 

At  the  next  succeeding  meeting  of  the  general  assembly  of  the 
State,  consequently,  the  first  act  was  passed,  providing  for  a  geo- 
logical and  mineralogical  survey  of  Kentucky. 

This  and  the  other  several  acts  of  the  general  assembly,  under 
which  the  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State  was 
begun  and  continued,  under  the  direction  of  David  D.  Owen,  during 
the  years  1854,  1855. 1856, 185T,  1858,  and  1859-60,  are  as  follows : 

Act  approved  March  4,  1854,  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  mineraloglcal  survey  of  the 

State. 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  required,  as  soon  as  may  be  after  the  passage  of 
this  act,  to  appoint  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of  competent  and 


106  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

practical  knowledge  of  the  sciences  of  geology  and  mineralogy ;  and  said  State 
geologist  shall,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  governor,  appoint  two  suitable 
persons  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a 
competent  and  skillful  chemist. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistants,  as  soon 
as  may  be  practicable  after  his  appointment,  with  as  much  expedition  as  may 
be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  accuracy,  to  commence  and  carry  on  a  thor- 
ough geological,  mineralogical,  and  chemical  survey  of  the  State,  with  a  view  to 
determine  the  order  and  succession,  relative  position,  and  comparative  magni- 
tude of  the  several  strata  or  geological  formations  of  this  State,  and  to  discover 
all  beds  or  deposits  of  ore,  coal,  and  such  other  mineral  substances  as  may  be 
useful  or  valuable,  and  to  analyze  the  same;  and  to  perform  such  other  duties 
as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and  complete  geological,  mineralogical,  and 
chemical  survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  to  make 
full  and  complete  examinations,  assays,  and  analyses  of  such  rocks,  ores,  or 
other  substances  as  may  be  submitted  to  them  for  that  purpose,  and  to  furnish, 
if  required,  a  detailed  and  complete  account  of  the  results  so  obtained ;  and  at 
the  courthouse  of  each  county  in  this  State  in  which  he  may  discover  valuable 
deposits,  the  said  geologist  shall  deliver  a  written  or  verbal  discourse  upon  their 
examinations,  assays,  and  analyses  of  all  such  rocks  and  ores  within  such 
county;  and  said  geologist,  or  his  assistants,  shall  deposit  at  the  clerk's  office, 
of  such  county  in  which  he  may  discover  minerals,  such  specimens  as  he  may 
deem  of  value,  for  the  inspection  of  the  citizens  and  visitors  of  said  county. 

SKC.  4.  He  or  his  assistants  shall  visit  each  county  in  this  State,  beginning 
with  the  mineral  regions,  to  make  such  explorations  as  may  be  sufficient  to  sat- 
isfy him  whether  it  contains  mineral  deposits  and  the  extent,  nature,  and  value 
thereof. 

SEC.  5.  They  to  report  on  or  before  the  1st  of  December  in  each  year,  accom 
panying  the  report  with  such  maps,  drawings,  and  specimens  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same,  to  the  governor,  who  shall  lay  the 
report  before  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  6.  He  shall  forward,  during  the  survey,  such  specimens  of  rocks,  ores, 
coals,  or  other  minerals,  or  useful  matters,  discovered  and  examined,  as  may  be 
proper  and  necessary  to  form  a  complete  cabinet  of  the  specimens  of  geology, 
mineralogy,  and  other  useful  matters.  The  same  shall  be  deposited  in  some 
convenient  room  in  the  State  capitol,  there  to  be  preserved  for  public  inspection. 

SEC.  7.  The  sum  of  $10,000  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  expended  under  the 
direction  of  the  governor:  Provided,  The  principal  geologist  shall  not  receive 
more  than  $7  a  day,  nor  the  assistants  more  than  $5  per  dny  each  for  the  time 
they  are  in  actual  service:  And  provided  further,  That  the  appropriation  herein 
made  shall  only  be  used,  so  far  as  the  governor  may  find,  on  investigation,  neces- 
sary to  obtain  the  services  of  a  competent  geologist  and  assistant,  during  that 
part  of  the  year  when  such  geologist  can  profitably  be  employed  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  such  survey. 

SEC.  8.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  remove  any  persons  appointed  under 
this  act  for  negligence  or  incompetence  or  other  cause  which  he  may  deem  suffi- 
cient for  such  removal,  and  to  appoint  others  in  their  stead. 

SEC.  9.  The  principal  geologist  and  each  of  his  assistants,  before  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  their  offices,  shall  take  oath  faithfully  to  perform  all  the 
services  required  of  them  under  this  act,  and  to  abstain  from  all  pecuniary 
speculations  during  their  progress,  and  that  they  will  not  conceal  any  valuable 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  107 

discovery  or  Information  from  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  land  on  which  such 
discovery  is  made;  but  in  all  things  so  conduct  the  survey  as  will  duly  notify 
the  community  generally,  and  especially  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  land  on 
which  all  such  valuable  discoveries  are  made. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  prosecution  of  the  geological,  mlneraloglcal,  chemical,  topo 
graphical,  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State.  Approved  by  the  governor,  Chas.  S. 
Morehead,  March  7,  1856. 

SECTION  1.  The  State  geologist  is  authorized,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the 
governor,  to  organize  two  topographical  corps — one  to  operate  in  the  western 
division  of  the  State  and  the  other  in  the  eastern  division— in  order  to  carry 
forward  the  geological  survey  with  as  much  dispatch  as  is  consistent  with  accu- 
racy and  minuteness,  so  as  to  develop  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State  and 
at  the  same  time  construct  geographical  and  geological  maps,  showing  its  geo- 
logical and  topographical  features,  commencing  in  the  mineral  regions  of  the 
State. 

SEC.  2.  Chemical  analyses  shall  be  made  of  all  ores,  minerals,  rocks,  marls, 
and  other  materials  of  economical  value ;  also  of  the  soils  derived  from  the  dif- 
ferent geological  formations,  or  such  as  may  present  peculiar  agricultural  inter- 
est; also  all  mineral  waters  to  which  medicinal  or  deleterious  influences  may 
be  ascribed. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  assistants  to  continue 
the  collection  of  all  objects  of  geological,  mineralogical,  or  scientific  interest,  to 
be  placed  in  the  State  collection,  in  the  southwest  room  of  the  capitol. 

SEC.  4.  They  shall  report,  from  time  to  time,  to  the  governor,  all  important 
discoveries,  who  shall  lay  the  same  before  the  people  during  the  session  of  the 
legislature  in  some  public  journal. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  make  to  the  governor  a 
full  geological  report  of  the  discoveries  and  operations  of  the  geological  corps, 
which  report  shall  be  printed  and  laid  before  the  legislature  at  their  meeting 
Ln  1857-58. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  heads  of  the 
geological  corps  to  communicate  such  information,  as  may  be  obtained  by  them, 
to  the  citizens  of  the  State. 

SEC.  7.  Ten  thousand  dollars  per  annum  is  hereby  appropriated  to  be  expended 
within  the  next  two  years  under  the  direction  of  the  governor:  Provided, 
That  the  principal  geologist  shall  not  receive  more  than  $7  per  diem,  nor  his 
assistants  more  than  $5  per  diem,  for  each  day  in  actual  service:  And  provided, 
That  the  survey  shall  be  carried  forward  simultaneously  in  the  eastern  and 
western  mineral  regions  of  the  State  by  the  topographical  corps,  while  the  gen- 
eral reconnoissance  is  extended  over  the  counties  not  yet  explored  by  the  prin- 
cipal geologist. 

SEC.  8.  The  principal  geologist,  or  such  of  his  assistants  as  he  shall  authorize 
In  writing,  shall  have  access  to  the  records,  plates,  profiles,  maps,  field  books, 
and  notes  of  all  surveys  of  roads,  canals,  rivers,  and  railroads  which  have  been 
or  may  be  made  in  the  State,  with  full  authority  to  make  such  copies  or  extracts 
from  the  same  as  shall  be  deemed  useful  and  necessary  for  facilitating  and  ex- 
pediting the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  9.  3o  much  of  an  act,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and 
tninera logical  survey  of  the  State,"  approved  March  6,  1854,  as  is  not  incon- 
sistent with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  *  *  *  the  same  Is  hereby  reenacted. 


108  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

An  act  making  further  appropriation  of  money  for  the  geological  survey,  approved  by 
Gov.  Charles  S.  Morehead  February  17,  1858. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  act  of  the  last  session  of  this  general 
assembly  on  the  subject  of  the  geological  survey,  and  the  same,  so  far  as  appli- 
cable, is  hereby  continued  in  full  force  for  the  next  two  years. 

SEC.  2  *  *  *  That  $25,000  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  appropriated,  to 
be  expended  on  the  geological  survey  in  the  next  two  years,  or  as  much  thereof 
as  may  be  necessary,  payable  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise 
appropriated,  to  be  drawn  by  the  governor's  warrant  on  the  auditor  of  public 
accounts. 

SEC.  3.  That  said  appropriation  shall  embrace  the  amount  which  may  be  found 
due  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen ;  also  any  balance  due  for  printing  the  second  and  third 
volumes  of  the  geological  reports. 

Under  these  several  acts  the  work  under  the  direction  of  Doctor 
Owen  as  chief  geologist  was  carried  on,  including  the  publication  of 
the  four  volumes  of  the  geological  reports  of  the  first  series. 

By  a  letter  from  Doctor  Owen,  dated  March  7,  I860.  Doctor  Peter 
was  informed  that  the  "  geological  appropriation  had  failed  to  pass 
the  house  of  representatives,"  and  that  "Kentucky  will  be  obliged 
hereafter  to  renew  her  geological  survey,  as  it  is  as  yet  an  unfinished 
work." 

After  the  death  of  Doctor  Owen,  which  took  place  in  1860,  the 
following  resolution  was  passed  relative  to  the  property  accumulated 
by  the  survey : 

Resolved  by  tlie  General  Assembly  and  the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky,  That 
the  attorney  general  of  the  State  of  Kentucky  be,  and  hereby  is,  empowered 
and  directed  forthwith  to  adopt  such  measures,  by  suit  or  otherwise,  as  in  his 
judgment  shall  be  proper,  to  obtain  for  the  State  the  immediate  possession  of 
the  geological  specimens,  minerals,  etc.,  in  possession  or  under  control  of  the 
late  D.  D.  Owen,  State  geologist,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  which  are  the 
property  of  this  State,  and  that  said  attorney  general  report  his  proceedings  at 
the  next  term  of  this  general  assembly. 

Approved  February  4,  1S61. 

Expenses. — The  aggregate  cost  of  the  Kentucky  geological  survey, 
during  the  whole  term  of  operation  under  the  direction  of  Doctor 
Owen,  from  1854  to  1860,  as  given  in  the  three  several  acts  of  the 
general  assembly,  was  $55,000,  distributed  as  follows:  The  appro- 
priation for  1854-1856  was  $10,000 ;  for  1856-1858,  $20,000 ;  for  1858- 
1860,  $25,000. 

The  compensation  allowed  to  the  principal  geologist  and  his  prin- 
cipal assistants  remained  as  stated  in  the  act  of  1854  during  the  whole 
of  his  term.  Other  necessary  employees  received  such  wages  as  were 
determined  by  Doctor  Owen. 

Out  of  these  appropriations  was  paid  the  cost  of  publishing  the 
reports,  four  octavo  volumes  with  maps  and  plates,  in  editions  of 
5,000  each.  No  pecuniary  return  was  obtained,  they  having  been 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       109 

distributed  gratuitously  by  the  members  of  the  legislature,  the  officers 
of  the  survey,  and  other  officials.  This  mode  of  distribution,  plac- 
ing these  volumes  of  "  public  documents  "  generally  in  the  hands  of 
persons  who  could  not  fully  appreciate  their  value  resulted  in  the 
fact  that  at  present  these  records  are  rarely  obtainable  by  those  who 
wish  to  consult  them. 

The  cost  of  the  publication  was  large.  Doctor  Owen  wrote  "  that 
the  cost  of  volumes  2  and  3  was  $7,529.19,  of  which  $4,600  was 
for  binding  alone";1  and  the  cost  of  the  other  two  volumes  must 
have  been  at  least  as  great,  so  that  out  of  the  $55,000  appropriated 
at  least  $30,000  must  have  been  spent  for  publications. 

The  only  officer  of  the  survey  who  derived  compensation  from  any 
other  institution  was  Doctor  Peter,  who  was  also  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  medical  department  of  Transylvania  University,  which 
institution  materially  aided  the  survey,  without  any  other  com- 
pensation than  a  collection  of  specimens  derived  therefrom,  by 
giving  the  free  use  of  its  ample  chemical  laboratory  and  apparatus 
as  well  as  that  of  its  valuable  scientific  library.*  The  private  libraries 
and  apparatus  of  Doctors  Owen  and  Peter  also  aided  in  the  economy 
of  the  work. 

The  geological  survey  had  no  library  of  its  own.  A  valuable 
museum  of  the  geology,  paleontology,  mineralogy,  the  soils,  etc.,  of 
Kentucky  was  established  by  Doctor  Owen  in  a  room  in  the  capitol 
at  Frankfort,  but  this  was  destroyed  by  fire  November,  1865.* 

In  1857  Doctor  Owen  accepted  the  position  of  State  geologist  of 
Arkansas,  to  take  effect  as  soon  after  October  1  as  his  engagements 
in  Kentucky  would  permit.  He  began  operations  in  that  State  in 
that  month,  but  he  also  continued  his  general  supervision  and  direc- 
tion of  the  survey  in  Kentucky  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 

Benefits. — Doctor  Owen,  in  the  introduction  to  his  First  Report 
of  a  Eeconnoissance  of  the  Northern  Counties  of  Arkansas,  in  1858 
(p.  13),  giving  "the  results  of  the  geological  survey  of  Kentucky"' 
up  to  that  time,  wrote : 

In  some  of  the  counties,  where  the  labors  of  the  geologist  have  established 
the  existence  of  beds  of  good  workable  coal,  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  land  rose, 
in  a  single  season,  25  per  cent  all  over  the  county,  while  the  value  of  the  land 
in  many  locations  of  the  same  county,  offering  peculiar  advantages  adjacent  to 
navigable  streams,  rose,  in  the  course  of  the  same  period,  from  $5  to  $10  up 
to  $50  and  $GO  per  acre.  And  these  prices  have  remained  up  to  the  present 
time,  showing  the  valuation  was  real,  intrinsic,  and  substantial 

1  See  Reports  of  Geological  Survey  of  Kentucky,  vol.  4,  p.  21. 

'Transylvania  University,  with  all  its  means  of  instruction,  however,  was  and  yet  re- 
mains the  property  of  the  State,  devoted  to  popular  education,  primarily  endowed  by  the 
mother  State,  Virginia,  as  a  "  public  school  or  seminary  of  learning." 

•With  the  reorganization  of  the  survey  under  Professor  Shaler  a  very  extensive  and 
valuable  museum  of  the  survey  was  established  in  fhe  capitol. 


11.0  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Where  the  simultaneous  occurrence  of  both  coal  and  abundant  beds  of  rich 
iron  ore  has  been  proved,  the  rise  in  the  value  of  the  property  has  been  pro- 
portionately greater. 

During  the  whole  period  of  the  survey  under  Doctor  Owen  and 
up  to  the  present  day  in  its  second  epoch  new  beds  of  coal  have  been 
discovered  in  the  detailed  examination  of  the  extensive  coal  fields  of 
Kentucky.  The  location,  the  thickness,  and  extent,  as  well  as  the 
composition,  character,  and  value  of  the  coals  are  given  to  the  public 
in  the  reports,  tending  continually  to  the  development  and  increase 
of  value  of  the  comparatively  unappreciated  territory  of  the  State. 

This  statement  applies  not  only  to  the  coals,  but  also  to  its  asso- 
ciated extensive  iron  ores,  the  fire  clays  and  plastic  clays,  and  the 
limestone  strata  which  underlie  it,  giving  building  stones,  cement 
rock,  and  lime  for  the  architect  and  for  other  purposes.  The  build- 
ing stone  of  the  Knob  or  Waverly  formation,  the  rich  limestone  of 
the  lower  Silurian,  yielding  by  its  ready  disintegration  the  blue-grass 
rich  soil  of  central  Kentucky;  even  the  siliceous  and  aluminous  de- 
posists  of  the  Tertiary  region  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State 
were  described  and  their  technological  value  ascertained  and  shown. 

Lastly,  but  not  least,  Kentucky  being  mainly  an  agricultural  State, 
and  Doctor  Owen  having  a  predilection  for  agricultural  chemistry, 
the  soils  of  the  State  have  been  more  extensively  collected,  analyzed, 
and  studied  in  a  systematic  manner  than  those  of  any  other  territory ; 
and  the  published  reports  of  the  results  of  these  thorough  and  ex- 
tensive examinations  give  very  valuable  information  to  the  intelli- 
gent immigrant,  as  well  as  to  the  resident  farmer  who  can  read  and 
understand  them. 

The  immigration  of  skilled  workers  and  intelligent  agriculturists 
and  the  influx  of  capital  to  settle  and  improve  the  new  lands,  now 
held  at  prices  far  below  their  value,  and  the  development  of  the 
rich  mineral  deposits  of  the  State,  measurably  neglected  or  ignored, 
are  thus  invited,  and  aided  and  by  the  aid  of  new  capital  and  skill 
public  internal  improvements  are  stimulated  and  manufactures  of 
various  kinds  increased. 

The  new  and  accurate  topographical,  geodetical,  and  geological 
map  of  the  State,  with  the  detailed  similar  maps  of  the  several  coun- 
ties, begun  under  Doctor  Owen  and  now  in  progress  of  perfection, 
will  be  of  value  to  the  public  very  far  above  any  reasonable  expendi- 
ture for  the  same. 

SECOND  SURVEY  UNDER  N.  8.  SHALER  AND  J.  R.  PROCTOR,  1873-1893. 

The  death  of  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen  in  Ig60  and  the  threatened  disaster 
of  a  Civil  War  caused  the  discontinuation  of  the  first  survey.  The 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN   139     PL.   12 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  Ill 

importance  of  the  work  was,  however,  recognized,  and  in  March, 
1872,  a  bill  was  introduced  for  its  renewal.  This  was  defeated  in  the 
house  by  a  vote  of — nays,  32;  yeas,  43,  three  less  than  the  constitu- 
tional majority.  In  the  spring  of  1873  the  subject  was  again  taken 
up  and  with  more  favorable  results.  The  following  is  the  text  of 
an  act  passed  at  this  time,  and  its  subsequent  modification  and  addi- 
tions : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  mlneraloglcal  survey  of  the  State. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  required,  as  soon  as 
may  be  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  appoint  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be 
a  person  of  competent  scientific  and  practical  knowledge  of  the  sciences  of 
geology  and  mineralogy;  and  the  said  State  geologist  shall,  by  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  governor,  appoint  two  suitable  persons  to  assist  him  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  competent  and  skilful  chemist. 

SEC.  2.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistants,  as 
soon  as  may  be  practicable  after  his  said  appointment,  to  commence  to  carry  on, 
with  such  expedition  and  dispatch  as  may  be  consistent  with  minuteness  and 
accuracy,  a  thorough  geological,  mineralogical,  and  chemical  survey  of  the  State, 
with  a  view  to  determine  the  order  and  comparative  magnitude  of  the  several 
strata  or  geological  formations  of  this  State,  and  to  discover  and  examine  all 
beds  or  deposits  of  ore,  coal,  flora,  and  such  other  mineral  substances  as  may 
be  useful  or  valuable,  and  to  analyze  the  same;  and  to  perform  such  other 
duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and  complete  geological,  mineralogical, 
and  chemical  survey  of  this  State:  Provided,  That  the  survey  contemplated  by 
this  act  shall  be  a  continuation  of  the  survey  already  made  by  Professor  Owen. 

SEC.  3.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assist- 
ants to  make  full  and  complete  examinations,  assays,  and  analysis  of  all  rocks, 
ores,  flora,  or  other  substances  as  may  be  submitted  to  them  for  that  purpose, 
and  to  furnish,  if  required,  a  detailed  and  complete  account  of  the  results  so 
obtained;  and  at  the  courthouse  of  each  county  in  this  State,  in  which  he  shall 
discover  valuable  mineral  deposits,  the  said  geologist  shall  deliver  either  a  writ- 
ten or  verbal  discouse  upon  their  examinations,  assays,  and  analysis  of  all  such 
rocks,  ores,  and  flora,  within  such  county;  and  said  geologist  or  his  assistants 
shall  deposit  at  the  clerk's  office  of  such  county  in  which  he  shall  discover  min- 
erals or  other  substances,  such  specimens  as  he  shall  deem  of  value,  for  the 
inspection  of  the  citizens  and  visitors  of  said  county. 

SEC.  4.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  geologist  and  his  assistants  to 
visit  and  make  such  exploration  of  each  county  in  this  State,  beginning  with 
the  mineral  regions,  as  will  be  sufficient  to  satisfy  him  whether  it  contains 
valuable  minerals  or  other  deposits,  and  the  extent,  nature,  and  value 
thereof. 

SEC.  5.  That  is  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and  his  assistants,  on 
or  about  the  1st  day  of  December  in  each  and  every  year,  to  make  a  report  of 
the  progress  of  said  survey,  accompanied  with  maps,  drawings,  and  speci- 
mens as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same,  to 
the  governor,  who  shall  lay  such  report  before  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  6.  That  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  said  geologist  and  his  assistants  to 
forward  to  the  governor,  from  time  to  time,  during  the  progress  of  said  survey, 

136075—20 9 


112  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

snch  specimens  of  rocks,  flora,  ores,  coal,  and  other  mineral  substances  or 
useful  materials  discovered  and  examined,  as  may  be  proper  and  necessary  to 
form  a  complete  cabinet  of  the  specimens  of  geology,  mineralogy,  and  other 
useful  materials  of  the  State;  and  the  governor  shall  cause  the  same  to  be 
deposited,  in  proper  order,  in  some  convenient  room  in  the  State  capitol.  there 
to  be  preserved  for  public  inspection.  He  shall  also  furnish  like  specimens  to 
the  Kentucky  University,  which  shall  be  preserved  by  the  officers  thereof,  in 
like  manner,  for  the  use  of  the  scholars  in  said  university  and  the  examination 
of  visitors  thereto. 

SEC.  7.  That,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
the  sum  of  $10,000  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  appropriated,  to  be  expended 
nnder  the  direction  of  the  governor:  Provided,  hoicevcr,  The  principal  geologist 
shall  not  receive  more  than  $10  per  day,  nor  the  assistants  more  than  $7  per 
day  each,  for  the  time  they  are  in  actual  service:  And  provided  further,  That 
the  appropriation  herein  made  shall  only  be  used  so  far  as  the  governor  may 
find,  on  investigation,  necessary  to  obtain  the  services  of  a  competent  geologist 
and  assistants  during  that  part  of  the  year  when  such  geologist  can  be  profit- 
ably employed  in  the  prosecution  of  such  survey. 

SEC.  8.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  remove  any  of  the  persons  appointed 
under  this  act  for  negligence  or  incompetency,  or  any  other  cause  which  he  may 
deem  sufficient  for  such  removal,  and  appoint  others  in  their  stead. 

SEC.  9.  The  principal  geologist  and  each  of  his  ass'stants,  before  entering 
npon  the  duties  of  their  offices,  shall  take  oath  faithfully  to  perform  all  the 
services  required  of  them  under  this  act  and  to  abstain  from  all  pecuniary  specu- 
Istions  for  themselves  or  others  in  the  objects  of  their  survey  dur'ng  their 
progress,  and  that  they  will  not  conceal  any  valuable  discovery  or  information 
from  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  land  on  which  said  discovery  is  made;  but  in 
all  things  conduct  the  survey,  etc.,  as  will  (if  practicable  to  do  so)  duly  notify 
the  community  generally,  and  especially  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  land  on 
which  all  such  valuable  discoveries  are  made. 

This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 

Approved  March  22,  1873. 

An  act  providing  for  the  continuation  of  the  geological,  minernlogicnl.  nnd  botanical  sur- 
vey now  in  progress  in  Kentucky,  and  for  the  prosecution  of  other  surveys. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  A&semWy  of  the  Commomcealth  of  Kentucky: 
SECTION  1.  That  for  the  continuation  of  the  geological,  minera logical,  and 
botanical  surveys  now  in  progress  and  for  the  prosecution  of  the  other  surveys 
hereinafter  mentioned,  there  be  appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury 
not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  $15,000  per  annum  for  the  term  of  two 
years,  viz:  $15,000  for  the  year  beginning  the  first  day  of  January,  1874,  and 
$15,000  for  the  year  beginning  January  1,  1875,  and  ending  December  31  of  the 
same  year,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor. 

SEC.  2.  That  for  the  outfit  of  wagons,  horses,  and  other  camp  equipments, 
together  with  the  necessary  instruments  for  the  field  and  laboratory  work  of 
the  survey,  and  for  the  cases  necessary  for  the  exhibition  of  the  collections  of 
the  survey  in  the  expositions  held  in  our  cities  and  at  Philadelphia  in  1S7G,  as 
well  as  in  the  cabinets  provided  for  at  Frankfort  and  Lexington,  and  for  the 
expenses  of  persons  employed  to  exhibit  and  supervise  the  same,  together  with 
all  other  expenses  incidental  thereto,  there  be,  and  is  hereby,  appropriated,  out 
of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  such  sums,  not  to 
exceed  $3,500,  as  the  governor  may,  from  time  to  time,  direct 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  113 

SEC.  3.  That  the  State  geologist  be  authorized  and  required  to  institute  a 
survey  of  the  water  powers  of  the  State,  to  determine  their  value  and  position; 
that  he  also  be  required  to  make  or  have  made  a  sufficient  study  of  the  fishes 
of  the  State,  so  far  as  the  means  of  the  survey  will  admit;  that  he  be  also  re- 
quired to  cause  to  be  examined  and  reported  on  the  other  animals  of  the  State 
which  may  be  of  economic  or  scientific  importance. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  cost  of  the  publication  of  the  results  of  the  survey  be  made 
out  of  the  appropriation  specified  in  the  first  section  of  this  act:  Provided, 
hoicevcr,  that  the  time  of  publication  and  the  number  of  copies  printed  shall  be 
determined  by  the  governor,  it  being  required  that  all  important  reports  shall 
be  stereotyped  or  electrotyped,  and  the  plates  thereof  remain  the  property  of 
the  State. 

SEC.  5.  The  director  of  the  surveys  shall  be  allowed  to  withdraw  from  the 
State  library  any  books  on  geological  subjects  which  he  may  find  necessary  for 
the  prosecution  of  the  surveys.  He  shall  also  have  the  right  of  access  to  all 
railway,  river,  canal,  or  other  maps  within  the  State,  for  the  purpose  of  copy- 
ing the  same,  as  far  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  work  of  the  suvey. 

SEC.  6.  The  director  of  the  surveys  shall  be  empowered,  from  time  to  time, 
to  publish  in  any  suitable  journal  the  scientific  or  economic  results  of  his 
surveys,  it  being  provided  that  all  discoveries  of  economic  value  shall  first  be 
published  in  the  journal  most  likely  to  give  the  people  concerned  information. 

SEC.  7.  That  the  State  geologist  be  authorized  to  organize  three  topographical 
corps,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  governor,  one  in  the  western  division  of 
the  State,  one  in  the  southern  division,  and  one  in  the  eastern  division,  in  order 
to  carry  forward  the  geological  survey  with  such  dispatch  as  is  consistent  with 
accuracy  and  minuteness,  so  as  to  develop  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State; 
and  at  the  same  time  construct  geographical  and  geological  maps,  showing  its 
geological  and  topographical  features;  and  that  the  topographical  corps  shall 
carry  forward  the  work  simultaneously,  commencing  such  surveys  in  the  min- 
eral regions  of  the  State,  while  the  geological  reconnoissance  is  extended  over 
the  counties  not  yet. explored  by  the  principal  geologist. 

SEC.  8.  That  so  much  of  an  act  entitled,  "An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological 
and  ininera logical  survey  of  the  State,"  approved  March  22,  1873,  as  is  not  in- 
consistent with  the  provisions  of  this  act  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  reenacted. 

This  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  February  13,  1874. 

An  act  to  provide  for  continuing  the  geological  and  other  surveys  of  the  State  of 
Kentucky. 

Be  it  enacted  &//  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commomcealth  of  Kentucky: 

1.  That  the  geological  and  other  surveys  of  the  Commonwealth,  provided  for 
and  ordered  by  the  acts  approved,  respectively,  March  22,  1873,  and  February 
33,  1S74,  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  continued,  subject  to  the  conditions  set 
forth  in  these  enactments,  except  so  far  as  is  hereafter  provided. 

2.  That  the  maps,  reports,  and  other  publications  of  the  survey  shall  be  dis- 
posed of  and  distributed  as  follows:  One  copy  shall  be  given  to  each  member 
of  the  State  government,  and  three  copies,  for  distribution  in  their  respective 
counties,  to  each  member  of  the  general  assembly;  one  to  each  county  and  cir- 
cuit clerk's  office,  to  be  filed  and  retained  therein  as  the  property  of  the  State, 
and  to  be  retained  therein  for  information  and  reference  by  the  citizens  of  said 
county;  five  copies  to  each  officer  of  the  survey  engaged  in  the  preparation 
thereof;  300  copies  shall  be  distributed  to  the  various  public  libraries  and  other 


114  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

public  institutions  and  men  of  science  in  this  and  other  countries  in  the  manner 
most  likely  to  diffuse  knowledge  of  the  resources  of  the  State  and  to  aid  ID 
developing  its  industries;  that  the  remainder  of  the  copies  printed  from  time 
to  time  shall  be  offered  for  sale,  as  may  be  directed  by  the  governor  of  this 
Commonwealth,  at  the  actual  cost  of  printing,  binding,  and  distributing  the 
same. 

3.  For  the  maintenance  of  the  surveys,  as  above  provided,  there  is  hereby 
appropriated,  from  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  aa 
follows:  For  the  further  geological  investigation  of  the  State,  including  the 
salaries  of  the  director  and  his  geological  assistants,  and  their  field  expenses, 
$6,000  per  annum;  for  the  topographical  survey,  including  the  salaries  of  as- 
sistants, and  field  expenses,  $4,000  per  annum ;  for  the  salaries  of  the  chemical 
assistants  and  their  office  expenses,  $3,000  per  annum;  for  the  preparation  of 
stereotype  and  lithographic  plates,  and  presswork,  paper,  and  the  other  expenses 
of  printing  the  reports,  maps,  etc.,  $7,000  per  annum :  Provided,  The  printing 
and  binding  authorized  by  this  act  shall  be  duly  advertised  and  let  to  the  lowest 
responsible  bidder,  under  the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  governor  and 
director  of  the  survey.     For  the  outfit,  expenses  of  the  survey,  the  purchase  of 
horses  and  wagons,  instruments,  etc.,  and  for  office  expenses,  $1,000  per  annum ; 
for  the  purchase  of  cases,  and  the  expense  incident  to  collections  at  the  State 
cabinet  and  elsewhere,  as  provided  and  declared  in  the  act  approved  March  22. 
1873,  $1,000  per  annum :  Provided,  hoiccrer,  That  the  money  not  required  for 
any  of  the  purposes  specified  above  may  be  used  for  the  other  specified  pur- 
poses; and  no  part  of  the  amount  set  apart  for  plates,  printing,  etc.,  shall  be 
used  for  any  other  purpose  until  the  publication  shall  be  fully  completed. 

4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  passage,  and  expire  at  the 
end  of  two  years  from  and  after  passage. 

Approved  February  19,  1876. 

By  an  act  of  April  5,  1878,  providing  for  the  continuation  of  the 
survey,  the  amount  allowed  for  geological  investigation,  including 
the  salaries  of  the  director  and  his  assistants  and  their  field  expenses, 
was  reduced  to  $3.GOO  a  year;  for  chemical  analyses  and  other  lab- 
oratory work  there  was  allowed  $900 ;  for  engraving  of  maps,  plates, 
and  other  illustrations,  $900;  for  stereotyping,  $1,700;  for  office  ex- 
penses and  collecting  of  specimens,  $GOO;  and  for  outfit  expenses, 
$400:  "Provided  always,  That  the  money  not  required  for  any  of 
the  purposes  specified  above  may  be  used  for  other  specified  pur- 
poses." 

The  law  for  the  distribution  of  the  reports  remained  substantially 
as  in  the  act  of  1876 :  Provided,  that  the  first  edition  of  the  reports 
and  other  publications  of  the  survey  should  not  exceed  1,000  copies, 
the  governor,  however,  having  authority  to  order  at  his  discre- 
tion subsequent  editions  of  500  copies  each:  "Provided,  That  the 
photographs  published  shall  be  in  editions  of  not  exceeding  100 
copies,  of  which  50  copies  shall  be  placed  in  public  libraries  in  this 
and  other  countries  as  may  seem  most  likely  to  disseminate  informa- 
tion concerning  the  Commonwealth,  and  the  remainder  shall  be  sold 
nt  the  cost  of  making  and  distributing  the  same." 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       115 

By  the  act  of  April  26,  1880,  the  amount  appropriated  for  geo- 
logical investigations,  including  the  per  diem  of  the  director  "  whilst 
actually  engaged  in  the  direction  of  the  survey,"  and  the  salaries  of 
his  assistants  and  their  field  expenses  was  $4,000  a  year ;  for  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  topographical  survey  and  the  work  on  the  State 
map,  $2,000;  for  chemical  analyses,  $600;  for  research  concerning 
building  stones,  $250 ;  for  the  examination  and  report  upon  the  water 
power  of  the  State,  $500 :  for  the  expenses  of  the  office  of  the  survey 
immigration  and  the  State  cabinet,  $500;  and  for  the  continuing  of 
the  photographing  of  the  State,  $500. 

Sections  4  to  6  of  this  act  provided,  further: 

4.  That  the  governor  shall,  at  this  and  each  regular  meeting  of  the  legisla- 
ture, appoint  a  State  geologist,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate, 
for  the  term  of  two  years,  or  until  his  successor  is  appointed  and  qualified,  who 
shall  reside  at  Frankfort,  and  be  there  at  all  times  when  not  engaged  in  the 
necessary  surveys,  and  who  shall  also  be  a  commissioner  of  immigration.     Said 
commissioner  shall  attend  to  the  office  work  of  the  survey,  and,  in  addition 
thereto,  he  shall  collect,  compile,  publish,  and  circulate,  in  such  manner  and  by 
such  agencies,  and  in  such  places  as  he  may  deem  proper  and  advisable,  in  the 
United  States  and  in  foreign  countries,  pamphlets  and  other  publications  de- 
scriptive of  the  resources  and  advantages  of  this  State,  and  such  other  facts 
and  information  having  a  tendency  to  attract  and  promote  immigration,  and 
otherwise  use  his  discretion  in  the  furtherance  of  immigration,  and  the  bringing 
of  skilled  labor  and  capital  into  the  State.    He  shall  also  collect  and  dissemi- 
nate such  information  as  in  his  judgment  will  best  aid  in  the  founding  of  indus- 
tries to  utilize  and  manufacture  within  the  State  raw  products  of  the  State. 
That  the  reports  of  said  commissioner,  when  presented  to  the  governor  and 
approved  by  him,  shall  be  printed  by  the  public  printer,  at  the  same  charges 
and  upon  the  same  terms  as  similar  work  is  done  for  the  State. 

5.  Said  commissioner  shall  keep  in  his  office  a  record  of  lands  for  sale,  lease, 
or  colonization,  which  record  shall  be  kept  accessible  to  all  persons  inquiring  for 
such  information  as  it  may  contain;  and  he  shall  be  allowed  a  fee  of  $2  for 
making  each  entry  or  record,  to  be  paid  by  the  owner  of  the  land  so  recorded, 
which  fee  shall  be  used  to  hire  the  necessary  clerical  aid  to  make  the  records, 
and  assist  in  the  correspondence  of  the  office. 

6.  Said  commissioner  shall  not,  during  his  term  of  office,  either  directly  or 
Indirectly,  have  any  Interest  in  any  real  estate  agency  or  land  speculations. 

The  legislature  of  1882  passed  an  act  for  the  continuation  of  the 
survey,  in  which  the  amounts  appropriated  vary  slightly  from  those 
just  given,  as  shown  in  the  tabulation  on  page  123. 

The  duties  of  the  State  geologist  remained  the  same,  though  a 
clause  was  inserted  into  section  4  of  the  act  providing  that  the  State 
geologist  should  be  required  to  keep  an  account  of  all  moneys  paid 
out  in  his  department  in  a  book  kept  for  that  purpose,  and  to  be  at 
all  times  open  to  inspection  to  the  members  of  the  general  assembly 
and  other  State  officials.  A  final  clause  to  the  section  provided  that 
the  printing  done  should  be  paid  out  of  the  fund  therein  appropriated. 


lid  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Section  5  of  the  law  of  1882  further  provided  that  no  fee  should 
be  allowed  for  entry  or  recording  the  sale  of  lands,  nor  should  any 
fee  or  commission  be  charged  by  said  bureau  on  lands  so  recorded 
which  might  be  sold  to  immigrants. 

The  act  of  1884  continuing  the  survey  was  essentially  the  same  as 
that  of  1880.  with  some  changes  in  the  amount  appropriated  and 
with  additional  strictures  forbidding  the  State  geologist  and  his 
assistants  to  have  any  financial  interests  in  matters  relating  to  trans- 
actions of  their  office. 

The  act  of  1888  for  the  continuation  of  the  survey  provided  that 
the  geologist  should  not  receive  more  than  $10  a  day  during  such 
time  as  he  was  in  actual  service,  and  that  the  total  salaries  received 
by  him  should  not  exceed  $2,000  a  year ;  also  that  the  geologist  should 
execute  a  bond  in  the  sum  of  $20.000  to  the  Commonwealth  of  Ken- 
tucky, with  good  and  sufficient  surety,  for  the  lawful  discharge  of 
his  duties.  It  also  further  provided,  under  section  3  of  this  law, 
that  the  governor  should  have  power  to  remove  any  of  the  persons 
appointed  for  negligence  or  incompetence;  also  section  8  provided 
that  the  geological  survey  should  be  extended  first  to  the  counties  in 
the  State  which  have  had  no  survey  and  next  to  the  counties  which 
have  had  the  least  survey  made. 

The  law  of  1890  appropriated  the  sum  of  $15,000  a  year  for  two 
years,  to  be  expended  in  the  same  manner  as  indicated  in  the  law  of 
1883-84,  excepting  that  nothing  therein  should  be  construed  to  ap- 
propriate money  for  an  immigration  bureau,  or  "  for  any  purpose 
except  for  geological,  topographical,  and  agricultural  survey  of  the 
State;  chemical  analyses  of  soils,  coals,  ores,  and  other  substances; 
the  collecting  of  and  testing  of  coals,  clays,  building  stones,  ores,  and 
other  substances."  It  also  provided  that  any  money  received  from 
the  sale  of  publications  should  be  placed  in  the  State  treasury  to  the 
credit  of  the  general  revenue.  Otherwise  there  was  no  change  of 
importance. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  of  1873  N.  S.  Shaler,  a  native  of 
Kentucky,  but  at  the  time  professor  of  paleontology  in  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School  of  Harvard  University,  was  made  director,  enter- 
ing upon  his  duties  on  August  22  of  that  year.  With  the  assent  of 
the  governor,  Dr.  Robert  Peter,  of  the  Kentucky  University,  was 
appointed  chemist  and  A.  R.  Crandall,  geological  assistant.  Doctor 
Peter  was  assisted  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Talbutt,  and  Mr.  Crandall  by  P.  N. 
Moore,  J.  A.  Monroe,  C.  "W.  Beckham,  and  C.  Schenk — a  total  of 
eight  persons,  at  an  average  cost  of  $1.200  a  month,  including  sal- 
aries, chemical  supplies,  subsistence,  transportation,  and  repairs. 
The  salary  of  the  director  was  by  law  limited  to  $10  a  day  and  that 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       117 

of  the  assistants  to  $7  a  day  for  the  time  they  were  actually  in 
service. 

The  plan  for  the  conduct  of  the  survey  noted  above  consisted  of : 

1.  A  general  reconnoissance  of  the  ground  in  order  to  secure  the 
outlines  of  the  problems  which  have  to  be  met. 

2.  The  formation  of  an  accurate  topographical  map,  which  should 
give,  on  the  scale  of  at  least  1  inch  of  map  distance  for  every  mile 
of  country,  the  exact  relations  of  every  stream,  hill,  and  valley 
throughout  the  State. 

3.  A  geological  survey  which  should  be  so  exact  as  to  indicate,  on 
colored  sheets  of  this  map,  the  precise  limits  of  each  formation,  so 
that  the  owner  of  any  land,  by  the  use  of  his  map,  and  the  accom- 
panying diagrams  and  reports,  might  be  able  to  determine,  as  nearly 
as  possible,  what  lies  beneath  it. 

4.  A  careful  study  of  living  animals  and  plants  within  the  State, 
in  order  that  their  usefulness  to  man,  the  means  of  their  nurture  or 
destruction,  and  their  relation  to  the  fossil  life,  shown  by  the  geo- 
logical survey,  may  adequately  be  determined. 

5.  The  study  of  the  physical  conditions  existing  in  the  State — 
climate,  magnetic  variations,  etc. 

6.  The  presentation  of  this  knowledge  in  such  fashion  that  may 
be  best  suited  to  secure  its  preservation  and  ready  use  within  the 
State,  and  its  dissemination  abroad. 

7.  The  extension  of  the  study  of  science  within  the  State. 

With  a  view  of  accomplishing  a  maximum  amount  of  work  within 
the  limits  of  the  appropriation,  a  letter  was  addressed  to  many  of  the 
State  senators  and  representatives,  asking  each  to  name,  from  his 
own  county,  some  person  willing  to  make  himself  a  volunteer  agent 
of  the  survey.  As  a  result  of  this  the  following  volunteer  corps  was 
organized:  J.  R.  Anderson,  Rev.  Dr.  Colby,  Prof.  Failes,  W.  O. 
Graves,  W.  T.  Knott,  J.  M.  Litton,  A.  B.  Lyman,  M.  Powell,  Colonel 
Rand,  Thomas  Turner,  and  R.  Twyman.  Subsequently,  and  for 
varying  periods,  the  following  were  added:  C.  J.  Norwood,  J.  B. 
Marcou,  H.  Herzer,  W.  M.  Linney,  assistants  in  geology;  W.  B. 
Caldwell,  assistant  in  mineralogy;  W.  B.  Page,  W.  C.  Mitchell,  E. 
Underwood,  and  J.  B.  Hoeing,  assistants  in  topography;  A.  S. 
Packard,  assistant  in  entomology;  F.  Sanborn,  assistant  in  zoology; 
F.  W.  Putnam,  assistant  in  ichthyology;  J.  Bussey,  assistant  in 
botany;  Lucian  Carr,  assistant  in  ethnology;  L.  Trouvelot,  artist; 
and  A.  L.  Jones. 

The  class  of  information  the  volunteer  corps  was  expected  to 
furnish  is  indicated  by  the  following  10  queries : 


118  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

1.  What  are  the  defects  in  the  representation  of  your  county  on  the 
maps  you  may  have  in  hand  ?    County  lines,  streams,  and  roads,  how 
far  are  they  in  error  ? 

2.  What  are  the  mineral  springs,  or  springs  remarkable  on  ac- 
count of  their  temperature,  volume,  variability,  etc.? 

3.  What  are  the  minerals,  coals,  and  building  stones,  as  far  as 
known?     What  mines,  salt  wells,  and  quarries  have  been  opened? 
And  what  was  the  yield  of  these  materials  last  year? 

4.  What  caverns  exist  in  your  county  ? 

5.  What  are  the  principal  points  where  good  sections  through  the 
rocks  can  be  seen  ? 

6.  What  are  the  principal  varieties  of  soils  in  your  county,  their 
natural  timbering,  crops,  and  the  regions  occupied  by  them  ? 

7.  What  are  the  timber  trees,  and  how  are  they  distributed  in  the 
county  ? 

8.  What  are  the  water  powers  of  your  county,  size  of  streams, 
character  of  shore,  etc.? 

9.  What  is  the  price  of  land  according  to  the  character  of  soil, 
productiveness,  and  availability  for  immigration  purposes? 

10.  What  remains  of  ancient  races  exist  in  your  county? 

The  survey  as  first  organized  had  no  immediate  connection  with 
other  institutions,  although  its  director  was  at  the  time  professor  of 
paleontology  at  Harvard  University  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
and  its  chief  chemist  was  professor  of  chemistry  at  the  State  agri- 
cultural college  at  Lexington.  An  unofficial  connection  was  made 
with  Harvard  through  the  establishment  by  Professor  Shaler  of  a 
summer  school  of  geology,  the  first  sessions  of  which,  through  an  in- 
vitation by  Governor  Leslie,  were  held  in  Kentucky.  Mr.  John  R. 
Proctor,  assistant  on  the  survey,  was  employed  by  the  university  to 
superintend  the  summer  camp,  the  number  of  students  in  which  was 
limited  to  30.  The  survey  was  put  to  no  expense  in  connection  with 
the  school,  the  advantage  gained  by  the  school  being  the  permission 
extended  to  the  students  of  accompanying  the  parties  in  the  field 
to  observe  the  method  of  work  and.  incidentally,  to  profit  by  the 
knowledge  of  the  assistants.  In  exchange  for  this  the  survey  was 
relieved  of  the  expense  of  maintaining  its  own  camp  and  of  trans- 
portation, and  received  the  assistance  of  such  members  of  the  school 
as  were  capable  of  doing  useful  work.  Sessions  of  the  school  were 
thus  held  during  the  seasons  of  1875.  1876,  1878.  and  1879. 

In  April,  1880,  Professor  Shaler,  through  pressure  of  other  duties, 
was  compelled  to  resign  as  director,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  former 
assistant.  John  E.  Proctor.  The  plan  of  procedure  under  Mr.  Proc- 
tor was  outlined  as  follows: 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  119 

1.  A  topographical  and  geological  survey  of  the  two  coal  fields  of  the  State; 
obtaining  information  of  the  area,  thickness,  position,  character,  and  quality 
of  the  various  strata  of  coal  and  iron  ores,  clays,  etc. ;  studying  the  relation  of 
same  to  available  transportation  routes,  and  also  with  existing  resources  in  ad- 
jacent States;  also  a  study  of  the  kinds,  quality,  and  distribution  of  the  tim- 
bers; the  water  powers;  the  character  of  the  soils,  and  the  adaptability  of  these 
soils  to  certain  branches  of  agriculture,  and  the  suitableness  of  the  same  for 
Immigration ;  to  make  the  above  known  to  the  world  by  carefully  prepared  and 
accurate  statements  of  facts. 

2.  The  making  of  such  a  survey  of  the  various  counties  of  the  State  as  will 
best  promote  agricultural  development;  the  analyses  of  the  soils,  subsoils,  and 
tmderclays  of  the  various  geological  horizons;  the  coloring  of  these  horizons  on 
the  map,  in  a  manner  to  enable  the  agriculturist  to  make  practical  use  of  the 
results  obtained.    This  work  I  believe  to  be  of  fundamental  importance,  affect- 
Ing,  as  it  does,  the  well-being  and  prosperity  of  a  large  majority  of  our  people. 

3.  In  connection  with  the  above  the  chemical  and  laboratory  work;  analyses 
of  soils,  clays,  coals,  iron  ores,  mineral  waters,  and  other  substances  collected 
by  the  geological  survey ;  the  practical  testing  of  the  coking  quality  of  coals  and 
testing  of  clays,  etc. 

4.  Topographical  work;  the  making  of  county  maps,  and  coloring  the  geology 
on  the  same;  the  completion  of  an  accurate  map  of  the  State.    The  necessity 
for  a  correct  map  of  Kentucky  can  not  be  overestimated,  none  having  ever  been 
made. 

5.  The  collection,  in  the  State  cabinet,  of  specimens  of  the  coals,  iron  ores, 
building  stones,  clays,  and  other  substances,  showing  the  resources  of  the  State; 
also  a  collection  of  the  fossil  remains  from  the  various  strata,  and  the  arrange- 
ment and  classification  of  the  same  in  a  manner  best  calculated  to  afford  instruc- 
tion to  persons  wishing  to  gain  information  on  such  subjects. 

6.  The  office  work;  preparation  of  reports  for  publication;  reading  of  proof; 
preparation  of  geological  sections  and  illustrations;  drawing  of  maps  and  col- 
oring same;  conduct  of  the  large  correspondence  of  the  survey,  etc. 

7.  Work  connected  with  the  bureau  of  immigration,  placed  by  law  under  the 
geological  survey. 

Museum  and  library. — The  formation  of  collections  to  illustrate 
the  resources  of  the  State  was  advocated,  one  of  the  several  collec- 
tions to  be  deposited  in  the  State  University  at  Lexington,  another 
at  the  capitol,  and  yet  another  for  general  exposition  purposes. 
These  were  to  illustrate — 

1.  The  geological  and  mineralogieal  features  of  the  country. 

2.  Its  soils  and  their  cultivated  productions. 

3.  Its  native  animals  and  plants. 

4.  Its  ancient  life,  both  of  animals  and  man. 

A  valuable  reference  library  is  stated  to  have  been  accumulated, 
but  without  cost  to  the  State. 

Results. — Under  the  administration  of  Proctor  the  results  enumer- 
ated below  were  claimed  as  having  been  accomplished : 

In  western  Kentucky  the  topography  ami  geology  have  been  completed  over 
13  counties,  aggregating  an  area  of  4,870  square  miles;  and  in  addition  the 
topography  has  been  completed  and  the  maps  drawn  ready  for  the  geologist. 


120  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

or  for  the  engraver,  if  it  be  decided  to  print  them  without  the  geology,  of  nine 
counties  in  western  Kentucky,  aggregating  3,564  square  miles. 

Geology  and  topography  have  been  completed  in  17  counties  of  central  Ken- 
tucky, aggregating  4,826  square  miles. 

Topography  has  been  completed,  and  geology  partially  completed,  over  five 
counties  in  south  central  Kentucky,  aggregating  1,829  square  miles. 

Geology  and  topography  have  been  completed  over  an  area  aggregating  at 
least  10,000  square  miles  in  the  eastern  coal  field. 

Thus,  since  the  beginning  of  1SSO,  there  have  been  completed— 

Square  miles. 

la  western  Kentucky,  geology  and  topography 4,870 

In  western  Kentucky,  topography  only 3,564 

Total 8,434 

Central  Kentucky,  geology  and  topography 4, 829 

Eastern  Kentucky 10.  000 

South  central  Kentucky 1,829 


Grand  total 25, 089 

To  the  above  add  completed  work  done  by  the  second  survey  prior  to 
1880;  eastern  Kentucky,  4  counties,  geology  and  topography  com- 
pleted (see  1,  map  No.  1,  accompanying  this  report) 1,070 

Nolin  River  district,  geology  and  topography  completed  (see  4,  map 
No.  1) 264 

Topography  completed,  parts  Menefee,  Wolfe,  etc.  (see  7,  map  No.  1)_.          580 

Topography  Grayson,  Hancock,  and  part  of  Ohio  County  (see  6,  map 
No.  1) 550 


Total 2,464 

The  above  does  not  include  the  mass  of  preliminary  work  don© 
prior  to  1880.  such  as  sections  across  the  western  coal  field ;  nor  does  it 
include  the  work  done  by  the  survey  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  David 
Dale  Owen. 

Appropriations  by  the  Assembly  for  the  Shaler-Proctor  survey,  1873-1893. 
By  act  approved : 

Mar.  22,  1873 $10,000 

Feb.  13,  1874 '$15,000 

==    *30,000 
Feb.  19,  1876— 

For  geological  research,  including  salaries  and  field 
expenses 6, 000 

For  topographical  survey,  including  salaries  and  field 

expenses 4, 000 

For  chemical  assistants  and  expenses 3,000 

For  expenses  incidental  to  publication 7,  000 

For  outfit  for  field  work  and  office  expenses 1,  000 

For  cases  and  collecting  for  State  cabinet 1, 000 


$22,  000 
===      44,000 


1  Annually  for  two  years. 

»An  additional  appropriation  of  $3,500  was  made  to  pay  tbe  exp.nses  of  the  survey'^ 
exhibit  at  Philadelphia  in  1876. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  121 

Appropriations  by  the  Assembly  for  the  Shaler-Proctor  survey,  1873-1898 — Con. 

Apr.  5,  1878— 

For  geological  research,  etc.,  as  above $3, 600 

For  chemical  analyses,  etc.,  as  above 900 

For  expenses  of  publication —  900 

For   stereotyping 1,700 

For  office  and  collecting  expenses 600 

For  field  outfits___  400 


1  $S,  100 

--    $16,200 
Apr.  26,  1880— 

For  geological  research,  as  above  ___________________      4,  000 

For  topographical  survey,  as  above  _________________      2,  000 

For  chemical  analyses,  etc  _________________  —  ______          600 

For  researches  on  building  stone  and  clay  ________          250 

For  research  on  forestry  resources  __________________          250 

For  research  on  water  power  _______________________          500 

For  office  and  collecting  expenses*  _________________          500 

For  photographing  ________________________________          500 


1  $8,  600 

=====      17,  200 

Apr.  1,  1882— 

For  geological  research  ____________________________      4,000 

For  topographical  survey  __________________________      2,500 

For  chemical  analyses  _____________________________          600 

For  office  and  collecting  expenses  ___________________          500 


1  $7,  600 

=========    *  15,  200 

Apr.  19,  1884— 

For  geological  research  ___________________________      6,800 

For  topographical  survey  __________________________      3,600 

For  chemical  analyses  _____________________________      1,  000 

For  office  expenses  and  collecting  __________________          700 

4  $12,100 

--  :  36,  300 

Apr.  16,  1888.  For  all  expenses  as  per  act  of  1884  _______  *  15,  000  30.  000 

May  26,  1890.  For  all  expenses  as  per  act  of  1884  _______  4  15,  000  30,  000 

Total  ______________________________________________________  $228,900 

In  his  report  for  1878-79  Professor  Shaler  had  recommended  the 
continuation  of  the  survey  as  a  "  combined  survey  and  bureau  of 
industries,"  with  the  function  of  bringing  together  detailed  infor- 

1  Annually  for  two  years. 

1  Includes  also  office  expenses  of  Bureau  of  Immigration. 

•  In  addition  there  was  appropriated  the  sum  of  $5,000  annually  for  the  Bureau  of  Im- 
ulgrntion. 

*  Annually  for  three  years. 


122  BULLETIN   10&,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

mation  concerning  the  natural  products  of  the  State  and  aiding  the 
founding  of  industries,  a  line  of  work  which  had  already  been 
forced  upon  the  officers  of  the  existing  organization.  It  was  pre- 
sumably this  recommendation,  in  part,  which  caused  the  legislature, 
in  April,  1880,  to  create  a  bureau  of  immigration  and  place  the  same 
under  the  direction  of  the  State  geologist. 

By  this  act,  and  in  the  capacity  of  ex-officio  commissioner  of 
immigration,  the  geologist  was  required  to  "  collect,  compile,  publish, 
and  circulate  in  such  manner,  and  by  such  agencies,  and  in  such 
places  as  he  may  deem  proper  and  advisable,  in  the  United  States 
and  in  foreign  countries,  pamphlets,  and  other  publications  descrip- 
tive of  the  resources  and  advantages  of  the  State,  and  such  other 
facts  and  information  as  will  have  a  tendency  to  attract  and  promote 
immigration  and  the  bringing  of  skilled  labor  and  capital  into  the 
State." 

The  work  accomplished  along  these  lines  lies  beyond  the  limits  of 
the  present  history.  It  is  well  to  note,  however,  the  statement  of 
Mr.  Proctor  in  his  report  for  1SSG-87  to  the  effect  that  the  legis- 
lature, while  making  of  him  mandatory  requirements  by  the  crea- 
tion of  this  bureau,  made  no  provisions  for  the  carrying  out  of  the 
same  without  trenching  upon  the  appropriations  of  the  survey,  and 
at  the  same  time  the  amount  of  the  appropriation  was  the  smallest 
that  had  thus  far  been  made.  It  would  appear,  therefore,  that  the 
amalgamation  was  decidedly  to  the  detriment  of  the  work  for  which 
the  survey  was  originally  created. 

From  the  annual  reports  and  subsequent  legislation  it  would 
appear  that  matters  relating  to  the  survey  were  not  conducted  in  a 
manner  altogether  satisfactory  to  the  governor  and  to  the  assembly. 
Thus,  under  date  of  January  15,  1892,  it  was — 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky: 

1.  Tluit  the  President  of  the  Senate  appoint  a  committee  on  geological  survey, 
to  he  composed  of  flve  members,  which  shall  act  with  the  house  committee  on 
geological  survey,  and  constitute  a  joint  committee,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  in- 
quire into  and  report — (1)  What  amount  of  money,  and  for  what  purpose,  has 
been  expended  out  of  the  appropriation  made  by  the  last  general  assembly. 
(2)  What  amount  of  said  appropriation  remains  unexpended.   (3)  What  amount 
of  field  work,  including  the  kind  and  locality  thereof,  has  never  been  begun. 
(4)  What  field  work  already  begun  needs  completion,  including  the  cost  required 
to  complete  it.     (5)  Whether  or  not  the  advantages  which  may  accrue  to  the 
commonwealth  justify  a  continuation  of  the  survey.     (0)  If  survey  is  not  con- 
tinued, what  disposition  should  be  made  of  the  cabinet,  library,  and  archives  of 
the  department.    (7)  Any  other  matter  which  the  committee  may  deem  proper; 
and  (8)   report  such  bill  or  resolution  in  relation  to  the  survey  as  the  com- 
mittee may  deem  wise  and  for  the  best  interests  of  the  commonwealth. 

2.  This  resolution  shall,  on  account  of  emergencies  hereby  declared  to  exist, 
take  effect  from  its  adoption. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       123 

It  appears,  further,  that  on  April  30  of  this  year  the  State  inspector 
and  examiner  made  a  report  to  the  governor  unfavorable  to  Mr. 
Proctor's  management  of  the  finances  of  the  survey.  This  was  re- 
plied to  by  the  geologist  in  a  letter  subsequently  privately  printed  and 
circulated  under  the  date  of  May  24,  but  it  was  apparently  without 
effect  so  far  as  the  life  of  the  organization  was  concerned,  and  on 
August  16  we  find  the  following  : 

Resolution  In  relation  to  the  geological  survey. 
Be  it  resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky: 

1.  That  the  auditor  of  public  accounts  is  hereby  directed  to  collect  and  place 
Into  the  treasury  to  the  credit  of  the  general  expenditure  fund  the  sums  of 
money  in  the  hands  of  John  R.  Proctor.  Robert  Clarke  &  Co.,  and  Flexner  & 
Staadeker  arising  from  the  sale  of  publications  of  the  survey,  as  shown  by 
report  of  State  inspector  and  examiner,  made  at  the  present  session  to  the 
president  of  the  senate. 

2.  This  resolution  shall  take  effect  from  its  adoption. 
Approved  August  16,  1892. 

This  was  succeeded  by  the  following  resolutions  and  enactments, 
the  intent  of  which  is  obvious,  and  the  survey  came  to  a  somewhat 
inglorious  end  in  1893  : 

An  act  for  the  benefit  of  the  employees  of  the  geological  survey. 
Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky: 

1.  That,  as  the  sum  now  remaining  to  the  credit  of  the  geological  survey  is 
insufficient  to  meet  all  demands  that  can  legally  be  made  against  the  same,  the 
auditor  of  public  accounts  be,  and  is  hereby,  directed  to  audit,  and,  upon  the 
npproval  of  the  governor,  pay  from  the  balance  on  hand,  and  from  any  other 
sum  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  law,  all  legal  demands 
against  said  survey  for  salaries  due  its  officials,  or  expenses  legally  incurred 
by  them  in  connection  with  said  survey  :  Provided,  however,  That  no  official  con- 
nected therewith  shall  receive  a  greater  sum  for  his  services  than  was  allowed 
by  law  at  the  time  the  services  were  rendered;  and  no  claim  shall  be  allowed 
for  any  salaries  or  expense  after  the  expiration  of  their  terms  of  office  on 
the  2Gth  of  May,  1892. 

2.  That  as  it  is  necessary  that  the  claims  against  the  survey  should  be  paid, 
an  emergency  is  hereby  declared  to  exist,  and  this  act  shall  take  effect  from 
and  after  its  approval  by  the  governor.1 

Resolution  providing  a  curator  for  the  cabinet  and  other  property  of  the  gelogical  survey. 
Be  it  resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commomcealth  of  Kentucky: 

1.  That  the  inspector  of  mines,  In  addition  to  his  other  duties,  shall  be  ex 
officio  curator  of  the  cabinet  and  other  property  of  the  geological  survey,  and 
into  whose  care  and  keeping  all  the  records,  documents,  collections,  instruments, 
apparatus,  books,  maps,  and  other  property  of  the  survey  are  hereby  con- 
fided, and  which  shall  become  a  part  of  his  office. 

2.  All  persons  having  control  or  possession  of  any  of  said  property,  or  the 
rooms  forrierly  designated  or  occupied  for  the  use  of  the  survey,  are  hereby 
directed  to  surrender  the  possession  thereof  to  the  curator. 

Approved  June  20,  1893. 


a  Inw  February  4,  1803,  the  jrovornor  not  havinir  signed  or  returned  the  same 
to  the  house  in  which  It  originated  within  the  time  prescribed  by  the  constitution. 


124  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

An  act  to  amend  n  resolution  entitled  "  Resolution  providing  a  curator  for  the  cabinet  and 
other  property  of  the  geological  survey,"  approved  June  20,  1893. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commomcealth  of  Kentucky: 

1.  That  a  resolution,  entitled  "  Resolution  providing  a  curator  for  the  cab- 
inet and  other  property  of  the  geological  survey,"  passed  by  the  general  as- 
sembly of  1803,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  by  striking  out  all  of  sec- 
tion 1  of  said  resolution,  which   reads  as  follows :     "  That  the  inspector  of 
mines,  in  addition  to  his  other  duties,  shall  be  ex  officio  curator  of  the  cabinet 
and  other  property  of  the  geological  survey,  and  into  whose  care  and  keeping  all 
the  records,  documents,  collections,  instruments,  apparatus,  books,  maps,  and 
other  property  of  the  survey  are  hereby  confided,  and  which  shall  become  a  part 
of  his  office,"  and  substituting  in  lieu  thereof  the  following  words : 

"  1.  That  the  inspector  of  mines,  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  such  inspector, 
shall  be  curator  of  the  cabinet  and  other  property  of  the  geological  survey  or 
department,  and  all  the  records,  documents,  collections,  instruments,  apparatus, 
books,  maps,  and  other  property  of  the  survey  are  hereby  confided  to  his  care 
and  keeping;  and,  as  such  curator,  he  is  hereby  required  to  attend  to  all  corre- 
spondence and  respond  to  all  requests  concerning  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
State  that  come  to  him  in  his  said  capacity ;  to  attend  to  the  distribution  of  all 
published  maps  and  reports  in  his  hands  intended  for  distribution ;  and  to  per- 
from  all  the  duties  devolving  upon  such  a  curator,  so  far  as  is  applicable  in  this 
case;  and  he  shall  whenever  the  general  assembly  shall  direct  and  provide 
therefor,  cause  to  be  printed,  under  his  supervision,  any  or  all  of  the  unpub- 
lished reports  of  the  geological  survey  that  may  be  in  his  custody.  He  shall  be 
allowed  and  paid  §50  per  month  as  compensation  for  his  services  as  such 
curator,  and  shall  give  bond  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties  as  such 
curator,  with  surety  to  be  approved  by  the  governor. 

2.  The  compensation,  provided  for  in  section  1  of  said  resolution,  as  amended 
herein,  shall  begin  only  with  the  date  of  the  approval  of  this  act 

3.  It  being  just  and  proper  that  the  compensation  provided  for  in  section  1 
hereof  shall  become  available  at  once,  since  said  inspector  is  now,  and  has  been 
for  several  months,  performing  the  extra  duties  of  curator,  as  provided  for 
herein,  an  emergency  is  hereby  declared,  and  this  act  shall  take  effect  on  its 
approval  by  the  governor. 

Approved  March  15,  1894. 

LOUISIANA.* 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  EUGENE  W.  HILGARD  AND  F.  V.  HOPKINS,  1869-1871. 

The  first  step  taken  by  State  authority  toward  a  general  survey 
of  the  geological  structure  and  industrial  resources  of  Louisiana 
occurred  during  the  latter  part  of  the  war  of  the  Confederacy,  under 
an  executive  order  of  Gov.  H.  TV.  Allen,  made  early  in  1864.  This 
order  authorized  Judge  John  B.  Robertson,  of  New  Orleans,  to 
begin  a  systematic  investigation  of  the  agricultural,  mineral,  and 
manufacturing  resources  of  the  State.  Judge  Eobertson  took  with 
him  on  the  expedition  "  Mr.  Charles  Tripp,  a  competent  mineralogist 
and  metallurgist;  Mr.  John  H.  Jones,  a  skillful  ironmaster  of  35 

JMalnly  from  manuscript  by  E.  W.  migard. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  125 

years'  practical  experience;  and  Capt.  John  Roy,  a  most  intelligent 
and  practical  machinist  and  artisan,"  and  explored  various  portions 
of  the  State  in  search  of  iron  and  other  minerals.  Judge  Robertson 
was  engaged  for  16  months  in  these  duties,  after  which  he  was  author- 
ized to  make  a  visit  to  the  Calcasieu  region  for  the  purpose  of 
investigating  the  reported  discovery  of  petroleum  and  the  geological 
structure  of  the  region. 

Judge  Robertson  transmitted  his  report  (covering  25  octavo 
pages)  to  the  legislature  of  the  State  at  its  session  in  January,  1867, 
and  at  the  same  time  submitted  a  memorial  suggesting  that  further 
and  more  comprehensive  and  active  investigations  of  this  character 
were  called  for  by  public  exigencies,  but  made  no  direct  proposition 
for  the  organization  of  the  State  survey.  Report  and  memorial  are 
both  printed  in  the  volume  of  reports  of  the  legislature  for  1867.  No 
action  save  that  of  printing  the  report  seems  to  have  been  taken  by 
the  legislature  at  this  time. 

The  ideas  advanced  concerning  the  geology  of  the  region  examined 
were  naturally  somewhat  crude.  There  is  given,  first,  a  general 
statement  regarding  the  physical  aspect  of  the  State.  Then  a  dis- 
cussion is  entered  into  relative  to  the  prairies,  the  alluvial  area,  and 
the  marshes.  Under  the  head  of  "  Geology  "  the  author  stated : 

A  short  distance  beyond  the  Teche  an  older  formation  begins,  extending  over 
the  broad  prairies  of  the  Attakapos,  Opelousas,  and  Calcasieu,  merging  into  the 
Tertiary  and  even  secondary  formation  in  central  and  northern  Louisiana. 
Stratification  of  stone  is  rare,  though  beds  of  stratified  limestone,  conglomerate 
and  siliceous  sinter  are  here  and  there  found ;  while  successive  layers  of  lignite 
underlie  much  of  the  slate.  Vast  hills,  sometimes  over  200  feet  in  height,  have 
been  upheaved  by  volcanic  action,  and  are  covered  with  fragments  of  red 
sandstone  formerly  stratified.1 

The  "  five  islands  "  are  then  described  and  are  also  considered  to 
be  of  volcanic  origin.  The  deposit  of  rock  salt  of  Petite  Anse  is 
mentioned,  and  in  connection  therewith  the  salines  of  north  Louisi- 
ana and  their  deposits  of  bones. 

The  iron  region  of  Louisiana  is  then  mentioned  as  being  very 
extensive.  North  of  the  Red  River  it  was  noted  as  extending  from 
the  Washita  to  the  Bodcau,  and  from  the  Arkansas  line  to  within  a 
few  miles  of  Red  River,  while  south  of  Red  River  it  was  said  to 
cover  large  portions  of  De  Soto,  Natchitoches,  Rapides,  and  Sabine 
Parishes.  In  north  Louisiana  the  iron  ore  is  said  to  be  so  abundant 
as  absolutely  at  some  points  to  obstruct  agriculture.  "Vast  crops 
of  rich  ores  may  be  seen  piled  up  in  the  fields." 

*The  hills  here  alluded  to  are  regarded  by  Prof.  E.  W.  Hilgard  as  evidently  those  capped 
by  the  characteristic  ferruginous  sandstone  of  the  Lafayette  or  Orange  sand,  the  curiously 
suggestive  concretionary  formations  of  which  have  given  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  specula- 
tion among  the  natives,  and  are  often  compared  to  the  ruins  of  a  forge.  See  Report  on 
the  Geology  and  Agriculture  of  Mississippi,  1860,  p.  9. 


126  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  usual  reports  of  the  finding  of  lead  and  copper  were  then 
alluded  to ;  then,  briefly,  the  limestones,  more  or  less  clay  and  ochres 
occurring  at  various  points,  notably  under  the  saliferous  soils  on 
Lake  Bistineau. 

Gypsum  was  mentioned  as  occurring  in  the  salines  of  north 
Louisiana;  also  soda  springs,  from  which,  during  the  war,  baking 
soda  was  boiled  by  the  inhabitants. 

Lignite  and  peat  were  also  discussed,  and  finally  petroleum,  which 
at  that  time  had  excited  high  expectations  in  some  portions  of  the 
State. 

In  November,  1865,  Prof.  Richard  Owen,  then  acting  as  colonel 
of  an  Indiana  regiment  stationed  at  New  Iberia,  cursorily  examined 
the  geological  features  of  Petite  Anse,  with  a  view  to  determining 
the  age  of  the  rock-salt  deposits  there  occurring.  His  conclusions 
were  substantially  to  the  effect  that  the  theory  of  a  volcanic  origin 
of  the  islands  was  wholly  unfounded,  and  that  the  salt  bed  was  prob- 
ably the  result  of  evaporation  of  modern  sea  water  forming  the  la- 
goons behind  the  protecting  ridges  and  filled  during  periods  of  ex- 
ceptionally high  tides. 

In  1866  two  points  in  the  geology  of  Louisiana  were  referred  to 
Prof.  E.  W.  Hilgard  for  investigation.  One  was  the  determination 
and  discussion  of  the  fossil  material  taken  from  a  well  bored  at  New 
Orleans  in  1866  at  a  depth  of  230  feet,  specimens  of  which  had  been 
collected  by  a  committee  of  the  New  Orleans  Academy  of  Sciences 
and  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  chief  of  engineers,  A.  A.  Humph- 
reys. The  second  was  an  examination  of  the  geological  position  and 
relations  of  the  rock-salt  deposits  of  Petite  Anse,  above  referred  to. 
This  latter  proposition  was  made  by  Prof.  Joseph  Henry,  secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  with  an  offer  to  defray  the  neces- 
sary traveling  expenses  out  of  the  Smithsonian  fund.  Other  duties 
compelled  Professor  Hilgard  to  defer  the  examination  of  this  deposit 
to  the  succeeding  year,  but  he  made  a  preliminary  examination  of 
the  fossils  from  the  New  Orleans  well,  which  were  found  in  the  main 
to  agree  with  the  marine  species  then  living  in  the  Gulf. 

In  November,  1867,  in  pursuance  of  a  renewed  offer  of  assist- 
ance from  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Professor  Hilgard  undertook 
the  investigation  of  the  geological  relations  of  the  Petite  Anse  salt 
deposit,  the  solution  of  which  involved  a  general  examination  of  the 
ancient  and  modern  deposits,  as  well  as  the  delta  formations  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  and  adjacent  coasts.  Beyond  the  fact  that  the 
salt  deposit  underlaid  and  was,  therefore,  anterior  to  the  Lafayette 
formations,  and  was  not  an  accidental  lagoon  deposit,  as  had  been 
previously  conjectured  by  Professor  Owen,  no  clew  to  its  real  age 
could  be  found.  Professor  Hilgard  was,  however,  unwilling  to  let 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  127 

the  matter  rest  with  this  unsatisfactory  conclusion,  and  continued  to 
agitate  the  subject  of  a  more  extended  examination  of  the  geological 
features  of  the  State,  both  as  a  matter  of  general  interest  and  also 
in  order  to  determine  whether  the  great  salt  deposit  might  be  expected 
to  be  accessible  at  other  points,  and  if  so,  where. 

The  discovery  of  the  great  sulphur  bed,  which  was  reached  in  bor- 
ing for  petroleum  in  the  coast  region  of  Calcasieu,  increased  the 
public  interest  in  the  subject,  so  that  almost  simultaneously  the 
problem  of  the  geological  structure  of  Louisiana  was  attacked  from 
two'  -sides.  On  the  one  hand,  the  New  Orleans  Academy  of  Sciences, 
aided  by  an  appropriation  of  public  funds  by  the  State  immigration 
bureau,  requested  Professor  Hilgard  to  undertake  a  general  geo- 
logical reconnoissance  of  the  State.  On  the  other  hand,  the  State 
legislature,  by  an  act  approved  March  6,  1869,  made  an  appropriation 
of  $1,000  to  defray  the  traveling  expenses  of  two  professors  of  the 
University  of  Louisiana  (then  located  at  Alexandria  under  the  desig- 
nation of  the  Louisiana  State  Seminary  of  Learning  and  Military 
Academy)  in  making  a  general  geological  and  topographical  survey 
of  the  State,  under  the  direction  of  the  superintendent  of  that  in- 
stitution. The  following  is  the  text  of  this  act  : 


*  An  act  to  provide  for  a  topographical  and  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Louisiana. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  Rfate  of  Louisiana  in  General  Assembly  convened.  That  it  shall  he  the  duty 
of  the  board  of  supervisors  of  the  Louisiana  State  Seminary  of  Learning  and 
Military  Academy  to  require  the  professor  of  engineering  and  the  professors  of 
chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  geology  to  spend  not  less  than  four  months  of  every 
year  in  making  jointly  a  topographical  and  geological  survey  of  the  State  of 
Louisiana  till  the  whole  work  is  completed  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  legisla- 
ture. ,  •  •  •  - 

SKC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  etc.,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  saidj.  professors 
of  engineering  and  chemistry  to  make,  on  the  31st  day  of  September  of  each 
year,  detailed  reports,  with  the  necessary  maps,  diagrams  of  their  survey  to  the 
superintendent  of  said  institution,  and  that  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  superin- 
tendent to  forward  -said  reports,  with  his  own  annual  report,  to  the  board  of 
supervisors  for  transmittal  to  the  legislature  in  the  annual  report  of  said  board. 

SKC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,'  etc:,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  superin- 
tendent of  said-  institution  to  consider  t;he  typographical  and  geological  survey 
of  the  State  as  herein  provided  for,  as  part  of  the  regular  duties  of  said  institu- 
tion, and  to  £ui\erintend  the  same  accordingly. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  etc.,  That  said  professors  of  engineering  and 
chemistry,  etc.,  b$  allowed  each  the  sum  of  $500  for  necessary  traveling  ex- 
penses while  in  the  performance  of  said  duties,  to  be  paid  to  the  treasurer  of 
said  institution  on  the  warrant  of  the  president  or  vice  president  of  said  board 
of  supervisors.  \ 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  further  ^enacted.  etc.,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  and 
after  its  passage. 

136075—20  -  10 


128  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Administration. — Under  this  act  Profs.  E.  W.  Hilgard  and  F.  V. 
Hopkins  were  designated  to  undertake  the  work,  receiving  there- 
for no  compensation  beyond  their  professional  salaries.  Messrs. 
Scott  Miller  and  J.  K.  Walker  accompanied  Professor  Hilgard  in 
the  capacity  of  assistants,  while  Professor  Hopkins  was  assisted  by 
S.  H.  Lockett,  of  the  same  institution,  who  took  charge  more  espe 
daily  of  the  topographical  part  of  the  work. 

The  results  of  Hilgard's  work  were  discussed  in  an  article  en- 
titled Summary  of  a  Late  Geological  Keconnoissance  of  Louisiana, 
published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  for  November,  1869, 
and  also  in  a  more  popular  form  in  De  Bow's  Review  for  September, 
1869. 

From  the  sale  of  the  outfit  of  the  expedition  there  was  obtained 
a  sum  sufficient  to  defray  the  expenses  of  some  chemical  work  on 
the  materials  collected,  which  work  was  performed  at  the  University 
of  Mississippi  by  Dr.  R.  H.  Loughridge. 

The  final  report,  of  44  pages,  including  a  full  discussion  of  the 
entire  subject  matter  of  the  expedition,  was  published  in  1873  at 
New  Orleans,  under  the  auspices  of  the  New  Orleans  Academy  of 
Sciences.  The  edition  consisted  of  but  200  copies. 

Professor  Hilgard's  connection  with  the  survey  ended  with  the 
publication  of  the  report  above  mentioned.  Professor  Hopkins, 
however,  continued  the  work,  his  second  annual  report  forming  part 
of  the  report  of  the  superintendent  of  the  State  University  for  1870. 
Under  his  recommendation,  made  in  the  previous  report,  the  legis- 
lature's appropriation  for  the  survey  had  been  increased  and  some 
compensation  for  their  vacation  work  allowed  the  professors  en- 
gaged therein.  The  exact  amount  of  this  increase  and  the  terms 
in  which  the  provision  was  made  have  not  been  ascertained,  but  the 
total  appropriation  did  not  exceed  $3,000. 

The  third  series  of  survey  reports  (for  the  year  1871),  and  bear- 
ing the  imprint  of  the  Republican  office,  94  Camp  Street,  New  Or- 
leans, 1872,  likewise  formed  part  of  the  report  of  the  superintendent 
of  the  State  University. 

These  reports  terminated  the  publications  of  the  State  geological 
survey  of  Louisiana.  In  1872  there  occurred  political  changes,  as 
a  result  of  which  the  university  for  the  time  being  ceased  oper- 
ations, and  the  faculty,  who  had  for  some  time  been  serving  without 
pay,  in  consequence  of  the  low  value  of  the  State  treasury  warrants, 
dispersed.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  expenses  of  the  last  survey 
operations  had  been  paid  out  of  their  own  pockets.  These  expendi- 
tures, together  with  their  salaries  for  about  the  same  time,  were  never 
repaid,  either  by  the  university  or  the  State.  The  collections  made 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN   109     PL.    13 


CHARLES  THOMAS  JACKSON 

STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  MAINE,    1837-39,  RHODE    ISLAND,  1839-40,  AND 
NEW   HAMPSHIRE,    1839-43. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  129 

by  Lockett,  Hopkins,  and  Featherman  remained  at  the  university 
building  at  Baton  Rouge. 

The  only  additional  geological  work  done  in  Louisiana  under 
Government  auspices  prior  to  that  since  inaugurated  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  and  the  State  experiment  station  was  a 
rapid  reconnoissance  made  in  1880  by  Dr.  R.  H.  Loughridge.  then 
acting  as  special  agent  of  the  Tenth  Census,  under  direction  of  Pro- 
fessor Hilgard.  In  1892  the  work  was  resumed  under  the  direction 
of  the  experiment  station  at  Baton  Rouge,  and  is  still  continued  with 
an  annual  appropriation  from  the  State  of  $5,000,  which  sum  is 
expended  for  salaries,  field  expenses,  and  publications.  From  1892 
to  1S9-!  the  field  operations  were  carried  on  by  Otto  Lerch,  who  was 
succeeded  by  W.  W.  Clendenin,  and  the  latter,  in  1899,  by  Gilbert 
Harris.* 

MAINE. 

FIRST  SUBVEY  UNDER  CHARLES  T.  JACKSON,   1836-1839. 

Organization. — Maine  was  set  off  from  Massachusetts  and  or- 
ganized on  a  basis  of  independent  statehood  in  1820.  The  first  at- 
tempt at  a  public  survey  was  made  in  connection  with  Massachusetts 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  possible  resources  of  the  public 
lands.  The  act  of  organization,  so  far  as  Maine  was  concerned,  was 
passed  March  21, 1836,  and  was  as  follows: 

Resulted,  That  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of  the  council,  is  hereby  author- 
ized to  employ  some  suitable  person  or  persons  to  make  a  geological  survey  of 
any  lands  in  Maine,  where  such  survey,  together  with  the  various  observations 
which  the  surveyors  will  have  opportunity  to  make,  will  probably  lead  to 
a  nioro  accurate  knowledge  of  the  worth  of  the  public  domain. 

This  was  supplemented  on  the  28th  of  the  same  month  by  the  fol- 
lowing: 

Resolved,  That  (in  the  language  of  our  chief  magistrate)  a  geological  survey 
of  this  State,  upon  a  basis  commensurate  with  the  magnitude  and  variety  of  its 
territory,  is  an  enterprise  that  may  rightfully  claim  the  encouragement  of  every 
clnss  of  industry,  as  involving  more  or  less  of  probable  utility  to  each  and  is 
intimately  connected  with  the  advancement  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  of  agricul- 
ture, manufactures,  and  commerce. 

Resolved,  That  the  board  of  internal  improvements  cause  a  geological  survey 
of  this  St.-ite  to  be  made  as  soon  as  circumstances  will  admit,  commencing  in  the 
early  part  of  the  next  summer,  and  they  are  hereby  empowered  to  appoint  and 
contract  with  some  suitable  person  or  persons  to  perform  the  same. 

RcsolrrfJ,  That  it  is  with  pleasure  we  learn  the  intention  of  Massachusseta 
fo  join  us  in  prosecuting  so  much  of  said  survey  as  shall  pertain  to  the  public 
lands:  that  we  cordially  embrace  the  opportunity  of  cooperating  with  her  in 
this  design;  and  that  the  board  of  internal  improvements  are  hereby  directed 

»  See  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Geology  of  Louisiana,  by  G.  D.  Harris  and  A,  Veatch, 
Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,  1899,  pp.  11-44. 


130  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

to  take  such  measures  as  may  be  necessary  to  effect  this  portion  of  the  contem- 
plated survey. 

Resolved,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  internal  improvements  to 
lay  before  the  legislature,  at  its  annual  sessions,  a  detailed  account  of  the 
progress  of  the  survey,  together  with  the  expenditures  in  prosecuting  the  snrne, 

Resolved,  That  the  person  who  shall  be  employed  to  make  the  geological 
survey,  shall  be  required  to  select  three  complete  suites  of  specimens  of  all  the 
rocks  and  minerals  of  Maine  and  deposit  one  of  them  in  the  public  buildings  as 
the  property  of  the  State  and  also  one  in  each  college  in  the  State. 

Resolved,  That  the  sum  of  $5,000  be  appropriated  from  the  treasury,  subject 
to  the  discretion  of  the  board  of  internal  improvements,  and  to  be  expended  by 
them  in  carrying  on  said  geological  survey. 

It  being  found  impossible  to  complete  the  survey  during  the  first 
year,  the  following  resolution  was  passed  in  March,  1837,  for  its 
continuance : 

Resolved,  That  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of  council,  is  hereby  authorized 
to  employ  some  suitable  person  or  persons  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State  at  a  salary  not  exceeding  $1,000. 

Resolved,  That  the  sum  of  .$3,000  be  appropriated  from  the  treasury  of  the 
State,  subject  to  the  direction  of  the  governor  and  council,  and  to  be  expended 
In  continuing  said  geological  survey. 

Resolved,  That  in  addition  to  the  suites  of  specimens  ordered  by  a  former  re. 
solve,  suites  shall  be  collected  for  the  following  institutions,  viz :  One  suite  for 
the  Maine  Institute  of  Natural  Sciences,  one  suite  for  the  Maine  Wesleyan  Semi- 
nary, one  suite  for  the  Westbrook  Seminary,  one  suite  for  the  Parsonsfield  Semi- 
nary, one  suite  for  the  Eastport  Athenaeum,  one  suite  for  the  Bangor  Mechanics' 
Association,  one  suite  for  the  Teachers'  Seminary  of  Gorham,  and  one  suite  for 
the  Maine  Charitable  Mechanic  Association. 

Resolved,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  and  council  to  lay  before 
the  legislature,  at  its  annual  sessions,  a  detailed  account  of  the  progress  of  the 
survey,  together  with  the  expenditures  in  prosecuting  the  same. 

At  the  close  of  the  second  year's  work,  namely,  in  March,  1838,  the 
legislature  passed  a  resolution  to  continue  the  survey  as  follows: 

Resolved,  That  the  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  cpuncil,  is  hereby 
authorized  to  employ  some  suitable  person  or  persons  to  continue  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State  at  a  salary  not  exceeding  $1,500  per  annum. 

Resolved,  That  the  sum  appropriated  for  this  purpose  shall  be  subject  to  the 
discretion  of  the  governor  and  council,  and  be  expended  in  continuing  said 
survey. 

Resolved,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  and  council  to  lay  before 
the  legislature  at  its  next  annual  session  a  detailed  account  of  the  progress  of 
the  survey  together  with  the  expenditures  in  prosecuting  the  same. 

The  immediate  motive  for  the  establishment  of  the  survey  of  1836 
was  the  exploration  of  the  public  lands  belonging  jointly  to  Maine 
and  Massachusetts,  but,  by  the  act  of  March  28,  the  scope  was  broad- 
ened so  as  to  include  a  geological  survey  of  the  entire  State. 

Administration. — In  compliance  with  the  resolutions  of  1836,  the 
following  order  was  issued  by  the  board  of  internal  improvements 
June  25,  1836: 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  131 

Ordered,  That  Messrs.  Hodgdon,  Pillshury,  and  Burn  ham  be  authorized  to  con- 
tract with  Charles  T.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  to  commence  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State,  subject  to  the  instructions  of  the  president  of  this  board,  in  pur- 
suance of  a  resolve  of  March  28,  1836. 

Doctor  Jackson  received  his  commission  from  Governor  Dunlap 
of  Maine  on  July  18,  1836,  and  from  Gov.  Edward  Everett  of 
Massachusetts  on  the  same  date. 

Jackson  was  assisted  during  1836  by  Dr.  T.  Purrington,  of  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  and  James  T.  Hodge,  of  Massachusetts;  during  1837, 
by  J.  T.  Hodge  and  W.  C.  Larabee;  and  1838,  by  Samuel  L. 
Stephenson,  of  Portland,  and  Ariel  Wall,  of  Hallowell,  the  appoint- 
ments being  made  with  the  consent  of  the  governor's  council. 

The  dual  nature  of  the  survey  made  necessary  the  rendering  of 
reports  to  the  governors  of  both  States,  those  relating  exclusively  to 
the  public  lands  being  addressed  to  the  chief  executive  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  those  of  the  more  comprehensive  State  survey  to  that 
of  Maine. 

The  first  report  of  the  public  lands  survey  appeared  in  the  form 
of  senate  document  No.  89,  printed  at  Boston  in  1837,  under  the  title 
of  First  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  Public  Lands  Belonging 
Jointly  to  the  States  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  an  octavo  pam- 
phlet of  some  47  pages.  The  second  report  was  issued  as  house  docu- 
ment No.  70,  Boston,  1838,  and  consisted  of  an  octavo  pamphlet  of 
93  pages. 

Jackson's  first  report  as  State  geologist  appeared  under  date  of 
1837,  as  did  the  report  on  the  public  lands.  It  formed  an  octavo 
pamphlet  of  127  pages.  The  second  report  appeared  in  1838 — an 
octavo  pamphlet  of  168  pages;  and  the  third  and  last  in  1839,  com- 
prising 276  and  Ixiv  pages. 

The  character  of  the  information  furnished  in  all  these  reports 
was  necessarily  somewhat  fragmentary.  Much  of  the  country  was 
covered  by  dense  forest  and  could  be  traversed  only  by  boats  on  the 
larger  streams. 

The  first  reports  on  the  public  lands  dealt  mainly  with  the  country 
along  the  northeastern  boundary,  a  territory  nearly  as  large  as  that 
of  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  Doctor  Jackson  gave  a  somewhat 
general  account  of  the  mineral  resources  and  topography,  while  Mr. 
Hodge,  in  the  second  report,  gave  a  description  of  the  geology  of 
the  land  in  the  vicinity  of  Mount  Katahdin  and  the  region  of  the 
Aroostook,  Penobscot,  the  Alleguash,  the  St.  John,  and  the  St. 
Francis  rivers.  There  was  also  a  chapter  on  the  agricultural  geol- 
ogy and  the  agricultural  resources  of  Maine,  and  a  table  of  baro- 
metric and  therrnometric  observations. 


132  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  reports  of  the  State  survey  proper  naturally  duplicated  in 
large  part,  for  the  first  two  years,  those  of  the  public-land  surveys. 
That  of  1837  announced  the  general  plan  of  the  survey,  the  first 
great  object  being  to  ascertain  the  geological  boundaries  of  the 
State.  This  was  effected  as  follows : 

The  seaboard  from  Lubec  to  Thomaston  was  carefully  examined  so  as  to  deter- 
mine the  nature  and  position  of  the  different  rocks.  Then  the  St.  Croix  was 
explored  and  the  line  followed  onward  to  Houlton.  From  that  place  we  pro- 
ceeded to  the  St.  John  River,  and  pursuing  its  western  bank,  we  obtained  a  sec- 
tion of  the  strata,  which  cross  the  public  lands,  and  crop  out  along  the  source  of 
that  river.  At  the  Grand  Falls  we  took  canoes  and  examined  the  rocks  and 
soils  to  the  Madawaska  River.  By  following  this  plan  *  *  *  we  have  made 
a  reconnoissance  of  two  sides  of  a  very  large  square,  forming  the  eastern  und 
northern  boundaries  of  the  State. 

Some  64  pages  of  the  report  were  given  up  to  a  description  of  the 
topographical  geology,  as  then  determined,  and  30  na<res  to  econom- 
ical geology.  The  second  annual  report  was  likewise  divided,  the  first 
100  pages  being  given  up  to  the  topographical  geology.  4_!  pa  ires  to 
economical  geology,  and  25  to  agricultural  geology.  The  third  and 
last  comprised  122  pages  of  geological  matter.  65  relating  to  agri- 
cultural matters,  a  report  by  Dr.  S.  L.  Stephenson  on  explorations 
of  the  Androscoggin  and  Megalloway  rivers,  and  appendices  giving 
a  list  of  barometric  measurements  and  a  catalogue  of  specimens  in 
the  State  cabinet 

Collections  and  library.— The  acts  of  1836,  1837,  and  1838,  relating 
to  the  survey,  all  provided  for  the  making  of  collections  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  the  various  educational  institutions  'of  the  State. 
These  provisions  seem  to  have  been  faithfully  carried  out.  and.  ac- 
cording to  Jackson's  statement  in  his  third  annual  report  (1839,  p.  6), 
there  was  deposited  in  the  statehouse  at  Augusta  a  collection  of  not 
less  than  1.600  "handsome  specimens  of  rocks,  minerals,  and  soils 
of  the  State,  all  arranged,  labeled,  numbered,  and  described  in  a  com- 
plete catalogue."  In  addition  to  this  10  other  smaller  but  represen- 
tative collections  were  prepared  for  the  colleges,  academies,  and 
societies,  as  provided  by  law.  Owing  to  lack  of  care  the  collection 
in  the  statehouse  was  allowed  to  become  sadly  confused  and  in  part 
lost,  and  a  similar  fate  apparently  befell  the  others  with  the  possible 
exception  of  the  one  presented  Bowdoin  College.  No  library  was 
established  in  connection  with  the  survey. 

The  t}'pical  set  placed  in  the  statehouse  was  removed  from  the 
position  in  which  it  was  originally  placed  to  make  room  for  other 
things.  The  specimens  were  thrown  promiscuously  into  boxes,  and 
as  a  result  the  labels  on  many  of  them  were  destroyed  or  lost  and 
the  specimens  themselves  worthless.  To  add  to  the  confusion,  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  133 

catalogues  accompanying  the  collection  disappeared,  so  that  but  little 
is  now  left  to  represent  the  money  and  talents  expended  in  its  prepa- 
ration. 

In  order  that  the  few  specimens  still  remaining  from  the  general 
wreck  might  be  preserved  as  far  as  possible  from  utter  destruction 
the  legislature  of  1888-89  passed  an  order  as  follows : 

Resolved,  That  the  superintendent  of  public  buildings  be,  and  hereby  is,  author- 
ized and  directed  to  transfer  and  remove  the  geological  specimens,  now  stored 
in  the  basement  of  the  capitol  building,  to  Colby  University,  Waterville,  Maine ; 
and  that  the  governor  and  council  be  authorized  to  draw  a  warrant  for  the 
necessary  expenses  attending  such  removal.  Said  university  as  far  as  it  may 
bt  within  the  power  of  the  officers  of  its  geological  department  so  to  do,  shall 
arrange  and  classify  said  specimens,  label  them  with  a  card  bearing  the  words, 
"  State  Geological  Collection,"  place  them  on  exhibition  during  the  entire  college 
year,  answer  all  questions  in  reference  to  the  same,  addressed  to  said  depart- 
ment by  the  people  of  the  State,  and  in  general  shall  take  all  the  care  and  pre- 
caution which  scientific  institutions  usually  exercise  in  the  preservation  of  such 
specimens.  Said  specimens  to  remain  the  property  of  the  State,  subject  to  the 
order  of  the  legislature. 

In  accordance  with  this  resolution  all  the  specimens  stored  in  the 
statehouse  were  transferred  to  Waterville  and  placed  in  the  pos- 
session and  under  the  care  of  Colby  University. 

The  reports  of  the  survey  were  distributed  in  accordance  with 
the  following  resolutions  approved  March  29,  1837: 

Resolved,  That  there  shall  be  copies  of  the  First  Report  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Maine  distributed  in  the  following  manner,  viz:  Twelve  copies  to  the 
govemor  of  the  State;  one  copy  to  each  member  of  the  council,  senate,  and 
house  of  representatives;  one  copy  to  the  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  land 
agent,  and  adjutant  general ;  one  copy  to  the  secretary,  assistant  secretary,  and 
messengers  of  the  senate ;  one  copy  to  the  clerk,  assistant  clerk,  and  messengers 
of  the  house  of  representatives;  300  copies  of  the  report  and  50  copies  of  the 
plates  to  the  governor  and  council,  to  be  by  them  distributed ;  two  copies  to  each 
of  the  colleges  in  the  State;  one  copy  to  the  theological  institution  at  Rangor; 
one  copy  to  each  of  the  incorporated  literary  institutions  and  academies  in  the 
State;  one  copy  to  the  Maine  Medical  School;  one  copy  to  the  Maine  Historical 
Society;  one  copy  to  the  Maine  Institute  of  Natural  Science;  one  copy  to  each 
of  the  incorporated  agricultural  societies  in  the  State;  12  copies  to  the  geo- 
logical surveyor:  three  copies  to  each  of  his  assistants  and  three  to  the  drafts- 
man ;  five  copies  to  the  library  of  the  State :  one  copy  to  each  of  the  clerks  in 
the  several  departments  of  this  State;  one  copy  to  the  executive  of  each  of  the 
States  in  the  Union;  one  copy  to  each  of  the  colleges  in  New  England  except 
those  in  this  State;  one  copy  to  the  Americnn  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences; 
one  copy  to  the  Antiquarian  Society  in  Worcester  (Mass.) ;  two  copies  to  the 
library  of  the  United  States:  one  copy  with  the  plates  to  the  surveyor  general 
of  this  State:  one  copy  with  the  plates  to  each  chaplain  of  the  senate  and  house 
of  representatives. 

Resolved,  That  two  copies  of  the  report  and  one  copy  of  the  plates  shall  be 
distributed  to  each  of  the  cities,  towns,  and  organized  plantations,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  edition  of  reports  and  plates  shall  be  equally  divided  among  the 


134  BULLETIN  100,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL,   MUSEUM. 

senators  and  representatives,  to  be  by  them  distributed  among  the  people-in  their 
several  school  districts  or  otherwise,  according  to  their  discretion. 

Benefits  and  Results. — As  a  principal  result  of  his  operations 
Doctor  Jackson  states: 

The  public  lands  have  been  augmented  in  value  by  spreading  information 
abroad  respecting  their  nature  and  capability  of  cultivation.  The  value  of  in- 
dividual property,  the  aggregate  of  which  forms  the  sum  of  the  State  wealth, 
has  been  greatly  increased ;  new  resources  have  been  discovered,  and  the  extent 
and  value  of  those  but  little  known  have  been  ascertained  and  reported.  Mines 
and  minerals  which,  when  wrought,  will  bring  a  large  capital  into  the  State, 
will  serve  to  relieve  the  community  generally  by  creating  more  taxable  property, 
and  thus  removing  a  share  of  the  public  burthen  from  the  shoulders  of  evei-y 
individual.  Materials  now  imported  at  a  high  cost  will  be  produced  at  a  cheaper 
rate  within  the  limits  of  the  State  and  domestic  industry,  skill,  and  capital  will 
be  brought  forward.  Iron  and  glass  may  be  manufactured  advantageously  in 
Maine,  and  these  two  articles  are  of  more  general  use  and  require  more  expendi- 
ture than  any  others  imported  into  the  State.  It  will  be  hereafter  a  matter  of 
astonishment  that  Maine  ever  had  to  import  her  iron  and  glass  as  much  so  as 
that  she  formerly  did  not  supply  her  citizens  with  bread.  Slate  quarries,  equal 
if  not  superior  to  those  of  Wales,  have  lain  neglected  in  Maine  for  ages,  while 
the  houses  of  Portland,  Bangor,  and  even  the  statehouse  itself  are  covered  with 
foreign  slate. 

Since  a  new  demand  for  lime  has  been  created  for  agricultural  use,  it  became 
very  important  to  know  whether  the  interior  of  the  State  possessed  valuable 
beds  of  limestone,  for  it  is  evident  that  the  farmers  could  not  use  lime  exten- 
sively on  their  soil  unless  it  could  be  obtained  at  a  low  price.  We  are  enabled 
to  point  out  immense  and  inexhaustible  supplies  of  this  useful  substance,  in  the 
very  regions  where  it  is  most  required,  and  to  demonstrate  its  capability  of 
answering  for  every  ordinary  use. 

In  concluding,  he  adds: 

Maine  has  already  gained  great  credit  for  her  liberal  views  in  undertaking  a 
geological  survey  of  the  State,  and  so  important  has  the  work  proved  to  the 
community  generally  that  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  she  will  carry  it  forward  to  its 
full  completion. 

A  final  appendix  to  this  report  is  a  catalogue  of  1,566  specimens 
that  had  been  collected  by  the  members  of  the  survey  and  deposited 
in  the  statehouse  for  exhibition.  As  already  noted,  smaller  collections 
had  been  presented  to  Bowdoin  College  and  to  the  other  educational 
institutions  mentioned  in  the  resolution  of  1837. 

Although  Doctor  Jackson  had  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  he 
had  been  able  to  do  no  more  than  make  a  very  superficial  examina- 
tion of  the  geology  of  the  State  and  to  lay  a  foundation  upon  which 
more  exact  knowledge  might  be  erected,  the  legislature,  nevertheless, 
decided  to  let  the  matter  rest,  so  that  nothing  more  was  done  in  the 
interest  of  the  subject  for  the  next  23  years.  In  the  meanwhile  the 
collections  which  had  been  made  with  so  much  trouble  and  care 
were  neglected,  as  already  noted. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  135 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL    (AND  NATURAL   HISTORY)    SURVEY   UNDER  BOARD   OF 
AGRICULTURE  AND  C.  H.  HITCHCOCK,  1861-1862. 

In  1861,  under  the  influence  of  the  board  of  agriculture,  a  scien- 
tific survey  of  the  State  was  established.  The  following  is  the 
transcript  of  the  act  of  March  16  of  that  year : 

Resolved,  That  the  governor,  with  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  agriculture,  is 
hereby  authorized  to  contract  with  some  suitable  person  or  persons  to  conduct  a 
scientific  survey  of  the  State;  said  survey  to  embrace  its  geology,  agriculture, 
natural  history,  and  physical  geography. 

Resolved,  That  the  person  or  persons  who  shall  conduct  this  survey  shall 
analyze  soils,  minerals,  or  other  deposits  whenever  such  may  be  found  of  a  char- 
acter demanding  minute  and  careful  investigation  into  their  characteristics  and 
economical  value. 

Resolved,  That  the  person  or  persons  so  employed  by  the  State  shall  collect 
and  prepare  for  deposit  in  the  public  buildings,  specimens  illustrative  of  the 
geology,  agriculture,  and  natural  history  of  the  State. 

Resolved,  That  the  person  or  persons  so  employed  in  prosecuting  this  survey 
shall  be  required  to  present  to  the  legislature,  on  or  before  the  third  Wednesday 
of  January  in  each  year,  a  report  of  his  or  their  proceedings  and  progress,  to- 
gether with  such  suggestions  as  may  be  deemed  useful,  which  report  shall  be 
published  in  connection  with  -and  incorporated  in  the  annual  report  of  the 
secretary  of  the  board  of  agriculture. 

Resolved,  That  the  sum  of  $3,000  be  appropriated  from  the  treasury,  to  be 
expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor  and  secretary  of  the  board  of 
agriculture  in  prosecuting  said  scientific  survey. 

The  legislature  of  the  year  following  (1862)  appropriated  a  like 
amount  for  its  continuation. 

Administration. — This  survey  was  placed  under  the  direction  of 
Ezekiel  Holmes,  of  Winthrop,  as  naturalist,  and  Charles  H.  Hitch- 
cock of  Amherst,  Massachusetts,  as  geologist,  who  received  their 
commissions  on  May  23.  The  assistants  were  George  L.  Goodale, 
of  Saco,  botanist  and  chemist;  J.  C.  Houghton,  Still  Kiver,  Massa- 
chusetts, mineralogist;  A.  S.  Packard,  jr..  of  Brunswick,  entomolo- 
gist; and  C.  B.  Fuller,  of  Portland,  marine  zoologist.  Messrs. 
Houghton  and  Packard  were  obliged  to  discontinue  their  services 
at  the  end  of  the  first  year,  owing  to  the  smallness  of  the  appro- 
priations. The  following  instructions  were  issued  regarding  field 
work : 

As  an  outline  of  operations  for  the  present  year  we  recommend  as  follows: 
That,  commencing  operations  the  1st  of  June,  you  proceed,  by  rapid  reconnois- 
sances,  to  examine  as  much  of  the  western  and  coast  lines  of  the  State,  as  may 
be  practicable,  by  the  10th  of  July,  more  particularly  with  a  view  to  ascertain 
the  kind,  breadth,  and  direction  of  the  geological  formations  which  may  be 
found,  in  order  to  establish  a  basis  or  border  line  of  delineation  of  a  geological 
map  of  the  State,  that,  on  or  about  July  10,  you  repair  to  the  more  settled 
portions  of  Aroostook  County,  investigating  its  geology,  natural  h!story,  agri- 
culture, and  physical  geography,  with  especial  reference  to  the  resources  and 
capabilities  of  the  public  domain  in  that  section;  thence  to  the  slate  and  iron 


136  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

regions  of  Piscataquis  County,  making  similar  Investigations:  thence  to  the 
Penobscot  River  and  up  the  east  branch  thereof  to  its  head  waters;  thence  across 
to  the  Allegnash  River  or  other  tributary  of  the  St.  John,  and  down  said  river 
to  Fort  Kent ;  thus  visiting  a  section  hitherto  unknown  to  scientific  c xnloration. 

The  reports  of  the  survey  submitted  to  the  governor  under  the 
title  Preliminary  Report  upon  the  Natural  History  and  Geology  of 
the  State  of  Maine,  were  published  in  the  reports  of  the  secretary  of 
the  board  of  agriculture  for  1861  and  1862,  comprising  358  and  447 
pages,  respectively.  As  might  be  expected  from  the  organization  of 
the  survey,  these  embraced  a  general  report  on  the  natural  history, 
agriculture,  and  geology  of  the  State,  and  a  special  report  upon  the 
physical  geography,  agricultural  capabilities,  geology,  botany,  and 
/oology  of  the  wild  lands.  Geological  maps  of  the  northern  and 
eastern  portions  of  the  State,  in  black  and  white,  accompanied  these 
reports.  A  large  map  (colored)  was  also  deposited  by  Professor 
Hitchcock  in  the  statehouse  at  Augusta.  This  map  furnished  the 
data  afterwards  utilized  by  Walter  Wells  in  his  report  on  the  hydrog- 
raphy of  the  State. 

Collections  and  library. — The  intention  of  the  various  acts  estab- 
lishing both  surveys  was,  as  is  apparent,  to  form  collections  which 
should  be  sent  to  the  various  institutions  of  learning.  This  inten- 
tion was  only  partly  carried  out,  however,  and,  so  far  as  can  be 
learned,  those  collections  which  were  made  by  the  Jackson  survey 
have  been  largely  ruined,  with  the  exception  of  the  one  in  Colby 
College  and  the  smaller  one  in  Bowdoin  College,  as  already  noted. 
The  collections  made  by  the  several  members  of  the  Holmes-Hitch- 
cock survey  were  deposited  in  the  rooms  of  the  Portland  Society  of 
Natural  History,  and  from  these  suites  of  specimens  were  to  be 
selected  for  presentation  to  the  various  colleges  and  other  institutions 
of  learning  within  the  State,  but  this  was  never  done;  and  unfor- 
tunately, the  collections  were  lost  in  the  fire  that  destroyed  the  so- 
ciety's buildings  in  1866.  A  few  of  the  fossils  which  had  been  with- 
drawn for  study  are  now  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, New  York.  No  library  was  formed  in  connection  with  this 
survey. 

Expenses. — The  expenses  of  the  survey,  other  than  those  of  publi- 
cation, appear  to  have  been  met  in  full  by  the  appropriations  men- 
tioned— $3,000  a  year  for  two  years. 

Publications. — The  following  list  includes  all  the  publications  of 
the  various  surveys: 

First  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  Public  Lands,  belonging  jointly  to  the 
States  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine.  By  C.  T.  Jackson.  Sen.  Doc.  No.  89.  Bos- 
ton, March  25,  1837.  47  pp. 

Second  Annual  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  Public  Lands,  belonging  to  the 
two  States  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine.  By  C.  T.  Jackson.  Boston,  1838. 
House  Doc.  No.  70.  92  pp. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.    14 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  137 

First  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  State  of  Maine.  By  C.  T.  Jackson. 
Augusta,  1837.  127  pp. 

Second  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  State  of  Maine.  O.  T.  Jackson.  Augusta, 
1838.  1GS  pp. 

Third  Annual  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  State  of  Maine.  C.  T.  Jackson. 
Augusta,  1839.  275  pp. 

Preliminary  Report  upon  the  Natural  History  and  Geology  of  the  State  of 
Maine.  1861.  E.  Holmes  and  Chas.  H.  Hitchcock.  458  pp. 

Second  Annual  Report  upon  the  Natural  History  and  Geology  of  the  State  of 
Maine.  1862.  E.  Holmes  and  C.  H.  Hitchcock.  447  pp. 

MARYLAND.1 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  J.  T.  DUCATEL,    1833-1842. 

Organization. — The  inception  of  the  first  geological  survey  of 
Maryland  dates  from  1833,  when  resolutions  relative  to  a  State  map 
and  geological  survey  were  passed  by  the  general  assembly  upon  the 
6th  and  16th  of  March.  Several  earlier  attempts  looking  toward  the 
same  results  had  been  made,  but  were  all  defeated. 

The  particular  resolutions  referred  to  above  seem  to  have  been 
the  outgrowth  of  an  agitation  by  Messrs.  William  Patterson,  Robert 
Gilmore,  and  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Literature. 
A  series  of  resolutions  and  a  memorial  bearing  upon  the  subject 
were  drawn  up  by  the  gentlemen  mentioned  and  transmitted  to  the 
senate,  and  by  that  body  referred  to  the  house  of  delegates,  in  the 
following  terms : 

JANUARY  19, 1833. 
Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Delegates: 

We  beg  leave  to  refer  to  your  consideration  the  accompanying  memorial  of 
William  Patterson  and  others,  as  a  survey  of  the  State  has  been  made  at  the 
present  session  an  object  of  inquiry  in  your  honorable  body.  The  memorial 
now  transmitted  being  designed  to  lead  to  a  development  of  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  the  State,  and  to  a  collection  of  information  of  great  interest  to  the 
general  good  and  to  individual  enterprise.  We  respectfully  submit  it  for  the 
special  attention  of  your  honorable  body. 

By  order, 

(Signed)  .1.  H.  NICHOLSON,  Clerk. 

In  pursuance  of  the  same  object,  a  memorial  of  the  Maryland 
Academy  of  Science  and  Literature  was  also  brought  before  the 
house  of  delegates,  on  Tuesday,  March  5,  1833,  by  Mr.  Louis  W. 
Jenkins :  "  Recommending  that  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  may 
be  made  under  public  authority."  This  was  made  the  subject  of  a 
"  special  order  "  for  March  16,  and  at  that  session  the  report  of  the 
senate  relative  thereto  was  read  twice,  concurred  in,  and  the  "  reso- 
lution therein  contained  was  assented  to  and  sent  to  the  senate." 

1  Mainly  from  manuscripts  by  P.  R.  Uhler. 


138  BULLETIN   100,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

A  few  days  later,  on  March  18,  1833,  "  the  resolution  relative  to  a 
geological  survey,  severally  endorsed,  assented  to,"  was  passed  and 
became  a  law.  The  following  is  the  text  of  these  resolutions : 

Resolution  relative  to  the  State  map. 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the  governor  and  council 
be,  and  they  are  hereby,  authorized  to  appoint  a  competent  engineer,  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  examine  and  collect  all  the  information,  plats,  and  reports  of 
surveys,  for  canals  or  railroads,  or  other  public  works,  which  have  been  made 
by  or  under  the  authority  of  this  State,  or  any  company  incorporated  by  the 
State,  or  under  the  authority  of  the  corporation  of  Baltimore;  and  the  said 
engineer  shall  make  and  report  to  the  governor  and  council,  before  the  next 
session  of  the  general  assembly,  a  plan  and  drawing  for  a  complete  map  of 
Maryland,  and  such  portions  of  adjacent  States  as  may  be  necessary  to  show 
the  position  of  Maryland,  in  reference  to  the  great  valleys  and  streams  in  her 
immediate  vicinity,  the  practicable  routes  for  plans  of  internal  improvement; 
and  the  said  engineer  shall  make  further  examinations  and  surveys  as  shall 
he  requisite,  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  the  prominent  geographical  and  typo- 
graphical features  of  the  country ;  and  also  to  collect  such  statistical  informa- 
tion as  will  be  useful,  and  is  generally  exhibited  on  modern  improved  maps; 
and  the  governor  and  council  shall  allow  such  reasonable  compensation  for 
the  services  to  be  rendered  under  this  resolution  as  in  their  judgment  may  be 
just  and  reasonable. 

Resolution  relative  to  a  geological  survey. 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the  governor  and  council 
be,  and  they  are  hereby,  authorized  to  appoint  an  assistant  to  the  engineer  to  be 
appointed  on  the  subject  of  a  State  map,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  act  in  con- 
junction with  said  engineer,  and  the  said  assistant  shall  make  the  necessary 
geological  researches,  and  report  to  the  governor  and  council,  before  the  next 
session  of  the  general  assembly,  upon  the  expediency  and  probable  cost  of  the 
geological  survey  of  the  State;  and  the  governor  and  council  shall  allow  such 
compensation  for  the  services  to  be  rendered  under  this  resolution,  as  in  their 
judgment  they  may  deem  just  and  proper. 

The  following  year  the  foregoing  resolution  was  expanded  and 
reenacted  in  a  form  which  was  intended  to  cover  all  that  was  most 
important  in  relation  to  the  map  and  survey,  as  well  as  the  kind  of 
officers  to  be  employed,  and  the  way  in  which  their  duties  were  to  ba 
performed.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  act  and  its  instructions 
as  passed  by  the  legislative  session  of  1834 : 

An  act  to  provide  for  making  a  new  and  complete  map  and  a  geological  survey  of  this 
State.     Passed  February  25,  1834. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the 
governor  and  council  be  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  and  required  annually 
hereafter  to  appoint  and  commission  a  person  of  talents,  integrity,  and  suitable 
scientific  attainments  as  topographical  engineer  for  the  State  of  Maryland,  and 
also  to  appoint  and  commission  in  like  mariner  a  competent  and  suitable  person 
as  geologist  for  the  State  of  Maryland,  and  the  said  officers  shall  each  receive, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  139 

in  consideration  of  the  faithful  performance  of  their  respective  duties,  an  an- 
nual salary  of  $2,000,  to  be  paid  as  the  salaries  of  the  other  civil  officers  of  the 
State  are  or  may  be  directed  to  be  paid. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  engineer  to  be  ap- 
pointed as  aforesaid  to  proceed  with  all  due  and  reasonable  diligence  and  care 
to  collect  the  necessary  information  and  make  all  the  necessary  surveys  and 
locations  to  enable  him  to  make  a  perfect  and  complete  map  of  the  State  ac- 
cording to  the  plan  and  drawing  prepared  and  submitted  to  the  executive  of  the 
State  by  J.  H.  Alexander,  Esq.,  under  and  in  pursuance  of  a  resolution  of  the 
generaly  assembly,  passed  at  December  session,  1832,  and  the  said  engineer  shall, 
as  soon  as  conveniently  he  can,  make  perfect  and  complete  the  said  map. 

SEC.  3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  geologist  to  be  ap- 
pointed as  aforesaid  to  make  a  complete  and  minute  geological  survey  of  the 
whole  State,  commencing  with  that  portion  which  belongs  to  the  Tertiary  order 
of  geological  formations  and  with  the  southern  division  thereof,  and  progressing 
regularly  with  the  couise  of  the  waters  of  the  Potomac  and  Chesapeake  through 
that  region,  and  thence  through  the  other  subdivisions  of  the  State,  with  as 
much  expedition  and  dispatch  as  may  be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  ac- 
curacy ;  and  he  shall  prepare  and  lay  before  the  legislature  at  the  commence- 
ment of  every  session  a  detailed  account  of  all  remarkable  discoveries  made 
and  the  progress  of  the  work. 

SEC.  4.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  the  geologist  of 
the  State,  at  those  seasons  not  suited  to  the  active  prosecution  of  the  geological 
survey,  to  analyze  and  ascertain  the  qualities  and  properties  of  all  specimens  of 
mineral  substances  or  soils  left  at  his  office  or  residence  for  that  purpose  by  any 
citizen  of  the  State  and  taken  from  any  portion  of  the  territory  of  the  State. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  topographical  en- 
gineer to  indicate  upon  the  new  map  of  the  State  the  localities  of  valuable  min- 
eral deposits  already  known  or  which  may  in  the  progress  of  the  geological  sur- 
vey be  discovered,  and,  as  far  as  conveniently  may  be,  to  indicate  also,  by  ref- 
erences to  marginal  notes  or  otherwise,  their  several  natures,  qualities,  and 
values ;  and  for  this  purpose  the  geologist  of  the  State  shall  keep  him  regularly 
advised  of  all  important  discoveries  which  he  may  make  and  the  material  facts 
in  relation  thereto  and  the  said  engineer  shall  report  to  the  legislature  at  the 
commencement  of  every  session  the  progress  he  shall  have  made  during  the  pre- 
ceding year  in  the  woik  assigned  to  him. 

SEC.  6.  And  be  it  enacted.  That  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  and  expediting 
the  completion  of  the  said  map  and  geological  survey  of  the  State,  the  governor 
and  council  be  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  to  allow  and  pay  the  accounts  of 
said  officers,  for  necessary  contingent  expenses  other  than  personal,  so  far  as 
they  may  deem  said  accounts  just,  equitable,  and  proper,  to  an  amount  not  ex- 
ceeding $1,000  in  any  one  year. 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  officers  to  be  appointed  under  and  by  vir- 
tue of  this  act  shall  be  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  executive  of  the  State  to 
make  any  surveys  for  canals,  railroads,  or  other  works  of  internal  improvement 
which  the  legislature  may  at  any  time  direct  to  be  made:  Provided,  nevertheless, 
That  this  act  shall  expire  at  the  termination  of  the  next  session  of  the  general 
assembly  unless  the  same  shall  be  reenacted  by  the  next  legislature  of  this  State. 

This  was  continued  in  force  until  February  24,  1842,  when  the 
survey  was  abolished  and  the  offices  of  topographical  engineer  and 
geologist  made  vacant  by  special  legislative  enactment,  as  follows: 


140  BULLETIN    109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Be  it  enacted  By  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the  act  entitled 
"An  act  to  provide  for  completing  a  new  map  and  geological  survey  of  this 
State,"  passed  at  December  session,  1834,  chapter  230,  be  and  the  same  is  hereby 
repealed,  and  the  offices  of  topographical  engineer  and  geologist  of  this  State  be 
and  the  same  are  hereby  abolished  and  discontinued. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  topographical  engineer  and  geologist 
aforesaid  be  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  deliver  to  the 
visitors  and  governors  of  Saint  John's  College,  subject  to  any  further  disposi- 
ton  thereof  by  the  State,  all  mathematical  instruments,  books,  and  all  and  every 
description  of  property  whatsoever  which  may  have  been  purchased,  from  time 
to  time,  out  of  the  contingent  fund  appropriated  to  facilitate  and  expedite  the 
completion  of  the  said  map  and  geological  survey,  in  prosecution  of  their  several 
duties  as  topographical  engineer  and  geologist  aforesaid. 

Administration. — In  accordance  with  these  resolutions  [of  1833], 
Messrs.  J.  T.  Ducatel,  geologist,  and  J.  H.  Alexander,  engineer,  were 
appointed  to  conduct  the  survey.  In  carrying  out  the  provisions  of 
the  resolution  under  which  they  were  appointed,  they  conjointly  made 
a  general  reconnoissance  in  1833  of  the  whole  State  and  embodied 
their  observations  in  a  report  to  the  governor,  dated  December  27,  of 
that  year. 

For  convenience  the  territory  was  divided  into  five  sections,  of 
which  the  first  to  be  examined  was  the  eastern  shore  or  peninsula 
lying  between  the  State  of  Delaware,  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Its  agricultural  interests  were  assumed  to  be  of 
primary  importance,  and  consequently  a  minute  investigation  of 
the  mineral  constitution  of  the  soil  and  careful  research  into  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  natural  fertilizers  contained  within  its 
limits  claimed  their  attention.  Observations  were  recorded  of  that 
part  of  the  country  lying  between  the  Ells  River  and  the  southern 
part  of  Worcester  County. 

The  second  great  division  embraced  that  portion  of  territory  lying 
beyond  the  upper  part  of  the  Tertiary  formation  and  within  a  line 
drawn  from  northeast  to  southwest,  passing  along  the  summit  of 
Parrs  Spring  Ridge,  and  comprising  the  upper  part  of  Cecil  County, 
the  greater  portion  of  Baltimore  and  Harford  counties,  the  upper 
division  of  Anne  Arundel  County,  and  the  whole  of  Montgomery 
County. 

The  third  division  coincided  with  the  limits  of  Frederick  County. 

The  fourth,  that  of  Maryland  Falls,  embraced  the  whole  of  Wash- 
ington County  and  the  part  of  Allegany  County  as  far  as  Cumber- 
land. 

The  fifth  and  last  comprised  the  remaining  portion  of  Allegany 
County  west  of  Wills  Creek. 

With  this  much  in  the  way  of  preliminary,  the  geologist  began  his 
investigations  by  proceeding,  as  soon  as  the  season  would  permit,  to 
the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland,  where  he  made  a  survey  of  Talbot, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  141 

Caroline,  and  Queen  Anne's  counties  and  later  in  the  season  crossed 
to  southern  Maryland,  where  he  surveyed  the  shore  of  the  Potomac  in 
Prince  George  and  Charles  counties.  Much  attention  was  devoted 
to  the  marl  deposits  of  the  area  visited. 

In  1835  he  revisited  the  Eastern  Shore  and  made  geological  ex- 
aminations of  Dorchester,  Somerset,  and  Worcester  counties,  and 
later  of  St.  Marys  County,  a  full  account  of  which  he  gave  in  the 
report  for  that  year.  This  report  also  contained  the  first  announce- 
ment of  the  existence  of  green-sand  marl  in  Kent  and  Cecil  counties. 

In  1836  the  geologist  completed  the  survey  of  Calvert  County  and 
extended  his  observations  into  Anne  Arundel,  Prince  George,  and 
St.  Mary's  counties,  where  he  likewise  announced  the  discovery  of 
extensive  marl  deposits. 

A  special  visit  was  made  to  Allegany  County,  and  in  his  report 
for  the  year  an  account  is  given  of  the  Frostburg  Basin,  with  its 
coal  and  iron  deposits. 

In  1837  the  survey  of  Kent,  Cecil,  and  Montgomery  counties  was 
completed.  The  results  of  the  investigations  were  published  in  the 
report  of  that  year,  accompanied  by  topographic  maps  prepared  by 
Mr.  Alexander,  and  upon  which  the  leading  matters  of  geological 
interest  were  noted. 

In  1838  he  made  a  survey  of  Harford  County,  and  in  his  report 
gave  a  statement  regarding  its  mineral  resources,  together  with  a 
general  outline  of  the  geology  of  both  Harford  and  Baltimore 
counties,  with  some  remarks  on  their  agricultural  condition.  To 
this  report  he  also  appended  a  treatise  on  lime  burning. 

In  1839  he  completed  investigations  in  Frederick  and  Carroll 
counties  and  prepared  an  account  of  their  resources  and  agricul- 
tural conditions  for  his  report  of  the  operations  of  that  year. 

In  1840  his  operations  were  confined  largely  to  Washington  and 
Allegany  (including  Garrett)  counties,  his  report  for  that  year  in- 
cluding chapters  on  the  physical  geography,  geology,  and  mineral 
resources  of  the  State.  This  report  was  accompanied  by  a  topo- 
graphic map  on  the  scale  of  1 : 400.000,  with  a  geological  profile  of 
the  Cumberland  and  National  roads.  Additional  plates  gave  a 
sectional  profile  of  the  ore  beds  worked  at  Lonaconing,  and  also  a 
section  near  the  center  of  the  Georges  Creek  basin.  This  pamphlet 
constituted  the  last  report  of  the  State  geologist,  although  the  office 
was  not  abolished  until  February,  1842. 

During  the  first  year  of  the  survey  the  topographical  engineer, 
according  to  the  wording  of  the  law,  was  to  make  a  survey  for 
canals,  railroads,  or  other  works  of  internal  improvement  which 
the  legislature  might  at  any  time  direct.  Under  this  ruling  he 
was  compelled  to  cooperate,  immediately  after  his  appointment, 


142  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

with  an  engineer  from  Virginia  and  commissioners  from  Delaware 
in  the  location  of  a  canal  on  the  Atlantic  borders  of  Worcester 
County.  He  found  time,  however,  to  perfect  a  plan  for  extensive 
cooperation  with  Mr.  Hassler,  the  chief  of  the  United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey,  in  the  conduct  of  the  topographic  survey  of 
Maryland.  Through  the  adoption  of  this  plan  he  hoped  to  be  put 
in  possession  of  tried  instruments,  and  it  was  expected  the  work 
would  be  completed  with  more  despatch  and  at  less  expense  than  if 
left  to  be  prosecuted  with  such  means  alone  as  he  could  otherwise 
command. 

During  1835  the  topographical  engineer  continued  his  surveys  in 
connection  with  various  plans  for  further  internal  improvements, 
which  interfered  with  the  preparation  of  the  new  State  map.  In  addi- 
tion to  several  maps  which  were  prepared  for  special  surveys  he, 
however,  completed  a  topographical  map  of  Dorchester,  Somerset, 
and  Worcester  counties,  on  the  scale  of  1 : 211,200,  with  4-foot  contour 
lines,  and  a  similar  topographical  map  of  St.  Maiys.  Charles,  and  a 
part  of  Prince  Edward  counties  on  the  scale  of  1 : 200,000,  with  10- 
foot  contour  lines.  Both  of  these  maps  had  geological  data  placed 
upon  them  and  were  published  in  the  report  of  the  State  geologist. 

During  1836  the  engineer  was  repeatedly  engaged  in  the  conduct 
of  special  surveys  which  had  been  authorized  by  distinct  resolutions 
of  the  legislature,  so  that  he  was  still  further  retarded  in  the  prose- 
cution of  his  work  upon  the  State  map.  Among  those  published 
m  his  annual  report  for  this  year,  however,  is  a  detailed  map  of 
the  Frostburg  region  and  another  of  northern  Frederick  County, 
as  a  basis  for  the  proposed  railroad  from  Frederick  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania line.  A  topographical  map  of  Calvert  County  with  part 
of  Anne  Arundel  County  was  also  published  in  this  report. 

Impressed  with  the  impossibility  of  successfully  prosecuting  the 
topographical  survey  under  such  conditions,  Mr.  Alexander  in  a 
letter  to  the  governor  recommended  the  postponement  of  the  work 
upon  the  new  map  of  Maryland  until  it  could  be  undertaken  in 
connection  with  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  in 
accordance  with  the  plan  of  cooperation  which  had  been  earlier 
effected  with  Professor  Hassler.  He  still  continued,  however,  to 
prepare  special  maps  for  the  reports  of  the  geologist,  between  1837 
and  1840,  and  also  compiled  an  admirable  topographical  map  of  the 
State  upon  the  scale  of  1 : 200,000,  with  50-foot  contour  lines  to  the 
east  and  100-foot  contour  lines  to  the  west  of  the  Monocacy  River. 
This  map  was  never  published  in  full.  The  date  of  this  map  is  not 
stated,  but  it  was  thought  to  have  been  probably  completed  shortly 
prior  to  1840. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  143 

Mr.  Alexander  made  no  reports  between  the  years  1837  and  1840, 
but  in  1841  he  presented  a  brief  statement  regarding  the  "  trigonomi- 
cal  survey  for  the  new  map  of  Maryland,"  in  which  he  urged  the  tak- 
ing up  of  the  plan  of  cooperation  with  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey, 
as  earlier  arranged,  but  which  had  been  hindered,  up  to  that  time, 
because  the  national  bureau  had  been  largely  concerned  with  surveys 
to  the  north  of  Maryland. 

The  abolition  of  the  office  of  engineer  at  the  same  time  with  that 
of  geologist,  in  February,  1842,  put  an  end  to  these  operations. 

Publications. — The  first  report  submitted  by  the  survey  was  the 
result  of  the  joint  efforts  of  Ducatel  and  Alexander.  Their  later 
reports  were  made  separately,  each  official  working  with  greater 
independence  toward  the  purposes  for  which  he  was  appointed. 

The  second  report  was  completed  and  sent  to  the  governor  under 
date  of  December  29,  1834,  forming  a  pamphlet  of  50  octavo  pages, 
accompanied  by  two  maps.  Subsequent  reports  were  issued  under 
dates  of  December  29,  1835 ;  December  26,  1836 ;  December  26.  1837 ; 
1838;  1839;  and  1840. 

The  report  of  1840  was  prefaced  by  a  letter  to  the  governor,  in 
which  a  plea  was  made  for  an  extension  of  time,  suggesting  that  the 
proper  completion  of  the  work  demanded  further  attention  in  order 
to  bring  all  the  materials  collected  into  such  a  form  as  would  prove 
most  useful  to  the  State.  The  plan  suggested  was  as  follows : 

To  furnish  a  detailed  account  of  the  physical  geography  of  Mary- 
land; of  her  agricultural  condition  and  resources  in  the  several 
counties,  together  with  her  agricultural  statistics;  of  her  geology, 
scientific  and  economic,  the  former  illustrated  by  maps  and  sections; 
of  her  mineral  resources  and  their  statistics,  also  according  to  coun- 
ties; to  which  was  appended  a  geographical  and  geological  map  of 
the  State,  embracing  the  latest  surveys. 

This  appeal  to  the  governor  and  legislature  was  unheeded ;  the  cry 
for  retrenchment  in  the  expenditure  of  public  moneys  prevailed,  and 
the  survey  came  to  an  end. 

Expenses. — The  cost  of  the  survey,  from  its  beginning  in  1833 
until  its  termination  in  1841,  amounted  altogether  to  $17,909.42. 
This  sum  does  not  include  any  part  of  the  salary  paid  to  the  topo- 
graphical engineer  for  work  upon  the  State  map,  nor  for  surveys  in 
connection  therewith.  The  annual  salary  paid  to  the  geologist  was 
$2,000,  and  he  was  allowed  $500  for  contingent  expenses  incidental 
to  his  work. 

In  December,  1847,  the  office  of  State  agricultural  chemist  was 
created  for  the  benefit  of  the  farmers  of  the  State,  and  James 
Higgins,  M.  D.,  was  appointed  by  the  governor  to  fill  the  position. 

The  following  is  a  transcript  of  this  act : 
136075—20 11 


144  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

An  act  entitled  An  net  to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  an  agricultural  chemist  for  tkf 

State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the 
governor,  bv  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  hereafter 
annually  appoint  and  commission  a  person  of  ability,  integrity,  and  suitable 
practical  and  scientific  attainments,  as  agricultural  chemist  for  the  State;  and 
If  the  Senate  shall  have  adjourned  before  the  Governor  shall  make  the  appoint- 
ment for  the  present  year,  or  if  a  vacancy  shall  hereafter  occur  during  the 
recess  of  the  senate,  then  the  governor  alone  shall  make  such  appointment,  which 
shall  be  good  and  valid  until  the  tenth  day  after  the  meeting  of  the  senate. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  State  shall  be  divided  into  three  districts :  The 
first  shall  comprise  that  part  of  the  State  now  comprised  in  the  first  guberna- 
torial district;  the  second,  that  of  the  third  gubernatorial  district;  and  the 
third,  that  of  the  second  gubernatorial  district. 

SKC.  3.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  agricultural  chemist  shall  spend  one  year, 
the  first  beginning  on  the  date  of  his  appointment,  in  each  of  the  said  districts 
in  the  order  named ;  it  shall  also  be  his  duty  to  spend  one  month  in  each  county, 
and  Howard  district,  and  visit  each  election  district. 

SEC  4.  Be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  agricultural  chemist 
to  analyze  specimens  of  each  variety  of  soil  of  the  county  in  which  he  shall  be, 
that  may  be  brought  to  him  or  that  he  may  find  to  exist,  and  also  to  examine, 
and,  if  necessary,  analyze,  specimens  of  each  kind  of  marl,  or  other  vegetable  or 
mineral  deposit,  that  may  come  to  his  knowledge,  in  order  that  his  instructions 
may  be  of  more  practical  utility. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  also  be  his  further  duty  to  deliver  one 
public  lecture,  after  having  given  timely  notice  thereof,  in  each  election  district 
in  each  county,  and  then  to  deliver  a  course  of  public  lectures  at  each  county 
town,  and  at  some  central  place  in  Baltimore  County,  after  having  given  also 
sufficient  notice  thereof  in  each  election  district;  and  he  shall  also  permit  the 
clerk  of  the  levy  court,  or  the  commissioners  of  tax,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  take 
a  copy  of  such  course  of  lectures,  to  be  retained  and  kept  for  the  use  and  benefit 
of  the  county,  and  published  by  said  levy  court  or  commissioners  of  the  tax,  if 
to  them  it  shall  seem  expedient. 

SEC.  G.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  chemist  shall  make  an  annual  report  to 
the  house  of  delegates,  if  iii  session,  and,  if  not,  then  to  the  governor,  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  cause  the  same  to  be  published,  of  his  proceedings,  and  such 
other  matters,  touching  the  agricultural  interest  of  the  State,  as  may  be  con- 
sidered necessary. 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  duties  the 
said  chemist  shall  receive  the  annual  salary  of  $1,500,  to  be  paid  as  the  salaries 
of  other  officers  are  or  may  be  paid;  and  for  the  purchase  of  chemical  instru- 
ments and  materials  the  said  chemist  shall  be  allowed  for  the  first  year  the  sum 
of  $200  in  advance,  and  on  each  succeeding  year  a  sum  not  exceeding  $50,  out  of 
such  moneys  as  may  be  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

This  office,  although  not  a  geological  one,  is  deemed  of  sufficient 
interest  to  be  noted  here.  The  entire  amount  expended  from  the 
creation  of  the  office  in  1847  till  the  expiration  of  Doctor  Higgins's 
term  in  1858,  including  the  salary  of  the  State  chemist  ($1,500  a 
year),  appears  to  have  amounted  to  $19,239.03.  An  allowance  was 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       145 

made  in  1858,  however,  for  $500  additional  for  expenses,  to  which 
he  had  been  subjected  in  the  prosecution  of  his  official  duties. 

During  the  session  of  the  general  assembly  of  1858  Mr.  Anthony 
Kimmel  brought  a  bill  before  the  senate  to  have  the  title  of  chem- 
ist changed  to  "geologist."  A  substitute  was  offered  to  make  it 
"  chemist  and  geologist,"  but  neither  change  was  favorably  received 
and  the  bill  was  defeated  by  a  strong  opposing  vote. 

In  accordance  with  the  law  as  originally  enacted,  Mr.  Philip 
Thomas  Tyson  was  chosen  by  the  governor  to  fill  the  place  made 
vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Doctor  Higgins  in  1858.  Mr.  Tyson's 
first  report,  bearing  date  of  December  28,  1859,  was  printed  in  an 
edition  of  5,000  copies  by  the  legislature  of  1860,  and  the  number 
increased  on  the  14th  day  of  February  by  the  Senate  ordering  3,000 
copies  for  its  own  use. 

The  second  report,  sent  to  the  house  of  delegates  January  11, 
18G2,  formed  a  pamphlet  of  92  pages. 

With  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  the  appropriations  ceased  and 
this  survey  came  also  to  an  end. 

SECOND  SURVEY  TJXDER  WILLIAM  B.  CLARK,   1896-1900. 

From  1862  until  1896  no  surveys  at  State  expense  were  conducted 
in  Maryland,  although  much  good  work  was  being  clone  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  and  members  of  the  Maryland  Academy  of 
Sciences  and  the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

In  January  of  1896  a  bill  for  the  reestablishment  of  the  survey  was 
introduced  into  the  State  assembly,  which  was  finally  passed,  re- 
ceiving the  governor's  signature  on  March  19.  The  following  is  the 
text  of  the  bill : 

An  act  to  establish  n  State  tfoological  and  economic  survey,  and  to  make  provision  for  the 
preparation  and  publication  of  reports  and  maps  to  illustrate  the  natural  resources  of 
the  State,  together  with  the  necessary  investigations  preparatory  thereto. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  there  is 
hereby  established  a  State  geological  and  economic  survey,  which  shall  be  un- 
der the  direction  of  a  commission  composed  of  the  governor,  the  comptroller,  the 
president  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  the  president  of  the  Maryland 
Agricultural  College,  who  shall  serve  without  compensation,  but  shall  be  reim- 
bursed for  actual  expenses  incurred  in  the  performance  of  their  official  duties; 
and  the  said  commissioners  shall  have  general  charge  of  the  survey,  and  shall 
appoint  as  superintendent  of  the  same  a  geologist  of  established  reputation,  and 
npon  his  nomination  such  assistants  and  employees  as  they  may  deem  necessary; 
and  they  shall  also  determine  the  compensation  of  all  persons  employed  by  the 
survey,  aud  may  remove  them  at  pleasure. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  survey  shall  have  for  its  objects: 
(1)  An  examination  of  the  geological  formations  of  the  State,  with  special 
reference  to  their  economic  products — viz,  building  stones,  clays,  ores,  and  other 
mineral  substances. 


146  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

(2)  An  examination  and  classification  of  the  soils  and  a  study  of  their  adapt- 
ability to  particular  crops. 

(3)  An  examination  of  the  physical  features  of  the  State  with  reference  to 
their  practical  bearing  upon  the  occupations  of  the  people. 

(4)  The  preparation  of  special  geological  and  economic  maps  to  illustrate 
the  resources  of  the  State. 

(5)  The  preparation  of  special  reports,  with  necessary  illustrations  and  maps, 
which  shall  embrace  both  a  general  and  detailed  description  of  the  geology  and 
natural  resources  of  the  State. 

(6)  The  consideration  of  such  other  scientific  and  economic  questions  as  iu 
the  judgment  of  the  commissioners  shall  be  deemed  of  value  to  the  people  of 
the  State. 

SEC.  3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  commissioners  shall  cause  to  be  prepared 
a  report  to  the  legislature,  before  each  meeting  of  the  same,  showing  the  progress 
and  condition  of  the  survey,  together  with  such  other  information  as  they  may 
deem  necessary  and  useful  or  as  the  legislature  may  require. 

SKC.  4.  And  l>e  it  enacted,  That  the  regular  and  special  reports  of  the  survey, 
with  proper  illustrations  and  maps,  shall  be  printed  as  the  commiss'oners  may 
direct,  and  that  the  reports  shall  be  distributed  or  sold  by  the  said  commis- 
sioners as  the  interests  of  the  State  and  of  science  demand,  and  all  moneys 
obtained  by  the  sale  of  the  reports  shall  be  paid  into  the  state  treasury. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  material  collected,  after  having  served  the 
purposes  of  the  survey,  shall  be  destributed  by  the  commissioners  to  the  educa- 
tional institutions  in  such  manner  as  to  be  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  the 
educational  interests  of  the  State;  or,  if  deemed  advisable,  the  whole  or  a  part  of 
such  material  shall  be  put  on  permanent  exhibition. 

SEC.  6.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $10,000  annually,  or  so  much 
thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  funds  of  the 
treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act. 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  the  date 
of  its  passage. 

At  the  call  of  the  governor,  the  commission  met  upon  March  25 
in  the  executive  chamber  at  Annapolis,  all  the  members  of  the  board 
being  present.  The  meeting  was  organized  by  the  election  of  Presi- 
dent Oilman  as  temporary  chairman.  The  following  resolutions  were 
then  presented  and  adopted: 

Resolved,  1.  That  the  board  proceed  to  the  election  of  a  president  and  a  secre- 
tary and  to  the  appointment  of  an  executive  officer,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
advise  with  the  geologist,  supervise  the  outlays,  and  direct  such  measures  as 
may  best  fulfill  the  requirements  of  the  act  establishing  the  survey. 

2.  That  a  substantial  record  book  be  procured,  in  which  shall  be  entered  all 
the  actions  both  of  the  board  and  of  the  executive  officer. 

3.  That  a  superintendent,  to  be  known  as  State  geologist,  be  chosen  at  once, 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  propose  and,  with  the  authority  of  the  board,  to  carry 
out  such  measures  as  may  be  requisite  for  fulfilling  the  requirements  of  the  act 
by  which  the  survey  is  established. 

4.  That  there  shall  be  no  salaried  positions,  but  a  moderate  per  diem  allow- 
ance shall  be  made  for  work  actually  performed  in  the  service  of  the  survey. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  147 

5.  That  the  board  shall  hold  semiannual  meetings,  in  the  months  of  March 
and  November,  prior  to  and  soon  after  the  operations  in  the  field,  the  meetings 
to  be  called  by  the  governor,  at  such  time  and  place  as  he  may  think  best. 

6.  That  it  is  the  sense  of  the  commission  that  the  executive  officer  be  em- 
powered to  make  draft  upon  the  controller  from  time  to  time  for  such  money  as 
the  needs  of  the  commission  may  demand,  the  amount  to  be  drawn  being  limited 
by  the  appropriation  for  any  one  year. 

7.  That  the  executive  officer  be  required  to  see  that  a  detailed  account  of  all 
expenses  is  kept  and  that  the  same  be  presented,  with  proper  vouchers  for  ap- 
proval, at  each  of  the  semiannual  meetings  of  the  commission,  such  vouchers 
being  u  part  of  their  permanent  records. 

8.  That  the  offer  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  to  furnish,  free  of  all 
charges  whatsoever,  suitable  rooms  for  the  offices  of  the  survey  and  the  use  of 
its  collections,  maps,  and  apparatus  be  accepted,  and  that  the  headquarters  of 
the  survey,  until  otherwise  ordered,  be  established  at  that  place. 

1).  That  the  State  geologist  shall  prepare  and  publish  a  series  of  occasional 
papers  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the  people  of  the  State  informed  respecting 
the  methods  of  the  survey  as  it  is  in  progress,  and  that  the  first  of  these  re- 
ports shall  be  promptly  issued  to  set  forth  the  organization  of  the  survey,  and 
to  show  what  has  hitherto  been  done  for  the  study  of  the  geology,  natural  his- 
tory, and  resources  of  Maryland  by  public  or  private  agencies. 

10.  That  fuller  reports  upon  special  topics  of  importance  to  the  State  of  Mary- 
land shall  be  presented  as  soon  as  they  can  be  prepared  in  a  satisfactory  man- 
ner, and  that  the  State  geologist  be  requested,  if  he  finds  it  possible,  to  report 
in  the  first  place  upon  building  stones. 

11.  That  the  president  of  the  board  be  requested  to  make  known  to  the  head 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  Washington  and  to  the  heads  of  the 
geological  surveys  in  neighboring  States  the  organization  of  the  State  Geological 
and  Economic  Survey  of  Maryland,  and  to  ask  their  official  cooperation. 

12.  That  the  State  geologist  be  directed  to  make  known,  in  the  name  of  the 
board,  that  the  cooperation  of  the  transportation  and  express  companies  is  par- 
ticularly desired  in  furthering  the  work  of  the  survey. 

13.  That  this  officer  be  also  authorized  to  say,  in  the  name  of  the  board,  that 
the  friendly  aid  of  the  teachers  in  the  higher  educational  institutions  of  the 
State  and  of  other  enlightened  citizens  will  be^appreciated  by  the  board  and 
gratefully  acknowledged. 

Administration. — The  following  permanent  officers  of  the  com- 
mission were  nominated  and  elected — namely,  Lloyd  Lowndes,  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland,  president;  Daniel  C.  Oilman,  president  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  executive  officer;  E.  W.  Silvester,  presi- 
dent of  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College,  secretary.  William 
Bullock  Clark,  professor  of  geology  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, was  chosen  State  geologist. 

Subsequent  acts  extending  the  scope  of  the  survey  were  passed  in 
1898.  The  following  is  a  transcript  of  these  acts : 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  making  of  topographic  maps  and  for  the  publication  of  reports 
of  the  State  geological  and  economic  survey,  and  to  make  an  appropriation  therefor. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the 
commission  established  by  the  act  of  the  general  assembly  of  Maryland  at  the 


148  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

session  of  1S96,  chapter  51,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  authorized  to  make  pro- 
vision for  the  completion  of  the  topographic  survey  of  Maryland  in  such  manner 
as  in  the  opinion  of  the  commission  will  be  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  agri- 
cultural, industrial,  geological,  and  military  requirements  of  the  State  of 
Maryland. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  commission  be,  and  the 
Bame  is  hereby,  authorized  to  publish  special  reports  with  the  various  mineral 
products  and  with  the  natural  resources  of  each  county  of  the  State  of  Mary- 
land. 

SEC.  3.  And  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  be 
it  further  enacted  that  the  sum  of  $5,000  annually,  in  addition  to  the  amount 
nppropriated  by  the  act  of  the  general  assembly  of  Maryland  at  the  session  of 
1S96,  chapter  51,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  be,  and  the  same  is 
hereby,  appropriated,  out  of  any  funds  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropri- 
ated, and  the  said  amount  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  by  the  said  commission 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  other  funds  of  the  survey. 

SEC.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  the  date 
of  its  passage. 

Above  bill  introduced  in  the  senate  February  2,  passed  by  that  body  February 
16,  by  the  house  March  17,  and  signed  by  the  governor  April  2,  1898. 

An  act  to  confer  additional  powers  upon  the  commission  established  by  the  act  of  the 
general  assembly  at  the  session  of  1S9G,  chapter  51,  by  providing  for  the  investigation 
of  the  question  of  road  construction  In  this  State,  and  for  the  preparation  of  report* 
thereon,  and  to  make  an  appropriation  therefor. 

SECTION  1.  lie  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the  com- 
mission established  by  the  act  of  the  general  assembly,  at  the  session  of  1896, 
chapter  51,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  authorized  to  make  provision  for  the 
Investigation  of  the  question  of  road  construction  in  Maryland. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  commission  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby, 
authorized  to  appoint,  under  the  direction  of  the  superintendent  of  the  survey, 
such  assistants  and  other  employees  as  they  shall  deem  necessary,  and  the  said 
commission  shall  also  determine  the  compensation  of  all  persons  employed,  and 
may  remove  them  at  pleasure. 

SEC.  3-  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  commission  shall  see  that  proper  in- 
vestigation is  made  of  the  condition  of  the  roads  in  this  State,  and  of  the  best 
means  of  improving  the  same,  together  with  a  study  of  the  classification  and 
distribution  of  the  road-building  materials  in  the  several  counties. 

SEC.  4.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  commission  shall  see  that  a  report 
upon  the  state  of  the  roads  and  the  best  method  of  improving,  constructing,  and 
maintaining  the  same,  with  estimates  of  costs,  expenses,  and  plaus,  be  sub- 
mitted at  the  next  session  of  the  legislature,  and  that  special  reports  be  pre- 
pared at  such  times  as  they  are  deemed  necessary. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  commission  shall  see  that  record  is 
kept  of  all  its  proceedings,  and  of  all  the  moneys  received  and  spent  under  its 
direction,  and  for  what  purposes;  which  record  and  account  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  said  commission  at  the  semiannual  meetings  of  the  same,  to  take  place 
in  March  and  November,  such  records  and  accounts  to  be  always  open  to  the 
inspection  of  any  committee  which  the  legislature  may  appoint. 

SEC.  6.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  moneys  paid  out  on  account  of  this  work 
shall  be  paid  by  the  State  treasurer  upon  the  order  of  the  executive  officer  of 
the  commission,  endorsed  by  the  comptroller. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN   109     PL.   15 


EDWARD  HITCHCOCK 

STATE    GEOLOGIST    OF    MASSACHUSETTS,  11830-33    AND    1840-44; 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  VERMONT,    1857-60. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  149 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $10,000  annually,  or  so  much 
thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  appropriated  out  of  any 
money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  S.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  upon  the  date 
of  its  passage. 

Above  bill  passed  the  house  April  1;  by  the  senate  April  4;  signed  by  the 
governor  April  9,  1SDS. 

The  organization  was  still  in  existence  at  the  time  this  Bulletin 
went  to  press. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

SURVEYS  UNDER  EDWARD  HITCHCOCK,    1831-1841. 

Organisation. — To  Massachusetts  belongs  the  credit  of  having 
inaugurated  and  carried  to  successful  completion  under  State  au- 
spices, the  first  geological  and  natural  history  survey  on  the  West- 
ern Continent.  The  causes  which  led  up  to  this  are  not  at  present 
easily  ascertainable,  but  in  Governor  Lincoln's  message  to  the  legis- 
lature, May  29,  1830,  occurs  the  following  paragraph : 

I  beg  leave  to  suggest  to  your  consideration  the  utility  of  connecting  with 
the  geographical  surveys,  an  examination  of  the  geological  features  of  the  State, 
with  a  view  to  the  exhibition  of  them  on  the  map.  Much  knowledge  of  the 
natural  history  of  the  country  would  thus  be  gained,  and  especially  the  pres- 
ence of  valuable  ores,  with  the  localities  and  extent  of  quarries,  and  of  coal 
and  lime  formations,  objects  of  inquiry  so  essential  to  internal  improvements, 
and  the  advancement  of  domestic  prosperity,  would  be  discovered,  and  the  pos- 
session and  advantages  of  them  given  to  the  public.  I  am  assured  that  much 
has  already  been  gratuitously  done,  by  some  eminent  professors  in  our  col- 
leges, towards  the  accomplishment  of  such  a  work,  and  that,  at  a  little  expense, 
it  might  be  completed,  and  the  fruits  of  their  generous  labors  thus  far,  be  se- 
cured to  the  State.  This,  however,  will  require  the  interposition  of  your  au- 
thority in  increasing  the  present  appropriaton,  and  permitting  ail  application 
of  it,  so  far  as  may  be  necessary,  in  the  exercise  of  a  sound  discretion,  to  the 
end  proposed. 

In  accordance  with  this  suggestion  there  was  passed  the  following 
resolve : 

Resolve  authorizing  further  appropriations  for  a  survey  of  the  Commonwealth.     June  5, 

1830. 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the 
council,  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  appoint  some  suitable  person  to 
make  a  geological  examination  of  the  Commonwealth,  in  connection  with  the 
general  survey,1  in  order  that  the  same  may  be  inserted  on  the  map  which  may 
be  published,  and  he  is  authorized  to  apply  such  portion  of  the  sum  herewith 
appropriated,  not  exceeding  $1.000,  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  accomplishment 
of  this  object. 

Additional  acts  relating  to  the  conduct  of  the  survey  and  the  pub- 
lication of  its  reports  were  subsequently  passed,  as  follows: 

1 A  general  trigonometric  survey  authorized  by  resolve  of  Mar.  3.  1830. 


150  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Resolve  in  relation  to  the  geological  survey  of  the  Commonwealth.     February  2.  1831. 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  council,  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  direct  the  person  who  is  ap- 
pointed to  make  a  geographical  survey  of  the  Common  wen  1th,  to  cause  to  be 
annexed  to  his  report  on  that  subject  a  list  of  the  native  mineralogical,  botani- 
cal, and  zoological  productions  of  the  Commonwealth,  so  far  as  it  may  be  prac- 
ticable to  ascertain  the  same,  within  the  limits  of  the  appropriation  already 
made  for  this  survey. 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  council,  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  cause  the  said  geological 
report,  provided  the  same  should  be  made  before  the  general  survey  of  the 
Commonwealth  shall  be  completed,  to  be  published  in  such  way  and  manner  as 
he  with  the  advice  of  the  council  may  deem  proper  and  expedient;  and  he  is 
authorized  to  draw  his  warrant  upon  the  treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth  for 
such  sum  or  sums,  not  exceeding  $100,  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  this  re- 
solve into  full  effect. 

Resolve  making  further  appropriations  for  a  survey  and  geological  examination  of  the 
Commonwealth.     June  22,  1831. 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of  the  council, 
be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  draw  his  warrant,  from  time  to  time,  upon 
the  treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth,  for  any  sum  or  sums,  not  exceeding  $3,000, 
in  addition  to  the  sums  heretofore  appropriated,  which  may  be  necessary  to 
carry  more  fully  into  effect  the  resolves  authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  sur- 
veyor to  make  a  general  survey  of  the  Commonwealth,  passed  on  the  3d  day 
of  March,  A.  D.  1830,1  and  the  resolves  in  addition  thereto,  and  further  au- 
thorizing the  appointment  of  a  suitable  person  to  make  a  geological  examination 
of  the  Commonwealth,  passed  on  the  5th  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1830. 

Resolve  for  the  distribution  of  the  first  part  of  the  Report  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  the 
Commonwealth.    March  24,  1832. 

Resolved,  That  the  600  copies  of  the  first  part  of  the  Report  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  the  Commonwealth,  provided  in  pursuance  of  an  arrangement  made 
by  his  excellency  the  governor,  with  advice  of  council,  for  the  use  of  the  govern- 
ment, be  delivered  to  the  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  by  him  be  dis- 
tributed as  follows,  viz:  Four  copies  to  the  governor;  two  copies  to  the  lieu- 
tenant governor ;  one  copy  to  each  member  of  the  council ;  one  copy  to  each 
member  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives ;  five  copies  to  be  deposited 
in  the  library  of  the  State ;  and  that  the  remaining  copies  be  distributed  as  his 
excellency  the  governor  may  direct. 

Resolve  for  the  publication  and  distribution  of  the  Report  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  the 
Commonwealth.    March  2,  1833. 

Rexolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor  be,  and  hereby  is,  authorized  to 
cause  1.200  copies  of  the  report  on  the  geological  survey  of  the  Commonwealth, 
including  that  part  of  the  report  already  made,  as  well  as  the  part  hereafter  to 
be  made,  with  the  drawings  which  shall  accompany  said  report,  to  be  published 
in  such  way  and  manner  as  he  shall  deem  proper  and  expedient:  and  he  is  nu- 

»This  resolution  authorized  a  general  survey  of  the  Commonwealth  for  the  purpose  of 
preparing  "  nn  accurate  skeleton  plan  of  the  State  which  shall  exhibit  the  external  lines 
thereof  and  the  most  prominent  objects  within  those  lines  and  their  locations."  Geology 
was  not  mentioned. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       151 

thorizecl,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  council,  to  draw  his  warrant  upon  the 
treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth  for  such  sum  or  sums  as  may  be  necessary  to 
carry  this  resolve  into  full  effect. 

Resolved,  That  the  said  1,200  copies,  when  published,  be  delivered  to  the  sec- 
retary of  the  Commonwealth,  to  be  distributed  in  the  following  manner,  viz : 
Twelve  copies  to  the  governor ;  six  copies  to  the  lieutenant  governor ;  one  copy 
to  each  member  of  the  council,  senate,  and  house  of  representatives ;  one  copy 
each  to  the  secretary,  treasurer,  and  to  each  of  the  clerks  and  chaplains  of  the 
two  houses ;  one  copy  to  each  town  in  the  Commonwealth ;  five  copies  to  be  de- 
posited in  the  library  of  the  State;  two  copies  each  to  Harvard,  Amherst,  and 
Williams  Colleges;  one  copy  each  to  the  Theological  Seminaries  at  Andover  and 
Newton;  one  copy  to  each  incorporated  academy  in  the  Commonwealth;  one 
copy  each  to  the  Boston  and  Salem  athenaeums;  one  copy  to  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences ;  one  copy  to  the  Antiquarian  Society  at  Worces- 
ter; one  copy  to  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society;  one  copy  to  the  Bos- 
ton Society  of  Natural  History ;  twenty  copies  to  the  geological  surveyor,  and 
one  copy  to  each  person  who  shall  have  aided  him  in  preparing  the  catalogues 
appended  to  the  report;  two  copies  to  the  Library  of  the  United  States;  one 
copy  to  the  executive  of  each  State  in  the  Union ;  and  the  remaining  copies  to 
be  disposed  of  in  such  manner  as  his  excellency  the  governor  shall  direct. 

Resolve  making  a  further  appropriation  for  the  surrey  of  the  Commonwealth.     March  25, 

1833. 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  council,  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  draw  his  warrant  from  time  to 
time  upon  the  treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth,  not  exceeding  $8,200,  in  addition 
to  the  sums  heretofore  appropriated,  which  may  be  necessary  to  carry  more 
fully  into  effect  the  resolve  authorizing  a  general  survey  of  the  Commonwealth, 
passed  on  the  3d  day  of  March,  A.  D.  1830,  and  the  resolves  in  addition 
thereto;  and  he  is  fiuther  authorized  to  apply  such  portion  of  the  above-named 
sum,  not  exceeding  $300,  as  may  be  necessary  for  completing  the  geological  ex- 
amination of  the  Commonwealth  provided  for  by  a  resolve  passed  on  the  5th  day 
of  June,  A.  D.  1830. 

On  the  19th  of  February,  1834,  the  following  resolution  was 
adopted  by  the  legislature: 

Resolved,  that  his  excellency  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of  the  council, 
be  authorized  to  cause  to  be  printed,  under  the  superintendence  of  the  geo-. 
logical  surveyor,  a  new  edition  of  Professor  Hitchcock's  Report  on  the  Geology 
of  this  Commonwealth,  and  the  atlas  accompanying  it,  with  such  alterations 
and  additions  as  may  be  proposed  by  the  professor  and  approved  by  the  execu- 
tive; and  that  a  warrant  be  drawn  on  the  treasury  for  such  sum  as  may  be 
necessary  to  defray  the  expenses  thereof :  Provided,  That  the  whole  expenditure 
shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $2.60  for  each  copy. 

Resolved,  That  the  said  500  copies,  when  published,  shall  be  delivered  to  the 
secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  be  distributed  in  the  following  manner, 
viz :  Twelve  copies  to  the  governor ;  10  copies  to  the  surveyor ;  one  copy  to  each 
of  the  chaplains  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives;  one  copy  to  each 
incorporated  lyceum  and  athenaeum  in  th's  Commonwealth;  two  copies  each 
to  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  and  the  Massachusetts  Medical  College; 
one  copy  to  each  member  of  the  council,  senate,  and  house  of  representatives^ 


152  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

who  was  not  a  member  of  either  of  those  branches  of  the  government  for  the 
l:ist  year;  one  copy  to  each  of  the  permanent  clerks  in  the  office  of  the  secretary 
of  state,  treasurer,  and  adjutant  general;  two  copies  to  the  Pilgrim  Society 
at  Plymouth ;  and  the  remaining  copies  to  be  disposed  of  in,  such  manner  as  the 
legislature  may  direct. 

Administration. — In  accordance  with  the  resolution  of  1830,  Gov- 
ernor Lincoln  issued,  on  June  25  of  that  year,  a  commission  to  Prof. 
Edward  Hitchcock,  of  Amherst  College,  directing  him  to  make  a 
survey  of  the  Commonwealth  in  a  manner  contemplated  by  the 
resolution  and  to  perform  such  other  duties  relating  thereto  as  might 
be  enjoined  upon  him  and  obeying  such  instructions,  from  time  to 
time,  as  he  might  receive  from  the  proper  authority. 

Professor  Hitchcock  seems  to  have  entered  promptly  upon  the 
work  and  submitted  his  first  report  (pt.  1,  Economical  Geology) 
under  date  of  January  1,  1832.  This  was  a  pamphlet  of  70  pages, 
in  which  was  outlined  his  general  plan  of  work,  as  well  as  the  pre- 
liminary report  on  the  economic  geology  of  the  State.  He  an- 
nounced his  purpose  to  divide  his  final  report  into  four  parts,  the 
first  the  economical  portion  already  mentioned;  the  second,  topo- 
graphical geology,  or  an  account  of  the  most  interesting  features  of 
the  scenery;  third,  scientific  geology,  or  an  account  of  the  rocks  in 
their  relation  to  science;  and,  fourth,  catalogues  of  native  minerals, 
botanical  and  zoological  productions  of  the  Commonwealth,  this 
Intter  being  agreeable  to  the  resolution  of  February  2,  1831. 

Realizing  that  a  considerable  period  must  elapse  before  the  pre- 
liminary report  on  economic  geology  could  be  completed.  Doctor 
Hitchcock  announced  the  construction  of  a  small  map  from  such 
materials  as  already  existed,  upon  which  he  delineated  the  various 
kinds  of  rocks  that  he  found  prevailing  in  the  State,  the  same  being 
shown  by  different  colors  and  simple  markings.  To  avoid  confusion 
he  placed  on  this  map  such  topography  and  geography  as  was  abso- 
lutely necessary,  and  employed  but  six  colors  for  the  rocks,  although 
announcing  that  more  than  20  kinds  were  represented,  his  object 
being  "to  simplify  the  map  as  to  render  it  easily  intelligible,  while 
it  exhibits  all  that  is  important  to  the  practical  man  as  well  as  to 
the  scientific  inquirer." 

So  far  as  can  be  gleaned  from  available  records  no  paid  assistants 
were  employed  in  the  strictly  geological  work,  nor  are  there  any 
statements  regarding  the  salaries. 

In  the  biological  divisions  of  the  survey,  Hitchcock  was  assisted 
by  an  able  corps  of  specialists,  including  T.  W.  Harris  on  mammalia 
and  insects,  Ebenezer  Emmons  on  birds,  S.  C.  H.  Smith  on  reptiles, 
J.  V.  C.  Smith  on  fishes.  T.  A.  Greene  on  marine  shells,  T.  M.  Earle 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  153 

on  land  and  fresh-water  shells,  A.  A.  Gould  on  Crustacea,  N.  M. 
Hentz  on  spiders,  and  others. 

In  accordance  with  directions  received  from  the  governor,  but 
which  were  not  incorporated  in  the  original  resolution,  there  was  made 
a  collection  of  rocks  and  minerals,  comprising  some  1,550  specimens, 
which  were  installed  in  the  rooms  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History.  Three  collections  of  900  specimens  each  were  reported  as 
made  for  the  three  colleges  in  the  State.  Concerning  this  collec- 
tion, Professor  Hitchcock  wrote  in  his  first  report  (1832) : 

To  illustrate  the  first  and  third  parts  of  the  report  I  have,  in  accordance  with 
directions  from  your  excellency,  collected  specimens  of  every  variety  of  rock  I 
could  find  in  the  Commonwealth ;  and  in  all  cases  where  a  rock  is  quarried  or 
might  be  quarried  in  several  places  I  have  endeavored  to  obtain  specimens  from 
each  locality.  I  have  collected  likewise  all  the  ores  of  importance  found  in  the 
State,  as  well  as  the  other  simple  minerals  which  could  be  obtained  without 
much  difficulty  or  delay.  I  did  not  suppose  that  my  instructions  authorized  me 
to  be  at  much  expense  and  trouble  in  procuring  every  rare  mineral  that  has 
been  described  as  occurring  in  the  State;  although  this  object  may  still  be 
accomplished,  if  I  have  mistaken  the  intentions  of  the  government.  Tiie  col- 
lection of  specimens  which  I  have  already  made  for  the  use  of  the  government 
contains  780  individual  pieces,  and  it  is  not  yet  completed ;  so  that  I  shall  not 
be  able  to  forward  it  with  this  part  of  my  report.  I  do  not  know  to  what  use 
the  government  intends  to  devote  this  collection,  but,  supposing  it  should  be 
placed  in  some  public  situation,  in  order  to  exhibit  to  the  citizens  the  geology 
and  mineralogy  of  the  State,  I  have  endeavored  to  obtain  from  all  the  more  im- 
portant quarries  and  beds  whence  stones  are  obtained  for  the  purpose  of 
architecture  or  ornament,  specimens  which  would  fairly  exhibit  the  qualities 
and  value  of  each. 

Expenses. — The  entire  expense  of  this  survey,  as  announced  in 
the  second  edition  of  his  report  (1835),  including  the  preparation  of 
the  report,  collecting,  labeling,  and  arranging  the  1,550  specimens 
of  rocks  and  minerals,  and  the  900  specimens  for  each  of  the  colleges 
of  the  State,  was  $2,030.  This  sum  does  not  include  the  cost  of 
printing  the  several  editions  of  the  reports. 

Publications. — Of  the  first  report  on  economic  geology  printed, 
600  copies  were  issued  in  1832,  and  in  1833  the  complete  report,  com- 
prising economic,  topographic,  and  scientific  geology,  as  well  as  the 
list  of  animals  and  plants,  compiled  in  accordance  with  the  act  of 
February  2,  1831,  and  forming  altogether  a  large  octavo  volume  of 
TOO  pages,  was  issued.  This  was  accompanied  by  an  atlas  containing 
a  geological  map  and  18  plates  of  scenery,  fossils,  and  sections. 
Twelve  hundred  copies  were  printed  and  distributed,  in  accordance 
with  the  act  of  March  2,  1833.  In  1835  a  second  edition  of  this  re- 
port was  issued  in  conformity  with  the  resolution  of  the  legislature, 
bearing  date  of  February  19,  1834.  Five  hundred  copies  were 
printed,  the  cost  of  same  being  limited  by  law  to  $2.60  a  copy.  This 


154  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

differed  but  slightly  from  the  first  edition.  The  most  important  and 
extensive  changes,  as  noted  in  the  letter  of  transmission,  were  in- 
cluded in  the  catalogue  of  animals  and  plants  embraced  in  part  4. 
These  were  nearly  all  rewritten  and  several  of  them  nearly  doubled 
in  extent. 

SURVEY   OF    1837. 

In  1837  the  subject  of  a  renewal  of  the  survey  came  before  the 
legislature,  and  a  resolution  was  passed  authorizing  the  governor  and 
council  to  appoint  some  suitable  person  to  make  a  further  and 
thorough  geological  and  mineralogical,  botanical,  and  zoological 
survey  of  the  Commonwealth,  with  particular  reference  to  the  dis- 
covery of  coal,  marl,  and  ores,  and  an  analysis  of  the  various  soils 
of  the  State  relative  to  agricultural  benefit.  The  following  is  the 
text  of  this  and  subsequent  acts  relating  thereto : 

Resolution  providing  for  an  agricultural  survey  of  the  State. 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the 
council,  is  hereby  authorized  and  requested  to  appoint  some  suitable  and  com- 
petent person,  whose  duty  it  shall  be,  under  the  direction  of  his  excellency  the 
governor,  to  make  an  agricultural  survey  of  the  Commonwealth,  collect  accu- 
rate information  of  the  state  and  condition  of  its  agriculture,  and  every  sub- 
ject connected  with  it;  point  out  the  mines  of  importance,  and  make  a  detailed 
report  thereof  with  such  exactness  as  circumstances  will  admit. 

Resolved,  That  a  summary  of  such  survey  and  examination  shall  be  furnished 
to  his  excellency  the  governor  every  six  months  until  the  whole  shall  be  com- 
pleted, and  at  such  other  times  as  shall  be  required,  to  be  published  in  such 
way  and  manner  as  he,  with  the  advice  of  the  council,  shall  deem  to  be  ex- 
pedient and  useful;  and  be  is  authorized  to  draw  his  warrants,  from  time  to 
time,  upon  the  treasurer  for  such  sums  as  may  be  necessary  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  said  survey  and  to  enable  the  person  so  appointed  to  proceed  in  the 
execution  of  the  duties  that  shall  be  required  of  him ;  and  to  pay  the  same  to 
him,  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  $2,500  per  annum. 

April  12,  1837. 

This  resolution  was  in  due  season  followed  by  two  others  relative 
to  the  publication  and  distribution  of  the  reports  and  to  the  final 
abandonment  of  the  survey.  These  were  as  follows : 

Resolved,  That  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  procure  the  publication 
of  1,500  copies  of  the  reports  which  he  has  received,  or  may  hereafter  receive, 
under  resolve  of  the  12th  of  April,  in  the  year  1837,  providing  for  a  further 
geological,  mineralogical,  botanical,  and  zoological  survey  of  the  Commonwealth; 
and  to  draw  his  warrant,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  upon  the 
treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth  for  such  sums  as  may  be  necessary  for  that 
purpose. 

Resolved,  That  the  said  copies,  when  published,  be  delivered  to  the  secretary 
of  the  Commonwealth,  to  be  distributed  in  the  following  manner:  Twelve  copies 
to  the  governor;  six  copies  to  the  lieutenant  governor;  one  copy  to  each  mem- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       155 

ber  of  the  council,  senate,  and  house  of  representatives;  one  copy  each  to  the 
secretary,  treasurer,  and  to  each  clerk  and  chaplain  of  the  two  houses;  one  copy 
to  the  secretary  and  one  to  each  of  the  board  of  education;  20  copies  to  the 
geological  surveyor;  and  10  copies  to  ench  commissioner  appointed  under  the 
resolve  of  April  12,  1837;  five  copies  to  be  deposited  in  the  library  of  the 
State;  one  copy  to  each  town  in  the  Commonwealth  ;  two  copies  each  to  Harvard, 
Amherst,  and  Williams  Colleges;  one  copy  each  to  the  theological  seminaries 
of  Andover  and  Newton ;  one  copy  to  each  incorporated  athenaeum,  lyceuiu,  and 
academy  in  the  Commonwealth;  one  copy  to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences ;  one  copy  to  the  Antiquarian  Society  at  Worcester  and  one  to  the 
Pilgrim  Society  at  Plymouth;  one  copy  to  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
and  to  every  other  incorporated  historical  society  in  the  Commonwealth ;  one 
copy  to  the  State  lunatic  hospital  at  Worcester;  one  copy  to  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History;  one  copy  to  the  Essex  County  Natural  History  Society; 
one  copy  each  to  the  Massachusetts  and  Salem  Charitable  Mechanic  Associa- 
tions; one  copy  to  the  library  of  the  East  India  Marine  Society  in  Salem;  two 
copies  to  the  Library  of  the  United  States;  one  copy  to  the  executive  of  each 
State  in  the  Union ;  100  copies  to  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  governor;  and 
the  remainder  to  be  subject  to  the  further  order  of  the  legislature. 
April  9,  1839. 

A  resolution  concerning  the  agricultural  survey  of  the  State. 

Resolved,  That  from  and  after  the  25th  day  of  May  next,  the  resolve  passed 
the  12th  day  of  April,  in  the  year  1837,  providing  for  an  agricultural  survey 
of  the  Commonwealth,  be  repealed. 

Approved  by  the  governor,  February  15,  1841. 

Administration. — In  accordance  with  the  act  of  April  12,  1837, 
Professor  Hitchcock  again  took  up  the  direction  of  the  geological 
survey  and  on  April  1  of  the  year  following  rendered  a  report  of 
139  pages  on  the  economical  part  of  the  work.  This  was  printed 
without  special  order.  The  work  contained  a  large  number  of 
physical  and  chemical  analyses  of  soils,  with  a  discussion  of  the 
method  of  procedure  and  the  agricultural  value  of  the  results. 

The  biological  section  of  the  survey  was  less  prompt  in  making  its 
returns.  The  commission,  as  stated  in  the  introduction  to  the  re- 
ports, was  established  on  June  10, 1837,  and  had  received  the  follow- 
ing instructions: 

It  is  presumed  to  have  been  a  leading  object  of  the  legislature  in  authorizing 
the  survey  to  promote  the  agricultural  benefit  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  you 
will  keep  carefully  in  view  the  economical  relations  of  every  subject  of  your 
inquiry.  By  this,  however,  it  is  not  intended  that  scientific  order,  method  or 
comprehension  should  be  departed  from.  At  the  same  time,  that  which  is  prac- 
tically useful  will  receive  a  proportionally  greater  share  of  attention  than  that 
which  is  merely  curious;  the  promotion  of  comfort  and  happiness  being  the 
great  end  of  all  science. 

In  the  division  of  work  as  finally  adopted  Chester  Dewey,  pro- 
fessor of  botany,  materia  medica,  etc.,  in  the  Berkshire  Medical  In- 
stitution, reported  upon  the  herbaceous  plants;  George  B.  Emerson, 


156  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

president  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  upon  the  trees 
and  other  ligneous  plants;  Ebenezer  Emmons,  professor  of  natural 
history  in  Williams  College,  upon  the  mammalia;  A.  A.  Gould,  one 
of  the  curators  in  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  upon  the 
miscellaneous  Crustacea  and  radiata:  T.  TV.  Harris,  librarian  of 
Harvard  University,  upon  the  insects  injurious  to  vegetation;  Rev. 
William  B.  O.  Peabody,  of  Springfield,  upon  the  birds;  and  D.  H. 
Storer  upon  the  fishes. 

It  was  agreed  that  "  instead  of  confining  themselves  to  completing 
the  catalogues  in  the  several  departments  as  issued  by  the  first  sur- 
vey, each  commissioner  should  endeavor,  as  far  as  possible,  to  study 
and  describe  every  new  object  which  should  present  itself  in  his 
own  department,  and,  where  the  descriptions  already  given  were  in- 
complete or  unsatisfactory,  or  contained  in  books  not  of  easy  access 
to  the  public,  to  redescribe  or  make  additions  or  changes  such  as 
should  seem  best." 

It  became  at  once  evident  that  satisfactory  final  reports  could  not 
be  issued  within  the  limits  of  a  single  year.  Partial  reports  were 
therefore  made  by  each  of  the  commissioners,  which,  with  a  letter 
from  the  chairman,  were  ordered  printed  and  leave  was  asked  and 
obtained  to  defer  their  report  for  another  year.  The  final  reports 
as  issued  under  date  of  1840  were  monographic  in  character,  and 
several  of  them  have  since  been  reprinted  as  separate  documents: 
Gould's  report  on  Invertebrate  Animals,  formed  a  work  of  373 
pages  and  14  plates;  Harris's  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation,  the 
first  issue  of  which  was  made  under  date  of  1840  and  reprinted  under 
date  of  1862,  formed  a  volume  of  640  pages;  Dewey's  report  on 
Herbaceous  Plants  formed  a  work  of  277  pages;  Emrnons  on  Quad- 
rupeds, 86  pages;  Storer  on  Fishes  and  Reptiles,  235  pages;  Pea- 
body  on  Birds,  147  pages. 

It  may  be  well  to  note  here  that  Professor  Hitchcock's  reports  on 
the  fossil  footprints  of  the  Connecticut  Valley,  entitled  Ichnology 
of  New  England,  were  printed  by  the  State,  in  accordance  with 
resolutions  approved  March  29, 1857,  and  March  26,  1858.  The  work 
of  preparation  appears,  however,  to  have  been  done  wholly  under 
private  auspices. 

In  December,  1839,  the  final  report  of  the  geological  division  of 
the  survey  was  presented  and  printed  under  date  of  1841  in  the 
form  of  two  quarto  volumes  of  831  pages,  all  told,  including  51 
full-page  plates  and  maps.  Fifteen  hundred  copies  were  issued  and 
distributed  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  April  9,  1839. 

By  resolution  of  February  15,  1841,  the  original  resolution  pro- 
viding for  an  agricultural  survey  of  the  Commonwealth  was  repealed 
as  previously  mentioned. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       157 

Expemes. — Twenty-five  hundred  dollars  was  appropriated  for  the 
carrying  out  of  this  survey.  Data  are  not  available  to  show  the 
amount  actually  expended.  It  is  stated,  however,1  that  each  member 
of  the  biological  corps  received  the  sum  of  $350  for  his  services. 

Benefits. — As  above  noted,  Massachusetts  was  the  first  State  to 
begin  and  carry  to  completion  a  geological  and  natural  history 
survey  at  the  public  expense.  The  benefits  can  not  be  calculated  in 
terms  of  money.  From  both  State  and  national  standpoints  these 
may  well  be  considered  invaluable.  The  example  set  was  speedily 
followed,  and  by  1840,  or  between  the  time  of  the  beginning  and 
conclusion  of  the  Massachusetts  survey,  18  other  States  of  the  Union 
had  commenced  similar  investigations. 

SURVEY  OF  PUBLIC  LANDS   OF   MAINE   AND   MASSACHUSETTS   UNDER   C.   T. 
JACKSON,   1837-1838. 

As  already  noted  (see  under  Maine,  p.  129),  Massachusetts  under- 
took, with  Maine,  a  joint  survey  of  the  public  lands  in  1836.  The 
following  is  the  text  of  the  law : 

Resolve  of  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts. 

Resolved,  That  the  governor,  with  advice  of  the  council,  be  hereby  authorized 
to  employ  some  suitable  person  or  persons  to  make  a  geological  survey  of  any 
lands  in  Maine  where  such  survey,  together  with  the  various  observations  which 
the  surveyors  will  have  opportunity  to  make,  will  probably  lead  to  a  more  ac- 
curate knowledge  of  the  worth  of  the  public  domain. 

Resolved,  That  the  governor  and  council  may,  if  they  deem  it  expedent,  ad- 
vise and  cooperate  with  the  government  of  the  State  of  Maine  in  relation  to 
«pch  survey. 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency  the  governor  may  draw  his  warrant  for  what- 
ever expense  shall  be  incurred  in  the  accomplishment  of  the  survey  recom- 
mended in  the  t\vo  preceding  resolutions. 

Passed  March  21,  1S36. 

Under  this  act  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  received  the  appointment  and 
made  two  reports,  dated  1837  and  1838.  (See  under  Maine.) 

In  1874,  in  response  to  a  memorial  from  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences  urging  "  a  new  and  thorough  scientific  survey 
of  the  Commonwealth,"  the  legislature  referred  the  question  to  the 
board  of  education  with  a  request  that  they  "  consider  the  same  and 
report  thereon  at  the  next  general  court."  The  board  of  education 
in  its  turn  appointed  Gardner  G.  Hubbard,  Rev.  A.  A.  Miner,  and 
Rev.  Philips  Brooks  a  subcommittee  to  investigate  and  report.  The 
subcommittee  entered  fully  into  a  consideration  and  rendered  a 
comprehensive  report  on  December  1,  1874,  which  was  printed  in 
the  form  of  House  Document  No.  40  of  that  year.  It  appears  that 

1  House  Document  No.  40,  1875. 


158  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

opinions  were  obtained  from  nearly  every  scientific  man  of  impor- 
tance within  the  State  limits,  and  the  advisability  of  topographical, 
hydrographical,  geological,  and  biological  surveys  fully  considered. 
It  was  estimated  that  the  survey  as  outlined  would  require  an  appro- 
priation of  $385,000,  which  could  be  made  payable  in  15  installments 
of  $25,666  each.  Although  the  reports  of  the  committee  and  opin- 
ions expressed  by  those  consulted  appear  to  have  been  almost  uni- 
formly favorable,  yet  no  definite  action  toward  the  establishment  of 
the  survey  seems  to  have  been  taken,  nor  had  a  State  survey  been 
reestablished  up  to  1900.1 

MICHIGAN. 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  DOUGLASS  HOUGHTON,  1837-1842.* 

The  importance  of  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Michigan 
became  early  apparent  through  the  work  of  Schoolcraft  and  others, 
particularly  in  the  copper  regions  adjacent  to  Lake  Superior,  but  the 
most  powerful  and  perhaps  the  deciding  motive  for  the  establishment 
of  such  was  the  urgent  need  of  finding  larger  and  cheaper  supplies  of 
salt  than  could  be  furnished  from  sources  beyond  the  State  limits. 

Organisation. — Michigan  was  admitted  to  the  Union  on  January 
26,  1837,  and  on  the  23d  of  February  following  an  act  was  signed 
by  Gov.  S.  T.  Mason  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State. 
The  following  is  the  text  of  this  act : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
State  of  Michigan,  That  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to 
nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  appoint  a 
competent  person,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make  an  accurate  and  complete 
geological  survey  of  this  State,  which  shall  be  accompanied  with  proper  maps 
and  diagrams,  and  furnish  a  full  ami  scientific  description  of  its  rocks,  soils, 
minerals,  and  of  its  botanical  and  geological  productions,  together  with  speci- 
mens of  the  same;  which  maps,  diagrams,  and  specimens  shall  be  deposited  in 
the  Stnte  library,  and  similar  specimens  shall  be  deposited  in  such  literary  and 
scientific  institutions  as  the  governor  shnll  direct;  and  the  governor  is  further 
authorized  to  appoint,  from  time  to  time,  as  the  exigencies  of  the  case  may  re- 
quire, competent  persons  to  act  as  assistants  under  the  direction  of  the  geologist. 

1  By  an  net  npproved  June  3,  19<)3,  a  second  survey  was  begun,  with  William  N.  Rice, 
director.  Sre  Pull.  465,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  1911. 

*  Condensed  from  manuscript  by  Dr.  Alexander  Winchell.  The  portion  of  this  manu- 
script relating  to  Prof.  Winchell's  own  work  and  that  of  Hou^hton  is  remarkably  full 
and  detailed,  and  may  seem  to  give  undue  prominence  to  the  Michigan  survey.  Inasmuch, 
however,  as  It  was  prepared  by  one  thoroughly  acquainted  with  all  the  details,  and  him- 
self a  participant  in  the  work,  and  inasmuch,  further,  as  Houghton's  reports  are  out  of 
print  and  quite  Inaccessible  to  most  students.  It  has  seemed  advisable  to  print  It  as 
written  and  in  almost  Its  entirety,  cutting  out  only  occasional  personal  and  perhaps 
pointed  references  to  certain  Individuals. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  159 

SEC.  2.  A  sum  not  exceeding  $3,000  for  the  year  1837,  a  sum  not  exceeding 
$6,000  for  the  year  1838,  a.  sum  not  exceeding  $8,000  for  the  year  1839,  and  a 
Bum  not  exceeding  $12,000  for  the  year  1840,  is  hereby  appropriated  to  defray 
the  expenses  that  may  be  incurred  under  this  act,  which  sums  shall  be  paid  out 
of  the  treasury  from  any  money  not  otherwise  appropriated,  at  such  times  and 
in  such  sums  as  the  governor  may  direct;  and  an  account  of  all  the  expenditures 
of  each  year  shall  be  annually  reported  to  the  legislature. 

SEC.  3.  The  geologist  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  make  a 
report  annually  to  the  legislature,  on  the  first  Monday  of  January,  in  each 
year,  setting  forth  generally  the  progress  made  in  the  survey  hereby  authorized. 

Approved  February  23,  1837. 

Subsequently  the  following  were  passed : 

An  act  making  an  appropriation  for  the  improvement  of  the  State  salt  springs. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
State  of  Michigan,  That  the  sum  of  $1,500  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  appro- 
priated out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury,  or  that  may  hereafter  come  into  the 
treasury,  to  the  credit  of  the  internal  improvement  fund,  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated, for  the  purpose  of  continuing  the  process  of  sinking  tubes  and  boring  at 
the  State  salt  springs  at  Grand  River,  in  Kent  County,  and  also  on  the  Titta- 
bawassee  River,  in  Midland  County. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  State  geologist  be  directed  to  contract  for  the  boring  to  be 
done  at  each  of  said  salt  springs,  and  also  to  contract  for  the  performance  of  all 
other  work  connected  therewith,  so  far  as  in  his  opinion  the  same  can  be  ad- 
vantageously done. 

SEC.  3.  All  moneys  drawn  under  this  act  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  treasurer 
on  the  warrant  of  the  auditor  general,  which  warrant  shall  only  be  issued  upon 
the  certified  estimate  of  the  State  geologist,  except  such  sums  as  may  be  neces- 
sary for  contingent  expenses  or  in  payment  for  such  works  as  it  may  not  be 
deemed  advisable  to  do  by  contract,  which  sums  shall  be  paid  directly  to  the 
State  geologist,  and  for  which  he  shall  deposit  with  the  auditor  general  proper 
vouchers  at  the  time  of  receiving  his  warrant  therefor. 

SEC.  4.  On  all  contracts  for  work  in  progress  a  sum  amounting  to  not  less  than 
15  per  cent  upon  the  work  completed  shall  remain  unpaid  until  the  fiual  com- 
pletion'of  the  contract. 

SEC.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force,  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  February  1,  1842. 

An  act  making  appropriations  for  the  current  expenses  of  the  Government  for  the  year 

1842. 

For  the  salary  of  State  geologist,  $1,000;  for  the  salary  of  State  topographer, 
$800 ;  for  the  contingent  expenses  for  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State,  a  sum  not  exceeding  $400. 

SEC.  2.  The  salaries  above  specified  shall  be  payable  quarterly,  commencing 
at  the  date  of  the  respective  appointments  of  the  incumbents,  or  at  the  same 
rates  for  fractional  quarters. 

Approved  February  17,  1842. 

Administration  and  procedure. — Under  these  acts  Dr.  Douglass 
Houghton,  of  Detroit,  was  appointed  State  geologist,  and  Dr.  Abram 
Sager,  also  of  Detroit,  zoological  and  botanical  assistant.    The  geo- 
136075—20 12 


160  BULLETIN   109,    UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

logical  interest  most  conspicuous  in  importance  at  that  time  was 
salt.  Doctor  Houghton  had  already  visited  the  shores  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula  in  company  with  Henry  R.  Schoolscraft,  and  must  have 
remarked  the  indications  of  mineral  wealth  in  that  remote  region: 
but  the  salt  springs  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  were  better  known  and 
more  accessible.  They  had  been  noticed  from  the  earliest  settlement 
of  the  territory,  and  the  General  Government  had  made  numerous 
reservations  of  salt  spring  lands.  In  the  act  of  June  23,  1836.  72 
sections  of  these  lands  were  patented  to  the  State. 

FIRST  YEAK  OF  THE  SURVEY,  1837. 

The  general  impression  prevailed  in  Michigan  that  salt  was  des- 
tined to  become  an  important  resource.  The  State  geologist  accord- 
ingly devoted  his  first  efforts  to  a  general  study  of  the  facts  within 
reach  of  ready  observation.  His  first  report,  of  39  pages,1  was  dated 
January  22,  1838,  and  devoted  21  pages  to  this  subject. 

He  found  the  salines  of  the  State  distributed  in  five  groups: 
1.  Those  upon  the  Grand  River,  near  Grand  Rapids.  2.  Those  on 
Maple  River,  in  Gratiot  County.  3.  Those  on  the  Tittabawassee,  in 
Midland  County.  4.  Those  of  Macomb  County.  5.  Those  on  the 
Saline  River  in  Washtenaw  County.  It  was  impossible  as  yet  to 
know  that  these  groups  of  springs  were  supplied  from  formations 
of  three  different  ages.  As  saline  indications  of  importance  were 
known  south  of  a  line  drawn  from  Monroe  to  Grand  Rapids,  Doctor 
Houghton  gave  analyses  of  20  samples  of  brine  from  as  many  dif- 
ferent localities  within  the  peninsula.  These  were  generally  located 
on  marshes,  circumstanced  similarly  to  the  salines  of  New  York,  or 
on  the  immediate  banks  of  streams  subject  more  or  less  to  overflow. 
The  strongest  of  yield  was  from  150  to  400  grains  of  sodium  chloride 
in  100  cubic  inches  of  brine.  As  the  result  of  the  observations  this 
year,  Doctor  Houghton  advanced  the  opinion  that  the  brine  supplied 
at  the  surface  at  any  of  the  localities  examined  would  prove  too 
weak  and  too  limited  in  quantity  to  justify  the  expectation  of  remun- 
erative manufacture.  At  the  same  time  he  announced  "  a  general 
resemblance  between  the  geology  of  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  and  that 
of  Michigan,"  and  stated  his  belief  that  "  the  rock  formations  (pre- 
sumably the  surface  rocks)  of  our  saliferous  district  are  somewhat 
lower  in  the  series  than  those  occurring  in  the  principal  salines  on 
the  Ohio;"  and  from  this  "  inferred  that  the  salt-bearing  rock  would 
be  nearer  the  surface  here"  than  in  Ohio.  The  similarity  of  cir- 
cumstances, as  he  erroneously  conceived,  attending  the  occurrence  of 

1  House  Documents,  1838,  pp.  27&-316. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  161 

brine  springs  in  Michigan  and  Ohio,  led  him  to  advance  the  opinion 
that  in  this  State,  as  well  as  Ohio,  success  might  follow  the  "  sinking 
of  shafts  through  the  rock  strata  "  in  the  vicinity  of  the  salines.  He 
adds: 

I  do  not  hesitate  to  give  it  as  my  opinion,  drawn  from  a  careful  examination 
•f  the  subject,  that  points  may  be  selected  where  these  operations  may  be  con- 
ducted with  the  strongest  prospects  of  eventual  success. 

The  general  geology  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  is  treated  in  the  first 
report,  under  the  following  subdivisions: 

1.  The  Upper  Sandstone  of  the  Peninsula:  He  here  embraces  the 
sandstones  exposed  in  the  counties  of  Hillsdale,  Jackson,  Calhoun, 
Kalamazoo,  Livingston,  Ingham,  Eaton,  Barry,  Shiawassee,  Clin- 
ton, and  the  eastern  part  of  Ionia.    A  large  number  of  outcrops  are 
enumerated.    It  is  evident  now  that  the  localities  mentioned  belong 
to  three  different  ages. 

2.  Gray  limestone:  This  he  regards  "without  doubt,  identical 
with  the  mountain  limestone  of  European  geologists."    Numerous 
outcrops  are  described,  but  these  embrace  localities  of  the  Corniferous 
limestone,  the  lower  Carboniferous  limestone  on  the  Charity  Islands, 
and  coal  measure  limestones  in  Shiawassee  and  Midland  counties. 

3.  Lower  Sandstone  or  graywacke  group:  Here  are  included  the 
sandstones  of  Point  aux  Barques  and  the  red  sandstone  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, which  he  thinks  "may  be  referred  to  the  lower  portion  of 
this  group." 

4.  Coal,  the  existence  of  which  is  distinctly  announced. 

5.  Gypsum:  This,  he  says,  is  apparently  of  considerable  extent  in 
Kent  County. 

6.  Clay. 

7.  Sand. 

8.  Marl. 

9.  Bog  iron  ore. 

10.  Mineral  springs:  Several  highly  sulphurated  springs  occur  in 
Monroe,  "  and  the  waters  being  also  charged  with  carbonate  of  lime, 
give  rise  to  considerably  elevated  mounds  of  calcareous  tufa."    He 
mentions  the  remarkable  spring  in  a  marsh  in  the  town  of  Havre, 
Monroe  County,  which  has  a  circumference  of  150  feet  and  a  depth 
of  35  feet.    He  alludes  to  the  great  physical  difficulties  encountered, 
the  sparseness  of  the  population,  and  consequent  lack  of  local  infor- 
mation ;  and  says  that  the  appropriation  has  not  been  enough  "  to 
cover  even  the  traveling  expenses  of  those  engaged  in  these  arduous 
duties." 

The  geological  corps  consisted  of  Douglass  Houghton,  geologist; 
Abram  Sager.  principal  assistant  in  charge  of  botanical  and  zoo- 


162  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

logical  departments;  S.  W.  Higgins,  topographer  and  draftsman: 
Columbus  C.  Douglass,  subassistant ;  Bela  Hubbard,  subassistant; 
William  P.  Smith,  subassistant  in  charge  of  mechanical  zoology. 

An  appendix  embraces  a  large  number  of  questions  addressed  to 
proprietors  of  lands,  answers  to  which  are  desired  by  the  survey. 

SECOND  YEAR  OF  THE   SURVEY,    1838. 

This  report,  presented  to  the  legislature  of  1838,  led  to  the  pas- 
sage of  an  act,  approved  March  24,  1838,  "  To  provide  for  the  im- 
provement of  certain  State  salt  springs.''  directing  the  State  geologist 
to  proceed  to  make  explorations  by  boring  at  one  or  more  of  the 
springs,  and  appropriating  $3,000  to  defray  expenses.  This  legis- 
lature also  revised  the  organization  of  the  survey  and  enlarged  its 
resources.  By  an  act  approved  March  23,  1838,  the  former  law  was 
repealed  and  a  new  organization  provided  which  should  consist  of 
four  departments:  1,  Geological  and  mineralcgical ;  2,  zoological; 
3,  botanical;  4.  topographical.  Each  department  was  to  have  its 
head  and  carry  on  independent  work;  but  all  the  others  were  to 
report  to  the  chief  geologist.  "Minor  assistants"  were  also  pro- 
vided in  the  several  departments.  Of  the  specimens  collected  one 
series  was  to  belong  to  the  State,  and  16  other  series,  if  possible,  were 
to  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  board  of  regents  to  be  distributed 
to  the  university  and  its  branches;  but  the  university  was  to  pay 
$4,000  to  the  State  before  receiving  the  benefit  of  this  act.  The  ap- 
propriation was  $12,000  for  each  year  between  March  1,  1838,  and 
March  1, 1844.  The  State  geologist  was  to  receive  for  salary.  $2,000; 
the  zoologist,  $1,500;  the  botanist,  $1,500;  the  topographer,  $1,000. 
Each  minor  assistant  was  to  be  paid  $800,  but  the  chief  assistant  of 
the  zoologist,  $1,000.  For  contingent  expenses  a  balance  of  $2,600 
remained. 

Under  this  organization  the  following  appointments  were  made: 
Douglass  Houghton,  State  geologist;  Abram  Sager,  zoologist;  John 
Wright,  botanist ;  Sylvester  W.  Higgins,  topographer ;  Columbus  C. 
Douglass,  Bela  Hubbard,  geological  assistants. 

It  appears  that  the  "  practical "  instincts  of  a  certain  portion  of 
the  legislature  began  already  to  inquire  cui  b&no?  A  resolution  was 
passed  calling  upon  the  State  geologist  "  for  information  as  to  the 
direct  benefits  which  may  be  anticipated  to  the  agricultural  interests 
of  the  State  from  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey."  To  this 
Doctor  Houghton  replied,  under  date  of  March  2,  1839,  grouping 
the  "  direct  benefits  "  under  five  heads :  1.  In  disseminating  knowl- 
edge of  the  soils.  2.  Iii  showing  how  to  correct  deficiencies.  3.  In 
bringing  to  light  mineral  manures.  4.  In  accumulating  information 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       163 

about  destructive  insects.  5.  In  disseminating  a  knowledge  of  plants, 
both  the  useful  and  the  noxious. 

The  results  of  the  field  work  of  1838  may  here  be  summarized:  On 
the  1st  of  January,  1839,  the  State  geologist  communicated  a  special 
report  on  the  State  salt  springs,  in  which  he  announced  that  he  had 
visited  the  various  salines  of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  Ohio  with 
the  view  of  collecting  information  to  guide  his  procedure  and  had 
commenced  the  sinking  of  two  shafts — one  on  the  Tittabawassee, 
near  the  mouth  of  Salt  River,  and  the  other  on  the  Grand  River, 
about  3  miles  west  of  Grand  Rapids.  The  springs  affording  the 
strongest  brines  were  located  in  these  districts.  The  work,  however, 
was  beset  with  difficulties  very  great  even  for  that  period,  and  had 
made  but  little  progress.  On  the  Tittabawassee  the  surface  mate- 
rials were  first  penetrated  by  a  shaft  45  feet  deep,  when  fresh  and 
brackish  waters  overpowered  the  pumps,  and  an  attempt  was  made 
to  sink  a  drill  at  a  neighboring  point.  The  well  near  Grand  Rapids 
(Sec.  3,  T.  6,  N.  12  W.)  was  begun  in  July,  1838,  but  had  made  un- 
satisfactory progress. 

To  complete  the  history  of  these  two  wells  in  this  connection  it 
may  be  said  that  $15,000  was  appropriated  on  January  28,  1839,  for 
the  continuance  of  the  work,  and  $5,000  for  each  of  the  wells  on 
March  31,  1840,  $300  on  April  12,  1841,  to  pay  certain  expenses  con- 
nected with  them,  and  $15,000  on  February  1,  1842,  "  from  the  in- 
ternal improvement  fund,"  to  still  maintain  the  exploration.  As  a 
result,  the  drill  on  the  Tittabawassee  well,  from  May  to  November, 

1841,  penetrated  but  139  feet,  when  a  rock  was  struck  (supposed  by 
Doctor  Houghton  to  be  quartzite),  which  the  drill  entered  but  half 
an  inch  in  11  hours,  though  loaded  with  a  weight  of  270  pounds.    At 
this  obstacle  the  work  was  suspended,  and  by  act  of  February  15, 

1842,  the  well  was  abandoned.    The  well  on  the  Grand  River  was 
prosecuted  till  1842,  when  work  was  suspended  at  a  depth  of  473 
feet.1 

Subsequently,  as  appears  from  Doctor  Houghton's  report  on  the 
State  salt  springs,  dated  January  23,  1843,  he  delegated  the  direc- 
tion of  the  work  to  Hon.  Lucius  Lyon,  who  carried  the  boring  to  the 
depth  of  876  feet.  The  discharge  of  brackish  water  was  over  200 
gallons  a  minute.  At  a  little  greater  depth,  according  to  the  writer's 
private  information,  the  drill  "  got  jammed "  and  the  work  was 
given  up. 

In  these  two  costly  and  protracted  experiments  no  brine  was  ob- 
tained materially  better  than  that  previously  occurring  on  the  sur- 

1  Had  the  Tittabawassee  well  been  drilled  to  a  corresponding  depth.  It  Is  probable  that 
raccess  would  have  crowned  Doctor  Houghton's  Indefatigable  efforts,  and  the  manufacture 
tf  salt  would  have  been  begun  20  years  earlier  than  it  was. 


164  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

face.  In  the  light  of  present  knowledge  the  geological  conditions 
of  these  failures  are  perfectly  intelligible. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  State  now  took  the  requisite  steps  to 
bring  the  salt  spring  lands  into  market  on  the  same  terms  as  ordi- 
nary lands.  Twenty-five  sections  were  assigned  March  28.  1849,  for 
an  endowment  of  the  normal  school  at  the  minimum  price  of  $4 
an  acre  for  the  unimproved  tracts,  and  22  sections  were  set  apart 
February  12,  1855,  for  the  endowment  of  an  agricultural  college. 

As  an  individual  enterprise  another  well  was  begun  in  January, 
1840,  by  Lucius  Lyon  near  Bridge  Street  bridge  in  the  present  city 
of  Grand  Rapids  and  by  July,  1841,  it  had  penetrated  to  the  depth 
of  661  feet.  It  furnished  a  flow  of  one  hogshead  a  minute  of  brackish 
water,  which,  when  isolated  from  the  influx  of  fresh  water,  was 
found  one-fifth  saturated,  "or  at  least  equal  in  strength  to  brine  at 
that  time  used  on  the  Kanawha  and  Ohio  Rivers."  With  salt  selling 
at  $3  a  barrel,  Mr.  Lyon  was  enabled  to  manufacture  a  limited 
amount  without  loss.  The  want  of  brine  of  adequate  strength,  how- 
ever, led  to  an  early  suspension  of  the  business  Thus  ended  the 
first  period  of  salt  enterprise  in  Michigan. 

Recurring  now  to  the  results  of  geological  field  work  in  1838, 
the  second  year  of  the  survey,  we  look  into  the  report  of  the  State 
geologist,  dated  February  4,  1839.  We  find  that  Doctor  Houghton's 
personal  labors  were  restricted  "  to  an  examination  of  the  coast  of 
those  portions  of  our  State  bordering  on  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan," 
with  some  limited  portions  of  the  interior  and  the  southern  counties. 
In  a  sketch  of  the  topography  of  the  northen  part  of  the  Peninsula 
he  refers  to  a  range  of  hills  a  little  south  of  Thunder  Bay  River 
which  "  stretch  in  a  southwesterly  direction  toward  the  head  of  Lako 
Michigan.  This  range  at  its  commencement,"  he  continues,  "is 
usually  known  as  the  highlands  of  the  Au  Sable.  These  hills  follow 
the  line  of  bearing  of  the  rock  formation,  and  no  doubt,  extend 
diagonally  across  the  State,  forming  a  portion  of  the  summit  of 
the  more  northern  part  of  the  Peninsula"  (pp.  6,  7).  This  citation 
from  one  of  Doctor  Houghton's  earliest  records  reveals  a  preposes- 
sion  which  gave  bent  to  all  his  subsequent  reasoning,  and  landed 
him  in  erroneous  scientific  conclusions.  "  The  ridges  of  lime  rock  " 
in  the  vicinity  of  Little  and  Grand  Traverse  Bays  "  are,  without 
doubt,  a  continuation  of  the  line  of  bearing  of  the  great  limestone 
formation  of  Wisconsin."  So  early  as  this,  the  ameliorating  in- 
fluence exerted  on  the  climate  was  distinctly  noted.  The  Indians  on 
Little  Traverse  Bay,  he  reports,  cultivate  somewhat  extensive  fields 
of  corn,  and  no  failure  had  occurred  within  their  recollection.  "  In 
this  respect."  he  adds,  "  the  country  on  the  western  slope  is  precisely 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       165 

the  opposite  of  that  on  the  northerly  and  easterly  slopes,  for  this 
latter  district  is  constantly  subject  to  the  chilling  influence  of  the 
northerly  winds  from  Lake  Superior." 

In  considering  the  rocks  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Peninsula  he 
writes  that  they  "  may  be  regarded  as  referable  to  the  great  car- 
boniferous group  of  the  State,  a  position  to  which  their  fossil  con- 
tents is  amply  sufficient  to  substantiate  their  claim";  but  he  makes 
no  paleontological  citations  in  evidence.  "  In  this  respect,"  he  con- 
tinues, "  they  coincide  with  the  rocks  heretofore  described  as  occupy- 
ing the  southern  counties;  nevertheless  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  as 
there  stated,  that  these  rocks  occupy  a  very  different  position  in  the 
series."  It  does  not  appear,  however,  whether  he  considered  the 
position  higher  or  lower.  "  The  line  of  bearing  "  of  the  strata,  "  not 
only  in  the  northern,  but  likewise  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
peninsula,  is  regularly  northeasterly  and  southwesterly."  As  a  fur- 
ther conclusion,  he  infers  "  that  the  coal  of  the  central  portions  of 
our  State  and  that  upon  the  Illinois  River  is  embraced  in  a  rock 
which  belongs  to  the  same  portion  of  the  great  basin  " — a  conclusion 
which,  if  borne  out,  will  aid  much  in  determining  some  important 
points  respecting  the  relation  which  the  neighboring  rocks  bear  to 
each  other  (p.  9).  It  does  not  appear  whether  the  "great  basin" 
here  referred  to  is  the  hydrographic  basin  of  the  Mississippi  or  a 
great  coal  basin,  nor  is  it  apparent  what  the  "  important  points  "  are. 

In  a  similar  vein  he  expresses  the  conclusion  that  "  that  portion  of 
the  rock  series  which  in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  embraces  the  ores  of 
lead  is  identical  with  a  portion  of  the  rock  formation  which  occurs 
in  the  northern  part  of  our  own  State — a  circumstance  which  might 
fairly  have  been  inferred  from  the  general  line  of  bearing  of  the 
rock"  (pp.  9-10).  He  regards  Saginaw  Bay  as  lying  in  the  same 
"  line  of  bearing  "  and  "  occupying  a  denuded  space  in  the  sandstone 
just  at  that  point  where  the  latter  comes  in  contact  with  the  lime- 
stone of  the  north."  He  does  not  indicate,  however,  which  he  re- 
gards as  the  overlying  formation.  He  proceeds  to  describe  with  the 
accuracy  of  a  sagacious  observer  the  various  kinds  of  strata  appear- 
ing at  the  surface  from  Point  aux  Bargues  to  Mackinac,  but  he  does 
not  discover  that  limestones  of  different  ages  pass  under  review. 
The  bituminous  shale  of  Sulphur  Island  did  not  escape  him,  but  he 
recorded  it  as  "  clipping  below  the  limestone  just  described,"  which 
is  that  of  "  the  southerly  cape  of  Thunder  Bay  "  (p.  11). 

All  the  localities  of  limestone,  now  well  known,  from  Saginaw 
Bay  to  the  Straits,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  shore,  are  indicated  in  this 
report,  and  the  author  gives  a  correct  account  of  the  brecciated  mass 
of  Mackinac  Island.  But  he  does  not  state  that  the  limestones  hold 


166  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

more  than  a  single  geological  position.  "  The  old  Red  Sandstone  " 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Porcupine  Mountains  has  been  shattered 
similarly  to  the  limestone  at  Mackinac  Island. 

The  limestones  bordering  Little  Traverse  Bay  are  noticed,  and  the 
ledge  on  the  south  shore  is  thought  to  overlie  that  at  the  head  of 
the  bay.  The  bituminous  shale  is  again  detected  "just  within  Grand 
Traverse  Bay  "  and  is  compared  with  that  of  Thunder  Bay. 

From  Grand  Traverse  Bay  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State 
the  immediate  shore  is  destitute  of  outcrops,  but  he  says  "  this  lime- 
rock  comes  to  the  surface  in  a  hilly  region  lying  between  Pere  Mar- 
quette  and  White  Rivers  at  a  distance  of  10  to  12  miles  from  the 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  These  outcrops,  mostly  in  Oceana  County, 
are  now  known  to  belong  to  the  Carboniferous  limestone. 

Under  the  head  of  Tertiary  Clays  he  says  that  "  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  rocks  of  the  peninsula  are  overlaid  by  a  series  of  beds  of 
clay,  sand,  and  gravel  that  sometimes  attain  a  thickness  of  several 
hundred  feet."  This  undoubtedly  refers  to  what  we  now  understand 
as  drift.  Doctor  Houghton  seems,  however,  to  embrace  here  all  the 
incoherent  surface  deposits,  since  he  notices  particularly  the  strati- 
fied clays  upon  the  lake  shores.  These,  in  the  vicinity  of  Detroit, 
are  said  to  be  118  feet  thick,  and  on  Lake  Michigan  100  to  400  feet. 
The  glacier  theory  of  the  drift  was  not  yet  in  vogue,  the  great  work 
of  Agassiz  not  appearing  until  1840,  and  his  first  enunciations  at 
Neuchatel,  in  1837,  following  Charpentier  (1834),  Venetz  (1821), 
and  Playfair  (1815). 

Dr.  Houghton  in  this  report  calls  attention  to  beds  of  shell  marl 
and  to  deposits  of  gypsum  on  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  on  St. 
Martins  Island  near  Mackinac.  and  on  the  northern  Peninsula  be- 
tween Green  Bay  and  Mackinac.  He  devotes  several  pages  to  a 
statement  of  facts  and  traditions  bearing  on  change  of  level  in  the 
waters  of  the  Great  Lakes  (pp.  20-27). 

Speaking  next,  of  the  southern  part  of  the  Peninsula,  he  says, 
"  the  whole  northern  part,  at  least,  of  Calhoun  County  is  based  upon 
the  sandstone  series  of  the  great  Carboniferous  group  of  rocks." 
This  statement  is -noteworthy,  since  later  geologists,  after  assigning 
the  formation  to  the  Devonian  system,  have  returned,  on  paleonto- 
logical  grounds,  to  the  position  which  with  Doctor  Houghton  seems 
to  have  been  almost  an  inspiration.  The  clays  of  Branch  County, 
containing  kidney  iron  ore,  he  thinks  "  may  probably  be  referred  to 
one  portion  of  the  Carboniferous  group,  though  this  connection  has 
not  absolutely  been  shown  to  exist"  (p.  29).  The  ore  he  regards 
as  of  the  "  same  character  as  that  from  which  much  of  the  iron  of 
our  neighboring  State  of  Ohio  is  manufactured."  The  clay  is  re- 
garded " as  of  great  value  in  the  manufacture  of  stoneware"  (p.  29). 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  167 

On  the  subject  of  coal  Doctor  Houghton  refers  to  the  report  of 
Mr.  Douglass,  "  From  facts  now  before  me,"  he  says,  "  I  am  led  to 
hope  that  coal  will  be  found  in  the  elevated  hills  of  the  northern 
part  of  the  Peninsula,  easterly  from  Little  Traverse  Bay."  Later 
investigations,  however,  show  that  these  hills  are  underlaid  by 
Hamilton  limestones. 

Doctor  Houghton  speaks  with  deep  interest  of  the  work  in  the 
zoological  and  botanical  departments  and  fully  appreciates  the  in- 
separableness  of  geological  and  topographical  investigations. 

The  report  of  the  State  zoologist,  Doctor  Sager,  consists  of  a  cata- 
logue of  the  known  species  of  animals  belonging  to  the  State.  The 
aggregates  of  the  large  groups,  as  there  known,  are  as  follows :  Mam- 
mals, 18  species;  birds,  166  species;  reptiles,  18  species;  amphibians, 
11  species;  fishes,  22  species;  mollusks,  76  species. 

The  report  of  the  State  botanist  consists  essentially  of  a  list  of 
observed  plants  in  the  State,  alphabetically  arranged. 

The  topographer's  report  of  21  pages  is  arranged  under  the  fol- 
lowing heads:  Topographical  location  of  Michigan,  tables  of  statis- 
tics of  the  lakes,  the  lakes  and  lake  coast,  depth  of  the  lakes,  interior 
peninsula  lakes,  periodical  rise  and  fall  of  water  in  the  lakes,  super- 
ficies drained  by  the  central  and  upper  divisions  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
Basin,  table  showing  the  rise  of  water  from  March,  1830,  to  August, 
1838,  rivers,  United  States  Survey,  Levels,  maps,  etc. 

The  report  of  assistant  geologist,  C.  C.  Douglass,  covers  11  pages 
and  relates  to  Ingham,  Eaton,  and  Jackson  counties.  He  says  that 
in  T.  3,  N.  1  E.  a  series  of  isolated  ridges  begins  on  section  34  and 
extends  in  a  northeast  direction  across  sections  13,  23,  24,  26,  and 
27,  having  an  altitude  of  from  20  to  80  feet.  A  second  and  nearly 
parallel  elevation  was  noticed,  commencing  on  section  3,  in  the  same 
township,  and  extending  to  section  34  in  the  adjoining  town,  having 
an  elevation  varying  from  20  to  40  feet.  A  third  begins  in  the  south 
part  of  Vevey  and  extends  in  a  northwest  direction  nearly  through 
the  town,  varying  from  10  to  80  feet  in  height.  At  the  village  of 
Mason,  the  Sycamore  Creek  passes  through  a  ridge  of  diluvium  com- 
posed of  stratified  coarse  sand  and  pebbles,  slightly  united  by  a 
calcareous  and  ferruginous  cement.  It  will  be  noticed  that  these 
ridges  are  situated  far  from  any  of  the  morainic  ridges  mapped  by 
Chamberlin. 

After  a  few  pages  devoted  to  timber,  marshes  and  swarnps,  springs 
and  wells,  streams,  marl,  bog  iron  ore,  crag,  bowlders,  and  clay,  Mr. 
Douglass  speaks  of  the  building  and  flagging  stone  of  Ingham  and 
Eaton  counties  which  he  styles  "  the  great  sandrock  formation."  He 
enumerates  many  localities  and  thinks  the  rock  suitable  in  some  of 
its  exposures  for  flagging  and  construction.  This  is  chiefly  the 


168  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Woodville  sandstone  of  later  geologists  at  the  top  of  the  coal  meas- 
ures of  the  State,  but  at  some  points  the  rock  is  not  within  the 
measures,  and  not  unlikely  some  of  the  southwestern  exposures  are 
of  the  Parma  sandstone  or  conglomerate.  The  various  exposures  of 
coal  in  Ingham  County  are  next  enumerated. 

The  report  of  assistant  geologist,  Bela  Hubbard,  consisting  of  38 
pages,  relates  to  Wayne  and  Monroe  Counties.  He  treats  of  Wayne 
County  under  the  following  heads :  Topographical  features ;  soil  and 
agricultural  character;  bowlders;  marshes  and  wet  prairies;  en- 
croachments of  the  river  and  lakes;  clay;  limerock;  marl;  peat; 
bog  iron;  chalybeate  springs;  sulphur  springs;  brine  springs;  water 
wells  and  springs;  roads.  Monroe  County  is  treated  under  nearly 
the  same  heads.  The  limerock  is  discussed  no  further  than  to  enum- 
erate its  various  outcrops  and  describe  its  character.  The  outcrops 
in  Monroe  County  are  recognized  as  lying  in  several  distinct  ranges, 
extending  in  a  northeast  and  southwest  direction.  The  dip  is  slated 
at  about  5°  northwest  or  northwest  by  north.  He  notices  a  bed  of 
sandstone  included  in  the  formation  and  describes  it  as  sufficiently 
pure  for  glass  making.  He  calls  attention  to  a  number  of  "  sink 
holes,"  one  of  which  coyers  nearly  100  acres.  The  water  which  ac- 
cumulates in  them  disappears  "through  cavernous  apertures  in  th« 
limestone  below."  The  limestone  is  designated  by  Mr.  Hubbard 
"  the  mountain  limerock." 

THIRD  TEAR  OF  THE  SURVEY,  1839. 

The  report  of  the  State  geologist  bears  date  of  February  3,  1840, 
and,  with  the  accompanying  documents,  covers  124  pages,  of  which 
33  pages  relate  to  Doctor  Hough  ton's  personal  observations  and 
studies.  A  portion  of  the  season  had  been  devoted  "  to  an  examina- 
tion of  the  southern  slope  of  the  part  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  extend- 
ing from  the  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie  to  the  mouth  of  the  Menominee  of 
Green  Bay,  a  district  of  country  which,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
is  a  perfect  wilderness."  After  a  sketch  of  the  physiographic  fea- 
tures of  this  district,  in  which  he  points  out  the  prospective  impor- 
tance of  the  lake  fisheries,  he  approaches  its  general  geology.  Tha 
rocks,  he  says,  are  but  little  varied,  and  "  consist  of  a  series  of  well- 
defined  limestones  and  shales  that  occupy  the  complete  range  from 
Drummond's  Island  of  Lake  Huron  to  Menominee  Eiver  of  Green 
Bay.  As  we  proceed  toward  the  declivity  of  the  Upper  Peninsula, 
the  red  sandstone  of  Lake  Superior  makes  its  appearance,  underlying 
the  groups  of  limestones  and  shales  before  mentioned."  All  these 
rocks  are  bounded  on  the  east  by  a  range  of  hills  composed  of  pri- 
mary rocks,  chiefly  of  quartz,  hornblende,  and  greenstone.  Thft 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  169 

boundary  between  them  "  is  nearly  defined  by  the  course  of  the  St. 
Mary  River." 

Speaking  of  the  primary  rocks  he  says  they  commence  at  the  con- 
traction of  the  Montreal  Channel  of  St.  Mary  River,  across  the 
northern  part  of  St.  Joseph  Island,  the  southeasterly  end  of  Sugar 
Island,  skirt  the  easterly  side  of  Great  Lake  George,  forming  a 
range  of  hills,  which,  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  passes  to  Gros  Cap 
of  Lake  Superior.  The  primary  region  thus  bounded  stretches 
northwesterly  "  many  hundred  miles,  skirting  a  portion  of  the  shores 
of  Lake  Superior,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the  trap  rocks,  consti- 
tuting the  highlands  between  that  lake  and  Lake  of  the  Woods. 
From  these  highlands  it  stretches  a  little  east  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  far 
to  the  northwest,  finally  constituting  the  immense  '  barren  grounds ' 
of  the  British  possessions.  It  is  also  well  known  that  this  range  of 
primary  rocks  stretches  in  an  easterly  direction,  through  the  interior 
of  the  upper  province  of  Canada." 

After  devoting  a  couple  of  pages  to  the  surface  characters  of  the 
primary  rocks  within  the  limits  of  Michigan,  he  proceeds  to  the 
"sedimentary  rocks." 

The  "Lake  Superior  Sandstone"  extends  along  the  south  shore 
of  the  lake  with  continuity  unbroken,  except  "  by  the  occurrence  of 
a  comparatively  limited  range  of  primary  and  trap  rocks."  In  its 
easterly  prolongation  it  rests  against  and  upon  the  primary  range 
of  St.  Mary  River,  while  on  the  south  it  is  seen  to  pass  beneath 
the  limestone.  He  pronounces  the  sandrock  unfit  for  use  in  the 
construction  of  the  St.  Mary  Canal.  This  formation,  thin  on  the 
east,  increases  westerly  to  a  thickness  of  several  hundred  feet.  He 
reports  it  entirely  destitute  of  fossils. 

The  formations  overlying  the  sandstone  have  a  slight  dip  in  a 
direction  east  of  south.  Thus,  while  these  rocks  dip  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  form  the  basins  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  their  up- 
raised edges  form,  as  it  were,  the  barrier  that  sustains  the  waters 
of  Lake  Superior  at  their  present  level  (p.  16).  These  forma- 
tions are  divided  into  two  groups  distinguished  by  their  fossil  re- 
mains and  chemical  character,  though  the  line  of  junction  is  not 
readily  traced.  "  The  lower  limerock  and  shales "  are  first  con- 
sidered. These  are  admirably  exposed  on  the  southerly  shore  of 
Little  Bay  du  Noquet  and  pass  inland  and  as  far  eastward  as  Drum- 
mond  Island,  thinning  in  their  progress  and  losing  their  shales.  The 
npper  limerocks  overlie  Drummond  Island  and  line  the  lake  shore 
westward  to  the  southerly  cape  of  Green  Bay.  He  thinks  they  rep- 
resent three  divisions :  "  The  lower  or  Pentamerus  portion ;  the  mid- 
dle or  polypiferous  portion,  and  the  upper  or  Mackinac  and  Mani- 
toulin  portion."  These  three  divisions  are  well  discriminated  at 


170  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

various  localities,  and  the  middle  and  lower  divisions  are  more  par- 
ticularly described  in  their  distribution  over  Drummond  Island. 
The  fossils,  he  says,  are  "chiefty  polyparia,  embracing  several  spe- 
cies of  the  genera  Calamopora,  Catenipora,  Lyringopora,  Aulopora, 
and  Strombodes,  together  with  several  species  of  Orthocera." 

These  upper  and  lower  limerocks,  he  thinks,  furnish  abundant 
material  admirably  adapted  for  use  as  a  building  stone,  and  also 
for  the  manufacture  of  quicklime.  He  points  out  the  high  bluff  at 
the  eastern  extremity  of  Drummond  Island  as  a  specially  favorable 
locality,  and  gives  a  detailed  stratigraphical  description  of  the  ex- 
posure. He  indicates,  also,  the  easterly  side  of  Great  Bay  du  Noquet 
as  a  locality  of  the  "  upper  group,"  which  may  be  made  to  furnish 
an  inexhaustible  supply  of  good  building  stone.  Gypsum,  he  says, 
"  forms  thin  veins  in  the  middle  and  upper  portions  of  the  upper 
group  of  limestones.  He  mentions  the  St.  Martins  Islands  and 
several  points  on  the  coasts  westerly  from  Mackinac  "  (p.  24). 

The  reference  to  the  Lower  Peninsula  contained  in  this  report 
furnishes  a  description  of  the  kidney  iron  ore  deposits  of  Branch 
County  and  contains  an  allusion  to  the  gypsum  at  the  Rapids  of  the 
Grand  River,  of  the  value  of  which  he  speaks  with  much  confidence. 

The  report  of  the  State  topographer,  dated  January  12,  1840, 
covers  18  pages  and  is  accompanied  by  a  map  of  Wayne  County  in- 
tended to  illustrate  the  scale  and  style  adopted  for  the  county  maps 
of  the  State.  These  maps  were  to  be  completed  from  the  linear 
survey  plats,  with  such  topographical  and  geological  data  laid  down 
as  might  be  collected  by  geologists  in  the  field.  Even  to  this  day 
we  seldom  see  maps  executed  with  equal  finish,  clearness,  and  full- 
ness of  physiographic  detail.  Had  Doctor  Houghton's  plans  been 
carried  into  complete  execution  the  map  of  Michigan  would  still 
stand  the  peer  of  the  best  work  which  the  union  of  modern  science 
and  modern  art  has  been  able  to  produce.  Mr.  Higgins  reports  that 
the  topography  of  16  counties  is  completed,  or  nearly  so,  and  a 
general  demand  is  arising  for  the  completion  of  the  engraving. 
Other  points  treated  by  the  topographer  are  the  following:  Map  of 
lands  donated  by  the  United  States;  extent  of  donated  lands;  addi- 
tional number  of  Peninsula  lakes,  the  total  number  of  meandered 
lakes  being  now  2,297  and  the  final  probable  number  not  less  than 
3,000;  roads  and  highways;  the  Chicago  turnpike  or  trail;  natural 
woods  of  Michigan;  variation  of  the  magnetic  needle;  diurnal 
variation;  errors  arising  from  incorrect  observations;  decrease  of 
elevation  in  the  waters  of  the  lakes;  future  prospects  of  the 
Peninsula. 

The  report  of  assistant  geologist  C.  C.  Douglass  is  dated  Jan- 
uary 12, 1840,  and  covers  23  pages.  He  supplies  a  geological  account 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  171 

of  nine  counties.    As  if  this  were  not  sufficient  for  a  season's  work, 
he  says,  in  beginning  his  report : 

In  addition  to  the  geological  examinations,  specimens  have  been  collected 
illustrating  the  geology,  mineralogy,  and  soils  of  the  counties  examined,  and 
*  *  *  field  notes  for  the  construction  of  accurate  topographical  maps  of 
nearly  every  township  examined  during  the  past  season  have  been  returned  to 
that  office  [the  topographer's]. 

The  counties  examined  were  Jackson,  Calhoun,  Kalamazoo,  Eaton, 
Ionia,  Kent,  Ottawa,  Van  Buren,  and  Allegan. 

In  treating  these  Mr.  Douglass  gives  full  details  of  marls,  which 
are  said  to  occur  in  nearly  every  town.  He  makes  brief  mention  of 
peat,  and  devotes  a  page  to  clays  and  sands.  He  notes  the  abundance 
of  bowlders  of  primary  rocks;  details  several  occurrences  of  bog 
iron  ore;  mentions  kidney  ore  in  Calhoun  County;  emphasizes  the 
importance  of  the  gypsum  of  Kent  County.  Coming  to  the  rocks 
of  the  central  district  of  the  Peninsula,  he  recognizes  two  divisions — 
"  the  rocks  which  overlie  or  associated  with  the  coal,  and  those  which 
lie  below  the  lowest  coal  beds."  The  latter  division  is  remitted  to 
Mr.  Hubbard  to  discuss,  while  Mr.  Douglass  takes  the  coal  series. 
This  series  he  finds  made  up  as  follows : 

1.  Upper  coal  strata,  consisting  of  layers  of  coal,  shale,  and  sand- 
stone. 

2.  Limestone,  found  in  limited  and  apparently  irregular  beds. 

3.  Sandstone,  light  gray  and  red. 

4.  Lower  coal  strata,  embracing  as  above,  alternating  layers  of 
coal,  shale,  and  sandstone. 

As  to  the  lower  coal  strata,  Mr.  Douglass's  demonstrations  are 
not  quite  satisfactory.  He  regards  the  sandstones  of  Calhoun  County 
as  belonging  here  and  believes  them  to  be  embraced  in  the  coal  meas- 
ures, because  fragments  of  coal  occur  in  the  diluvium  at  Albion, 
Penfield,  and  Battle  Creek.  The  "  light  gray  sandstone  "  is  said  to 
occur  near  Jackson,  and  to  be  quarried  in  Calhoun,  Eaton,  and  other 
counties  well  known  to  be  underlaid  by  coal.  This  is  the  material 
of  the  penitentiary  in  Jackson.  The  "  upper  limerock "  is  cited 
from  Spring  Arbor,  Parma,  Bellevue,  and  Grand  Rapids — all 
localities  now  known  to  be  underlaid  by  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
limestone.  In  supplying  the  local  details  of  the  upper  coal  group, 
Mr.  Douglass  is  not  conscious  that  he  describes  precisely  the  same 
coal-bearing  strata  as  he  had  previously  described  in  Jackson  County 
as  constituting  the  lower  coal  series;  and  the  limestone  described, 
instead  of  intervening  between  the  lower  and  upper  coal  groups  is 
underneath  all  the  coal-bearing  strata.  Hence  he  is  led  to  remark: 

This  gives  a  greater  thickness  to  the  coal-basin  than  had  been  before  sup- 
posed, nnd  also  proves,  what  had  been  previously  suggested,  that  the  Grand  and 


172  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Maple  Rivers  and  the  Tittubawassee  and  its  tributaries  occupy  the  synclinal  line 
of  the  State,  thus  accounting  for  the  most  copious  saline  springs  being  found 
through  that  range  of  country. 

In  the  table  of  strata  of  the  upper  coal  measures  Mr.  Douglass 
mentions  two  beds  of  coal,  one  of  10  inches,  and  5  feet  lower,  another 
of  20  inches.  The  "  red  sandstone  of  Ionia  County  "  is  thought  to 
hold  a  place  intermediate  between  the  upper  and  lower  coal-bearing 
rocks. 

Referring  to  Van  Buren  and  Allegan  Counties,  Mr.  Douglass 
mentions  the  large  angular  blocks  of  reddish-gray  sandstone  cover- 
ing an  area  of  15  to  20  acres  on  the  line  between  the  two  counties. 
This,  he  confesses  his  inability  "  to  refer  to  its  place  in  the  sand- 
stone series."  The  "  crag  or  conglomerate  rock "  occurring  near 
Richmond,  in  Allegan  County  and  also  on  Muskegon  Lake  is  rightly 
regarded  as  cemented  drift  material. 

"  Limestone  bowlders  of  very  large  dimensions,"  says  Mr.  Doug- 
lass, "  were  noticed  in  the  different  counties."  In  T.  1,  S.  14  TV.  was 
observed  a  limestone  bowlder  of  several  tons  in  weight  that  had  been 
mistaken  by  the  inhabitants  for  rock  in  place. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  Kalamazoo  River,  several  very  large  bowlders  of  blue 
limestone  were  noticed,  which  had  been  mistaken  by  the  inhabitants  for  rock 
in  place,  and  a  kiln  erected  for  burning  lime.  The  rock  when  burnt  furnished 
1.500  bushels.  (Pp.  74,  75.) 

The  report  of  assistant  geologist  Bela  Hubbard  is  dated  January 
12,  1840,  and  covers  35  pages.  It  relates  to  the  counties  of  Lenawee, 
Hillsdale,  Branch.  St.  Joseph,  Cass,  Berrien,  Washtenaw,  Oakland, 
and  Livingston.  The  range  of  his  work  was  similar  to  that  of  Mr. 
Douglass  and  he  alludes  to  its  diversified  character  and  onerousness 
with  a  well-justified  conviction  that  shortcomings  might  reasonably 
be  forgiven.  After  four  pages  devoted  to  topographical  features, 
extent  of  timber,  soils,  and  scenery,  in  which  the  writer's  command 
of  a  graceful  style  is  pleasingly  exemplified,  Mr.  Hubbard  takes  up 
the  subject  of  geology.  He  points  out  the  position  of  the  Peninsula 
in  relation  to  the  great  valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  comments  on 
the  difficulties  imposed  by  the  universal  sheet  of  diluvium,  in  arriv- 
ing at  a  knowledge  of  the  succession  of  formations.  These,  how- 
ever, he  embraces  under  the  following  designations. 

Recent  formations:  IV,  Tertiary  and  diluvial  deposits;  III,  Fos- 
siliferous  ferruginous  sandstones;  II,  Kidney  iron  formation;  I, 
limerock. 

The  limerock  he  regards  as  identical  with  that  which  underlies 
the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  which  he  designates  "the  transition 
or  subcarboniferous  limestone  of  European  geologists."  He  thinks 
it  equivalent  to  the  "  cliff  limestone  of  Indiana."  Referring  for  de- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  173 

tails  to  his  description  of  this  formation  in  his  report  of  the  pre- 
ceding year,  he  gives  here  only  some  of  its  economical  adaptations, 
suggesting  that  some  of  the  strata  occurring  near  Monroe  may  be 
suited  for  a  hydraulic  lime;  and  he  instances  for  selection  the  dark 
blue  and  the  vesicular  or  volitic  strata.  He  makes  additional  ref- 
erence to  sand  suitable  for  glass  making,  which  constitutes  a  stratum 
through  the  middle  of  the  formation. 

The  kidney  iron  formation  is  well  described  and  its  northern 
limits  traced.  It  is  recognized  as  immediately  underlying  the  fer- 
ruginous sandstone. 

The  "  fossiliferous  ferruginous  sandstones,"  since  embraced  in  the 
"  Mai-shall  group,"  are  ranked  as  "  Carboniferous,"  though,  as  he 
says,  they  all  occupy  a  position  below, the  lowest  of  the  coal  beds. 
This  sagacious  determination  by  Mr.  Hubbard  is  particularly  to  be 
noted,  since  the  same  strata  were  afterwards  for  many  years  on  very 
plausible  grounds  indentified  with  the  Chemung  sandstones  of 
southern  New  York.  Mr.  Hubbard  gives  a  stratigraphical  table  of 
Beven  subdivisions.  The  uppermost  sandstone  he  pronounces  a  good 
material  for  grindstones,  and  for  such  use  it  has  subsequently  been 
employed  to  a  large  extent.  It  is  the  so-called  "  Napoleon  Sand- 
stone." The  "yellow  fossiliferous  sandrock"  holds  a  lower  posi- 
tion. The  formation  shows  a  slight  northerly  dip,  and  its  whole 
thickness  "  below  the  lowest  of  the  beds,  which  embrace  coal  plants, 
will  be  found  to  exceed  1GO  feet." 

Under  the  head  of  "  Tertiary  and  diluvial  deposits  "  Mr.  Hubbard 
refers  to  evidences  of  currents  of  a  universal  ocean  sweeping  from 
the  north.  He  refers  to  the  "  diluvial  furrows  and  scratches  on  the 
surface  of  the  limerock,  to  bowlders  of  primary  rocks,  and  even 
masses  of  native  copper,  which  he  truly  says  are  no  evidence  of 
beds  or  veins  of  copper  in  the  vicinity.  The  blue  and  yellow  clays 
immediately  overlying  the  limerock  of  Monroe  County,  and  bor- 
dering Lakes  Erie  and  Michigan,  are  regarded  as  older  than  the 
diluvial  deposits  consisting  chiefly  of  sand  and  gravel. 

Mr.  Hubbard  refers,  like  Mr.  Douglass,  to  "  large  fragments  of 
limestone  occasionally  to  be  met  with,  which  had  been  disrupted  from 
the  transition  and  carboniferous  rocks  of  the  Peninsula.  The  largest 
masses  of  these  were  found  near  the  summit  of  the  great  dividing 
ridge  on  its  eastern  declivity.  Several  masses  in  the  town  of  Som- 
erset, Hillsdale  County,  are  of  such  extent  as  to  be  easily  mistaken 
for  rock  in  place,  portions  only  being  visible  from  beneath  the  im- 
bedding diluvium.  I  became  convinced,  however,  by  the  associated 
fossils  that  they  belong  to  an  older  formation  than  the  carboniferous 
rocks  of  the  vicinity.  Bowlders  of  this  rock  are  so  numerous  in  some 


174  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

parts  of  the  country  as  to  afford  almost  the  supply  of  lime  needed 
for  the  district "  (p.  91). 

Among  "  recent  formations "  Mr.  Hubbard  refers  to  the  singular 
and  extensive  "conglomerate"  found  in  Berrien  County.  "A  stra- 
tum of  gravel  cemented  with  lime  appears  to  be  very  universal 
throughout  this  county,  at  the  depth  of  a  few  feet,  and  extensive 
masses  strongly  cemented  are  frequently  found  exposed  in  the  faces 
of  ravines  and  banks  of  streams,  appearing  like  ledges  in  place." 

On  the  subject  of  marl.  Mr.  Hubbard  enters  into  a  well-considered 
exposition  of  its  nature  and  uses,  and  insists  upon  its  great  value  to 
the  tiller  of  the  soil.  Peat  is  then  discussed  with  similar  soundness 
of  views.  Bog  iron  ore  and  ocher  are  cited  from  numerous  localities, 

Mr.  Hubbard  finally  takes  up  the  consideration  of  the  "ancient 
lake  ridge,"  devoting  six  pages  to  the  subject.  He  traces  the  ridge 
through  eastern  Michigan,  finds  it  to  have  a  uniform  elevation  of  107 
or  108  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  concludes  that  it  was  not  formed  during 
that  turbulent  state  of  waters  which  brought  on  the  diluvial  ma- 
terials, and  proceeds  to  picture  the  condition  of  the  country  at  the 
time  when  quiet  waters  filled  the  basins  of  the  lakes  to  the  height  of 
the  wide-extended  lake  ridge.  He  holds  that  the  entire  basin  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  the  broad  valley  of  the  Mississippi  were  buried  un- 
der a  common  inundation,  and  that  it  must  have  been  a  body  of 
water  in  direct  communication  with  the  ocean.  This  view  necessi- 
tates the  conclusion  that  the  land  then  lay  at  a  lower  level  than  at 
present,  and  a  general  uplift  has  been  an  event  of  later  date.  Still, 
Mr.  Hubbard  recognizes  the  evidence  that  some  portions  of  the  inun- 
dating waters  must  have  been  fresh  and  that  they  stood  at  different 
levels  at  different  epochs.  These  fluctuations  he  attributes  to  the  oc- 
casional destruction  of  barriers.  These  views  bring  out  an  intel- 
ligible distinction  between  the  "  diluvium  "  and  "  alluvium."  The 
former  lies  next  the  Tertiary  clays  and  covers  the  general  interior. 
It  is  our  "  Modified  drift."  The  latter  is  confined  to  the  lower  levels 
near  the  lakes  and  is  partially  stratified.  In  this  occur  remains  of 
trees,  mastodon,  and  fresh-water  shells. 

Thus  three  epochs  are  discriminated :  1.  After  the  elevatory  proc- 
ess had  commenced  and  those  erosive  actions,  transportation,  and  de- 
position took  place,  which  we  now  attribute  to  drift  agencies.  2.  A 
period  of  pauses  and  barrier  formation,  when  the  "  lake  alluvions 
would  be  forming  over  the  area  then  occupied  by  the  waters."  3.  The 
era  of  the  present  levels. 

Mr.  Hubbard 's  mind,  as  shown  by  these  early  reports,  was  prone 
to  contemplate  geological  phenomena  in  their  broader  relations.  Be- 
ing now  but  a  young  man  of  25  years,  he  gave  evidence  of  excellent 
capacity  for  future  usefulness  in  the  field  of  science. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  175 

As  to  the  zoological  and  botanical  departments,  Doctor  Houghton 
makes  the  statement  that  the  several  assistants  had  resigned  their 
positions  immediately  after  the  adjournment  of  the  legislature  of 

1839.  No  cause  of  this  is  given  or  intimated.    It  could  not  have  been 
for  lack  of  appropriations,  for  these  had  been  made  in  1838.    The 
writer  [Winchell]  on  inquiry  of  Mrs.  Sager,  who  still  resides  in  Ann 
Arbor,  was  informed  that  these  resignations  were  provoked  by  igno- 
rant criticisms  and  caricatures  indulged  in  by  members  of  the  legisla- 
ture in  public  debates  on  questions  connected  with  the  survey,  espe- 
cially in  the  departments.     Subassistant  Dr.  George  H.  Bull  only  had 
consented  to  retain  his  position,  and  he  had  been  placed  in  charge 
of  the  botanical  collections.    A  year  having  thus  been  lost,  Doctor 
Houghton  expresses  the  conviction  that  "  no  competent  man  would 
be  willing  to  hazard  his  reputation  in  attempting,  within  the  space 
allowed,  to  complete  either  the  botany  or  zoology  of  our  State." 
If  the  time  were  extended  for  these  departments  "  they  must  in  the 
end  be  separated  from  the  general  work,  which  will  require  no  such 
extension."    The  geological  and  topographical  work  the  State  geolo- 
gist expected  to  complete  "within  the  current  year  (1840)  being  the 
time  originally  assigned  by  the  act  authorizing  the  survey  "  (p.  32). * 
He  therefore  suggested  a  suspension  of  the  zoological  and  botanical 
departments.    Deeming  the  bulk  of  the  work  yet  remaining  to  be  done 
as  lying  in  the  district  between  Keweenaw  Point  and  the  Porcupine 
Mountains,  he  alludes  to  the  advantages  gained  by  his  previous  visit 
to  the  region,  and  expresses  the  conviction  that  as  the  survey  is  to 
continue  but  one  year  more  "  the  whole  will  be  accomplished  within 
that  time." 

It  is  a  sufficient  commentary  on  the  contrast  between  earlier  and 
later  conceptions  of  a  geological  survey  to  remind  the  well-informed 
reader  that  with  all  the  subsequent  study  bestowed  on  the  region  by 
Houghton,  Jackson,  Foster  and  Whitney,  Pumpelly.  Irving,  and 
others,  the  "  whole  work  is  not  yet  accomplished." 

FOURTH  TEAR  OF  THE  SURVEY,  1840. 

The  legislature  by  an  act  approved  March  28,  1840,  abolished  the 
zoological  and  botanical  departments,  and  appropriated  $2,000  to 
meet  expenses  of  preparation  of  State  and  county  maps  on  the  plan 
already  in  progress.  The  money  was  to  be  expended  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  State  geologist. 

The  State  geologist's  report  on  the  results  of  the  work  during 

1840,  inclusive  of  the  appended  documents,  covers  184  pages,  of 

» A  different  construction  appears  fo  have  been  subsequently  put  upon  the  act,  for  the 
annual  appropriations  were  held  to  continue  till  Mar.  1.  1841,  which  would  provide  for 
the  work  till  Mar.  1,  1842. 

136075—20 13 


176  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

which  Doctor  Houghton's  personal  contribution  is  89  pages.  This  is 
by  far  the  most  important  report  of  the  entire  series,  both  for  what 
Doctor  Houghton  presents,  and  for  what  is  contributed  by  his  two 
geological  assistants,  Douglass  and  Hubbard. 

Doctor  Houghton's  report  is  dated  February  1,  1841,  and  his 
personal  statements  are  devoted  to  the  "  northern  slope  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula."  Ten  pages  are  occupied  with  "General  description  and 
topographical  features."  He  complains  bitterly  of  the  misleading 
character  of  the  maps  of  the  American  border  of  Lake  Superior. 

Scarcely  a  single  feature  of  the  interior  is  given  as  actually  exists.  *  *  • 
The  coast  lines  are  so  defective  as  scarcely  to  be  recognized,  except  iu  their 
most  general  outlines. 

A  comprehensive  description  of  the  great  physiographic  features 
of  the  whole  Upper  Peninsula  is  followed  by  a  particular  enumera- 
tion of  the  principal  streams.  A  general  sketch  of  He  Royale 
follows,  with  a  notice  of  the  region  west  of  Pigeon  River,  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  as  far  as  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  the 
hilly  portion  of  which,  "  though  of  exceeding  interest  in  a  geo- 
logical point  of  view,  is  the  most  desolate  that  could  be  conceived  " 
(p.  13). 

Under  the  "  General  geology  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,"  the  follow- 
ing groupings  are  observed: 

1.  Primary  rocks. — These  consist  chiefly  of  granite,  syenite,  and 
syenitic  granite.  First  seen  on  the  coast  at  Little  Presque  Isle,  they 
reappear  frequently  nearly  as  far  as  Huron  River  and  islands,  and 
are  thence  confined  to  a  range  of  hills  back  frcm  the  coast,  rising  300 
to  700  feet  above  the  lake,  and  continuing  in  a  southwesterly  direc- 
tion. A  portion  of  the  southwesterly  prolongation  of  the  Porcupine 
Mountain  range  is  made  up  of  rocks  belonging  to  this  group. 

But  little  typical  granite  is  found. 

The  more  common  rock  is  made  up  of  quartz,  feldspar,  and  hornblende, 
giving  rise  to  a  very  dark  colored  syenite.  Occasionally  mica  enters  sufficiently 
into  the  compound  to  form  syenitic  giauite.  (P.  23.) 

The  southeasterly  portion  of  the  range  is  most  quartzose.  As  we 
proceed  norwesterly  the  rocks  approach  a  quartzless  "  compound  of 
feldspar  and  hornblende,  which  then  assumes  a  granular  structure, 
constituting  greenstone."  The  intermediate  rock  "may  not  in- 
appropriately be  called  a  syenitic  greenstone." 

The  primary  rocks  between  Little  Presque  Isle  and  Huron  River 
are  mostly  compact  and  fine-grained  syenite  or  syenitic  granite.  In 
their  southwesterly  continuation  they  are  largely  traversed  by  dikes 
"  similar  in  composition  to  the  greenstone  before  mentioned.  These 
have  produced  metamorphic  changes  in  the  contiguous  rocks,  extend- 
ing to  several  hundred  feet."  These  dikes  are  regarded  as  existing 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       177 

in  connection  with  the  greenstone.  He  thinks  the  chronology  de- 
dncible  from  the  dikes  shows  that  "  the  mineral  region  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula  is  strictly  confined  to  only  the  outer  portion  of  the  rocks 
of  a  single  epoch  "  (p.  24). 

These  veins  and  dikes  of  greenstone  have  no  uniform  bearing.  In 
width  they  vary  from  a  mere  line  to  50  or  60  feet.  They  disintegrate 
more  rapidly  than  the  contiguous  rock. 

On  the  north  coast  of  Lake  Superior  granitic  and  syenitic  rocks 
also  occur,  but  "  more  frequently  they  are  flanked  on  the  south  by 
greenstone,  with  occasional  narrow  bands  of  sandstone;  thus  pre- 
cisely reversing  the  magnetic  order  of  these  rocks  upon  the  south  " 
(p.  25). 

2.  Trap  rocks. — These  flank  the  primary  rocks  on  the  north  and 
northwest,  and  form  a  series  of  ranges  of  hills  stretching  generally 
southwest  and  northeast,  and  rising  from  300  to  900  feet  above  the 
lake.  They  are  less  knobby  than  the  primary,  but  the  contrast  grows 
stronger  as  we  recede  from  the  primary.  In  lithological  constitu- 
tion the  contrast  follows  the  same  rule.  The  range  beginning  at  the 
extremity  of  Keweenaw  Point  stretches  to  the  Ontonagon  River. 
gradually  receding  from  the  coast.  West  of  this  it  becomes  con- 
founded with  the  northerly  portion  of  the  Porcupine  Mountains. 
West  of  the  mountains  the  same  range  is  continued  to  the  Montreal 
River,  where  it  is  but  2  miles  distant  from  the  lake.  West  of  the 
mountains  is  also  a  second  range  12  to  15  miles  inland.  All  the 
northwest  part  of  lie  Royale  is  of  the  same  rock. 

The  age  of  the  trap  rocks  is  subsequent  to  that  of  the  slates  and 
quartzites  denominated  metamorphic.  The  term  "  trap  rocks  "  in- 
cludes both  greenstone  and  amygdaloid.  Greenstone  includes  not 
only  those  rocks  composed  of  feldspar  and  hornblende  but  also  those 
which  might  more  strictly  be  regarded  as  altered  syenite,  syenitic 
granite,  hornblende  rock,  and  augitic  rock.  Amygdaloid  is  the  same 
in  a  certain  structural  condition. 

The  rocks  of  the  outer  or  northwestern  range  of  hills,  which  were  clearly  the 
last  of  the  series  of  uplifts,  bear  more  unequivocally  the  evidence  of  igneous 
action.  On  the  soutli  flanks  of  these  hills  the  rock  is  invariably  very  compact 
greenstone,  while  upon  the  northwesterly  line  it  is  almost  equally  invariably 
an  amygdaloid,  or  at  least  has  an  amygdaloidal  structure.  The  cause  of  this 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  uplift  of  the  rocks  of  this  range  of  hills  was  wholly 
upon  the  southeasterly  side,  and  while  the  rocks  of  this  portion  were  in  a  solidi- 
fied state;  or,  in  other  words,  that  a  point  in  Lake  Superior  may  be  regarded 
as  the  fixed  axis  of  the  uplifted  mass. 

This  view  is  confirmed  by  the  undisturbed  condition  of  the  sedi- 
mentary rocks  on  the  south  or  southeast,  and  their  highly  dis- 
turbed condition  on  the  northwest,  while  the  angle  of  dip  diminishes 
as  we  recede  from  the  range.  These  strata  have  been  traversed  by 


178  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

numerous  and  broad  dikes,  and  so  altered  that  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
trap  they  can  be  scarcely  recognized. 

Doctor  Houghton  in  this  connection  makes  some  observations  of 
peculiar  interest  in  relation  to  studies  in  -which  geologists  are  at  this, 
moment  engaged.  He  says : 

The  rocks  of  the  complete  northwestern  escarpment  of  this  range  of  hills 
were  evidently  in  an  intense  state  of  ignition  while  in  contact  with  the  sedi- 
mentary rocks,  as  is  clearly  shown  by  the  very  great  changes  which  have  taken 
place  in  the  rocks  last  alluded  to.  In  fact,  I  am  disposed  to  refer  the  origin  of 
much  of  the  amygdaloid  rock  to  the  fusion  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  sedimen- 
tary rocks  referred  to,  for  the  reason  that,  as  we  pass  south  from  this  junction 
the  amygdaloid  rocks  wholly  disappear,  their  place  being  supplied  by  green- 
stone. Aud  again,  so  intimately  are  they  blended  that  it  is  frequently  impossible 
to  determine  where  the  amygdaloid  ceases  and  the  upper  sedimentary  rocks  com- 
mence. Fragments  of  the  sedimentary  rocks,  the  characters  of  which  can  be 
clearly  recognized,  are  not  of  rare  occurrence  imbedded  in  the  amygdaloidal 
rock,  a  circumstance  which,  although  by  no  means  conclusive,  should  not  be 
overlooked  in  considering  this  subject.  (Pp.  27-S.) 

Throughout  the  entire  extent  of  the  "  trap  range  "  it  is  bounded  on 
the  north  and  northwest  by  hills  of  conglomerate  and  sandstones, 
seldom  exceeding  400  feet  in  height.  To  the  northwest  of  these  "  a 
dike  of  trap  is  seen  to  extend  for  many  miles  along  the  line  of  coast 
of  Keweenaw  Point.  It  lies  in  a  plane  parallel  to  the  stratification 
of  the  sedimentary  rock  by  which  it  is  embraced,  and  with  that  rock 
dips  to  the  northwest.  The  dike  is  chiefly  made  up  of  greenstone, 
but  not  unf  requently  large  portions  of  the  mass  consist  of  amygda- 
loid in  which  the  amygdules  are  filled  or  composed  of  quartz,  chalce- 
dony, agate,  calc  spar,  zeolite,  etc." 

The  dikes  just  mentioned  may  be  regarded  as  contemporaneous 
veins.  But  another  class  of  veins  traverses  not  only  a  portion  of 
the  trap  rocks  but  also  the  upper  sedimentary  rocks.  These  are 
true  veins. 

On  lie  Royale  the  relative  positions  of  the  greenstone  and 
amygdaloid  are  reversed — the  latter  lying  on  the  south.  The  same 
order  is  observed  on  the  north  shore,  and  here,  also,  the  hills  of  pri- 
mary rock  lie  farthest  from  the  lake. 

The  trap  rocks  throughout  the  region  are  usually  distinctly  jointed, 
and  where  they  approximate  to  the  sedimentary  rocks  there  is, 
not  unfrequently,  so  distinct  a  cleavage  opposed  to  the  joints  in  di- 
rection, as  to  give  the  appearance  of  stratification.  The  columnar 
structure  is  rudely  presented  in  a  few  cases,  and  tolerably  well  de- 
fined columns,  having  a  height  of  80  to  90  feet,  appear  on  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  He  Royale. 

3.  Metamorphic  rocks. — "  Flanking  the  primary  rocks  on  the 
south,  is  a  series  of  stratified  rocks,  consisting  of  talcose,  mica,  and 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  179 

elay,  slates,  slaty  hornblende  rock,  and  quartz  rock — the  latter  con- 
etituting  by  far  the  largest  proportion  of  the  whole  group  "  (p.  17). 
These  rocks  stretch  into  the  interior  in  a  southwesterly  direction. 
The  average  width  of  the  belt  dees  not  exceed  6  or  8  miles.  The 
cleavage  of  the  rocks  is  usually  north  or  N.  10'  W.,  with  an  angle 
of  about  80°.  The  dip  of  the  strata  is  south  or  southwest.  In  the 
talcose  slate,  as  we  approach  the  granitic  region  occurs  a  rock  de- 
nominated serpentine,  but  bearing  close  resemblance  to  greenstone, 
being  essentially  composed  of  granular  feldspar  and  hornblende, 
with  which  serpentine  is  intimately  blended.  The  metamorphic 
rocks  are  occasionally  traversed  by  trap  dikes. 

4.  Conglomerate. — This  is  not  known  east  of  the  commencement  of 
the  trap  group,  "  nor  has  it  been  noticed  resting  upon  any  of  either 
the  primary  or  metamorphic  rocks,  but  is  invariably  seen  resting, 
upon  the  trap  rocks"  (p.  17).    It  flanks  the  trap  on  its  northerly 
side,  from  the  extremity  of  Keweenaw  Point  to  the  head  of  Lake 
Superior.     On  lie  Royale  a  similar  rock  rests  upon  the  trap,  facing 
southeast.    It  forms  hills  on  the  south  shore  300  to  500  feet  high.    Its 
thickness  increases  westward,  being  5,260  feet  a  little  east  of  Montreal 
River,  and  1,000  feet  at  its  eastern  extremity.     But  the  thickness  is 
extremely  variable.     It  may,  "without  doubt,  be  considered  as  a 
trap  tuff  which  was  gradually  accumulated  around  the  several  coni- 
cal knobs  of  trap,  during  their  gradual  elevation"  (p.  33).     The 
constituent  pebbles  are  rounded  masses  of  greenstone  and  amygda- 
loidal  trap,  with  scarcely  a  pebble  of  any  different  rock.     They  vary 
in  size  from  that  of  a  pea  to  several  pounds  in  weight,  but  average 
1£  to  2  inches  in  diameter.     They  are  generally  united  by  a  mixed 
calcareous  and  argillaceous  cement,  more  or  less  colored  by  iron. 
It  is  imperfectly  stratified,  even  in  masses  of  immense  thickness. 
Its  dip,  on  the  south  shore,  is  northwest  at  angles  of  30°  to  85°. 
On  lie  Royale  the  dip  is  reversed.     It  is  frequently  traversed  by 
dikes  of  trap  having  a  thickness  of  50  to  60  feet,  or  even  several 
hundred  feet;  and  these  are  usually  parallel  to  the  plane  of  strati- 
fication.   But  there  are  also  veins  of  more  recent  origin,  and  these 
are  metalliferous. 

5.  Mixed  conglomerate  and  sandrock. — This    is    an    alternating 
series  of  coarse  conglomerates  and  red  sandstones,  resting  conform- 
ably on  the  conglomerates  just  noticed.     They  are  strictly  a  member 
of  the  conglomerate,  and  only  separated  for  convenience  of  descrip- 
tion.    The  formation  is  4,200  feet  thick  on  the  flanks  of  the  Por- 
cupine Mountains  and  wedges  out  in  both  directions,  disappear- 
ing near  the  extremity  of  Keweenaw  Point.     The  dip  is  regularly 
north  and  northwest  into  the  bed  of  the  lake.    It  was  not  noticed 
on  the  north  shore  nor  on  He  Royale.    The  sandstone  portions  are 


180  BULLETIN   10J),   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

about  equal  in  amount  to  the  conglomerates.  The  materials  are  simi- 
lar to  the  conglomerates ;  while  those  of  the  true  sandrock  lying  above, 
i>re  chiefly  quartzose.  The  conglomerate  and  the  mixed  conglomer- 
ates and  sandstones  are  composed  essentially  of  rounded  frag- 
ments of  greenstone,  and  "the  whole  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as 
a  trap  tuff"  (p.  37).  While  the  coarser  conglomerate  scarcely 
shows  lines  of  stratification,  these  are  very  distinct  in  the  sandstones. 
That  the  latter  were  deposited  in  shoal  water  is  further  evinced  by 
the  perfectly  defined  ripple  marks.  "  Dikes  of  greenstone  occasion- 
ally appear  in  the  mixed  rock,  but  they  almost  invariably  occupy 
places  between  the  strata."  There  are  also  many  cross  veins,  made 
up  usually  of  calcareous  spar  or  a  subgranular  limestone,  and  more 
rarely  of  some  variety  of  quartz  and  imperfect  amygdaloidal  trap. 

6.  Lower  or  red  sandstone  and  shales. — These  cover  more  space 
"than  any  other  formation.  They  rest  upon  the  primary  or  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  immediately  Tvest  from  Chocolate  River,  upon  the 
conglomerate  and  mixed  rocks  from  near  Eagle  River  to  the  west  end 
of  Lake  Superior.  The  situation  is  similar  on  He  Royale  and  the 
north  shore.  These  rocks  are  thickest  westward.  The  predominat- 
ing rock  along  the  immediate  shore  of  the  lake  is  the  red  sandstone. 
The  dip  on  both  shores  is  toward  the  lake.  It  flanks  all  the  hills  and 
ranges  of  primary,  metamorphic,  and  trap  rocks.  In  the  sandrock 
magnetic  iron  sand  is  a  frequent  constituent,  sometimes  forming 
strata  of  several  inches.  The  rock  material  is  cemented  by  calcareous 
matter  highly  colored  by  peroxide  of  iron.  On  the  southeast  side  of 
Keweenaw  Point  the  exceptional  argillaceous  strata,  found  also  at 
several  points  in  the  interior,  are  regarded  as  constituting  a  member 
of  the  sandstone  series.  It  sometimes  appears  as  a  slate,  but  the 
usual  condition  is  that  of  an  indurated  clay.  It  is  extremely  fine: 
is  easily  cut  with  a  knife,  and  the  Indians  have  long  been  accustomed 
to  work  it  into  pipes. 

The  rocks  of  the  red  sandstone  formation  are  abundantly  and 
beautifully  characterized  by  ripple  marks.  Of  fossils,  nothing  but 
some  fucoids  lias  been  discovered,  "  of  which  there  are  three  species 
pretty  well  defined."1 

But  few  dikes  intersect  the  sandstone,  except  where  the  intervening 
conglomerate  and  mixed  rocks  are  wanting.  Here  the  sandstone  as- 
sumes a  deep  brown  color,  "  and  the  material  of  which  the  sand  is 
composed  gradually  changes  from  that  before  described  to  green- 
stone "  (p.  40). 

The  greatest  thickness  at  the  west  was  estimated  at  6,500  feet.  It 
is  regularly  alternated  eastward.  The  average  rate  of  alternation  is 

'These  have  boon  described  by  the  writer  |i.  e.,  A.  Winchell]  as  two  species.  See 
Amer.  Jour.  Sci..  ser.  2,  vol.  37,  pp.  22G-233,  1864. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  181 

about  15  feet  a  mile.  Inland  the  formation  thins  more  rapidly.  The 
thickening  northward  is  attributed  to  the  later  upheaval  of  the  north- 
ern ranges. 

7.  The  upper  or  gray  sandstone.  —  This  formation  is  "  first  noticed, 
rising  in  hills,  at  a  point  not  far  distant  from  the  River  Ste.  Marie 
(at  the  Neebish  Rapids)  and  southeast  from  Point  Iroquois  ;  f  rom  this 
point  it  stretches  westerly  in  an  elevated  and  very  regular  chain  of 
hills  that  are  upon  the  coast  as  far  as  Tequamenon  Bay;  westerly 
from  which,  the  shape  of  the  coast  is  such  that  these  hills  do  not  again 
appear  upon  it  until  we  reach  that  precipitous  portion  of  the  lake 
coast  known  as  the  Pictured  Rocks"  (p.  42).    Westerly  from  these 
the  ranges  of  hills  formed  of  this  sandstone  stretch  in  a  southwest- 
erly direction,  passing  completely  to  the  south  of  the  primary  trap 
and  metamorphic  regions.    This  sandrock  differs  from  the  lower  in 
being  more  exclusively  quartz,  and  also  in  having  a  south  or  south- 
westerly dip,  conformably  with  the  overlying  limestone,  while  the 
lower  sandrock  dips  toward  the  lake,  and  its  outcropping  edges  are 
covered  by  the  upper  and  newer.     The  average  thickness  of  the 
upper  sandrock  as  far  west  as  the  Pictured  Rocks  is  thought  to  be 
about  700  feet. 

8.  Sandy  limerock.  —  Feebly  represented  on  Sailors  Encampment 
Island,  it  stretches  westward,  nearly  along  the  middle  line  of  the 
Peninsula,  with  a  width  of  10  to  15  miles,  dipping  uniformly  to  the 
south-southeast. 

Above  this  succeed  the  lower  limerock  and  shales  and  the  upper 
limerock  group  (Drummond  Island  and  Mackinac  limestone)  de- 
scribed in  the  third  annual  report.  Covering  the  general  surface, 
lie  the  incoherent  materials  designated  "  Tertiary  clays  and  sands." 

Doctor  Houghton  next  proceeds,  in  the  fourth  annual  report,  to 
consider  "  Economical  geology."  After  referring  to  the  valuable 
building  materials  supplied  by  the  granites  and  syenitic  granites,  and 
the  moderate  promise  of  the  red  and  gray  sandstones  for  the  same 
purpose,  he  proceeds  to  the  subject  of  "  Minerals  and  mineral  veins."1 
He  gives  separate  lists  of  the  minerals  occurring  in  the  several  forma- 
tions before  described,  and  then  devotes  31  pages  to  "  Mineral  veins 
of  the  trap,  conglomerate,  etc." 

Veins  of  date  posterior  to  the  uplift  of  the  most  northern  range 
are  of  frequent  occurrence.  They  not  only  traverse  a  portion  of 
the  trap  range,  but  also  pass  into  the  conglomerate,  and  sometimes 
completely  across  the  three  sedimentary  beds  immediately  above  the 
trap.  They  rarely  vary  more  than  12°  to  15°  from  a  right  angle  to 
the  line  of  bearing  of  the  sedimentary  rocks,  and  in  pursuing  this 


1  This   portion   of   the   report,   amounting   to   33   pages,   was    ronrinted   entire   in 
Mineral  Region  of  Lake  Superior."    By  Jacob  Iloughton,  jr.,  pp.  36-79.     Buffalo,  1 


"  The 
uffalo,  1846. 


182  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

course  they  necessarily  cut  across  the  dikes  of  trap  which  lie  between 
the  strata.  These  veins  all  belong  to  one  epoch.  They  present  com- 
plete uniformity  of  characters — vrhen  they  traverse  continuous  ranges 
of  the  trap,  they  are  regular  in  course  and  direction :  but  in  a  single 
knob  they  are  irregular  and  undefined.  They  contain  metalliferous 
materials  which  "  will  hereafter  become  of  very  considerable  prac- 
tical importance."  It  is  true  that  native  copper  occurs  "  occupying 
the  joints  or  natural  septa  of  the  greenstone,  but  in  these  instances 
the  amount  of  metal  is  comparatively  small,  and,  with  one  or  two 
exceptions,  I  have  invariably  been  able  to  establish  some  connection 
between  the  native  metal  occupying  these  joints  and  the  termination 
of  some  metalliferous  vein  that  traverses  other  portions  of  the  rock 
not  far  distant." 

Arguing  that  the  richest  veins  would  be  found  along  the  line  of 
contact  of  the  trap  with  the  sedimentary  rocks,  great  pains  had  been 
taken  to  trace  that  line  across  the  country.  It  was  found  to  diverge 
gradually  from  the  lake  in  its  westward  extension.  The  theory  was 
confirmed  that  the  trap  is  the  source  of  the  copper  occupying  the 
veins,  since  as  soon  as  the  veins  enter  the  sandrock  they  contain  no 
ores  but  those  of  zinc  and  iron  (p.  54). 

The  metalliferous  veins,  Doctor  Houghton  continues,  seem  to  orig- 
inate in  the  northern  or  amygdaloidal  trap.  They  cross  the  trap 
range  nearly  at  right  angles  to  its  axis,  and  frequently  continue  the 
same  course  across  the  sedimentary  rocks.  But  the  width  of  the  vein 
is  greatly  diminished  in  the  greenstone. 

It  increases  in  width  rapidly  as  it  passes  across  the  amygdaloid,  and  at  or 
nenr  the  junction  between  the  amygdaloid  and  the  sedimentary  rocks,  it  will 
frequently  be  found  to  have  attained  a  thickness  of  several  feet,  while  in  its 
passage  across  the  sedimentary  rocks,  it  is  usually  either  further  increased  in 
width  or  becomes  so  blended  with  rock  itself  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  define 
its  boundaries. 

In  the  amygdaloid  the  veinstone  is  mostly  quartz;  in  the  con- 
glomerate and  sandstone,  it  is  mostly  calcareous,  and  finally  ceases  to 
be  metalliferous.  The  metalliferous  character  is  most  fully  de- 
veloped near  the  line  of  junction  of  the  trap  and  sedimentary  rocks. 
The  most  abundant  metallic  minerals  are  the  several  ores  of  copper. 
Very  frequently  native  copper  occurs,  and  very  rarely,  silver.  The 
native  copper  is  often  disseminated  through  the  quartzose  veinstone, 
the  rocky  matter  embraced  in  the  veinstone  and  the  amygdaloid  and 
conglomerate,  sometimes  to  the  distance  of  2  or  3  feet,  completely 
filling  the  cells  of  the  amygdaloid.  In  other  portions  of  the  vein 
the  native  copper  is  concentrated  in  larger  masses,  constituting 
bunches  and  strings;  and  in  some  places  the  walls  of  the  veins  are 
wholly  made  up  of  native  copper.  In  these  places  the  ores  of  copper 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  183 

are  scant,  and  the  presumption  is  favored  that  the  origin  of  the  ore 
is  chiefly  from  that  which  was  previously  in  a  native  form  (p.  60). 

Veins  of  similar  character  occur  on  He  Royale,  and  a  similar  rela- 
tion is  observed  between  the  veins  and  the  formations  traversed; 
but  the  order  of  change  is  reversed  in  direction. 

A  brief  description  is  given  of  the  peculiar  constitution  of  the  trap 
knob  of  Presque  Isle  and  its  innumerable  ramifying  veins ;  and  men- 
tion is  made  of  a  red  slate  formation  resting  against  the  southerly 
slope  of  the  greenstone  range,  "  which  is  traversed  by  irregular  and 
imperfect  veins  of  what  may  be  regarded  a  ferruginous  steatite,  and 
a  small  amount  of  ores  of  copper."  These  veins,  however,  are  not 
supposed  to  have  any  connection  with  those  in  the  amygdaloid. 

With  a  view  to  ascertaining  what  expectations  may  be  based  on  the 
facts  thus  far  observed,  Doctor  Houghton  presents  quite  an  extended 
comparison  with  the  copper  and  tin  veins  of  Cornwall.  His  final  prog- 
nostication is  decidedly  conservative,  and  it  seems  to  be  rendered  so 
by  the  very  circumstance  which  has  constituted  almost  the  exclusive 
resource  for  profitable  copper  mining  in  this  district.  He  says: 

I  confess  that  the  preponderance  of  native  to  the  other  forms  of  copper  was 
regarded  as  an  unfavorable  indication,  at  least  until  this  had  been  found  to  be 
more  or  less  universal  with  respect  to  all  the  veins.  (P.  74.)  *  *  *  While 
the  mineral  district  will  prove  a  source  of  wealth  to  the  people,  I  can  not  fail  to 
have  before  me  the  fear  that  it  may  prove  the  ruin  of  hundreds  of  adventurers, 
who  will  visit  it  with  expectations  never  to  be  realized.  (P.  76.) 

Doctor  Houghton  next  devotes  three  pages  to  the  "  Soil  and  tim- 
ber of  the  Upper  Peninsula,"  and  five  pages  to  "  Furs,  fish,  and  har- 
bors of  Lake  Superior." 

Thus  closes  a  report  which,  for  extent  of  territory  covered,  brevity 
of  period  devoted  to  the  work,  arduousness  of  field  exploration,  and, 
above  all,  amount  of  original  matter  and  soundness  of  conclusions, 
is  certainly  one  of  the  most  remarkable  reports  ever  published.  But 
Doctor  Houghton  has  found  the  work  "considerably  more  than  he 
had  reason  to  look  for"  and  discovers  that  it  can  not  be  completed 
within  the  time  which,  a  year  before,  he  had  thought  sufficient. 

To  this  is  appended  a  brief  report  by  special  assistant  Frederick 
Hubbard  on  "  latitudes,  magnetic  variations,  etc  " ;  and  then  follows 
that  of  assistant  geologist  C.  C.  Douglass,  dated  January  4,  1841, 
and  covering  15  pages,  and  treating  of  the  northern  part  of  the  lower 
peninsula.  Under  the  head  of  "  General  character "  of  this  region 
he  embodies  some  physiographic  statements.  He  speaks  of  the  Grand 
and  Little  Traverse  country  as  "  well  adapted  to  purposes  of  agri- 
culture." He  writes  that  the  capabilities  of  the  region  north  of  the 
Grand  River  are  not  at  all  inferior  to  those  on  the  south ;  says  the 
Indians  on  Grand  and  Little  Traverse  Bays  "  obtain  good  crops  of 


184  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

corn,  potatoes,  squashes,  etc.  Some  of  the  most  intelligent  Indians 
informed  me  that  their  crops  have  never  been  known  to  fail  entirely, 
and  that  they  were  seldom  injured  by  frosts  in  the  fall  or  spring. 
They  also  have  many  apple  trees  which  produce  fruit  in  considerable 
quantities"  (p.  101).  Yet  for  20  years  after  this  the  capabilities 
cf  this  region  remained  unappreciated.1  Mr.  Douglass,  however,  does 
not  seem  to  have  understood  that  these  results  depended  on  the  in- 
fluence of  Lake  Michigan  during  the  winter  and  the  frosty  portions 
of  the  spring  and  autumn ;  for  he  says : 

The  soil  is  strictly  a  "warm  one"  and  exposed,  as  the  whole  country  border- 
Ing  on  Lake  Michigan  is,  to  the  influence  of  the  southern  winds  during  summer 
and  parts  of  spring  and  fall,  it  seldom  fails  to  be  productive. 

Coming  to  the  "  General  geology,"  Mr.  Douglass  begins  with  two 
stratigraphies!  tables,  which  it  seems  best  to  reproduce : 

1.  Rocks  of  Lake  Michigan. 

1.  Tertiary  and  superficial  materials — 

1.  Bowlders  of  granite,  etc. 

2.  Clay,  sand,  etc. 

2.  T.  16  N.  Manistee  limestone. 

3.  T.  31-32  N.  Shales— 

1.  Light  blue,  argillaceous. 

2.  Black,  containing  pyrites. 

4.  T.  33  N.  Corniferous.     Containing  beds  of  hornstone. 

5.  T.  34  N.  Little  Traverse  Bay  limestone.    Beds  of  limestone  intermixed  wltto 
clay  and  chert. 

6.  T.  34  N.  Black  bituminous  limestone.     Composed  of  congeries  of  shells. 

7.  T.  34  N.  Blue  limestone  in  thick  regular  layers. 

8.  Mackinac  limestone.    Very  porous  and  much  shattered. 

2.  Rocks  as  seen  from  the  coast  of  Lake  Huron. 

1.  Alluvium — 

1.  Beds  of  rivers. 

2.  Incrusting  springs. 

3.  Marl,  tufa,  peat,  etc. 

2.  Tertiary  and  superficial— 

1.  Bowlders  of  granite. 

2.  Beds  of  clay  and  sand,  etc. 

"The  climatic  nnd  agricultural  characters  of  the  region  have  more  recently  been  set 
forth  by  the  writer  [Winchell]  In  sundry  publications.  See  Report  on  the  Grand  Traverse 
Region,  octavo,  pp.  92,  with  map.  1800 ;  The  Fruit  Belt  of  Michigan.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc., 
1800;  The  Isothermals  of  the  Lake  Region.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc..  1870,  appended  also  to 
the  writer's  Report  on  the  Progress  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  1870,  and  abstract 
published  in  the  Zeitschrift  der  osterreichiscben  Gesollschaft  fflr  Meteorologie,  in  Vienna, 
vol.  8.  p.  40  seq.  Feb.  1,  1873;  The  Climate  of  the  Lake  Region,  with  two  charts,  liar- 
pers'  Magazine.  .Itily,  1871,  republlshed  entire  in  Der  Michigan  Wegweiser,  Hamburg,  1873; 
also  Michigan,  being  condensed  Popular  Sketches  of  the  Topography,  Climate,  and  Geology 
of  the  State,  1873,  pp.  89-121,  with  isothermal  charts  In  colors:  and  finally,  The  Clt- 
mate  of  Michigan.  Ann.  Report  State  Horticultural  Society,  1880,  pp.  155-103. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       185 

3.  20,  26,  N.  Point  au  Gres  limestone.     Light  colored  arenaceous,  containing 
septa ria. 

4.  27  N.  Shale.    Black,  bituminous,  containing  pyrites. 

6.  28  N.  Thunder  Bay  limestone.    Beds  of  limestone  and  gray  clay  or  shale,  con- 
taining abundant  fossils. 

6.  30,  31  N.  Black  bituminous  limestone.    Bituminous,  composed  of  congeries 
of  shells. 

7.  32,  33  N.  Blue  limestone.    Compact  and  in  thick  strata. 

8.  Mackinac  limestone.     Very  porous,  and  the  upper  portion  much  shattered. 

"  It  will  be  seen,"  adds  Mr.  Douglass.  "  that  the  same  rock,  with 
one  or  two  exceptions,  occurs  on  both  sides  of  the  State,  having  the 
same  geological  position;  also  that  they  have  very  nearly  parallel 
and  uniform  positions.  And  from  the  outcrops  the  rocks  would  ap- 
pear to  have  a  bearing  nearly  N.  70°  W.  and  S.  70°  E.,  which  line  of 
bearing  corresponds  with  the  outcrop  of  the  black  bituminous  slate 
on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Huron  in  Upper  Canada"  (p.  103).  Doc- 
tor Houghton  had  already  fixed  the  "  line  of  bearing  "  northeast  and 
southwest.  The  Michigan  geologists  thus  far  had  not  attained  to 
the  conception  of  a  dishlike  arrangement  of  the  strata.  They 
thought  the  outcrops  must  strike  across  the  Peninsula,  nearly  in 
straight  lines. 

The  "Manistee  limestone"  is  unknown  to  the  writer  [Winchell], 
Moreover,  the  Manistee  River,  near  which  in  township  15  north,  lime- 
stone is  stated  in  the  accompanying  text  to  occur,  is  located  entirely 
north  of  township  15.  On  the  other  hand,  in  township  15  and  near 
the  Pentwater  River  in  Oceana  County,  occur  masses  of  limestone, 
which  the  writer  has  referred  to  the  Lower  Carboniferous.1 

The  "  Shales  "  in  township  31-32  north,  outcrop  on  Grand  Traverse 
Bay  and  constitute  the  writer's  "  Huron  group,"  the  black  shale  be- 
ing the  "  Genesee."  The  "  Corniferous  limestone  "  is  not  definitely 
located  by  Mr.  Douglass;  but  in  township  33  we  find  limestone  an- 
swering to  the  description,  outcropping  on  the  lake  shore  between 
the  mouths  of  Grand  and  Little  Traverse  Bays.  It  belongs  near  the 
top  of  the  Hamilton  group,  and  its  stratigraphical  position  is  cor- 
rectly indicated.  The  "Little  Traverse  Bay  limestone"  belongs  at 
the  bottom  of  the  Hamilton  group.  The  "  Black  bituminous  lime- 
stone" is  not  considered  by  the  writer  to  occur  at  a  lower  horizon 
than  the  last,  but  between  it  and  the  so-called  "  Corniferous."  The 
"  Blue  limestone,"  also  is  embraced  in  the  Hamilton. 

As  to  the  rocks  of  Lake  Huron,  the  "Point  au  Gres  limestone" 
is  an  arenaceous  stratum  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
limestone.  The  "  shale  "  is  the  black  Genesee  shale.  The  "  Thunder 
Bay  limestone  "  belongs  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Hamilton,  and  the 
"  Black  bituminous  limestone  "  holds  a  higher — not  a  lower — position. 

1  Winchell,  Proc.  Amor.  Assoc.,  1875,  p.  36. 


186  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  "  Blue  limestone  "  is  probably  not  the  equivalent  of  the  "  Blue 
limestone  "  of  Lake  Michigan,  as  it  seems  to  belong  in  the  lower  po- 
sition to  which  Mr.  Douglass  here  assigns  it. 

The  report  of  assistant  geologist  Bela  Hubbard  is  dated  Janu- 
ary 24,  1841,  and  occupies  34  pages.  It  proposes  "  to  exhibit  a  com- 
prehensive view  of  all  the  rock  formation  throughout  the  organized 
counties  of  the  State."  It  is  prefaced  by  a  general  section,  which  is 
here  reproduced : 

A.  Erratic  block  group,  or  Diluviums,    a,  Alluviums,  ancient  and  recent. 

B.  Tertiary  clays. 

C.  Coal  measures — Upper  coal  and  shales,  lower  coal  and  shales,  included  sand- 
stones, limestone  stratum. 

D.  Subcarboniferons  sandstones. 

E.  Clay  and  kidney-ironstone  formation. 

F.  Sandstone  of  Point  aux  Barques. 

G.  Argillaceous  shales  and  flags  of  Lake  Huron. 
H.  Soft,  light-colored  sandstones. 

I.  Black  aluminous  slate. 
K.  Limerocks  of  Lake  Erie. 

Speaking  of  the  "  Erratic  block  group,"  he  says,  "  this  whole  de- 
posit is  one  of  transport  by  water."  And  again : 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  causes  which  swept  these  materials  over  the 
face  of  the  rocks,  whether  oceanic  currents  or  bodies  of  floating  ice,  the  charac- 
ter of  the  diluviums,  as  well  as  numerous  accompanying  facts,  plainly  implies 
that  they  came  in  a  direction  northerly  from  their  present  beds,  and  often  from 
great  distances. 

Mr.  Hubbard  devotes  six  pages  to  a  very  intelligent  discussion  of 
the  physical  features  of  this  formation.  But  it  must  be  understood 
that  the  formation  which  he  has  in  mind  is  what  we  often  style  the 
"modified  drift." 

By  "ancient  alluvions"  he  designates  what  are  often  termed  "la- 
custrine deposits,  embraced  between  the  ancient  lake  ridge  and  the 
present  shores  of  the  lakes."  He  does  not  here  affirm  that  these  are 
underlaid  by  the  "  diluvium,"  for  this,  he  says,  "  overspreads  the  whole 
interior  of  the  State  beyond  this  separating  ridge."  Still  there  is 
room  to  suppose  that  Mr.  Hubbard  refers  only  to  what  appears  on 
the  actual  surface.  By  "  ancient  alluvions  "  he  designates  deposits 
still  in  progress,  like  marl,  bog  iron,  and  peat.  In  the  ancient 
alluvion  have  been  discovered  bones  of  the  mastodon  in  Macomb 
County,  and  on  the  Paw  Paw  River  in  Berrien  County.  A  vertebra, 
pronounced  by  Doctor  Sager  to  be  the  caudal  vertebra  of  a  whale, 
was  found  some  years  previously  on  the  St.  Joseph  River.  It  had 
a  vertical  diameter  of  18  inches,  a  transverse  of  2  feet,  with  diameter 
of  body,  11  inches;  len<rth  of  body,  10£  inches;  length  of  spinous  proc- 
ess, 9  inches ;  and  weight  of  21  pounds. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  187 

By  "  Tertiary  clays "  Mr.  Hubbard  understands  what  we  now 
designate  "  bowlder  clay "  or  "  till."  They  cover  all  the  border 
counties  on  the  east  and  west  slopes  of  the  peninsula,  and  in  some 
cases  stretch  far  inland.  The  Tertiary  clays  underlie  the  ancient 
alluvions  "throughout  their  whole  extent.  These  are  a  formation 
anterior  to  both  the  diluviums  and  alluvions,  and  are  frequently 
found  extending  far  beyond  the  old  lake  ridge  "  (p.  122). 

Under  the  head  of  "  Coal  Measures  "  the  "  limestone  stratum  "  is 
so  defined  as  to  indicate  its  identity  with  the  lower  Carboniferous 
limestone.  He  adopts  Mr.  Douglass's  views  respecting  the  existence 
of  "  lower  "  and  "  upper  "  coal  beds.  The  lower  coal,  he  thinks,  gives 
promise  of  much  usefulness.  He  recognizes  it  in  Jackson,  Ingham, 
and  Shiawassee  counties,  and  says  it  is  3£  to  4  feet  thick  near 
Corunna.  The  accompanying  shales  extend  as  far  east  as  Flint 
River  in  Genesee  County.  "  The  coal  of  Shiawassee  and  Flint  Rivers 
appears  to  occupy  the  extreme  edge  of  the  coal  basin"  (p.  127). 
The  upper  coal  is  recognized  "  as  the  northern  part  of  Eaton  County," 
and  probably  underlies  the  whole  of  Clinton  and  Gratiot  Counties. 
In  quality  and  thickness  it  is  inferior  to  the  lower  coal.  With  the 
"  included  sandstones "  he  associates  the  gritstones  at  Napoleon. 
The  "  red  or  variegated  sandstone "  of  Clinton  and  Ionia  Counties 
he  thinks  belongs  between  the  upper  and  lower  coals. 

The  "  subcarboniferous  sandstones "  are  the  same  as  heretofore 
designated  "  fossiliferous,  ferruginous  sandstones,"  and  are  more 
recently  known  as  "  Marshall  sandstones."  He  says  "  they  make 
their  appearance  at  its  eastern  edge,  on  Lake  Huron,  near  the  en- 
trance of  Saginaw  Bay."  He  seems  to  refer  here  to  the  Point  au 
Gres  sandstone,  which  is  a  stratum  in  the  lower  Carboniferous  lime- 
stone. The  "  Point  aux  Barques  sandstones,"  which  are  their  real 
equivalents,  are  treated  under  a  separate  head. 

The  "clay  and  kidney-ironstone  formation"  is  the  upper  and 
larger  portion  of  the  "Huron  group"  of  the  writer  [Winchell],  and 
lies  undoubtedly  in  the  horizon  of  the  Chemung  and  Portage  groups 
of  New  York. 

The  "  sandstones  of  Point  aux  Barques,"  it  is  stated,  stretch  south- 
westerly, along  the  swell  of  land  which  forms  the  summit  level  of 
the  Peninsula,  into  Hillsdale  County,  "  where  the  green  and  yellow 
fossil i  ferrous  sandstones  above  described  overlie  them."  But  no 
such  relation  of  superposition  has  been  observed.  Did  it  exist,  the 
"  kidney  iron  formation  "  would  be  between,  and  this  has  a  thick- 
ness of  several  hundred  feet.  In  fact,  the  "  Point  aux  Barques  sand- 
stones "  trend  southwesterly  and  are  in  continuity  with  the  sand- 
stones of  Hillsdale  County. 


188  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  "  argillaceous  shales  and  flags  of  Lake  Huron  "  are  to  be  iden- 
tified with  the  "kidney  iron  formations."  This  results  from  the 
identification  of  the  overlying  sandstones  of  the  two.  Of  this  for- 
mation, Mr.  Hubbard  records  the  following  interesting  statements: 

These  slates  and  alternating  sandstones  may  be  considered  as  the  upper  salt 
rock  of  our  State.  They  have  been  passed  through  in  boring  for  salt  at  Grand 
Rapids,  and  found  to  yield  strong  supplies  of  brine.  At  this  point  they  are 
found  also  to  alternate  with  beds  of  gypsum  and  gypseous  marls,  as  will  appear 
by  reference  to  the  table  of  the  strata  passed  through,  given  on  a  subsequent 
page.  The  thickness  ascertained  to  these  slates  at  that  point  is  about  170  feet 

An  examination  of  the  table  referred  to  shows  that  the  alternating 
beds  of  gypsum  and  shale  are  the  real  "  Michigan  salt  group,"  lying 
immediately  below  the  lower  Carboniferous  lime  and  holding 
position  very  far  above  the  "  shales  and  flags  of  Lake  Huron."  The 
identifications  by  Mr.  Hubbard  would  locate  the  gypseous  shales 
of  Grand  Rapids  not  only  below  the  Point  aux  Barques  sandstones, 
but  below  the  kidney  iron  formation ;  while  the  table  of  borings  cited 
shows  them  immediately  below  the  limestone  which  he  regards  as 
the  bottom  rock  of  the  Coal  Measures. 

The  "  soft,  light-colored  sandstones  "  are  described  in  the  text  as 
"generally  of  a  dark  color."  Mr.  Hubbard  states  that  they  have 
been  penetrated  in  the  borings  at  Grand  Rapids,  230  feet;  that  they 
"  evidently  "  form  the  bed  of  Lake  Huron  near  its  foot,  but  do  not 
make  their  appearance  at  any  point  on  the  coast  of  the  Peninsula 
(p.  133).  In  reality  it  does  not  appear  evident  that  they  lie  on  the 
bed  of  Lake  Huron.  This  is  only  an  inference  from  the  erroneous 
identification  of  the  gypseous  shales  at  Grand  Rapids  with  the 
"shales  and  flags  of  Lake  Huron."  These  sandstones,  known  only 
under  the  gypseous  shales  of  Grand  Rapids,  are  identical  with  the 
Hillsdale  County  sandstones.  They  are  the  Marshall  sandstone,  and 
outcrop  as  a  "soft,  light  gray  sandstone  in  Ottawa  County,  near 
Holland."  In  Mr.  Hubbard's  table,  therefore,  D.  F.  and  H  are  iden- 
tical and  E  and  G  are  identical. 

The  "black  aluminous  slate"  is  the  well-known  Genesee  shale; 
and  the  "  limerocks  of  Lake  Erie  "  are  chiefly  the  modern  "  cornif er- 
ous."  but  with  the  "  water  lime  "  of  the  Lower  H.elderberg  exposed  in 
the  lowest  positions. 

Mr.  Hubbard  makes  statements  as  follows  respecting  the  dips  of 
the  rocks : 

On  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Peninsula,  south  of  Saginaw  Bay,  northwesterly ; 
while  the  dip  along  the  southerly  r.nd  westerly  border  of  the  basin  of  coal- 
bearing  rocks  is  such  as  to  indicate  the  count'es  of  Clinton  and  Gratiot  as  occu- 
pying nearly  the  central  part  of  the  coal  basin  (p.  137). 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  189 

He  thinks  the  coal  beds  may  extend  as  far  north  as  township  23, 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  Muskegon  and  Tittabawassee  Rivers.  The 
coal  basin,  then,  is  "  nearly  oval  in  form,  whose  center  very  nearly 
corresponds  with  the  true  center  of  the  Peninsula."  Mr.  Hubbard 
omits  to  state  the  clips  of  the  strata  on  Lake  Huron  north  of  Saginaw 
Bay,  or  along  any  part  of  Lake  Michigan,  or  on  the  northern  border 
of  the  Peninsula.  He  does  not  identify  the  Mackinac  and  Monroe 
limestones.  In  these  latest  utterances  of  the  early  Michigan  geologists 
respecting  the  Lower  Peninsula  we  find  revealed  only  a  partial  concep- 
tion of  the  complete  dish-like  arrangement  of  the  entire  body  of 
strata. 

In  connection  with  a  statement  of  strata  passed  in  Lyon's  salt 
well  at  Grand  Rapids,  Mr.  Hubbard  assumes  that  the  Hillsdale 
County  sandstones  have  here  "  thinned  out,"  and  it  is  on  this  ground 
that  he  thinks  the  g3Tpseous  shales  to  occupy  the  position  of  the 
"Hudson  flags  and  shales."  It  is  not  intelligible  why  he  did  not 
rather  identify  them  with  the  "  kidney  iron  shales."  Two  beds  of 
beautiful  gypsum  were  passed  4  to  6  feet  in  thickness.  On  the  re- 
lation of  the  brines  he  says : 

The  strongest  brine  springs  make  their  appearance  along  a  line  which  will  be 
found  to  correspond  with  the  synclinal  axis,  or  axis  of  the  dip  of  the  rocks  com- 
posing the  great  peninsula  basin — a  circumstance  which  would  be  looked  for 
from  the  fact  that  the  ordinary  law  of  gravitation  would  conduct  the  strong 
brines  to  the  lowest  levels  of  the  rock  strata.  (P.  138.) 

The  gypseous  clays  of  Grand  Rapids  constitute  the  "upper  salt 
rock  "  and  yield  a  brine,  as  he  states,  stronger  than  that  in  Ohio,  which 
sustains  a  profitable  manufacture.  But  the  brine  obtained  in  Lyon's 
well,  at  a  depth  below  230  feet,  "may  be  supposed  to  proceed  by 
veins  from  the  '  lower  salt  rock,'  lying  at  a  still  greater  depth,  and 
from  which  the  strongest  and  best  supplies  of  brine  in  our  State  may 
be  expected."  Mr.  Hubbard  gives  no  description  from  which  we  can 
identfy  his  "lower  salt  rock."  We  now  know  that  a  "lower  salt 
rock"  (the  Salina  formation)  actually  exists;  and  there  are  people 
who  claim  that  this  was  in  the  eye  of  the  Michigan  geologist  (gener- 
ally, however,  supposed  to  be  Doctor  Hough  ton),  though,  so  far  as 
evidence  goes,  Mr.  Hubbard  was  the  only  one  who  had  attained  this 
view.  But  it  does  not  appear  how  the  brine  could  rise  from  it 
through  a  fissure  to  the  higher  levels,  since  so  few  fissures  were  known 
in  the  intervening  formations;  and  these  were  of  so  argillaceous  a 
character  as  not  to  admit  of  permanent  fissures;  and  if  the  fissures 
had  existed,  the  brine,  as  Mr.  Hubbard  correctly  reasoned,  would 
descend  instead  of  ascending. 

With  a  comprehensive  but  condensed  review  of  the  economic 
products  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  Peninsula,  and  some  far-seeing 


190  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

and  statesmanlike  reflections  on  the  progress  and  prospects  of  tha 
State,  Mr.  Hubbard  brings  his  somewhat  remarkable  report  to  a 
conclusion. 

The  report  of  S.  W.  Higgins,  the  topographer,  is  dated  January 
24,  1841,  and  covers  26  pages.  It  embodies  a  valuable  memoir  on 
the  '•  Variation  of  the  magnetic  needle."  The  other  topics  treated 
are  "  County  surveyors  " ;  "  Area  of  the  Lower  Peninsula,"  which  he 
makes  41,304  square  miles ;  "  Elevation  and  depression  in  the  water 
of  the  Great  Lakes  " ;  and  "  Marshes." 

FIFTH  YEAR  OF  THE  SURVEY,  1841. 

By  a  joint  resolution,  approved  Febraury  2,  1841,  the  State  geolo- 
gist was  instructed  to  act  as  commissioner  on  the  part  of  Michigan 
in  relation  to  the  boundary  line  between  this  State  and  Wisconsin. 

By  an  act  approved  February  8, 1841,  the  board  of  internal  improve- 
ment was  required  to  supply  the  State  geologist  with  requisite  data 
for  mapping  improvements,  but  no  new  surveys  were  permitted  to 
exceed  $25. 

On  the  20th  of  March,  1841,  a  joint  resolution  was  adopted  look- 
ing to  the  encouragement  of  copper  smelting  in  the  United  States. 

The  report  of  the  State  geologist,  on  the  operations  of  this  year 
is  dated  January  25,  1842,  and  occupies  less  than  six  pages.  He 
says: 

The  geological  and  topographical  surveys  have  progressed  steadily  toward 
completion,  though,  in  consequence  of  the  reduction  of  the  number  engaged  in 
the  work,  which  became  necessary  in  consequence  of  the  comparatively  small 
amount  of  funds  applicable  to  that  object,  the  amount  of  work  accomplished  has 
been  somewhat  less  than  that  of  the  preceding  year.  The  Inbor  so  applied  has 
been  chiefly  devoted  to  the  westerly  poition  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  including  a 
part  of  that  which  may  be  designated  as  the  mountainous  district  of  the  State, 

He  speaks  of  duties  assigned  relative  to  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween this  State  and  Wisconsin,  and  says  he  has  completed  "  a  very 
perfect  geological  section  nearly  180  miles  in  length,  crossing  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Montreal  River  of  Lake  Superior,  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Menominee  River  of  Green  Bay.  A  large  amount  of  work  has 
been  performed  in  the  mountainous  region,  stretching  from  Montreal 
River  to  Ontonagon  River,  and  extending  southerly  from  Lake  Su- 
perior, a  distance  of  some  40  miles,  including  what  may  be  termed 
the  westerly  portion  of  the  copper  district  within  our  State.  All  the 
rivers  between  and  including  the  two  named  have  been  carefully 
examined  to  their  sources,  and  the  Porcupine  Mountains  have  been 
traced  out  through  almost  their  entire  range.  The  copper  ores  asso- 
ciated with  the  altered  conglomerate  and  sandstone  rocks  in  this 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  191 

portion  of  the  range  have  been  found  to  be  more  extensive  than  was 
originally  supposed." 

He  finds  the  southerly  range  of  mountains  before  referred  to,  be- 
ginning near  the  mouth  of  the  Chocolate  River,  to  be  continued  across 
the  Menominee  River  into  Wisconsin.  "  Within  the  limit  of  this 
range  would  fall  the  lead  district  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa";  but  he 
gives  reasons  for  thinking  no  heavy  deposits  of  lead  will  be  found  in 
Michigan. 

He  remarks  that  the  "  field  work  of  the  geological  and  topographi- 
cal surveys  upon  the  plan  originally  contemplated,  is  now  mainly 
completed  " ;  but  a  large  amount  of  laboratory  and  office  work  must 
yet  be  performed  in  preparation  for  a  final  report.  As  the  funds  set 
apart  for  the  survey  are  now  exhausted,  and  the  survey  expires  by 
limitations,  he  asks  a  small  appropriation  for  the  completion  of  the 
work.  He  states  that  maps  of  the  counties  of  Hillsdale,  Lenawee, 
Branch,  Calhoun,  Jackson,  and  Washtenaw  have  been  engraved, 
and  enumerates  13  others  as  ready  for  the  engraver.  Wayne  had  been 
engraved  in  1839,  and  it  does  not  appear  why  it  is  not  enumerated 
with  the  others.  Of  the  $2,000  appropriated  March  28,  1840,  for 
the  map  of  the  State,  $1,500  remained  unexpended;  I  am  unable  to 
ascertain  whether  this  became  available. 

SIXTH  YEAR  OF  THE  SURVEY,   1842. 

Though  no  legislation  was  had  perpetuating  the  survey  after  the 
expiration  of  the  four  years  for  which  provision  was  made  in  1838, 
the  office  of  State  geologist  was  not  abolished,  and  I  find  that  $3,700 
were  paid  out  of  the  State  treasury  for  salaries  of  geologist  and 
topographer  and  for  other  purposes.  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
some  portion  of  this  was  a  balance  from  the  old  appropriation. 
Gov.  John  S.  Barry,  in  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  1843,  after 
enumerating  the  great  desirability  of  geological  surveys,  and  an- 
nouncing the  substantial  completion  of  the  field  work  though  much 
office  work  remained,  says: 

If  the  commencement  of  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  was  now  a  question 
presented  for  consideration,  I  should  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  its 
postponement ;  and  whilst  I  think  the  survey  now  in  progress  was  prematurely 
undertaken,  yet,  as  it  is  so  nearly  brought  to  a  close,  true  economy  seems  to 
require  its  completion.1 

The  sixth  annual  report  of  the  State  geologist  is  dated  January 
31,  1843,  and  fills  but  four  pages.  It  shows  that  most  of  his  time 
during  1842  was  occupied  in  office  work.  Doctor  Houghton  writes 
that  the  field  work  for  the  entire  survey  is  completed,  with  the  ex- 

* Joint  Documents,  1843,  p.  39. 
136075—20 14 


192  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

ception  of  some  few  points  where  the  work  still  wants  connecting, 
and  which  will  not  involve  any  material  expense.  He  apologizes 
for  the  delay  in  the  completion  of  the  county  maps,  stating  his  in- 
ability to  procure  such  funds  as  would  enable  him  to  purchase  paper 
for  striking  them  off.  At  last  he  ordered  1,000  each,  of  six  of  our 
most  populous  counties,  but,  to  his  deep  mortification  and  regret, 
they  had  not  yet  arrived.  He  hopes  to  realize  something  from  their 
sale.  He  refers  again  to  the  arduous  character  of  the  duties  per- 
formed, and  adds: 

The  labor  has  been  rendered  light  by  the  hope  that  in  aiding  to  develop  the 
resources  of  our  State,  in  placing  upon  maps,  her  geology,  topography,  and  the 
character  of  her  timber  and  soil,  her  settlement  might  be  increased,  and  some- 
thing added  to  her  property  and  wealth. 

The  first  financial  exhibit  made  by  Doctor  Houghton  in  his  en- 
tire series  of  reports  is  the  ludicrous  statement  which  I  here  in  sub- 
stance append : 

By  amount  from  last  fiscal  year1 $1.42 

Appropriated  for  1842—  _    400  00 


$401.42 

To  amount  paid  sundry  bills $250.  61 

Rent  of  geographical  office,  etc 50.  33 

Drafting,  paper,  stationery,  binding 74.  83 

Postage 19.47 

395.24 

Balance  in  hands  of  State  treasurer $6. 18 

He  asks  $300  for  the  next  year. 

SEVENTH  YEAR  OF  THE  SURVEY,     1843. 

Gov.  John  S.  Barry  in  his  message  of  January  1, 1844,  repeats  the 
statement  that  the  survey  has  been  steadily  progressing  toward 
completion.  He  says  the  engraving  of  four  of  the  county  maps  has 
been  completed  and  the  maps  received.  He  suggests  that  in  cases 
where  the  engraving  of  a  county  map  has  not  been  commenced  the 
work  be  suspended,  and  adds: 

It  Is  desirable,  if  it  can  be  accomplished,  to  take  advantage  of  the  surveys 
about  to  be  carried  forward  by  the  United  States  in  the  mineral  district  of  the 
Upper  Pen'nsxila,  for  the  purpose  of  perfecting  the  geological  surveys  in  that 
district.  If  this  can  be  effected  it  is  believed  that  a  more  perfect  geological  map 
may  be  made  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  other  State,  and  that  without  any  addi- 
tional expense.'  A  part  of  the  final  report  of  the  State  geologist  will  be  ready 
for  publication  during  the  present  year,  and  an  appropriation  will  be  required 
for  that  purpose. 

1  This  is  probnbly  Doctor  Houston's  account  with  the  fund  for  incidental  expenses. 
The  summary  financial  statement  hereafter  introduced  seems  to  be  in  conflict  with  this. 
•Joint  Documents,  1844,  p.  14. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  193 

The  annual  report  of  the  State  geologist  is  dated  February  15, 
1844,  and  consists  of  three  pages.  It  shows  that  besides  the  four 
county  maps  which  have  been  struck  off  and  placed  on  the  market, 
10  others  are  in  the  engraver's  hands.  An  appropriation  is  asked  for 
$1,000  or  $1,500  to  continue  the  map  publishing  until  the  sales  meet 
expenses.  He  justly  expresses  the  conviction  that  these  maps  "  will 
be  more  full  and  perfect  than  any  that  have  heretofore  been  pub- 
lished of  any  equal  portion  of  the  United  States.  The  final  report 
on  the  Lower  Peninsula,  with. all  the  maps  and  sections,  will,  I  trust, 
be  ready  for  the  press  during  the  coming  summer.  The  engraving 
of  the  geological  sections,  fossils,  etc.,  has  been  conditionally  con- 
tracted for;  but  the  continuance  of  the  work  requires  financial  pro- 
vision." 

He  speaks  of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  United  States  linear 
surveys  for  perfecting  the  geology  of  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

All  that  would  be  required  would  be  simply  a  permission  from  the  Commis- 
sioner of  the  General  Land  Office  of  the  United  States  to  the  geologist  of  Michi- 
gan to  require  the  deputy  surveyors  to  make  certain  observations  during  the 
progress  of  their  survey,  of  a  character  which  would  connect  the  geological 
survey  of  our  State  with  the  linear  survey  of  the  United  States.  I  hope  to  per- 
fect such  an  arrangement  in  this  particular  as  will  enable  me  to  produce  more 
perfect  geological  and  topographical  maps  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  than  have 
ever  been  constructed  of  the  sjmie  extent  of  territory  in  the  United  States. 

He  asks  for  $400  for  current  expenses,  in  addition  to  what  may  be 
appropriated  for  county  maps,  wood  engravings,  and  final  publi- 
cation. 

EIGHTH  YEAR  OF  THE  SURVEY,  1844. 

The  State  no  longer  maintained  a  geological  survey.  The  pub- 
lished documents  do  not  reveal  the  existence  of  any  report  from  the 
State  geologist  on  the  operations  of  1844.  The  message  of  Gov. 
John  S.  Barry,  however,  explains  the  lacuna,  and  from  this  I  make 
the  following  extracts : 

The  field  work  of  the  geological  and  topographical  survey  of  the  Lower  Penin- 
sula of  the  State  has  been  brought  to  a  close,  and  much  has  been  done  toward 
preparing  the  final  report  upon  this  portion  of  the  work.  The  engraving  of  the 
illustrations  necessary  to  accompany  the  volumes  when  published  has  been  in 
progress  during  most  of  the  year ;  but  some  further  time  will  be  required  for  its 
completion. 

In  consequence  of  the  deficiency  of  the  means  required  to  finish  the  surveys 
of  the  Upper  Peninsula  with  the  same  minuteness  that  they  had  been  done  in  the 
lower,  the  State  geologist  had  determined  at  one  time  to  make  the  final  report 
npon  that  part  of  the  work,  in  a  more  general  manner;  but  during  the  past 
year,  such  a  connection  of  those  surveys  has  been  made  with  the  United  States 
lineal  surveys  as  will  insure,  without  expense  to  the  State,  their  completion  in 
the  most  perfect  manner.  By  this  arrangement  the  General  Government  lends 
its  aid  in  perfecting  our  geological  surveys.  The  practicability  of  the  plan  was 


194  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

fully  tested  the  last  season,  and  its  utility  satisfactorily  established.  The  whole 
work  is  performed  at  the  expense  of  the  General  Government,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  State  geologist,  pursuant  to  a  contract  by  that  officer  with  the  sur- 
veyor general. 

Thus  the  first  geological  survey  of  Michigan  appears  to  have  ex- 
pired for  lack  of  sustenance,  like  several  others  inaugurated  nearly 
at  the  same  time,  conducted  with  distinguished  ability  while  funds 
lasted,  and  finally  crushed  beneath  the  widespread  financial  dis- 
asters of  the  times. 

Doctor  Houghton  had  long  feared  this  and  long  struggled  in  hope 
of  carrying  through  his  cherished  enterprises.  But,  finding  the  dis- 
aster inevitable,  he  had  for  two  years  meditated  the  project  to  which 
Governor  Barry  refers  in  the  passage  above  quoted. 

This  plan  was  fully  set  forth  in  a  paper  prepared  and  read  by  him 
before  the  Association  of  American  Geologists  at  Washington  in 
1844.  The  advantages  of  such  a  combination  were  at  once  compre- 
hended, and  the  project  was  warmly  endorsed.  The  land  commis- 
sioner, however,  fearing  the  ordinary  surveyors  would  not  possess 
sufficient  geological  information,  hesitated  until  Doctor  Houghton 
himself  offered  to  take  the  contract.  This  contract  was  signed  June 
25,  1844,  and  the  remainder  of  that  season  and  the  season  of  1845 
were  occupied  in  completing  preparations  and  carrying  on  the  work. 

NINTH  YEAR  OF  THE  SURVEY,  1845. 

Doctor  Houghton,  though  for  two  years  receiving  no  aid  from  the 
State,  was  still  recognized  as  State  geologist.  His  contract  with 
the  surveyor  general  was  nearly  completed  when  the  lamentable 
event  occurred  which  put  an  end  to  his  zealous  and  useful  activity  in 
the  development  of  the  natural  resources  of  his  adopted  State.  The 
notes  and  maps  of  three  townships  were  in  Doctor  Houghton's  pos- 
session at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  were  never  recovered.1  These  are 
T.  58  N.  29  and  32  W ;  and  T.  59  N.  29  W.,  near  the  extremity  of  the 
Keweenaw  Point,  on  the  north  shore. 

The  administrators  of  Doctor  Houghton's  estate  (Henry  N. 
Walker  and  Samuel  T.  Douglass)  provided  for  a  careful  inspection 
of  the  field  notes  and  the  preparation  of  reports  to  be  transmitted  to 
the  surveyor  general,  Lucius  Lyon.  Their  communication  covering 
these  reports  bears  date  February  16,  1846.  One  of  the  reports  was 
prepared  by  William  A.  Burt.  the  inventor  of  the  solar  compass, 
who  had  been  Dr.  Houghton's  principal  assistant  in  the  field  during 

1  See  Reports  on  the  Linear  Surveys  with  reference  to  Mines  nnd  Minerals  in  the 
Northern  Peninsula  of  Michigan  in  the  years  1845-40.  Octavo.  Washington  (printed 
1840)  :  Annual  Message  and  Accompanying  Documents,  Part  3,  pp.  802-842,  also  pp. 
933-035. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  195 

1845.  The  other  was  prepared  by  Bela  Hubbard,  late  assistant 
State  geologist. 

These  reports  do  not  embody  any  considerable  amount  of  new  mat- 
ter. They  treat  the  subject  under  the  subdivisions  made  by  Doctor 
Houghton  in  his  Fourth  State  Report  and  reproduce  Doctor  Hough- 
ton's  views.  As  the  reports  were  drawn  up  for  general  readers,  to 
whom  Doctor  Houghton's  reports  would  be  probably  unknown,  they 
embrace  many  repetitions  of  matters  contained  in  the  State  reports. 
Some  of  the  more  important  additions  will  be  here  mentioned.1 

Judge  Burt's  report  covers  Keweenaw  Point  and  the  country  from 
Chocolate  River  to  Carp  River,  along  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. He  treats  of  the  topography  and  other  matters  under  the  fol- 
lowing heads:  Soil  and  timber;  Streams  and  harbors;  Trap  range 
of  Keweenaw  Point,  etc.;  Lake  coast  harbors;  Rivers;  Porcupine 
Mountains;  Geology,  Primary  rocks;  Argillaceous  slates;  Red  and 
variegated  sandstone;  Conglomerate  rock;  Veins  and  limestone. 
Then,  proceeding  westward  from  Keweenaw  Point,  he  discusses  Ar- 
gillaceous slates ;  Red  sandstones ;  Trap  and  conglomerate  rocks  of 
the  Porcupine  Mountains,  and  drift. 

Speaking  of  the  metamorphic  rocks  stretching  southwest  from  the 
lower  falls  of  the  Riviere  du  Mort,  he  says: 

A  few  veins  of  quartz  were  seen  traversing  these  rocks,  but  no  one  was  ob- 
served to  be  metalliferous.  I  have,  however,  seen  specimens  of  specular  Iron 
ore  said  to  have  been  obtained  in  township  48  north,  range  26  west. 

In  respect  to  the  primary  rocks  he  says : 

No  vein  indicating  a  workable  quantity  of  metal  of  any  kind  was  observed; 
but  it  should  not  be  inferred  from  this  that  they  do  not  exist  here. 

As  to  the  veins,  in  addition  to  treating  them  nearly  in  the  same 
manner  as  Doctor  Houghton  had  done,  he  writes  that  "  their  metal- 
liferous character  is  developed  along  the  junction  of  the  trap  and 
sedimentary  rocks  on  both  sides  of  the  trap  range."  Doctor  Hough- 
ton  had  only  spoken  of  it  on  the  north  side. 

The  argillaceous  slates  previously  reported  by  Doctor  Houghton 
on  the  southeast  side  of  Keweenaw  Bay  are  reported  by  Mr.  Burt 
8  or  4  miles  east  of  the  Porcupine  Mountains,  where  they  dip  15  to 
45°  in  a  direction  between  northeast  and  southeast.  From  these 
facts  Mr.  Burt  infers  that  they  pass  under  the  sandstone  to  the  east 
of  them. 

The  red  sandstone  west  of  Keweenaw  Point  is  supposed  to  belong 
to  the  same  formation  as  that  to  the  east.  "Its  general  character  is 

1  Senate  Documents,  1st  soss.,  29th  Conp.,  1845-46.  vol.  7,  Doc.  357.  20  pp.  These 
reports  are  reprinted  in  Mineral  Region  of  Lake  Superior.  By  Jacob  Houghton,  jr.  pp. 
•3-123,  1846. 


'196  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  same,  except  that  in  some  places  it  contains  more  mica."  Its 
dip  is  north  northwest. 

The  report  compiled  by  Mr.  Hubbard  treats  the  general  subject 
under  the  following  subdivisions:  Granite  rocks;  Metamorphic 
Group;  Clay  slate;  Red  sandrock;  Keweenaw  Point;  Trap  rocks; 
Conglomerate  rock;  Mixed  conglomerate  and  sandstone;  Trap  dikes; 
Eed  sandrock ;  and  Mineral  veins. 

In  the  primary  region  west  of  Presque  Isle  the  granite  "  is  traversed 
by  large  and  irregular  dikes  of  greenstone  trap,  and  the  granite  itself 
puts  on  a  trappose  character,  the  two  rocks  being  sometimes  with 
difficulty  distinguishable  from  each  other." 

The  metamorphic  group  is  divided  into  two  belts — a  quartzose 
portion  on  the  south,  and  a  trappose  portion  on  the  north.  The 
quartzose  rocks  are  pervaded  by  argillaceous  red  and  micaceous 
oxides  of  iron. 

These  are  frequently  of  so  great  extent  as  almost  to  entitle  them  to  be  con- 
sidered as  rocks.  The  largest  extent  of  iron  noticed  is  in  township  47  north 
range  26  west,  near  the  corner  of  sections  29,  30,  31,  32.  There  are  here  two  larg* 
beds  or  hills  of  ore,  made  up  almost  entirely  of  granulated  magnetic  and  specular 
iron,  with  small  quantities  of  spathose  and  micaceous  iron.  The  more  north- 
erly of  these  hills  extends  in  a  direction  nearly  east  and  west  for  at  least  one- 
fourth  of  a  mile,  and  has  a  breadth  little  less  than  1,000  feet,  the  whole  of  which 
forms  a  single  mass  of  ore. 

This  was  the  first  discovery  of  the  vast  deposits  of  iron  in  the 
Marquette  region  at  Negaunee  and  Ishpeming.  It  was  in  June,  1845, 
during  a  survey  under  the  direction  of  Doctor  Houghton,  with  Wil- 
liam A.  Burt  as  chief  assistant. 

"  The  rocks  of  the  metamorphic  group  frequently  graduate  into 
clay  slate."  This  is  found  in  township  48,  north  26  west. 

Mount  Houghton  is  the  name  bestowed  on  a  knob  of  trap  878  feet 
above  Lake  Superior,  in  the  southerly  range  of  Keweenaw  Point  in 
township  58,  north  29  west. 

The  red  sandrock  is  in  this  report  pronounced  "  the  equivalent  of 
the  Potsdam  red  sandstone  of  the  New  York  reports." 

The  study  of  the  mineral  veins  confirms  the  views  previously  ex- 
pressed by  Doctor  Houghton.  Their  courses  are  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  the  line  of  bearing  of  the  trap  range. 

In  closing,  Mr.  Hubbard  regrets  the  meagerness  of  his  sketch 
"  when  compared  with  whatever  proceeded  from  that  master  mind 
whose  genius  first  developed,  and  whose  indomitable  energy  tracked 
through  all  its  difficulties,  a  system  not  only  intricate  in  itself,  but 
novel  to  science ;  and  in  a  region  at  that  time  destitute  of  all  the  ordi- 
nary facilities  for  scientific  investigation.  To  the  same  active  and 
philosophic  mind  we  owe  the  system  of  the  union  of  geological  with 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  197 

the  lineal  surveys  of  lands  of  the  United  States,  the  first  experi- 
mental results  of  which  are  now  returned  to  this  department." 

It  may  be  proper  to  add  parenthetically  that  the  system  of  geolog- 
ico-linear  surveys  was  continued  during  the  season  of  1846.  We  find 
a  report  by  William  A.  Burt,  announcing  the  discovery  of  masses  of 
iron  ore  in  the  Menominee  district;  a  report  by  Bela  Hubbard  as 
deputy  surveyor  and  geologist  with  S.  W.  Higgins  as  chief  assistant ; 
also  a  report  by  Bela  Hubbard  as  deputy  surveyor,  with  William 
Irons  as  assistant.  These  reports,  1844,  1845,  and  1846,  are  accom- 
panied by  well  engraved  maps  of  the  territory  covered  and  work 
done,  together  with  interesting  views  and  sections  illustrative  of 
geology  and  scenery.  The  records  of  these  surveys  are  contained  in 
Annual  Message  and  Documents  1849-50,  part  3,  pages  802-935; 
but  were  not  published  before  1850.  On  March  1,  1847,  an  act  of 
Congress  was  approved,  establishing  "  a  land  office  in  the  northern 
part  of  Michigan,"  and  Dr.  Charles  T.  Jackson  was  appointed  by 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Robert  J.  Walker  to  make  a  geological 
report.  His  report  is  dated  Boston,  November  10,  1849,  and  is  con- 
tained in  the  same  published  volume  as  those  of  Burt  and  Hubbard, 
above  cited. 

Expenses. — The  following  is  a  financial  statement  respecting  the 
survey  from  the  beginning,  compiled  from  the  books  of  the  auditor 
general : 

Geological  Survey  in  account  witJi  the  State  of  Michigan. 

DB. 

1837,  1838.  General  purposes $16,026.00 

1839.  General  purposes 8,329.95 

1840.  General  purposes : 7,161.37 

1841.  General  purposes 6,219.55 


$37, 736. 87 

1842.  General  purposes $1,263.13 

Salary  of  State  geologist 782.  87 

Salary  of  topographer 624.53 

Incidental  expenses 1, 032.  82 

3,  703. 35 

1843.  Salary  of  State  geologist 1, 000. 00 

Salary  of  topographer 800  00 

Incidental  expenses 220. 47 

2, 020.  47 

1844.  Salnry  of  State  geologist 1,000.00 

Salary  of  topographer 800.00 

Engraving  expenses 338. 16 

Incidental    expenses 397. 30 

2,  535. 46 


198  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Geological  Surrey  in  account  with  the  State  of  Michigan — Continued. 
DB. 

1845.  Salary  of  State  geologist  to  July $500. 00 

Salary  of  topographer 639.42 

Engraving 658. 92 

Incidental  expenses 34.  54 

$1,832.88 

Total  payments $47,829.03 

Appropriations  unexpended 4, 170.  97 

$52, 000. 00 
CB. 

1837.  Appropriation $3, 000. 00 

1838.  Appropriation  (Overdrawn  March  1 $1,026.00)  12,000.00 

1839.  Appropriation  (Balance  March  1 2,644.00)  12,000.00 

1840.  Appropriation  (Balance  March  1 7,482.68)  12,000.00 

1841.  Appropriation  (Balance  March  1 13,263.23)  12,000.00 

1842.  No  appropriation,  balance  being 9,559.78      0,000.00 

1843.  No  appropriation,  balance  being 7,539.31      0,000.00 

1844.  For  engraving,  making  balance 5,  503.  85          500. 00 

1845.  For  engraving,  balance  now 4,170.97          500.00 

$52, 000. 00 
THE  SURVEY  AFTER   1845. 

Gov.  Alpheus  Felch,  in  his  annual  message,  dated  January  6, 1846, 
introduces  some  appreciative  passages  respecting  the  geological 
survey,  from  which  I  present  these  quotations : 

The  geological  survey  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  having  been  completed  some  time 
since,  the  final  report  of  the  State  geologist  upon  this  portion  of  the  work,  it  Is 
understood,  was  nearly  ready  at  the  last  session  of  the  legislature. 

Then,  referring  to  connection  with  the  linear  surveys,  he  continues : 

The  recent  melancholy  dispensation  of  Providence  in  the  sudden  death  in  the 
midst  of  his  labors  and  his  usefulness  of  the  faithful  and  efficient  officer  who 
has  held  his  appointment  from  the  first  organization  of  the  department  will,  It 
Is  feared,  throw  many  difliculties  in  the  way  of  making  available  all  the  valuable 
Information  acquired  in  the  various  surveys  and  examinations. 

No  report  of  the  labors  of  the  geologist  for  the  past  season  will  be  made  to 
you,  nor  is  any  person  authorized  to  complete  or  finish  the  final  report  on  the 
Lower  Peninsula,  which  is  understood  to  be  nearly  prepared  for  the  press. 
Many  valuable  engravings  have  been  prepared  for  this  work  and  much  expense 
has  already  been  incurred.  *  *  * 

The  expenses  of  the  geological  department  since  its  organization,  including  the 
salaries  of  officers,  amount  to  $50,779.02.  The  expenditures  on  the  State  Salt 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       199 

Springs  made  uiider  the  direction  of  the  department  in  connection  with  the  sur- 
veys amount  to  the  additional  sum  of  $33,996.93.1 

The  geological  surveys  have  abundantly  developed  the  resources  of  the  State 
and  exhibited  the  fact  that  in  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth  and  in  all  the 
elements  of  true  prosperity,  Michigan  possesses  advantages  excelled  by  no  other 
State  in  the  Union.  The  embarrassed  condition  of  the  treasury  admonishes  us, 
however,  to  avoid  every  expenditure  not  absolutely  indispensable,  and  I  submit 
to  your  consideration  whether  the  duties  of  this  department  are  not  now  so  far 
completed  as  to  render  it  expedient  to  bring  them  to  a  close  after  making  the 
necessary  provision  to  preserve  the  information  already  obtained.1 

Some  statements  embraced  in  a  communication  from  the  late  State 
topographer  S.  W.  Higgins,  dated  January  7,  1846,  and  addressed 
to  the  legislature,  ought  here  to  be  cited : 

As,  in  consequence  of  the  lamented  death  of  Doctor  Houghton,  late  State 
geologist,  some  legislative  action  will  be  called  for  in  relation  to  the  future  dis- 
position of  the  State  survey,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  annual  report  from  the 
head  of  that  department,  I  have  deemed  it  proper  to  accompany  this  report  [on 
the  sixth  section  lands]  with  some  observations  which  may  be  important 
under  present  circumstances. 

Mr.  Higgins  then  proceeds  to  state  that  Mr.  Bela  Hubbard  "had 
undertaken  in  part  the  preparation  of  the  final  report,  for  which 
purpose  all  the  field  notes  and  other  information  collected  during  the 
progress  of  the  State  survey  were  placed  in  his  hands." 

Mr.  Higgins  refers  to  the  fact  that  the  period  originally  contem- 
plated for  the  completion  of  the  survey  expired  in  1843,3  since  which 
time,  the  State  geologist,  under  a  greatly  reduced  appropriation,  has 
continued  actively  at  work,  chiefly  in  the  Upper  Peninsula.  He 
repeats  the  statement  respecting  the  completion  of  the  field  work  in 
the  Lower  Peninsula.  He  says: 

A  large  amount  of  engravings  and  lithographs  for  the  final  report  are  com- 
pleted and  the  whole,  it  is  thought,  can  be  finished  within  another  year.  Most 
of  these  are  in  a  style  of  art  superior  to  anything  of  the  kind  ever  executed  in 
this  country.4 

1  This  statement  may  unintentionally  convey  a  false  impression.  While  the  location  of 
the  wells  was  directed  by  geological  considerations,  the  sinking  of  them  was  a  purely 
mechanical  labor,  which  might  as  well  have  been  imposed  on  the  attorney  general  or  the 
eupcrintendent  of  public  Instruction.  Nor  did  the  money  expended  on  the  wells  advance 
materially  a  knowledge  of  Michigan  geology.  This  expense,  instead  of  being  coupled  with 
geological  expenditures,  ought,  so  far  as  the  State  geologist's  time  devoted  to  well  boring 
is  concerned,  to  be  deducted  from  the  aggregate  expenses  of  the  survey.  The  same  is 
true  of  expenses  incurred  in  making  collections  for  the  university  in  locating  sixteenth 
section  lands  and  in  running  the  boundary  between  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 

*  It  would  appear  that  the  governor  had  power,  if  he  would,  to  appoint  a  successor  to 
Doctor  Hough  (on.  Had  he  done  this  the  machinery  would  not  have  fallen  to  pieces. 

8  It  appears  to  have  expired  Mar.  1,  1842,  the  last  appropriation  being  available  Mar. 
1,  1841.  The  most  obvious  interpretation  of  the  law  would  make  the  last  appropriation 
available  Mar.  1,  1840. 

4  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  these  illustrations  could  not  have  been  permitted  to 
•ee  the  light.  I  came  into  the  State  but  eight  years  after  the  date  of  this  communica- 
tion, but  have  never  been  able  to  discover  the  place  of  deposit  of  these  drawings  and  en- 
travings.  I  found  the  tradition  in  existence  as  above  stated ;  and  I  think  the  Impression 
prevails  that  this  class  of  property  was  placed  in  the  custody  of  the  university.  But 


200  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  whole  subject  as  set  forth  in  the  governor's  message  and  the 
communication  of  the  State  topographer  was  referred  to  a  Delect  joint 
committee  and  their  report  constitutes  document  No.  15  of  the  ses- 
sion of  1846.  They  present  a  concise  and  admirable  sketch  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  survey  and  of  its  progress  and  results.  Their  statements 
are  appreciative  and  cordial  and  show  that  the  labors  and  difficulties 
of  the  work  have  been  duly  considered.  Since  1842,  they  say,  no 
officers  in  the  geological  department  have  been  continued  in  active 
employment  except  the  geologist  and  topographer,  and  they  at  greatly 
reduced  salaries.  They  state  that  the  total  amount  expended  is 
$32,829.03,  which  falls  short  of  the  amount  appropriated  $7,170.97.* 
Placing  a  value  of  $8,000  on  the  material  which  has  gone  into  the 
university,  there  is  left  $24.829.03  "  as  the  entire  cost  of  the  survey 
to  the  State.  This  is  enough  to  have  constructed  2  miles  of  rail- 
road."2 

The  committee  describe  the  collections  made;  the  work  done  to- 
ward the  completion  of  maps,  the  very  superior  character  of  the 
data  and  the  workmanship,  and  give  a  statement  of  the  unfinished 
work.  They  embody  a  strong  indorsement  of  the  plan  of  com- 
bining linear  and  geological  surveys.  Speaking  of  the  character 
of  the  materials  belonging  to  the  department,  they  enumerate  "  very 
voluminous  collections  of  notes,  maps,  diagrams,  engravings,  etc.  A 
wall  map  of  the  State  and  maps  of  15  counties  are  in  the  hands  of 
an  engraver,  and,  in  addition  to  the  four  already  published  others 
are  nearly  if  not  quite  completed,  and  their  reception  has  been  de- 
layed only  by  the  failure  of  the  engraver  to  fulfill  his  contract.  To 
execute  the  engravings  for  the  final  report,  the  services  of  a  wood 
engraver  of  great  reputation  and  skill  have  been  secured.  These 
have  been  cut  by  him  from  drawings  by  the  State  topographer.  In 
addition  to  these  are  many  lithographs  executed  on  stone  by  the  latter 
officer;  and  it  may  be  said,  without  exaggeration,  that  all  these  are 
in  a  style  of  art  far  superior  to  any  that  have  ever  been  produced  to 
illustrate  a  work  of  the  kind  in  this  country.  More  than  two-thirds 
of  all  these  are  now  finished." 

such  appears  not  to  have  been  the  fact.  In  January.  1871,  In  searching  the  archives  of 
the  State  cnpitol  I  discovered,  in  some  drawer,  buried  in  dust  and  miscellaneous  papers, 
two  or  three  blocks  with  well-executed  drawings,  apparently  intended  for  the  engraver. 
These  are  now  in  the  university  museum.  Possibly  the  remaining  drawings  and  engrav- 
ings are  preserved  in  the  capitol.  It  is  also  not  improbable  that  drawings  not  completely 
engraved,  or  engravings  not  paid  for,  remained  with  the  engravers ;  but  I  find  It  nowhere 
stated  who  were  the  engravers,  though  a  tradition  exists  that  they  resided  in  Buffalo 
IWinchell]. 

1 1  deduce  different  resulls  as  shown  in  the  exhibit  already  introduced.  This  committee 
makes  an  error  in  footing  up  the  debits  of  the  survey,  and  in  the  credits  they  do  not  in- 
clude any  appropriation  for  1841.  Compare  also  Governor  Felch's  statements  [Winchell], 

*The  force  of  this  is  denied  from  the  fact  that  the  State  was  impoverishing  itself  in 
spending  hundreds  of  thousands  of  borrowed  money  in  building  railroads. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       201 

The  committee  close  by  earnestly  recommending  the  continuance 
of  the  present  organization  of  the  survey,  and  the  appropriation  of 
$1,000  for  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  $800  for  the  State  topog- 
rapher, and  $500  for  the  completion  of  the  engravings  for  the  final 
report  and  incidental  expenses.  The  report  is  signed  by  J.  N. 
Chipman,  chairman  senate  committee,  and  G.  W.  Peck,  chairman 
house  committee. 

A  general  impression  had  begun  to  prevail  that  the  Northern  Pen- 
insula of  Michigan  was  the  repository  of  valuable  amounts  of  copper 
and  iron.  Adventurers  and  capitalists  were  turning  their  attention 
to  the  region  and  some  leases  had  been  made  under  authority  of  the 
United  States.  Accordingly,  on  the  25th  of  April,  1846,  a  resolution 
passed  by  the  legislature  of  Michigan  was  approved  declaring  that  the 
title  to  all  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  other  metals  is  vested  in  the  State 
except  on  lands  owned  by  individuals  and  such  lands  as  the  General 
Government  had  reserved  from  sale ;  and  providing  also  for  the  taxa- 
tion of  ores. 

On  the  15th  of  May,  1846,  the  legislature  adopted  a  joint  resolution 
authorizing  the  governor  to  "  appoint  some  competent  and  suitable 
person  to  collect,  collate,  and  arrange  all  the  geological  notes,  memo- 
randa, specimens,  maps,  topographical  delineations,  engravings, 
barometrical  and  other  observations,  including  geological  surveys, 
kept,  taken,  made,  collected,  and  preserved  for  and  in  behalf  of  the 
State  of  Michigan  by  the  late  Dr.  Douglass  Houghton,  State  ge- 
ologist, and  designed  and  intended  by  him  to  be  used  in  making  a  final 
geological  report  for  the  benefit  of  the  people  of  said  State:  and  from 
the  material  thus  collected  and  to  be  collected,  and  the  requisite  addi- 
tional information  derived  from  other  sources,  the  person  thus  to  be 
appointed  may  be  required  by  the  governor  to  prepare  a  final  report 
upon  the  geology  of  Michigan."  * 

I  have  not  learned  that  any  action  was  ever  taken  under  this  law. 
One  can  not  help  feeling  that  the  government  of  Michigan  committed 
a  crime  against  the  people  and  against  posterity,  to  allow  the  vast 
store  of  records,  results,  traditions,  and  personal  recollections  then 
extant,  to  lie  unappreciated  and  pass  to  decay  and  oblivion.  Bela 
Hubbard  was  entirely  competent  to  do  justice  to  the  demand,  and 
Mr.  Higgins  was  master  of  the  topographical  problems.  Mr.  C.  C. 
Douglass  was  even  now  at  work  as  a  mining  expert  in  the  Upper 
Peninsula,  and  many  others  were  in  possession  of  personal  knowl- 
edge which  might  have  been  made  available.  It  must  have  been  a 
painful  experience  of  those  geologists  to  see  the  products  of  years 
of  toil  and  aspiration  perishing  before  their  eyes,  while  they  sent  up 

1  Laws  of  Michigan,  1846,  p.  314. 


202  BULLETIN   10i>,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

unavailing  cries  to  a  narrow  and  parsimonious  legislature  to  rescue 
them  for  the  credit  and  benefit  of  the  State. 

By  a  joint  resolution  adopted  April  7,  1846,  all  the  collections  by 
the  late  geological  survey  were  transferred  to  the  university.  This 
provision  was  also  embodied  in  an  act  approved  May  11,  1846.  The 
university  is  also  in  possession  of  standard  works  on  geology  and 
paleontology,  which  appear  to  have  been  once  the  property  of  the 
survey  or  of  Doctor  Houghton.  What  amount  was  expended  by  the 
survey  in  the  purchase  of  books  does  not  appear  from  accessible 
records,  but  I  find  a  joint  resolution,  adopted  February  12,  1841, 
authorizing  the  State  geologist  to  pay  Collins,  Keese,  and  Company, 
of  New  York,  a  balance  of  $664.50  due  for  books  ordered  by  Governor 
Mason  in  1837  and  1838. 

The  geological  researches  instigated  and  conducted  by  Doctor 
Houghton  have  proved  of  great  importance  both  directly  and  indi- 
rectly in  the  growth  of  the  State.  The  geologists  were,  in  both 
peninsulas,  explorers  of  a  wilderness,  and  first  promulgators  of 
reliable  information  .concerning  everything  which  makes  a  State 
desirable  or  undesirable  for  settlement  and  enterprise.  In  the  Lower 
Peninsula  they  established  the  existence  of  extensive  deposits  of  coal, 
gypsum,  and  building  stones,  and  awakened  an  interest  and  con- 
fidence in  the  existence  of  copious  supplies  of  brine,  which  were  not 
dispelled  by  the  qualified  failures  at  the  two  State  wells  and  Lyon's 
well  at  Grand  Rapids,  but  survived  until,  under  more  favorable 
financial  auspices,  investigations  were  reinaugurated  and  crowned 
with  marvelous  success.  Extensive  deposits  of  kidney  iron  ore- 
were  disclosed,  and  for  their  working,  the  Union  City  Iron  Company 
was  incorporated  March  17,  1847.  The  Saginaw  Gypsum  Company 
was  incorporated  March  28,  1849. 

In  the  northern  peninsula,  enterprise  was  awakened  which  con- 
tinued to  enlarge  with  the  progress  of  development,  until  Michigan 
has  assumed  a  leading  position  in  the  production  of  copper  and 
iron.  The  Pioneer  Smelting  Company  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  of 
Michigan  was  incorporated  by  the  legislature  March  16,  1847.  The 
Copper  Falls  Mining  Company  was  incorporated  March  16, 1848,  and 
on  the  same  date  acts  of  incorporation  were  approved  for  the  North- 
western Mining  Company  and  several  others.  During  the  session  of 
1848,  23  mining  companies  were  incorporated.  Jacob  Houghton,  jr., 
gives  a  list  of  102  mining  companies  in  the  Lake  Superior  region  to 
July  17,  1846.  To  the  same  date  he  enumerates  about  900  locations, 
leases,  and  permits  dating  from  May  13,  1844,  and  subsequently.' 
The  tide  of  mining  enterprise  was  now  setting  strongly.  With  what 
failures  and  successes  this  industry  had  been  prosecuted  is  known  to 

1  Mineral  Region  of  Lake  Superior,  pp.  147-191. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL. 


ALEXANDER  WINCHELL 
STATE   GEOLOGIST  OF  MICHIGAN.   1859-61    AND   1869-71. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL,  HISTORY   SURVEYS.  203 

the  world.  Whatever  wealth  has  accrued  to  individuals  or  to  the 
State,  whatever  renown  has  come  to  the  State  as  one  of  the  world's 
chief  centers  in  metallic  production,  whatever  impulse  has  been  felt 
in  the  progress  of  settlement  and  improvement  of  a  remote  northern 
section,  all  springs  originally  from  the  genius  which  planned  the 
first  geological  survey,  and  the  energy  which  conducted  it  in  the  face 
of  formidable  obstacles  and  under  depressing  financial  circumstances 
during  nine  laborious  years. 

SECOND  SURVEY  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  ALEXANDER  WINCHELL,   1859- 
1860    AND    1869-1871. 

The  first  geological  survey  of  Michigan  expired  by  limitation  in 
1842;  but  Dr.  Houghton  was  officially  recognized  as  State  geologist 
during  1843,  and  some  moderate  expenditures  were  incurred  under 
official  sanction.  But  in  1844  the  State  geologist  had  entered  into  a 
contract  with  the  General  Government  for  prosecuting  geological 
explorations  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  in  connection  with  the  linear 
surveys.  The  work  was  continued  for  one  year  after  Doctor  Hough- 
ton's  death  in  October,  1845,  when  a  separate  geological  survey 
was  instituted  by  authority  of  Congress;  and  this  was  continued 
under  the  directorship  of  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  during  1847  and  1848 
and  of  Messrs.  Foster  and  Whitney  during  1849  and  1850. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  IN  1859. 

On  the  establishment  of  a  separate  chair  of  geology,  zoology,  and 
botany  in  the  university,  in  1855,  and  the  appointment  thereto  of 
Alexander  Winchell,  attention  was  again  turned  to  the  subject  of  a 
State  geological  survey.  No  definite  action,  however,  was  under- 
taken until  1857,  when  a  few  petitions  for  the  reinauguration  of  the 
survey  were  presented  to  the  legislature,  and  a  bill  was  introduced, 
which  failed  to  pass.  When  the  legislature  of  1859  convened,  16 
years  had  passed  since  the  State  had  suffered  its  survey  to  fail; 
and  it  was  eight  years  since  official  work  had  ceased  in  the  rapidly 
developing  regions  of  Lake  Superior.  Both  the  recent  progress  of 
industrial  development  and  the  improved  financial  condition  of  the 
State  prompted  to  the  reorganization  of  the  geological  survey.  Ac- 
cordingly, during  the  legislative  session  of  1859,  petitions  were 
numerously  addressed  to  the  legislature,  calling  for  a  renewal  of 
geological  work.  These  were  referred,  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, to  a  committee  who  called  on  Prof.  Alexander  Winchell  for  a 
presentation  of  the  public  benefits  anticipated  from  a  survey.  These 
were  communicated  with  some  fullness.1  A  bill  was  passed  which  re- 
ceived the  signature  of  Gov.  Moses  Wisner,  February  15.  1859. 

1  House  Document  No.  29,  Legislature  of  1859,  p.  10. 


204  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  following  is  the  text  of  this  bill,  and  those  passed  subsequently 
with  reference  to  this  survey: 

An  act  to  finish  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  The  People  of  tJie  State  of  Michigan  enact,  That  the  governor 
is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  appoint  a  competent  person,  whose  duty 
it  shall  be  to  finish  the  geological  survey  of  this  State,  which  shall  be  ac- 
companied with  proper  maps  and  diagrams,  and  shall  furnish  a  full  and 
scientific  description  of  its  rocks,  soils,  and  minerals,  and  of  its  botanical 
and  natural  productions,  together  with  specimens  of  the  same;  which  maps, 
diagrams,  and  specimens  shall  be  deposited  in  the  library  of  the  State 
University  and  the  library  of  the  Agricultural  College,  and  similar  speci- 
mens shall  be  deposited  in  such  other  library  (literary)  and  scientific 
Institutions  of  the  State  as  the  governor  shall  direct.  And  the  governor 
is  further  authorized  to  appoint,  from  time  to  time,  as  the  exigencies  of  the 
case  may  require,  competent  persons  to  act  as  assistants,  under  the  direction 
of  the  geologist. 

SEC.  2.  A  sum  not  exceeding  $2,000  for  the  year  A.  D.  1859,  and  a  sum  not 
exceeding  $3,000  for  the  year  1860,  is  hereby  appropriated  to  defray  the 
expenses  that  may  be  incurred  under  the  act,  which  sums  shall  be  paid  out 
of  the  treasury,  from  any  money  not  otherwise  appropriated,  at  such  times 
and  in  such  sums  as  the  governor  may  direct;  and  an  account  of  all  the 
expenditures  of  each  year  shall  be  reported  to  the  legislature  in  the  same 
manner  as  is  now  required  by  law  of  the  State  officers. 

SEC.  3.  The  geologist  appointed  by  the  governor  shall  make  a  report  to  the 
legislature,  whenever  the  same  is  in  session,  setting  forth  generally  the 
progress  made  in  the  survey  hereby  authorized. 

Approved  February  15,  1859. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  further  geological  survey  of  the  Stat». 

SECTION  1.  The  People  of  the  State  of  Michigan  enact,  That  the  governor, 
the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  the  president  of  the  State 
board  of  education  shall  constitute  a  board  of  geological  survey;  they  shall 
control  and  supervise  the  continuance  and  completion  of  a  geological  survey 
of  the  State;  they  shall  appoint  and  commission  a  suitable  person,  possessed 
of  the  requisite  knowledge  of  the  science  of  geology,  who  shall  be  the  director 
of  the  geological  survey  hereby  instituted. 

SEC.  2.  Such  director  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  board,  such  assistants  as  may  be  necessary  to  per- 
form the  labor  herein  directed. 

SEC.  3.  The  salary  of  the  director,  and  of  all  other  persons  employed  in 
the  survey,  shall  be  fixed  by  the  board,  and  shall  be  payable  only  for  services 
actually  rendered;  such  board  shall  regulate  all  expenses  incident  to  the 
survey  and  may  require  from  the  director  such  frequent  reports  as  they 
may  think  useful. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  director  to  make,  or  cause  to  be  made, 
a  thorough  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State,  embracing  a 
determination  of  the  succession,  arrangement,  thickness,  and  position  of  all 
strata  and  rocks;  their  mineral  character  and  contents  and  their  economical 
uses;  an  investigation  and  determination  of  the  organic  remains  of  the  State; 
a  general  examination  of  the  topography,  hydrography,  and  physical  geog- 
raphy of  the  State;  an  investigation  of  the  soils  and  subsoils,  and  the  deter- 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       205 

initiation  of  their  character  and  agricultural  adaptation;  the  investigation 
of  all  deposits  of  brines,  coal,  marl,  clay,  gypsum,  lime,  petroleum,  metals, 
and  metallic  ores,  building  stone,  marble,  gritstone,  materials  for  mortar 
and  cement,  'mineral  paint,  and  all  other  productions  of  the  geological  world 
within  the  limits  of  this  State  capable  of  being  converted  to  the  uses  of  man. 

SEC.  5.  It.  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  director  to  collect  ample  materials  for  the 
illustration  of  every  department  of  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State  and  to 
determine,  catalogue  and  label  the  same,  and  prepare  them  for  exhibition  to  the 
citizens  of  the  State  in  suitable  cases  in  the  museums  of  the  State  University 
and  State  Agricultural  College,  and  the  State  Normal  School,  and  such  other 
colleges  of  the  State  as  may  make  application  to  the  board  prior  to  the  taking  of 
the  geological  survey,  and  obligate  such  college  to  pay  the  extra  expense  neces- 
sarily incurred  in  furnishing  such  specimens. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  director  to  furnish  annually  to  the  board  a 
report  of  the  progress  of  the  survey,  and  as  often  as  possible  a  condensed  state- 
ment of  important  and  interesting  facts  for  geneial  circulation,  and,  as  soon  as 
the  progress  of  the  work  will  permit,  to  begin,  and  on  the  completion  of  the  sur- 
vey to  finish  a  complete  memoir  upon  the  geology  of  the  State,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  board,  embracing  such  an  account  of  all  its  mineral  and  agricultural 
resources  as  is  usual  in  works  of  that  character,  and  a  delineation  of  its  geology 
upon  the  map  of  the  State  and  such  other  diagrams  and  illustrations  as  may  be 
needed  to  set  forth  in  a  creditable,  intelligible,  and  as  far  as  possible  popular 
manner  the  nature,  location,  and  extent  of  the  geological  and  agricultural  re- 
sources of  the  State. 

SEC.  7.  The  one-half  part  of  all  appropriations  made  shall  be  expended  iu  the 
Upper  Peninsula,  and  such  one-half  shall  be  devoted,  among  other  things,  to  the 
collection  of  statistics  and  history  of  the  miueial,  manufacturing,  and  transpor- 
tation interests;  to  the  compilation  and  preparation  of  full  and  accurate  maps 
showing  the  topography,  geology,  and  timber,  as  also  the  position  of  mines,  fur- 
naces, roads,  and  improvements ;  to  the  determination  of  the  position  and  struc- 
ture of  the  minerals  and  mineral  rocks;  to  compiling  and  collecting  all  useful 
knowledge  that  would  be  of  practical  value  in  finding  and  extracting  ores,  and 
in  mining  and  smelting  in  those  districts  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  known  as  the 
iron  and  copper  regions. 

SEC.  8.  All  notes,  memoranda,  compilations,  collections,  specimens,  diagrams, 
and  illustrations  that  may  be  made  in  the  progress  of  such  survey  by  the  persons 
engaged  therein  shall  be  the  property  of  the  State;  shall  be  under  the  control  of 
the  board  and,  in  case  of  the  death  or  termination  of  connection  with  such  sur- 
vey of  any  such  person,  shall  be  deposited  in  the  State  University,  subject  to 
the  order  of  the  board. 

SEC.  9.  To  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum  of  $ST000  for 
each  year  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  as  needed,  on 
the  warrants  of  the  governor,  which  appropriation  shall  be  in  full  for  all  ex- 
penditures under  this  act,  exclusive  of  the  printing  of  tlie  reports  hereby  pro- 
vided for. 

SEC.  10.  This  act  shall  take  immediate  effect. 

Approved  March  20,  1869. 

Joint  resolution  asking  an  appropriation  to  aid  the  geological  survey  of  this  State. 

Whereas  the  State  of  Michigan  has,  by  a  recent  act  of  her  legislature,  ap- 
propriated the  sum  of  $8,000  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State; 

And  whereas  the  United, States  are  largely  interested  in  the  rapid  develop- 
ment of  the  well-known  mineral  resources  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  having  yet 


206  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

unsold,  in  that  portion  of  the  State,  a  large  area  of  mineral  land:  There- 
upon, be  it 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Represensatives  of^the  State  of 
Michigan,  That  our  Senators  are  hereby  instructed  and  our  Representatives 
requested  to  ask  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  such  annual  appro- 
priations, not  less  than  $8,000,  for  a  period  of  three  years,  to  aid  in  such 
survey,  as  the  interest  and  propriety  of  the  United  States,  within  the 
limits  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  would  seem  to  justify  and  require. 

Resolved,  That  the  governor  be  requested  to  transmit  copies  of  the  fore- 
going preamble  and  resolutions  to  each  of  our  Senators  and  Representatives 
in  Congress. 

Approved  March  30,  1869. 

An  act  to  amend  sections  1,  3,  4,  5,  6,  8,  and  9,  and  repeal  sections  2  and  7  of  an  act 
entitled  "An  net  to  provide  for  the  further  geological  survey  of  the  State,"  approved 
March  26,  1869. 

SECTION  1.  The  People  of  the  State  of  Michigan  enact,  That  sections  1,  3, 
4,  5,  6,  8,  and  9  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  further  geolog- 
ical survey  of  the  State,"  approved  March  26,  1869,  be  amended  as  to  read 
as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  People  of  the  State  of  Michigan  enact,  That  the  governor, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  the  president  of  the  State  board  of 
education  shall  constitute  a  board  of  geological  survey.  They  shall  control 
and  supervise  the  continuance  and  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of  the 
State;  and  for  that  purpose  they  may  from  time  to  time  appoint  such  person 
or  persons  to  assist  in  making  said  survey  as  may  be  deemed  necessary;  the 
length  of  time  and  the  location  and  locations  where  said  persons  shall  be 
employed  shall  be  determined  by  said  board. 

SEC.  3.  The  salary  of  the  persons  employed  In  the  survey  shall  be  fixed  by 
the  board,  and  shall  be  payable  only  for  services  actually  rendered.  Snch 
board  shall  regulate  all  expenses  incident  to  the  survey,  and  may  require  such 
frequent  reports  as  they  may  think  useful. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board  to  make,  or  cause  to  be  made,  a 
thorough  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State,  embracing  a  de- 
termination of  the  succession  and  arrangement,  thickness,  and  position  of 
all  strata  and  rocks,  their  mineral  character  and  contents  and  their  econom- 
ical uses;  an  investigation  of  soils  and  subsoils,  and  the  determination  of 
their  character  and  agricultural  adaptation;  the  investigation  of  all  de- 
posits of  brines,  coal,  marl,  clay,  gypsum,  lime,  petroleum,  and  metals  and 
metallic  ores,  building  stone,  marble,  gritstone,  materials  for  mortar  and 
cement,  mineral  paint,  and  all  other  productions  of  the  geological  world  within 
the  limits  of  this  State  capable  of  being  converted  to  the  uses  of  man. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board  to  cause  ample  materials  to  be 
collected  for  the  illustration  of  every  department  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy 
of  the  State,  and  to  label,  arrange,  and  prepare  the  same  for  exhibition  in 
suitable  cases  In  the  museums  of  the  State  University,  Agricultural  College, 
and  State  Normal  School,  and  in  each  of  the  incorporated  colleges  of  the 
State,  and  in  a  room  in  connection  with  the  State  library. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board  to  furnish  an  annual  report  of  the 
progress  of  the  survey  and,  as  often  as  possible,  a  condensed  statement  of  the 
important  and  interesting  facts  for  general  circulation,  and  as  soon  as  the 
progress  of  the  work  will  permit  to  begin,  and  on  the  completion  of  the  survey 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  207 

to  finish  a  complete  memoir  upon  the  geology  of  the  State,  embracing  such  an 
account  of  all  its  uiineial  and  agricultural  resources  as  is  usual  in  works  of  that 
character,  and  a  delineation  of  its  geology  upon  the  map  of  the  State,  and  such 
other  diagrams  and  illustrations  as  may  be  needed  to  set  forth  in  a  creditable, 
intelligent,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  popular  manner  the  nature,  location,  and  ex- 
tent of  the  geological  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  State:  Provided,  Such 
report  when  complete  and  printed  shall  consist  of  not  exceeding  three  octavo 
volumes:  And  provided  further,  That  said  volumes  shall  not  contain  in  any  con. 
siderable  extent  compilations  and  extracts  of  or  from  books  heretofore  published. 

SEC.  8.  All  notes,  memoranda,  compilations,  collections,  specimens,  diagrams, 
and  illustrations  that  may  be  made  in  the  progress  of  such  survey  by  the  person 
or  persons  engaged  therein  shall  be  the  property  of  the  State,  shall  be  under 
the  control  of  the  bonrd,  and  in  case  of  the  death  or  termination  of  connection 
with  such  survey  of  any  person  or  persons,  shall  be  deposited  in  the  office  of  the 
superintendent  of  public  insti-uction,  subject  to  the  order  of  the  board. 

SEC.  9.  To  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum  of  $8,000  Is 
hereby  appropriated  for  each  year  until  the  completion  of  said  survey,  to  be 
drawn  from  the  tieasury  as  needed  on  the  warrants  of  the  governor,  which  ap- 
propriation shall  be  in  full  for  all  expenditures  under  this  act,  exclusive  of  the 
printing  of  the  reports. 

SEC.  2.  Sections  2  and  7  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  further 
geological  survey  of  the  State,"  approved  March  2G,  1SG9,  are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  April  17,  1871. 

Administration. — Under  the  law  of  1859  Alexander  Winchell,  pro- 
fessor of  geology,  zoology,  and  botany  in  the  University  of  Michigan, 
was  duly  commissioned  by  Governor  Wisner  to  perform  the  duties  of 
"  State  geologist."  His  commission  bore  date  of  March  9,  1859.  On 
consultation  with  the  governor  respecting  a  plan  of  operation  it  was 
agreed  that  the  intent  of  the  joint  resolution  appropriating  a  sum  of 
money  for  the  publication  of  unpublished  results  of  the  former  sur- 
vey would  be  legally  fulfilled  by  consolidating  those  results,  if  any, 
with  the  results  of  the  new  survey,  giving  due  credit  for  all  the  old 
matter,  and  employing  the  appropriation  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
general  work.  Under  this  arrangement  the  new  survey  was  provided 
with  $3,000  for  1859,  as  well  as  $3,000  for  1860.  This,  however,  was 
sadly  incommensurate  with  the  breadth  of  the  law's  requirements  and 
permitted  only  a  very  meager  organization. 

Under  the  plan  agreed  upon  the  State  geologist  was  to  spend  six 
months  of  the  year  in  the  field  at  a  salary  of  $1,000.  He  was  to 
have  one  chief  assistant,  who  should  spend  the  same  amount  of  time 
in  field  work,  and  receive  a  salary  of  $750.  Ostensibly  no  salaries 
were  to  be  paid  for  office  work.  The  State  geologist  was  to  direct 
his  efforts  specially  to  geological  investigations,  but  was  to  make 
zoological  collections  incidentally.  The  assistant  was  to  direct  his 
efforts  specially  to  zoological  investigations,  but  was  to  make  geo- 
logical collections  incidentally.  Each  was  authorized  to  employ  a 
136075-20 IS 


208  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

subassistant.  In  working  up  the  various  departments  it  was  an- 
ticipated that  the  volunteer  services  of  scientific  experts  could  be 
secured,  to  a  reasonable  extent,  for  the  privilege  of  retaining  ex- 
amples of  new  and  rare  species.  The  personnel  of  the  corps  was 
thus  constituted  as  follows:  Alexander  Winchell,  State  geologist, 
$1,000;  Manly  Miles,  assistant,  in  charge  of  zoology,  $750;  Albert  D. 
White,  subassistant  to  the  State  geologist,  expenses;  E.  Doge, 
taxidermist  and  laborer,  expenses  and  $1  a  day. 

Collaborators  engaged:  Prof.  Abrain  Sager,  Ann  Arbor,  arach- 
nida,  myriapoda,  and  Crustacea;  J.  L.  LeConte,  Philadelphia,  cole- 
optera. 

Volunteer  collectors :  J.  H.  Goodsell,  Pontiac;  N.  H.  Winchell,  Ann 
Arbor,  botany;  E.  E.  Baldwin,  Ann  Arbor,  botany;  E.  P.  Austin, 
of  Lake  Suney,  entomology. 

The  State  geologist  began  field  work  by  spending  a  week  at  the 
fishing  station  of  George  Clark  on  the  Maumee  River,  where  two 
barrels  of  fishes  were  preserved  in  alcohol,  embracing  all  the  forms 
captured  in  the  fishing  nets,  as  also  several  skins  of  the  larger  species, 
and  about  a  bushel  of  Unionidae,  most  of  which  were  preserved  with 
the  animals  in  alcohol. 

In  entering  upon  the  geological  work  it  was  deemed  advisable  to 
make  a  fresh  reconnoissance  of  all  parts  of  the  State.  Since  the  close 
of  the  field  work  in  the  Lower  Peninsula,  in  1840,  the  opportunities 
for  observation  had  been  much  increased,  and  the  methods  of  geo- 
logical investigation  had  become  more  exact  and  in  other  respects 
improved.  It  was  necessary,  furthermore,  that  a  geologist  new  to 
the  field  should  make  a  personal  acquaintance  with  it  preliminarily. 
Accordingly,  the  requisites  were  procured  for  travel  by  private  con- 
veyance and  for  camping.  On  May  18,  the  State  geologist  set  out 
with  his  assistant  to  begin  work  in  Monroe  County.  Doctor  Miles, 
meantime,  was  occupied  in  studying  the  ornithology  of  the  Saginaw 
River  and  Bay,  with  the  aid  of  an  india-rubber  boat,  a  camp  outfit, 
and  an  assistant. 

The  geological  reconnoissance  extended  during  the  season  over 
the  larger  part  of  the  four  southern  tiers  of  counties  of  the  State 
and  detailed  studies  were  made  at  all  the  principal  rock  exposures, 
particularly  in  Monroe,  Hillsdale,  Eaton,  Jackson,  and  Kent  coun- 
ties. At  times,  for  the  purpose  of  expediting  the  work,  Mr.  White 
traveled  alone  by  private  conveyance  over  a  region  with  few  out- 
crops, and  the  State  geologist  visited  important  points  accessible 
by  the  public  conveyances,  the  various  railroad  companies  pursuing 
at  that  time,  though  heavily  taxed  by  the  State,  a  very  liberal  policy 
toward  the  State  survey.  Doctor  Miles,  after  spending  some  time  on 
the  Flint  and  Saginaw  Rivers,  traversed  Oakland,  Washtenaw,  and 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  209 

Livingston  counties,  and  late  in  the  season  visited  the  western  part 
of  the  State. 

A  printed  circular,  addressed  to  the  county  surveyors  of  the  State 
and  dated  September  1,  1859,  called  upon  them  for  the  contribution 
of  topographical  facts.  Several  valuable  responses  were  received, 
and  others  were  put  in  course  of  preparation  by  the  end  of  the  year. 

One  of  the  most  important  and  fruitful  determinations  made  dur- 
ing the  season  of  1859  was  the  identification  of  the  fossiliferous 
sandstone  of  Ottawa  County  with  the  sandstone  of  Hillsdale  County, 
This  determination  was  made  August  24,  and  was  the  occasion  of  * 
radical  change  in  the  conceptions  entertained  of  this  stratigraphical 
structure  underlying  the  southern  peninsula.  It  revealed  a  reap- 
pearance along  the  southern  border  of  the  Peninsula  of  strata  which 
on  the  southeast  had  been  seen  to  dip  toward  the  interior  and  disap- 
pear. It  was  the  first  inductive  demonstration  of  that  dishlike  con- 
formation which  is  now  so  well  understood.  But  the  evidence  of 
this,  of  course,  was  not  yet  complete.  This  identification  placed  the 
limestones  and  gypseous  deposits  of  Kent  County  in  a  new  light,  and 
changed  fundamentally  the  theoretical  position  of  the  brine-bearing 
strata.  The  first  application  of  these  views  was  made  October  29, 
1859,  in  an  official  communication  addressed  by  James  Scribner,  of 
Grand  Rapids,  who  placed  it  at  the  disposal  of  the  city  newspapers. 
The  following  are  some  passages  from  this  communication : 

The  sal  t-and-gypsnm-bea  ring  formation  seems  to  be  a  deposit  intercalated 
between  the  limestone  of  Grand  Rapids  and  the  Napoleon  series  of  sandstones. 
The  salt  springs  of  Kent  county  occur  at  the  outcrop  of  the  saliferous  rocks. 
*  *  *  These  pass  under  the  city  of  Grand  Rapids,  and  it  is  quite  possible 
they  form  a  continuous  deposit,  underlying  the  central  part  of  the  State,  and 
reappearing  on  the  east  shore  of  Saglnaw  County.  *  *  *  The  strongest 
brine  would  naturally  be  found  at  the  lowest  point  of  a  salt  basin,  and  the 
weakest  near  the  outcrop.  The  well  which  you  have  bored  (at  Coldbrook,  a 
suburb  of  Grand  Rapids  on  the  northeast)  is  consequently  more  favorably 
situated  than  if  farther  toward  the  southwest;  and  there  is  a  probability  of 
procuring  still  stronger  brine  by  boring  still  farther  toward  the  north  or  north- 
east, although,  from  the  dip  of  the  rocks,  the  salt-bearing  deposit  would  be  found 
more  deeply  seated  at  Coldbrook. 

In  reference  to  your  question  as  to  boring  deeper  in  your  present  well 
(258  feet  deep),  I  would  say,  decidedly,  no.  The  geological  structure  of  the 
region  shows  that  you  have  gone  to  the  bottom  of  the  salt-bearing  rock.  The 
underlying  standstone  outcrops  in  the  bed  of  the  river  half  a  mile  above 
Grandville;  and  there  is  danger  that  in  penetrating  this,  you  will  strike  a 
vein  of  fresh  water  and  lose  all  you  have  gained,  etc. 

Since  the  failure  of  the  salt  enterprise  in  1838-1842,  the  belief  had 
never  been  wholly  dispelled  that  somewhere  in  the  rocks  of  the  State 
valuable  supplies  of  brine  were  held.  There  were  many  intelligent 
people  who  felt  that  further  experiments  ought  to  be  made,  though 


210  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

it  was  reasonable  that  the  expense  should  fall  upon  the  public 
treasury.  This  surviving  confidence  in  the  salt  resources  of  the 
State  found  expression  in  1857  in  the  petitions  for  a  renewal  of  the 
geological  survey,  and  clearly  entered  into  the  motives  which  led  to 
the  reorganization  of  1859.  More  direct  aid  was  also  sought.  Grand 
Rapids  and  the  Saginaw  Valley,  as  being  the  sites  of  the  early  ex- 
periments, were  naturally  centers  of  active  interest  in  salt  enter- 
prise. At  the  former  place,  James  Scribner,  in  1858,  had  induced 
the  board  of  supervisors  of  Kent  County  to  adopt  a  petition  to  the 
legislature  for  the  enactment  of  a  law  granting  a  bounty  on  all  sail 
manufactured  in  the  State.  Petitions  were  circulated  and  a  bill  wan 
introduced  and  passed  by  the  legislature  in  1859.  In  the  Saginaw 
Valley  the  influence  of  Dr.  George  A.  Lathrop  was  strongly  exerted  in 
favor  of  the  bill;  and  the  power  of  the  press  was  conspicuously 
illustrated  by  the  advocacy  of  Henry  Barns,  Editor  of  the  Detroit 
Tribune.  Mr.  Barns  was  a  man  of  broad  intelligence  and  deeply 
concerned  in  the  development  of  the  material  interests  of  the  State. 
The  geological  survey  felt  the  benefit  of  his  influence,  and  his  name 
deserves  to  be  commemorated.  The  bounty  law  was  enacted  almost 
simultaneously  with  that  reviving  the  geological  survey.  It  granted 
10  cents  a  bushel  for  all  salt  manufactured  in  the  State  after  the 
production  of  5,000  bushels,  and  exempted  from  taxation  all  prop- 
erty employed  in  the  business. 

Under  the  stimulus  of  the  bounty,  the  East  Saginaw  Salt  Manufac- 
turing Company  was  organized  in  April,  1859.  and  began  boring  in 
June. 

The  Grand  Rapids  Salt  Manufacturing  Company,  with  James 
Scribner  as  president,  also  began  boring  August  12, 1859.  The  enter- 
prise at  Grand  Rapids  was  prompted  by  the  proximity  of  the  par- 
tially successful  well  bored  by  Lucius  Lyon  in  1840,  while  one  of  the 
Houghton  State  wells,  also,  was  distant  only  4  miles. 

The  progress  of  observations  under  the  geological  survey  soon  en- 
abled the  director  to  offer  valuable  suggestions  in  connection  with 
these  explorations  for  salt.  It  was  in  compliance  with  one  of  the  re- 
quests for  advice  that  the  opinions  were  drawn  up  which  have  al- 
ready been  cited  in  reference  to  the  salt  formation  at  Grand  Rapids. 
A  geological  visit  was  paid  November  10,  to  East  Saginaw.  The  well 
was  then  down  445  feet,  and  Doctor  Lathrop  submitted  for  exami- 
nation a  complete  series  of  rock  samples  brought  up.  Comparing 
these  with  the  rocks  already  studied  at  their  outcrops  on  three  sides  of 
the  Peninsula,  the  State  geologist  was  able  to  detect  a  satisfactory 
correspondence,  and  announced  that  the  bottom  of  the  Marshall 
sandstone,  at  present  known  as  the  reservoir  of  the  brine,  would  be 
reached  at  about  800  feet,  and  that  there  would  be  no  need  of  con- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  211 

tiriuing  to  a  greater  depth  unless  it  were  decided  to  penetrate  to 
the  Onondaga  salt  formation.  On  the  llth  of  February,  I860,  a 
similar  series  of  well  borings  at  Grand  Rapids,  reaching  to  the  depth 
of  490  feet,  was  submitted  to  the  State  geologist  for  examination. 
These  had  been  preserved  by  A.  O.  Currier,  E.  E.  Butterworth,  and 
Martin  Metcalf.  On  this  occasion  the  State  geologist  delivered  a 
public  address  in  Lyceum  Hall,  in  which  he  set  forth,  with  greater 
fullness  than  before,  his  conception  of  the  geological  relations  of 
Michigan  brines. 

On  February  7  the  East  Saginaw  Salt  Manufacturing  Company 
presented  a  formal  report,  in  which  their  enterprise  was  pronounced 
a  complete  success.  The  hole  was3f  inches  in  diameter,  and  had  been 
sunken  to  a  depth  of  G40  feet,  at  which  point  the  brine  obtained 
lacked  over  10  salometer  degrees  of  saturation.  This  well  was  subse- 
quently extended  to  GG9  feet,  reaching  brine  within  6°  of  saturation; 
and  a  subsequent  larger  well  was  carried  to  a  depth  of  806  feet,  pass- 
ing quite  through  the  Marshall  sandstone.  This  was  the  point  which 
the  State  geologist  had  previously  fixed  at  about  800  feet. 

On  February  1C,  18GO,  the  Saginaw  Enterprise  published  a  report 
from  the  State  geologist  which  had  been  addressed  to  Dr.  H.  C. 
Potter,  one  of  the  directors  of  the  East  Saginaw  Salt  Manufacturing 
Company.1  In  this,  an  attempt  was  made  to  correlate  the  geology  of 
the  well  borings  at  Grand  Rapids  and  Saginaw  with  the  observed 
geology  of  the  State  as  studied  at  the  outcrops.  It  supplied  the  first 
published  statement  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  lower  peninsula  under 
the  conceptions  which  had  been  based  on  the  observations  of  1859. 
As  a  historical  memorandum  it  seems  to  be  worthy  of  reproduction 
in  this  sketch. 

ROCK  FORMATIONS  AS  OBSERVED  IN  1859. 

I.  CARBONIFEROUS  SYSTEM. 

1.  Coal  measures,  consisting  of — 

(a)   Woodville  sandstone  (the  "overlying"  sandstone). 
(6)   Shale,  coal,  fire  clays,  sandstones,  ironstone,  etc. 
(o)  Parma  sandstone. 
(d)  Cherty  sandstone  (probaby  the  coal  "Conglomerate"). 

2.  Carboniferous  limestone: 

(a)   Upper  (not  seen  south  of  Grand  Rapids). 

(6)  Red,  arenaceous  limestone,  5  feet. 

(c)  Lower  (Grand  Rapids,  Bellevue,  Parma,  Spring  Arbor,  etc.). 

3.  Gypseous  series  (shales,  clay,  cherty  limestone,  gypsum,  salt). 

4.  Napoleon  series,  consisting  of — 
(a)   Napoleon  sandstone. 

(&)   Striped  sandstone. 

(c)  Ironstone  (not  universal),  4  inches. 

1This  was  also  included  in  the  report  of  the  directors  to  the  stockholders. 


212  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

It.  DEVONIAN   SYSTEM. 

5.  Marshall  series   (Hillsdale,  Jonesville,  Marshall,  Battle  Creek,  Holland, 
Point  aux  Barques,  etc.). 

(a)  Marshall  sandstone. 

(6)   Shaly  micaceous  sandstone. 

6.  Shale,  abounding  in  kidney  iron  ore. 

7.  Monroe  limestone. 

An  interpretation  was  now  for  the  first  time  placed  on  the  facts 
obtained  in  the  State  salt  well  and  Lyon's  well  at  Grand  Rapids. 
As  this  report  announced : 

The  State  well  commenced  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Gypseous  series.  It  struck 
the  Napoleon  series  at  61  feet,  the  Marshall  series  at  184  feet,  and  the  shale 
series  at  343  feet,  which  it  penetrated  130  feet.  The  boring  at  Lyon's  well 
commenced  in  the  Carboniferous  limestone,  which  was  here  19  feet  thick.  It 
struck  the  Gypseous  series  at  20  feet,  the  Napoleon  series  at  191  feet,  the  Mar- 
shall series  at  309  feet,  the  shale  series  at  446  feet,  and  continued  in  this  214  feet 
The  boring  at  Sagiuaw,  after  passing  through  a  great  thickness  of  alluvial  and 
diluvial  materials,  struck  upon  the  Woodville  sandstone  at  92  feet,  the  shales. 
etc.,  of  the  coal  measures,  at  171  feet,  the  Parma  sandstone  at  294  feet,  the  Car- 
boniferous limestone  at  399  feet,  the  gypseous  series  at  464  feet,  and  the  Na- 
poleon series  at  633  feet. 

Judging  from  the  experience  at  Grand  Rapids  and  from  my  observations  on 
the  outcrops  of  the  lower  rocks,  you  will  next  find  250  to  300  feet  of  arenaceous 
rocks  and  then  over  200  feet  of  shales.  You  will  not  discover  as  strong  brine 
at  any  point  lower  than  this  which  will  overflow  at  the  top.  We  must,  prob- 
ably, content  ourselves  in  this  State  with  raising  the  salt  water  by  pumps. 
*  *  *  I  believe  *  *  *  the  superior  strength  of  your  brine,  the  compara- 
tive cheapness  of  fuel,  and  your  location  upon  navigable  waters  which  stretch 
many  hundred  miles  in  every  quarter  to  the  west  of  your  meridian,  as  well  as  to 
the  east  of  it,  will  enable  you  to  compete  with  any  other  source  of  supply  to  the 
Northwestern  States. 

In  a  report  to  the  governor  on  the  operations  and  results  of  the  year 
1859  the  State  geologist,  under  date  of  April  9,  1860,  embodied  an  ex- 
hibit of  the  stratigraphical  structure  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  substan- 
tially identical  with  that  already  cited.  For  that  reason  it  is  not 
necessary  to  reproduce  it  here.  The  same  interpretation  was  put  upon 
the  geology  of  the  salt  wells.  It  will  be  understood,  therefore,  that 
the  order  of  stratigraphical  successions  first  formulated  in  February, 
18GO,  and  standing  materially  unchanged  to  the  present  time,  was  the 
result  of  studies  made  in  1859.  It  was  not  yet,  however,  fully  under- 
stood that  the  salt  group,  on  account  of  its  shaly  constitution,  could 
not  hold  supplies  of  brine  within  itself,  but  the  underlying  Napoleon 
and  Marshall  sandstones  must  serve  as  reservoirs  of  the  brine.  That 
conception,  however,  was  foreshadowed,  since  in  his  report  to  the  East 
Saginaw  Salt  Manufacturing  Company,  the  State  geologist,  speak- 
ing of  the  arenaceous  rocks  and  shales  beneath  the  bottom  of  the  well, 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  213 

as  it  was  on  February  7,  said :  "  I  have  some  reason  for  believing  that 
this  entire  series  is  somewhat  saliferous."  Also,  in  his  report  to  the 
governor  in  April,  1860,  he  said  the  sandstones  below  the  salt  group 
yielded  the  principal  volume  of  brine  at  East  Saginaw.  The  follow- 
ing passage  from  the  same  report  is  an  interesting  illustration  of  the 
value  of  scientific  judgments  in  relation  to  industrial  enterprises: 

Near  the  close  of  the  season  (November,  1859),  I  visited  Saginaw  County 
with  special  reference  to  the  prospect  of  obtaining  salt  in  that  vicinity.  After 
having  become  acquainted  with  the  geological  succession  in  other  parts  of  the 
State  I  was  enabled  to  predict  with  great  confidence  the  depth  at  which  the 
saliferous  stratum  would  be  pierced,  and  I  have  the  satisfaction  of  knowing 
that  salt  was  found  within  two  feet  of  the  depth  which  I  had  foretold. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  IN    1860. 

In  extending  a  general  reconnoissance  over  the  northern  portion  of 
the  Lower  Peninsula  the  increased  expense  of  outfit  and  transporta- 
tion led  to  a  consolidation  of  the  workers  in  one  traveling  party. 
After  an  examination  of  the  valley  of  the  Cass  River  all  expenses  of 
the  survey  were  disbursed  directly  by  the  State  geologist.  The  con- 
solidated party  now  proceeded  by  Mackinac  coast  to  an  exploration 
of  the  lake  shores.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Saginaw  River  they 
coasted  eastward  to  the  vicing  of  Forestville.  Then,  returning  to 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  the  survey  was  extended  to  all  the  coasts  of  the 
mainland  and  islands  as  far  as  Cockburn's  Island  on  the  east,  Lake 
Superior  on  the  north,  and  Northport,  in  Grand  Traverse  Bay  on 
the  west. 

Administration. — The  following  was  the  field  staff  for  1860:  Alex- 
ander Winchell,  State  geologist,  $1,000;  Manly  Miles,  assistant,  $750; 
Albert  D.  White,  subassistant,  $30  a  month;  Newton  H.  Winchell, 
subassistant,  $30  a  month ;  two  voyageurs,  each,  $30  a  month. 

The  geological  survey  made  an  exhibit  of  economic  minerals  at 
the  State  agricultural  fair  at  Detroit,  in  September.  Geologists 
who  have  taken  a  hand  in  such  exhibitions  will  understand  how 
large  a  waste  of  time  they  involve. 

After  the  close  of  the  field  work  for  the  season  attention  was 
directed  to  the  elaboration  of  reports.  The  disturbed  condition  of 
the  country  created  a  presentiment  that  years  would  elapse  before 
another  report  would  appear,  and  the  State  geologist  determined 
therefore  to  draw  up  a  concise  general  summary  of  results  attained. 
With  his  characteristic  enterprise,  Mr.  Henry  Barns  of  the  Detroit 
Tribune  sought  and  obtained,  in  advance  of  publication,  a  digest  of 
the  contents  of  this  report,  so  far  as  they  related  to  the  industrial 
interests  of  the  State.  As  the  public  printers  did  not  present  the 
complete  report  for  general  use,  until  November  1,  1861,  the  advance 


214  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

publications  of  the  Detroit  Tribune1  secured  a  priority  of  over  10 
months.  The  synoptical  table  of  the  rocks  of  the  Lower  Peninsula 
published  at  this  date,  was  almost  identical  with  that  reproduced 
from  the  report  on  a  subsequent  page  of  this  sketch.  The  following 
views  were  embodied  in  the  same  digest: 

From  the  Potsdam  sandstone  to  the  close  of  the  upper  Helderberg  period, 
the  geology  of  our  State  corresponds  well  with  that  of  New  York  and  other 
States.  From  the  close  of  the  Helderberg  period,  Michigan  seems  to  have 
had  a  history  somewhat  special  to  itself.  We  have  here  a  basin  which  at  very 
remote  periods  was  isolated  from  the  seas  which  transported  the  sediments  of 
surrounding  States. 

In  this  connection  facts  were  cited  pointing  to  the  northern  origin 
of  the  sedimentary  materials. 

Benefits. — Economically  the  most  important  discovery  made  dur- 
ing the  season  of  1860  was  the  existence  of  a  great  gypsum  formation 
within  an  elevated  riclge  nearly  parallel  with  the  shore  of  Lake  Huron, 
and  approaching  nearest  at  a  point  about  four  miles  south  of  Tawas. 
This  was  identified  with  the  gypsum  formation  west  of  Grand  Rapids. 
The  inference  was  thus  drawn  that  a  continuous  bed  of  gypseous  ma- 
terials underlaid  all  the  central  part  of  the  Peninsula ;  and  this  opened 
the  way  to  new  views  respecting  the  origin  of  gypsum.  This  bed  was 
not  actually  exposed  in  this  vicinity  till  some  years  afterward;  and 
in  the  meantime,  it  was  maintained  by  men  priding  themselves  as 
"  practical,"  in  opposition  to  theorizing  geologists,  that  the  ridge  con- 
tained no  gypsum,  and  that  the  only  gypsum  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  State  was  at  Wliitestone  Point,  six  miles  further  south,  at  the 
water  level  and  beneath  it.  Here,  in  1841.  several  tracts  had  been  en- 
tered by  McDonald,  an  Indian  trader.  "  He  and  hundreds  of  others," 
as  tradition  holds,  "searched  vigorously,  but  found  nothing  above 
water."  The  deposit  now  brought  to  light  has  become  one  of  the 
State's  great  resources. 

Publications. — The  First  Biennial  Report  of  the  Progress  of  the 
Geological  Survey  was  presented  to  the  governor,  and  by  him  to  the 
legislature,  on  the  31st  of  December,  1860.  Of  this  the  legislature  or- 
dered printed  5,000  copies.  To  the  State  geologist  for  distribution 
were  allotted  500  copies,  and  to  the  assistant  in  zoology,  200  copies ;  to 
each  member  of  the  legislature  one  copy,  and  for  distribution  by  the 
legislature,  2.000  additional  copies  stitched  in  paper.  The  printing 
and  binding  of  the  report  were  not  completed  until  November  16, 1861. 
It  forms  an  octavo  volume  of  339  pages,  and  embraces  observations 
on  the  geology,  zoology,  and  botany  of  the  Lower  Peninsula.  An 
"introduction"  of  13  pages  on  the  History  of  Geology  in  Michigan 

1  It  should  he  said  that  the  Detroit  Free  Press  and  the  Detroit  Advertiser  published 
quite  extensive  extracts  and  abstracts  from  the  forthcoming  report. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  215 

is  occupied  chiefly  with  an  account  of  work  under  the  direction  of 
Doctor  Houghton,  and  brings  together  a  connected  statement  of  the 
"  Succession  of  Strata  in  Michigan  as  published  in  1838-1841." 

The  definite  exhibit  of  the  geological  succession  in  the  Lower  Penin- 
sula of  Michigan  had  never  been  enunciated  before  the  results  of 
1859-18G1  were  attained. 

The  Carboniferous  limestone  had  never  before  been  identified  in  the  State, 
but  had  generally  been  confounded  with  the  Monroe  and  Mackinac  limestones. 
The  Michigan  salt  group  was  a  totally  new  and  previously  unsuspected  forma- 
tion. *  *  *  The  fact  that  the  formation  underlies  all  the  central  part  of 
the  State  was  not  only  unsuspected,  but  was  a  fact  out  of  harmony  with  the 
theory  then  prevailing  respecting  the  origin  of  gypseous  deposits.  Geologists 
generally  had  held  gypsum  to  be  a  secondary  product,  resulting  from  chemical 
reactions  in  the  rocks,  and  especially  from  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on 
limestones  and  dolomites.  The  conception  of  a  continuous  gypsum  formation 
having  a  sedimentary  origin,  had  probably  seldom  if  ever  been  entertained.1 

That  view  resulted  from  researches  made  in  Michigan  in  1859-GO, 
and  at  this  day  scarcely  any  other  finds  defenders.  Salt  basins,  there- 
fore, are  the  sites  of  ancient  areas  of  salt  water  which  have  gradually 
dried  up. 

Before  these  investigations  the  gypsum  of  Mackinac  and  Grand 
Rapids  had  been  regarded  as  of  one  geological  age.  It  was  now 
shown  that  the  Mackinac  gypsum  is  of  the  age  of  that  in  central  New 
York  and  on  Sandusky  Bay.  It  followed  that  the  whole  peninsula  is 
underlaid  by  a  second  and  deeper  salt  basin — the  Salina  formation — 
and  that  quite  probably  this  basin  would  also  be  found  a  source  of 
brine  supplies. 

The  report  showed  that  the  salt  springs  of  the  Peninsula  follow 
especially  the  lines  of  the  outcrop  of  the  principal  salt  basin,  and 
mark  the  geological  boundary  of  the  formation.  It  showed  that  the 
area  of  the  Peninsula  had  never  been  subjected  to  disturbing  agen- 
cies; hence  the  strata  were  but  little  fissured,  and  few  opportunities 
existed  for  the  ascent  of  the  brine  from  deep  underlying  formations. 
It  raised  the  query  how  brine,  which  is  heavier  than  water,  should  be 
made  to  ascend,  as  had  heretofore  been  assumed  possible,  several 
hundred  feet  through  fissures  accessible  to  shallower  fresh  waters, 
even  if  such  fissures  existed,  and  showed  that,  of  necessity,  the  undi- 
luted brine  from  any  deep-seated  formation  must  be  pumped  up; 
and  that  if  salt  water  overflows  at  an  artesian  boring,  it  results 
simply  from  a  head  of  fresh  water  mingled  with  some  accidental 
supply  of  brine.  It  showed  that  the  marginal  salt  springs  of  the 
State  are  simply  drippings  from  the  salt-bearing  formations,  prompt- 
ed by  the  descent  of  fresh  waters  into  them,  and  greatly  diluted  by 
rains  falling  near  the  locations  of  the  springs.  It  showed  that  the 

»Winchell,  Sparks  from  a  Geologist's  Hammer,  pp.  268,  209. 


216  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

salt  springs  of  Michigan  which  had  been  the  object  of  so  much  ex- 
ploration, legislation  and  expenditure,  possess  no  importance,  ex- 
cept as  "licks  "  for  wild  animals,  and  that  the  72  sections  of  "  salt 
spring  lands  r'  patented  to  the  State  never  possessed  any  value  above 
that  of  ordinary  agricultural  lands.1 

Financial  statement  for  1859-1860. 
Resources,  1S59. 

Appropriation  for  survey  for  1859 —  $2,000.00 

Appropriation  to  publish  former  unpublished  reports,  if  any 1,000.00 

Total  available  for  1839 $3, 000. 00 

Expenditures,  1859. 

Salary  of  Stnte  geologist $1,000.00 

Salary  of  assistant  in  zoology 750.  00 

$1, 750. 00 

Incidental  expenditures  for  geology 709.  22 

Incidental  expenditures  for  zoology — 

Claims  presented  during  1S59 $540.  78 

Claims  filed  and  paid  May  18,  1SGO,  for  expenses  in 
1859 94.  58 


$3,094.58 

Geological  property  on  hand $208. 00 

Zoological  property  on  hand GS.  00 

$276.  00 
Incidental  expenditures  1859,  less  property  on  hand — 

Geological $501.22 

Zoological 5C7. 38 

Resources,  1860. 
Appropriation  for  survey  in  I860 $3,000.00 

Expenditures,  1860. 

Salary  of  State  geologist $1,000.00 

Salary  of  assistant  in  zoology 750.  00 

$1, 7HO.  00 

Paid  for  subassistants,  voyageurs,  and  all  incidentals 1.250.00 


$3,000.00 

A  claim,  not  itemized,  for  part  of  alleged  expenses  in  zoological 
department  in  18GO,  amounting  to  $164.55,  was  not  presented  till 

1  WInchell.  Sparks  from  n  Geologist's  Hammer,  p.  270.     Compare  Geological  Report  of 
1861,  especially  pp.  1G5,  166. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       217 

April  17,  18G1,  after  exhaustion  of  the  appropriation  for  1859-60, 
and  was  subsequently  paid,  without  indorsement  by  the  State  geol- 
ogist, by  order  of  the  board  of  State  auditors. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  FKOil  1861  TO  1869. 

The  report  of  the  work  accomplished  under  the  appropriation  of 
1859  was  submitted  to  the  legislature  of  18G1  and  published  by  its 
authority,  as  already  stated.  That  appropriation  being  exhausted, 
it  remained  with  the  legislature  of  1861  to  determine  the  question  of 
the  continuance  of  the  survey.  The  country  was  in  a  state  of  ex- 
traordinary political  excitement,  and  business  was  everywhere  in  a 
condition  of  partial  paralysis.  Nevertheless,  the  outgoing  governor, 
Moses  Wisner,  recommended  in  his  message  the  continuance  and  com- 
pletion of  the  work.  Through  inadvertence,  the  State  geologist  neg- 
lected to  furnish  the  incoming  governor,  Austin  Blair,  with  any 
digest  of  his  forthcoming  reports  or  recommendations  respecting  the 
future  disposition  of  the  enterprise;  nor  did  Governor  Blair  seek 
any  information  from  the  director.  Accordingly  he  made  no  rec- 
ommendation concerning  it  in  his  message.  The  legislature,  how- 
ever, determined  to  keep  the  survey  alive  and  appropriated  $2,000 
for  the  year  1861  and  $2,000  for  1862.  They  also  discontinued  ex- 
penditures for  zoological  work. 

Unavoidably  the  State  geologist  was  compelled  to  devote  much 
time  and  attention  to  the  legislature,  to  the  general  interests  and 
reputation  of  the  survey,  and  to  the  passage  of  his  report  through  the 
press.  The  disturbance  of  the  country  grew  more  and  more  threaten- 
ing after  the  adjournment  of  the  legislature,  and  the  auditor  general, 
Emil  Anneke.  deemed  it  inexpedient  to  indorse  the  State  geologist's 
draft  for  expenditures  to  be  incurred  on  account  of  field  work.  Fur- 
ther exploration  was  therefore  suspended.  The  State  geologist,  how- 
ever, found  abundant  occupation  in  working  up  paleontological  ma- 
terials accumulated  during  the  two  preceding  years,  and  he  made 
several  geological  trips  at  private  expense. 

Financial  statement  for  1861. 

Legislative  appropriation $2, 000 

Salary  of  State  geologist — .    1,  000 


Unexpended $1,000 

An  indebtedness  of  $51.87  was  incurred  to  A.  D.  White  for  services 
to  April  17, 1861,  which  was  subsequently  paid  by  order  of  the  board 
of  State  auditors. 

Subsequent  to  1861  all  State  expenditures  on  account  of  the  survey 
were  discontinued  bv  order  of  Gov.  Austin  Blair.  The  late  State 


218  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

geologist,  however,  continued  to  serve  the  people  of  the  State  as 
before,  and  they  seemed  generally  to  regard  him  as  still  in  the  employ 
of  the  State.  As  the  Civil  War,  which  had  broken  out,  was  generally 
supposed  destined  to  short  duration,  he  exerted  himself  to  preserve 
for  the  survey  a  quasi  existence,  believing  the  next  legislature  would 
be  able  to  make  fresh  provision  for  its  support.  He  therefore  at- 
tended personally  to  a  very  large  correspondence,  and  freely  advised 
citizens,  touching  the  numberless  geological  questions  which  they 
presented. 

In  July,  18G2,  he  revisited  the  Saginaw  Valley  and  made  detailed 
investigations  of  the  borings  of  numerous  salt  wells  between  Sagi- 
naw and  Bay  City.  The  result  of  this  study  was  the  conclusion  that 
the  shallower  Bay  City  wells  were  supplied  from  the  Parma  sand- 
stone, though  the  deeper  ones,  like  those  located  farther  up  the  river, 
were  supplied  from  the  Napoleon  sandstone.  This  conclusion,  to- 
gether with  the  reasoning  employed  to  reach  it,  was  first  announced 
in  the  Saginaw  Courier.  It  followed  that  the  coal  measures  in  Michi- 
gan are  a  third  and  uppermost  salt  basin;  and  this  led  the  way  to 
the  subsequent  generalization  that  the  basin-shaped  conformation 
of  the  Michigan  strata  has  caused  all  of  them  to  retain  a  large  por- 
tion of  their  original  saline  constituents. 

Public  interest  in  the  discovery  of  petroleum  was  now  rapidly 
rising,  and  the  late  State  geologist  made  a  professional  and  scien- 
tific study  of  all  the  oil  regions  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Special 
studies  were  made  of  certain  districts  in  Michigan,  and  his  views 
were  embodied  in  sundry  reports  and  communications  to  newspapers 
and  scientific  journals.  He  recorded  the  opinion  that  the  bituminous 
shales  of  Wayne,  St.  Clair,  and  Sanilac  counties  were  of  the  same 
geological  age  as  those  within  the  limits  of  the  oil  region  of  Ontario. 
He  taught  that  the  oil-yielding  Genesee  shale  underlaid  some  of  those 
parts  of  Michigan,  and  the  equivalent  of  the  Marcellus  shale  was 
also  present.  But  the  conditions  of  oil  accumulation  and  retention 
did  not  appear  to  be  favorable.  Still,  he  maintained  that  some  pos- 
sibility existed  of  such  a  rock  condition  somewhere  in  the  region 
as  would  permit  the  accumulation  of  the  oil  and  gas  which  he  re- 
garded as  undergoing  constant  production,  and  some  distinct  evi- 
dence of  which  could  be  detected  at  the  surface. 

The  subject  of  official  resumption  of  the  survey  was  canvassed 
among  members  of  the  legislature  of  18G3,  and  Professor  Winchell, 
by  invitation,  delivered  an  address  before  the  body  in  February; 
but  apprehensions  respecting  the  future  of  the  country  still  re- 
strained all  expenditures  not  immediately  essential.  A  special  ap- 
propriation,1 however,  of  $1,500  for  18G3,  and  a  like  sum  for  18G4, 

» Laws  of  Michigan,  1863,  No.  212. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  219 

was  made  to  provide  that  a  suitable  person  should  visit  the  "salt 
localities "  of  the  State  and  "  make  a  special  survey  thereof,"  with 
direct  reference  to  the  feasibility  of  salt  boring;  also  to  "  collect  and 
arrange  suitable  specimens  of  the  different  strata  obtained  from 
salt  borings,  and  the  same  to  arrange  in  a  suitable  cabinet  in  some 
room  of  the  capitol."  No  public  report  exists  showing  the  expendi- 
ture of  this  appropriation ;  and  hence  the  way  in  which  the  proposed 
work  was  expected  to  serve  the  interests  of  the  State  remains  obscure. 
In  1865  Governor  Crapo  brought  the  subject  of  the  survey  formally 
before  the  legislature  in  his  inaugural  address.  He  said: 

A  full  and  complete  geological  survey  of  the  State  has  never  yet  been  effected, 
sud  when  it  is  remembered  that  for  every  dollar  heretofore  expended  in  this 
work  we  have  received  hundreds  and  even  thousands  in  return,  I  submit  to 
your  judgment  and  discretion  the  propriety  of  making  such  appropriations  for 
the  speedy  prosecution  of  the  work  to  its  final  completion  as  its  present  condi- 
tion and  the  importance  of  the  subject  demand.  In  my  opinion  the  required 
outlay  would  be  fully  justified,  even  in  times  like  these,  in  view  of  the  value  of 
information  which  would  thus  be  acquired. 

Professor  Winchell,  by  invitation  of  the  State  Agricultural  So- 
ciety, delivered  an  address  on  The  Soils  and  Subsoils  of  Michigan 
in  Representatives  Hall,  January  19,  1865,  in  the  presence  of  the 
legislature.  A  bill  for  the  completion  of  the  survey  was  introduced 
in  the  house  January  23,  1865,  by  the  committee  on  geological  sur- 
vey, to  whom  had  been  referred  that  part  of  the  governor's  message 
relating  to  the  subject.  Mr.  J.  Denison  Lewis  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  and  embodied  in  the  report  accompanying  the  bill  a 
communication  from  Professor  Winchell  in  response  to  inquiries  from 
the  committee,  in  which  were  statements  touching  the  condition  of 
geological  work  in  the  State,  and  the  desirability  of  its  completion. 
This  communication  was  ordered  printed  in  the  journal.1  The  bill, 
nevertheless,  did  not  become  a  law. 

In  the  autumn  of  1865  Professor  Winchell  was  invited  by  the  citi- 
zens of  the  Grand  Traverse  region  to  make  a  special  survey  and 
report  on  the  resources  of  the  region.  This  work  was  accomplished, 
and  the  facts  brought  to  light  proved  in.many  respects  very  extraor- 
dinary and  surprising.  It  was  found  that  the  agricultural  capabili- 
ties of  the  district  in  spite  of  the  northern  latitude  equaled  in  most 
respects,  and  surpassed  in  others  the  centra^  portions  of  Ohio.  A 
study  of  meteorological  records  showed  that  the  anomaly  was  due 
to  an  equable  state  of  climate  caused  by  the  comparatively  constant 
temperature  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  had  to  be  crossed  by  nearly 
all  the  cold  winds  of  winter  before  reaching  the  State.  These  dis- 
closures led  to  a  very  rapid  development  of  settlement  and  improve- 

>  House  Journal,  18C5,  vol.  1,  pp.  248-252. 


220  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

ment.  The  business  of  fruit  raising,  which  had  already  gained 
some  foothold  in  St.  Joseph  County,  was  at  once  extended  north- 
ward to  Grand  Haven,  Muskegon,  Manistee,  and  Traverse  City. 
The  outcome  has  secured  for  Michigan  a  reputation  for  fruit  pro- 
duction which  is  known  throughout  the  country  and  extends  even 
to  the  Old  World. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  IN  I860. 

In  his  inaugural  address  to  the  legislature  of  18G9  Gov.  Henry  P. 
Baldwin  took  up  the  subject  of  the  geological  survey,  and,  after  ad- 
verting to  the  efficiency  of  science  in  the  development  of  public  re- 
sources, recommended  the  adoption  of  a  law  reviving  it.  Peti- 
tions were  received  by  the  legislature  from  the  Upper  Peninsula, 
indorsed  by  leading  citizens  of  Detroit,  also  from  Grand  Eapids, 
asking  a  liberal  appropriation  for  completing  the  survey;  and  a  bill 
appropriating  $8,000  for  such  survey  was  introduced  in  the  house 
by  Mr.  Yawkey.  The  petitions  and  the  bill  were  referred  to  a  joint 
committee,  of  which  Lyman  D.  Norris  was  chairman  of  the  senate 
committee,  and  John  Q.  McKernan  chairman  of  the  house  commit- 
tee. The  joint  committee  canvassed  the  subject  with  much  thorough- 
ness and  ability.  Mr.  Norris,  especially,  did  the  interests  of  the  sur- 
vey most  important  service.  After  a  condensed  historical  summary 
of  what  had  been  done  for  the  development  of  the  resources  of  the 
territory  embraced  within  the  boundaries  of  the  State,  both  while 
in  a  territorial  condition,  and  when  but  just  emerged  from  such  con- 
dition, the  committee  recapitulated  the  results  of  the  survey  of  1359- 
1861  as  follows: 

During  the  first  year  (they  say)  fully  one-half  of  the  appropriations  was 
absorbed  in  zoological  work.  The  geological  results  then  are  properly  chaige- 
able  with  only  $4,000.  The  whole  two  years'  work  was,  at  the  request  of 
Governor  Wisner,  kept  in  the  Lower  Peninsula,  principally  because  the  means 
provided  was  not  sufficient  to  inaugurate  effective  work  in  the  upper.  *  *  * 

The  practical  results  of  Doctor  "Houghton's  survey  are  too  far  from  our 
day  to  estimate,  but  those  of  Professor  Winchell  are  nearer  our  time,  and  can 
be  found,  more  or  less,  in  the»current  and  contemporary  news  of  the  day. 

A  few  of  the  results,  addressed  to  those  members  of  both  houses  who  will 
hinge  their  vote  upon  the  question  "Will  it  p;iy?"  your  cornnrttee  beg  leave 
to  refer  to.  Operations  for  coal  in  Hinsdale  were  arrested.  The  citizens  of 
Grand  Rapids  were  informed  that  if  they  would  find  brine  they  must  go 
lower — to  the  Salina  formation.  The  deepest  and  most  productive  salt  basin 
was  located  beneath  the  Saginaw  Valley  [the  committee  here  refer  not  to  the 
"  deepest "  but  to  the  middle  onel  and  as  the  result  of  pure  geologic  induc- 
tion, in  remote  portions  of  the  State,  before  the  first  brine  was  seen ;  SoO  feet 
was  fixed  as  the  depth  at  which  good  brine  could  be  found  [more  accurately 
the  bottom  of  the  brine  formation! — a  prophecy  verified  almost  to  a  foot  by 
Doctor  Lathrop  in  the  Saginaw  Valley.  A  complete  table  of  geological  forma- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTOKY  SURVEYS.  221 

tions  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  and  their  equivalences  with  recognized  groups 
in  the  States,  was,  for  the  first  time,  constructed.  The  existence  of  gypsum  be- 
ueath  n  ridge  of  clay  on  the  shore  of  Tawas  Biiy  was  insisted  oil,  aud  the  discov- 
ery of  that  deposit,  the  commercial  value  of  which  is  now  a  matter  of  notoriety, 
was  made  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Wine-hell.  Projected  borings  for 
artesian  water,  searches  for  coal,  gypsum,  and  petroleum  have  been  favored 
or  discouraged,  and  large  outlays  of  money  saved. 

The  existence  of  three  salt  basins  was  established,  the  upper  of  which  supplies 
Bay  City  and  vicinity  (except  the  deep  wells)  ;  the  middle,  the  Saginaw;  and  the 
lower,  the  wells  at  St.  Clair,  Mount  Clemens,  and  Port  Austin.  The  wells  at  the 
three  last-named  places  weie  undertaken  under  the  advice  of  the  State  geologist 
purely  upon  geological  calculations  according  to  the  methods  of  vigorous  science. 
In  the  case  of  the  St.  Clair  well  the  communications  of  the  geoloir-st  with 
Colonel  Whiting  as  to  depth,  supply,  and  strength  of  brine  are  instructive  indi- 
cations of  the  value  of  science  in  business  enterprises. 

The  special  survey  and  report  upon  the  geology  and  climatology  of  the  Grand 
Traverse  region  in  JSGG-GT  has  been  the  means  (though  wholly  a  private  work) 
of  turning  the  attention  of  the  people  to  that  country  and  has  largely  increased 
its  population,  particularly  of  those  interested  in  fruit  culture  under  the  tem- 
pering influence  of  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan. 

More  might  be  added,  but  this  ought,  iu  the  opinion  of  your  committee,  to  se- 
cure a  liberal  appropriation. 

The  bill  introduced  by  the  joint  committee,  after  sundry  amend- 
ments, was  passed  by  both  houses  and  approved  by  the  governor, 
March  26,  18G9  (see  p.  204).  It  was  entitled  "A  bill  to  provide  for 
the  further  geological  survey  of  the  State."  It  enacted  that  "  a  board 
of  geological  survey "  should  be  constituted  by  the  governor,  the 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  the  president  of  the  State 
board  of  education;  and  that  "they  shall  control  and  supervise  the 
continuance  and  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State; 
that  they  shall  appoint  and  commission  a  suitable  person,  possessed 
of  the  requisite  knowledge  of  the  science  of  geology,  who  shall  be 
the  director  of  the  geological  survey  herein  instituted."  The  board 
were  to  approve  the  appointment  of  assistants,  to  fix  all  salaries,  to 
regulate  all  expenses,  and  to  require  such  frequent  reports  as  they 
might  think  useful. 

The  law  required  "  a  thorough  geological  and  mineralogical  survey 
of  the  State,  embracing  a  determination-  of  the  succession,  arrange- 
ment, thickness,  and  position  of  all  strata  and  rocks;  their  mineral 
character  and  contents  and  their  economical  uses;  an  investigation 
and  determination  of  the  organic  remains  of  the  State;  a  general 
examination  of  the  topography,  hydrography,  and  physical  geog- 
raphy of  the  State ;  an  investigation  of  the  soils  and  subsoils,  and  the 
determination  of  their  character  and  agricultural  adaptations;  the 
investigation  of  all  *  *  *  productions  of  the  geological  world 
within  the  limits  of  the  State  capable  of  being  converted  to  the  uses 
of  man." 


222  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Another  section  provided  for  the  collection  and  exhibition  of 
numerous  sets  of  specimens.  The  sixth  section  required  the  prep- 
aration of  a  final  report  or  "  complete  memoir  under  the  direction 
of  the  board."  Section  7  required  that  "  one-half  part  of  all  appro- 
priations made  shall  be  expended  in  the  Upper  Peninsula."  The  ap- 
propriation made  was  $8,000  annually. 

While  the  bill  was  pending  the  subject  was  brought  up  in  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  Detroit,  by  whom,  after  a  preamble  reciting  the 
benefits  of  geological  surveys,  a  resolution  was  adopted  earnestly 
recommending  the  passage  of  the  bill. 

Under  the  above  law  Alexander  Winchell  was,  by  Gov.  H.  P, 
Baldwin,  commissioned  as  "  director  of  the  State  geological  survey  * 
on  April  24, 18G9. 

Widely  diverse  State  interests  seemed  to  necessitate  three  geo- 
graphical divisions  in  the  operations  of  the  survey:  1,  the  Lower 
Peninsula;  2,  the  iron  region;  3,  the  copper  region.  The  chief  min- 
ing industries  were  included  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  and  the  law  had 
required  one-half  the  appropriation  to  be  expended  there.  The 
geological  board  decided  that  all  expenditures  for  the  general  ad- 
ministration of  the  survey  should  be  paid  out  of  the  half  set  apart, 
for  the  Lower  Peninsula.  The  work  in  the  mining  regions  was  sup- 
posed to  be  more  difficult  and  expensive.  Besides,  the  expenditures 
under  the  last  survey  had  been  confined  to  the  Lower  Peninsula — 
only,  however,  because  the  survey  was  terminated  just  at  the  time 
when  the  work  had  reached  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

Property  holders  in  the  iron  and  copper  regions  were  equally 
anxious  for  the  commencement  of  the  survey,  and  there  were  indi- 
cations that  impatience  would  be  the  consequence  of  restricting  the 
work  for  a  season  to  either  region  alone.  The  board,  therefore,  de- 
cided at  first  that  $2,000  should  be  spent  in  the  copper  region  and 
$2,000  in  the  iron  region.  Under  this  arrangement  the  director  pro- 
ceeded to  Lake  Superior  for  the  purpose  of  making  himself  ac- 
quainted by  personal  observation  and  intercourse  "  with  the  views, 
wants,  and  wishes  of  the  people  in  that  part  of  the  State.  I  found 
the  people  of  each  of  the  metalliferous  regions,"  Ife  says  in  his  report 
to  the  board  dated  December  20.  18G9,  "  somewhat  discontented  at 
not  receiving  the  entire  appropriation  assigned  by  the  legislature  to 
the  Upper  Peninsula." 

It  was  also  apparent  that  $2,000  a  year  was  insufficient  to  main- 
tain a  system  of  field  work  or  for  entering  upon  any  original  in- 
vestigations, either  in  the  copper  or  the  iron  region.  Much,  how- 
ever, could  be  done  in  the  collection  of  data  already  on  record  in 
the  offices  of  the  mining  companies  and  in  the  possession  of  private 
individuals.  Much  could  be  done  in  the  discussion  of  such  data,  and 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY   SURVEYS.  223 

the  exhibition  of  the  vast  resources  of  the  upper  peninsula  to  the 
commercial  and  manufacturing  world. 

In  accordance,  therefore,  with  authority  which  I  had  received,  1  made  a  con- 
ditional agreement  with  Hon.  John  H.  Forster,  of  Houghton,  to  conduct  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  copper  region  in  such  manner  as  his  experience  might  sug- 
gest as  most  conducive  to  the  interests  of  the  region,  within  the  limits  of  ex- 
penditure fixed  by  the  means  at  disposal.  At  my  request  he  subsequently  sub- 
mitted a  plan  of  operations. 

******* 

In  the  iron  region  the  director  found  equal  regret  at  the  necessity 
of  accepting  a  moiety  so  small;  but  the  people  were  in  a  cheerful 
mood,  and  much  cordiality  was  manifested.  The  same  considerations 
which  had  prompted  to  select  a  man  from  the  copper  region  for  the 
inauguration  of  the  survey  prompted  now  to  select  a  man  from  the 
iron  region  for  the  work  of  the  survey.  With  almost  complete 
unanimity,  Maj.  T.  B.  Brooks  was  recommended  for  the  position, 
and  a  contract  was  signed  June  5,  under  which  the  work  was  to  be 
performed,  according  to  instructions  by  the  director  in  consultation 
with  Major  Brooks  and  approved  by  him.  The  outline  of  detail  in 
these  instructions  had  been  embraced  in  section  7  of  the  law,  which 
was  framed  by  Professor  Winchell  on  request  of  the  joint  committee. 
They  embraced  not  alone  investigations  of  a  strictly  geological  char- 
acter, but  also  historical  statements,  statistics,  and  a  full  compilation 
of  facts  bearing  on  the  finding,  marketing,  or  reducing  of  the  ores, 
including  charcoal  production,  transportation  facilities,  and  the  like. 

On  reporting  the  results  of  the  trip  to  the  geological  board  they 
"  modified  their  previous  action,"  as  the  director's  report  states,  "  in 
such  a  way  as  to  appropriate  $4,000  to  the  iron  region  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula  for  1869,  and  $4,000  to  the  copper  region  for  1870.  This 
change  rendered  nugatorj7  my  arrangement  with  Mr.  Forster;  but  by 
resolution,  the  board  ratified  my  contract  with  Major  Brooks,  with 
the  understanding  that  it  was  to  be  so  modified  that  Major  Brooks 
might  prosecute  his  work  as  rapidly  as  convenience  and  economy 
might  dictate — he  to  receive  $4,000  in  full  for  the  completion  of  the 
work  and  the  presentation  of  a  report  accompanied  by  maps,  charts, 
and  diagrams,  according  to  instructions  before  referred  to." 

Major  Brooks  accepted  the  modification  and  devoted  the  season  to 
a  study  of  the  Marquette  district. 

Unhappily,  however,  the  representatives  of  the  copper  interest 
felt  themselves  greatly  aggrieved,  and  they  held  the  director  of  the 
survey  responsible;  but.  for  the  present,  their  complaints  were  not 
loud. 

In  his  report  of  progress  for  1869,  Major  Brooks  enumerated  the 
following  portions  of  work  as  accomplished : 
136075—20 16 


224  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

1.  A  survey  of  the  old  and  new  Washington  and  Edwards  mines. 
extending  east  and  west  nearly  2  miles  and  embracing  about  400 
acres.    The  proprietors  aided  to  the  extent  of  $200. 

2.  A  survey  of  South  Mountain  in  sections  4,  7,  and  18,  in  T.  46, 
R.  29.    Area,  about  GOO  acres.     Owners  contributed  $200.     A  com- 
plete section  was  obtained  from  the  Laurentian  granite  on  the  north- 
east to  the  same  rocks  on  the  southwest.    Two  complete  "  magnetic 
sections  "  were  also  obtained. 

3.  A   survey   of   the   Lake   Superior   and   Barnum   mines.     The 
owners  provided  for  the  topographical  and  working  map. 

4.  The  Cannon  Iron  Company's  lot.  sec.  28,  T.  47,  R.  30,  was  simi- 
larly surveyed.     The  company  contributed  $50.     Area,  300  acres. 

5.  Iron  Cascade  property,  3^,120  acres,  in  T.  47,  E.  26  and  27,  had 
been  surveyed  before  the  origination  of  the  State  survey. 

6.  Michigamme  Lake  and  vicinity,  including  the  Champion  mine 
on  the  east  and  the  Spur  Mountain  on  the  west.    The  survey  was 
interrupted  by  close  of  season. 

7.  The  Cleveland  mine.    This  remained  to  be  surveyed  and  mapped 
by  the  company's  engineer  during  winter  of  1869-70. 

8.  The  New  England  and  Parsons  mine  and  the  opening  made  in 
sec.  16,  T.  47,  R.  27,  by  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Company  were  to  be 
grouped  in  one  map.     This  would  receive  the  geology,  which  had 
been  completely  worked  out. 

9.  The  Foster  and  Tilden  mines,  surveyed  by  Major  Brooks  three 
years  previously,  required  limited  resurveys. 

10.  The  Collins  Iron  Company's  lot,  SW.  i,  sec.  2,  T.  47,  R.  27,  had 
been  carefully  examined  geologically;  but  no  topographical  map 
was  as  yet  available. 

11.  The  old  Michigan  mine,  sec.  18,  T.  47,  R.  28,  was  in  precisely 
the  same  condition. 

The  above  mines  and  properties  were  intended  to  be  delineated 
each  on  a  separate  map,  and  the  whole  work  was  now  something 
over  half  done.  Major  Brooks  enumerated  among  those  who  had 
rendered  efficient  aid  Edward  Breitung,  D.  G.  Johnson,  E.  R.  Liver- 
more,  and  A.  W.  Maitland. 

In  organizing  for  work  in  the  Lower  Peninsula  [says  the  director's  report  for 
1SG9]  I  appointed  as  assistants,  Profs.  A.  E.  Dolbear  and  E.  A.  Strong.  Pro- 
fessor Strong  devoted  only  some  portion  of  the  summer  months  to  his  work. 
He  made  examinations  and  collected  specimens  in  various  parts  of  Kent  and 
Ottawa  Counties.  He  submitted  a  report  accompanied  by  a  map,  dingrams,  and 
a  box  of  fossils.  Professor  Dolbear  was  to  take  charge  of  the  field  work  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  and  contiguous  shores  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula.  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell  and  Prof.  E.  Hannel  were  added  as  amnteur 
assistants.  With  this  party  I  proceeded  to  Traverse  City  on  the  1st  of  July, 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  225 

where  we  secured  the  principal  articles  of  an  outfit  for  field  work.  Oil  our  way 
there  we  had  the  opportunity  to  spend  some  time  in  Muskegon  and  Manistee  and 
Its  vicinity.  Having  fully  organized,  we  effected  first,  a  very  thorough  investi- 
gation of  Little  Traverse  Bay  and  its  vicinity,  collecting  over  a  ton  of  speci- 
mens, which  reached  the  headquarters  of  the  survey  in  safety. 

The  hardships  and  perils  of  the  work  proving  more  serious  than  some  of  the 
party  had  anticipated,  Professors  Dolbeur  and  Huanel  withdrew  and  returned 
home.  To  meet  the  exigency  thus  enacted,  I  appointed  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell 
to  act  as  assistant  during  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

Having  refitted  at  Charlevoix  and  employed  the  requisite  laborers,  he  pro- 
ceeded under  written  instructions  to  make  a  geological  and  general  survey  of 
the  shores  of  the  inland  waters  accessible  by  the  mouth  of  the  Cheboygan  River. 
This  hydrographic  system  reaches  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  head  of 
Little  Traverse  Bay. 

While  in  the  Grand  Traverse  Region  I  had  made  arrangements  for  an  over- 
land survey  of  the  interior  of  some  of  the  northern  counties,  which  with  some 
modifications,  were  put  in  execution  on  the  1st  of  September.  Prof.  N.  H. 
Winchell  and  A.  S.  Wadsworth,  having  secured  the  requisite  outfit,  proceeded 
from  Elk  Rapids  on  foot,  through  the  wilderness,  to  Otsego  Lake,  in  Otsego 
County.  This  region  embraces  the  headwaters  of  the  Sable  emptying  into 
Lnke  Huron  and  of  the  Manistee  emptying  into  Lake  Michigan.  On  the  head- 
waters of  these  streams  they  constructed  a  couple  of  canoes,  in  one  of  which 
Prof.  X.  H.  Winchell,  with  an  assistant,  descended  the  Au  Sable,  while  with  the 
other  Mr.  Wadsworth,  with  his  assistant,  descended  the  Manistee.  Each  inves- 
tigated the  geology  of  the  river  bank  and  the  contiguous  country,  and  made  note 
of  all  facts  bearing  upon  the  value  of  the  region  traversed,  for  lumber  or  culti- 
vation, or  for  the  purposes  of  a  railroad  thoroughfare. 

Mr.  N.  H.  Winchell  having  completed  the  survey  of  the  Sable  and  some  tribu- 
tary streams,  proceeded  to  Alpena  and  thence  overland  with  his- canoe,  to  Hub- 
bard's  Lake,  whence  he  descended  through  Hubbard's  River  to  Thunder  Bay 
River.  The  latter  i-iver  and  its  vicinity  were  also  surveyed  to  the  distance  of 
some  20  m!les  from  the  mouth,  and  some  extensive  inland  trips  were  performed. 
On  the  last  of  October  the  advent  of  snow  and  frost  terminated  field  labors  for 
the  season. 

Mr.  Wadsworth  having  completed  the  survey  of  the  Manistee,  devoted  the 
remainder  of  the  season  to  the  Little  Manistee  and  Pere  Marquette  Rivers.  Re- 
turning to  Traverse  City,  he  drew  up  a  map  of  the  Grand  Traverse  region  which 
exhibits  in  detail  the  distribution  of  the  pine  timber  within  the  limits  of  the 
region,  and  submitted  it  in  connection  with  his  field  notes. 

In  August  I  made  an  excursion  with  Mr.  N.  H.  Winchell  and  Mr.  M.  W. 
Harrington  to  Widder  and  Bousanquet  in  Ontario,  for  the  purpose  of  compara- 
tive observations  on  some  remarkable  outcrops  of  the  Hamilton  Group,  and  for 
collecting  a  store  of  fossils.  In  both  respects  the  excursion  was  very  successful. 

I  subsequantly  visited  the  islands  on  the  western  part  of  Lake  Erie,  where  I 
was  joined  by  J.  S.  Newb3rry,  director  of  the  geological  survey  of  Ohio.  The 
geology  of  these  islands  throws  much  light  on  that  of  southern  Michigan;  and 
this  trip  enabled  me  to  add  a  new  formation — the  Lower  Helderberg  group — to 
the  geology  of  the  Lower  Peninsula.  I  accompanied  Doctor  Newberry  to  San- 
dusky  and  Cleveland.  At  the  latter  place  I  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  the 
collections  of  the  Ohio  survey — especially  from  the  Waverly  sandstone — which 
r  nm  pleased  to  state,  fully  sustain  positions  which  I  have  long  held  respecting 


226  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  geology  of  the  west,  in  opposition  to  the  views  of  some  high  geological 
authorities. 

I  have  also  embraced  opportunities  to  extend  my  personal  observations  into 
Jackson,  Eaton,  Ingham,  Shiawassee,  Saginaw,  Ottawa,  Allegan,  La  peer,  and 
Hillsdale  Counties,  in  all  of  which  I  have  aimed  to  supplement  observations 
heretofore  made  by  me,  either  in  a  public  or  private  capacity.  *  *  * 

Opportunities  for  the  collection  of  archaeological  information 
were  not  neglected.  Some  mounds  in  Montcalm  County  were  opened 
under  the  direction  of  J.  B.  Steere,  and  descriptions  of  the  contents 
drawn  up.  Mr.  Steere  also  supplied  a  collection  of  shells  from  Ionia 
County.  Assistants  Wadsworth  and  Winchell  wrote  for  various 
newspapers  popular  accounts  of  the  regions  explored  by  them.  Thus 
descriptions  appeared  of  the  Manistee  River  and  Valley ;  one  on  the 
Pere  Marquette ;  one  on  the  Sable ;  one  on  the  Cheboygan  region ;  and 
others  on  other  portions  of  the  State.  Mr.  B.  F.  Childs,  of  Hough- 
ton,  was  engaged  to  supply  photographic  views  for  the  final  report. 
Mr.  J.  H.  Emerton  had  executed  289  drawings  of  organic  remains. 
The  director  had  carried  forward  and  completed  a  paleontological 
investigation  which  had  been  several  years  in  progress.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  unity  and  method  in  the  prosecution  of  the  various 
departments  of  the  work,  the  director  drew  up  and  published  a  full 
plan  of  the  operations  of  the  survey. 

Geological  corps  for  1869. — Alexander  Winchell,  director  in 
charge  of  the  general  geology,  the  paleontology,  and  the  physiog- 
raphy of  the  State;  T.  B.  Brooks,  assistant;  Newton  H.  Winchell, 
assistant  field  explorer  and  laboratory  adjunct.  Mark  W.  Harring- 
ton, assistant  laboratory  adjunct  and  collaborator  in  phaenoganic 
botany,  entomology,  and  ornithology.  E.  A.  Strong,  assistant  field 
explorer  and  collaborator ;  A.  S.  Wadsworth,  assistant  field  explorer. 
J.  H.  Emerton,  draftsman.  J.  N.  Armstrong,  topographer  and 
adjunct  to  Major  Brooks ;  Oliver  Newton,  assistant  to  Major  Brooks, 

surveyor;  Heberlein,  assistant  to  Major  Brooks,  topographer 

Lake  Superior  Mine.  Collaborators:  J.  B.  Steere,  archaeology  and 
conchology;  W.  J.  Beal,  cryptogamic  botany;  S.  S.  Garriques,  salt 
statistics;  C.  B.  Headley,  statistics  of  lumber  and  fisheries,  eastern 
slope;  D.  D.  Hughes,  ornithology;  B.  F.  Childs,  photography;  Wil- 
liam H.  Bruckner,  chemist;  J.  G.  Ramsdel.  fruit  statistics,  north- 
western slope. 

Financial  statement  for  1869. 

Appropriation  for  Upper  Peninsula $4,000.00 

Total  drawn  to  Dec.  20,  1869 $1, 800.  00 

Balance  of  appropriation 2,200.00 

$4,  000. 00 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  227 

Financial  statement  for  1S69 — Continued. 

Appropriation  for  Lower  Peninsula $4,000.00 

Salary  of  director,  eight  months,  to  Dec.  31 $1, 000. 00 

Salary  of  N.  H.  Winchell,  six  months,  to  Dec.  31 500.00 

Salary  of  M.  W.  Harrington,  five  and  one-third  months..        222.22 

Salary  of  E.  A.  Strong 100.00 

Salary  of  A.  S.  Wadsworth,  62  days 243.  00 

Salary  of  J.  H.  Emerton,  two  and  two-third  months,  to 

Dec.  31 408.00 

Laborers 260.  25 

Sundries  to  Dec.  20 775. 00 

Permanent  outlay  (still  on  hand) 135.00 

Further  expenses  belonging  to  this  year  (approximately)  __          40.  00 


Total  approximate  expenditures $3,688.47 

Balance  to  next  year  (approximately) 311.53 

$4,000.00 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  IN    1870. 

On  March  31,  1870,  a  meeting  of  the  geological  board  was  held 
in  Detroit,  at  which  the  director  explained  his  proposed  plan  of 
operations  for  the  season.  It  consisted  of  the  following  features : 

1.  A  survey  of  the  Peninsula  west  of  St.  Mary  River  in  the  Upper 
Peninsula,  by  A.  S.  Wadsworth. 

2.  A  survey  of  the  coast  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  from  Point  Seul 
Choix  westward  to  Escanaba,  by  N.  H.  Winchell.     A  rendezvous  to 
be  made  at  Charlevoix  about  May  15. 

3.  Completion  of  the  survey  of  the  Thunder  Bay  region,  by  N.  H. 
Winchell.     Survey  to  begin  September  1. 

4.  Collection  of  statistics  of  the  fisheries,  the  forest  and  its  prod- 
ucts, from  Cheboygan  along  the  coast  to  St.  Clair,  by  Charles  B. 
Headley,  at  a  cost  of  $125. 

5.  Collection  of  statistics  of  salt,  with  investigations  and  discus- 
sions, by  S.  S.  Garrigues.    Expense  not  to  exceed  $100. 

6.  Survey  of  Higgins  and  Houghton  Lakes  and  the  valley  of  the 
Muskegon  River,  by  A.  O.  Currier.    Expense  not  to  exceed  $150. 

7.  Collection  of  statistics  of  fruit  production  in  Berrien,  Van 
Buren,  Allegan,  Ottawa,  Muskegon,  Oceana,  and  Mason  counties, 
by  H.  S.  Clubb.     Traveling  expenses  only  to  be  paid.     (A  later 
agreement  embraced  the  whole  western  shore  of  the  State  and  in- 
volved an  expenditure  of  $100.) 

8.  Collection  of  statistics  of  fruit  in  Manistee  County,  by  Judge 
J.  G.  Ramsdell. 

9.  Collection  of  statistics  of  fruit,  lumber,  the  forest,  and  fisheries 
from  Manistee  County  to  Duncan,  by  A.  S.  Wadsworth.    Expense, 
$3  a  day. 


228  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

10.  Completion  of  the  survey  of  the  Marquette  iron  region,  bj 
T.  B.  Brooks,  under  contract  of  1869. 

11.  Survey  of  the  developed  portions  of  the  copper  region,  by  E. 
Pumpelly. 

The  foregoing  plan,  in  all  its  features,  was  fully  approved  by 
vote  of  the  geological  board. 

It  had  been  the  wish  of  the  director  to  intrust  the  survey  of  the 
copper  region  to  John  H.  Forster,  a  local  geologist  of  good  repute, 
with  whom  an  agreement  was  reached  in  1869.  as  already  stated, 
before  the  board  had  determined  to  postpone  the  copper  survey  to 
1870.  But  Governor  Baldwin  had  promptly  negatived  his  employ- 
.  ment  and  expressed  a  wish  that  Professor  Pumpelly  be  nomi- 
nated. The  director  had  already  discovered  indications  of  serious 
disaffection  in  the  copper  region,  and  felt  that  conciliation  would  be 
wise;  but,  acquiescing  in  the  governor's  judgment,  he  nominated 
Professor  Pumpelly  and  the  board  made  the  appointment.  Un- 
doubtedly, the  best  interests  of  the  survey  would  have  been  sub- 
served by  this  selection  if  the  offended  temper  of  the  copper  region 
had  not  withheld  cordial  cooperation. 

Before  this  hostility  became  fully  known,  however,  a  contract  was 
signed  with  Professor  Pumpelly.  This  was  dated  May  28,  1870, 
and  $4,000  was  the  sum  stipulated  for  compensation  and  expenses. 
It  required,  in  addition  to  the  specific  work  of  geological  investiga- 
tion, that  the  report  should  treat  of  "  all  those  matters  which  con- 
cern the  well-being  and  prosperity  of  the  copper  regions  as  such." 
Professor  Pumpelly  left  Ann  Arbor  for  his  field  of  work  on  the 
same  date. 

In  the  iron  region  the  work  of  Major  Brooks  was  continued  at 
his  private  expense,  since  the  whole  appropriation  available  had 
been  absorbed  in  1869. 

The  work  in  the  Lower  Peninsula,  and  in  some  of  the  nonmetallif- 
erous  regions  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  was  carried  on  in  accordance 
with  the  plan  already  stated.  Under  this  plan  the  entire  expense 
of  the  general  direction  of  the  work,  and  of  the  general  investiga- 
tions in  the  climate,  the  physiography,  and  fruit,  lumber,  and  farm- 
ing statistics  was  developed  on  the  moiety  of  the  appropriation  as- 
signed to  the  Lower  Peninsula. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  IN    1871. 

In  his  message  presented  to  the  legislature,  January  4,  1871,  Gov. 
H.  P.  Baldwin,  referring  to  the  geological  survey,  said : 

The  director  Immediately  (after  his  appointment)  entered  npon  the  discharge 
of  his  duties.  Detailed  plans  for  a  systematic  and  most  thorough  exploration 
of  the  whole  State  were  made,  and  two  corps  of  assistants — one  for  each  Penin 
TOla — were  organized. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       229 

This  important  work  has  been  carried  forward  as  extensively  and  rapidly  as 
the  limited  appropriation  would  allow.  The  results  of  the  researches  already 
made,  and  the  work  accomplished,  will  far  more  than  repay  the  expenditures. 
*  *  *  The  value  of  these  investigations  aud  researches  is  of  a  permanent 
character,  and  not  confined  to  any  one  section  or  interest  of  the  State. 

The  report  of  Professor  Winchell  will  be  laid  before  you  and  will  be  found 
full  of  interest.  It  also  contains  a  carefully  prepared  estimate  of  the  cost  of 
properly  completing  this  important  work,  undertaken  by  the  State.  I  respect- 
fully submit  to  your  consideration  whether  it  may  not  be  advisable  somewhat  to 
increase  the  annual  appropriation  for  this  purpose,  rather  than  prolong  the 
survey  for  a  series  of  years. 

No  provision  was  made  in  the  act  of  1869  for  printing  or  publishing  the  docu- 
ments or  reports  which  might  be  made  from  time  to  time.  For  information  on 
this  subject,  I  refer  you  to  the  report  of  the  director.  These  reports,  to  be  of 
service,  should  be  published.  I  recommend  that  the  State  geological  board  be 
authorized  to  publish  these  reports  when  prepared  by  the  director,  and  that 
proper  appropriations  be  made  therefor. 

In  pursuance  of  these  recommendations  the  senate  committee  on 
geological  survey,  of  which  J.  L.  Morton  was  chairman,  introduced, 
as  early  as  January  16,  bills  making  appropriations  for  publication 
and  for  the  continuance  of  the  work.  These  were  accompanied  by  a 
highly  appreciative  and  complimentary  report,  but  far  too  rhetorical 
for  usefulness.  These  bills  passed  through  the  committee  of  the 
whole,  and  were  adopted  January  19.  The  bill  appropriating  funds 
for  publication  received  but  one  negative  vote,  and  that  for  con- 
tinuance of  the  survey  but  five  negative  votes.  The  house  on  Jan- 
uary 17  appointed  a  committee  to  invite  the  director  to  deliver  an 
evening  address.  On  January  25  measures  similar  to  those  adopted 
by  the  senate  were  introduced  in  the  house,  accompanied  by  a  highly 
appreciative  report  from  the  committee,  of  which  Ira  E.  Grosvenor 
was  chairman.  These  were  referred  to  committee  of  the  whole  and 
placed  on  the  general  order. 

In  view  of  the  favorable  prospects,  the  director  improved  the  op- 
portunity offered  by  a  trip  to  New  York  to  institute  some  precise 
inquiries  in  reference  to  publication.  On  February  25  he  entered 
into  some  definite  but  conditional  negotiations  with  Julius  Bien  for 
printing  and  illustrations.  The  general  form  and  style  were  to  be 
those  of  the  report  of  the  fortieth  parallel  which  was  then  in  progress 
through  Mr.  Bien's  establishment.  Some  of  the  maps  to  accompany 
the  reports  on  the  iron  and  copper  regions  were  placed  in  Mr.  Bien's 
hands. 

Meanwhile,  influences  unfavorable  to  the  continuance  of  the  sur- 
vey were  at  work,  and  learning  that  these  were  due  to  his  attaching 
so  much  importance  to  the  climatic  elements  of  the  State's  natural 
resources,  the  director  prepared  hastily  a  pamphlet  of  eight  pages, 
embracing  two  isothermal  charts,  for  January  and  July,  with  a 


230  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

small  amount  of  explanatory  text.  The  charts  were  announced  as 
illustrations  of  the  paper  on  "  Isothermals  "  appended  to  the  "  Re- 
port of  Progress."  This  pamphlet  brought  to  view  as  sharply  as 
possible  such  facts  as  the  following : 

Extreme  cold  at  Milwaukee  is  34°  below  extreme  cold  at  Grand  Haven.  This 
difference  is  all  that  distinguishes  between  fruit-bearing  region  and  one  in 
which  fruits  fail.  The  growing  season  begins  at  Grand  Haven  6  to  13  days 
earlier  in  the  spring  than  it  does  at  Milwaukee,  and  continues  5  to  8  days  later 
in  the  autumn.  The  great  climatic  facts  touched  upon  in  this  paper  and  more 
fully  set  fortli  in  my  Report  of  Progress  possesses  the  utmost  practical  im- 
portance. *  *  *  These  facts  are  not  known  to  the  world.  *  *  *  The 
climate  of  our  State  is  one  of  its  greatest  natural  resources.  To  make  this 
resource  known  to  the  world  is  an  eminently  practical  work,  etc. 

A  copy  of  the  pamphlet  was  laid  on  the  table  of  each  member. 

On  March  14,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Grosvenor,  the  house  voted  the 
use  of  the  hall  to  the  director  for  the  purpose  of  an  interview  with 
the  members,  but  without  favorable  result. 

On  March  16  there  was  introduced  a  report  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing passages  are  extracted: 

It  seems  desirable  that  the  act  passed  at  the  session  in  1869  should  be 
amended  as  provided  by  this  bill;  for  the  reason  that  an  investigation  is  pro- 
vided for  in  said  act,  in  regard  to  a  large  number  of  subjects  not  belonging 
strictly  to  a  geological  survey,  such  as  hydrography,  climatology,  meteorology, 
topography,  magnetography,  and  physical  geography  of  the  State. 

There  is  also  a  provision  in  the  act  of  1869,  above  referred  to,  authorizing 
the  "compiling  and  collecting  of  all  useful  knowledge"  in  relation  to  certain 
matters  therein  contained.  This,  in  the  minds  of  your  committee,  is  a  serious 
objection  to  the  act,  and  an  amendment  is  incorporated  in  the  bill  herewith 
reported,  to  obviate  the  same.  A  large  amount  of  useful  knowledge  is  contained 
in  books  heretofore  published  by  various  authors,  and  not  only  in  a  convenient 
form,  but  the  books  are  easily  to  be  obtained  by  the  people  who  desire  the  in- 
formation. *  *  * 

From  the  best  information  that  your  committee  has  been  able  to  obtain  in 
relation  to  the  matter  intended  for  publication,  now  in  the  hands  of  the  geo- 
logical board,  they  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  great  bulk  of  the  same  is  objec- 
tionable, for  the  reasons  above  stated;  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  rearrange 
and  condense  it  before  the  same  is  fit  for  publication :  that,  in  fact,  there  is  now 
nothing  in  readiness  to  be  incorporated  in  the  final  report  of  the  geological 
survey. 

Your  committee  would,  therefore,  report  said  joint  resolution  back  to  the 
House  without  amendment,  and  recommend  that  it  do  not  pass. 

Your  committee  would  also  report  said  bill  back  to  the  House  without 
amendment,  and  recommend  that  it  do  pass.  *  *  * 

The  joint  resolution,  which  provided  for  publication,  was  laid  on 
the  table ;  and  the  bill  for  continuing  the  survey  was  ordered  printed, 
referred  to  committee  of  the  whole  and  placed  on  the  general  order. 

On  March  18,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Grosvenor.  the  joint  resolution 
was  taken  from  the  table  and  referred  to  the  committee  on  education, 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.    17 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  231 

of  which  C.  B.  Grant  was  chairman.  Mr.  Grant  reported  April  12 
with  an  amendment.  The  latter  was  concurred  in,  and,  after  a  fur- 
ther amendment,  the  resolution  was  lost  by  a  vote  of  34  to  46. 

The  house  having  by  formal  vote  on  March  18  refused  to  provide 
for  the  publication  of  the  results  of  the  survey,  the  director,  on 
March  21,  filed  his  resignation  with  the  board,  and  on  April  20 
turned  over,  at  a  meeting  in  Detroit,  all  property  of  the  survey  re- 
maining in  his  hands,  and  made  a  final  settlement.1 

It  may  be  added  that  the  house  bill  amending  the  law  of  1869,  in- 
troduced after  various  references  and  amendments,  was  passed  April 
11,  concurred  in  by  the  senate  April  12.  and  approved  by  the  gov- 
ernor April  17.  The  effect  of  the  changes  introduced  was  to  lodge 
the  entire  directorship  in  the  hands  of  the  geological  board;  to 
eliminate  all  investigations  in  paleontology,  topography,  physical 
geography,  and  climate ;  and  it  provided  that  the  final  report  should 
not  exceed  three  octavo  volumes,  and  that  they  "  shall  not  contain, 
in  any  considerable  extent,  compilations  and  extracts  of  or  from 
books  heretofore  published." 2  The  appropriation  of  $8,000  annually 
was  continued  and  made  payable  until  the  completion  of  said  survey.8 

THIRD  SURVEY  UNDER  BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS,  1871-1900. 

Organisation. — Under  the  board  of  directors  authorized  by  the 
law  of  1869,  Dr.  Carl  Rominger,  of  Ann  Arbor,  was  appointed  di- 
rector of  the  survey  in  1871  and  served  until  1885.  During  the  first 
year  of  his  incumbency  Major  Brooks  and  Professor  Pumpelly  were 
continuing  their  researches  in  the  westem  part  of  the  Upper  Penin- 
sula, and  for  a  time  he  was  assisted  by  "several  young  men  of  the 
university  who  were  recommended,  *  *  *  but  none  of  them 

1  This  resignation,  as  the  writer  [Doctor  Winchell]  views  the  history  of  the  time  in  the 
perspective  of  16  years,  appears  to  have  been  ill  advised.  The  director,  sure  that  he  was 
right,  nnd  about  to  suffer  wrong  at  the  hands  of  others,  should  have  held  his  post ;  and 
the  geological  board,  under  whose  sanction  every  step  had  been  taken,  and  who  were 
ultimately  responsible  for  everything,  should  not  have  accepted  the  resignation,  but 
should  have  stood  In  a  manly  way  to  the  defence  of  the  director  and  the  plan  of  the  sur- 
rey. The  house  might  not,  perhaps,  have  been  induced  to  take  different  action,  though 
that  is  by  no  means  probable ;  but  in  the  conflict,  some  discussion  would  have  ensued, 
and  some  facts  cunningly  hidden  would  have  been  brought  to  light.  Personal  injustice 
would  have  thus  been  averted  or  duly  exposed,  and  the  true  interests  of  the  State  would 
not  probably  have  been  compromised  as  they  were.  The  resignation  was  prompted  by 
disgust  at  the  tricks  of  demagoguery,  and  a  desire  to  avoid  the  distractions  of  a  conflict. 
The  act  involved  the  practical  loss  of  the  results  of  several  years  labor,  and  left  a  moral 
Impression  which  time  was  not  destined  to  efface. 

*  It  is  not  entirely  clear  what  features  in  the  proposed  plan  this  prohibition  was  aimed 
at.  The  clause  quoted  in  the  report  would  make  it  appear  that  the  requirement  to  com- 
pile and  tabulate  all  information  useful  to  the  iron  and  copper  industries  was  the  of- 
fensive provision  ;  but  the  discussion  led  to  the  belief  that  it  aimed  also  at  compilatioiiK 
of  meterological  and  topographical  data. 

«  The  director's  estimate  of  $61.300  for  the  completion  of  the  field  work  was  thought 
an  astounding  extravagance ;  nevertheless,  the  State  in  16  years  has  already  expended 
$128.000  besides  appropriations  for  publications. 


232  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

stayed  with  me  over  two  or  three  weeks  before  they  left,  finding  the 
occupation  not  so  pleasant  to  them  as  they  expected;  and  for  my 
part,  seeing  not  much  benefit  from  their  help  in  consideration  of  the 
considerable  increase  of  the  expenses,  I  concluded  to  go  on  with  the 
work  alone,  simply  assisted  by  ordinary  laborers  as  packers,  boat- 
men, and  cooks." 

The  following  summary  of  the  methods  pursued  and  results  ob- 
tained is  taken  from  Doctor  Rominger's  manuscript  notes: 

As  a  continuation  of  the  survey  in  the  Lower  Peninsula  did  not, 
under  the  then  existing  circumstances,  seem  to  promise  very  im- 
portant additional  results,  active  operations  were  discontinued  in 
the  area,  and  his  efforts  confined  chiefly  to  examining  the  azoic 
areas  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  a  work  which  had  been  left  in- 
complete by  Brooks  and  Pumpelly.  He  here  soon  became  convinced 
that  this  greatly  disturbed  and  complicated  complex  of  rocks  could 
not  be  satisfactorily  studied  without  first  making  a  detailed  study 
of  a  small  area  which  should  serve  as  a  type  and  guide  for  subse- 
quent work  in  the  larger  ones.  He  therefore  selected  an  area  near 
Marquette,  where  nearly  all  the  members  of  the  azoic  series  were 
displayed  for  the  detailed  study.  As  no  good  topographic  map  of 
the  region  existed  he  undertook  to  construct  one  for  himself,  using 
the  Government  Land  Office  maps  as  a  base.  In  determining  the 
position  of  hills,  watercourses,  and  the  larger  rock  exposures,  he 
measured  the  distances  by  pacing,  and  the  directions  by  the  ordinary 
hand  compass,  taking  section  corners  and  quarter  posts  as  initial 
points  for  the  measurements,  and  at  the  same  time  making  his  geo- 
logical obervations.  In  this  way  he  surveyed  over  200  square  miles 
from  the  shores  of  Marquette  westward.  Commenting  on  this  work 
later,  Rominger  remarked : 

I  candidly  confess  that  had  I  to  do  this  over  again  I  would  no  more  attempt 
perform  all  the  work  myself,  but  would  employ  someone  else  to  do  the  counting 
of  steps  and  observing  the  compass  while  I  was  engaged  with  the  examination 
of  the  geological  features.  Both  occupations  combined  are  too  severe  a  strain 
on  body  and  mind.  On  the  other  hand,  I  nm  satisfied  that  this  mnriu*  operand* 
brought  many  things  under  my  observation  which  otherwise  would  have  es- 
caped it. 

The  map  prepared  in  this  way,  it  should  be  stated,  is  the  one  issued 
in  connection  with  the  fourth  volume  (1880)  of  the  survey  reports. 

During  the  seasons  of  1880-1882  Rominger  continued  his  examina- 
tion of  the  azoic  rocks  near  Lake  Gogebic  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State,  though  a  portion  of  the  time  was  spent  in  a  reexarnination  of 
the  Fetch  Mountain.  Menominee,  and  Marquette  districts.  During 
the  summers  of  1883  and  1884  he  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the 
examination  of  the  copper-bearing  rocks  on  Keweenaw  Point  and  in 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  233 

the  Ontonagon  and  Porcupine  Mountain  districts.  Rominger's  final 
report,  comprising  the  result  of  his  last  four  years  of  work,  was 
transmitted  to  the  board  of  directors  early  in  February,  1885.  In 
April  following  he  was  superseded  as  State  geologist  by  Mr.  Charles 
E.  Wright,  of  Marquette. 

Salary  and  expenses. — The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  through- 
out Rominger's  incumbency  was  $2,000  a  year.  The  sum  of  $8,000 
for  each  year  of  the  survey  was  appropriated  with  the  expectation 
that  special  appropriations  would  be  made  to  pay  the  cost  of  pub- 
lication. The  two  volumes  published  in  1873,  at  an  expense  of  some 
$20,000,  were  thus  paid  for,  but  the  volume  of  fossil  corals,  costing 
some  $17,000.  was  paid  for  out  of  the  unexpended  balance  of  the 
appropriations,  the  expenses  of  the  survey  during  1874,  1875,  and 
1876  being  not  over  $3,000  a  year.  The  report  issued  in  1880  at  a 
cost  of  upwards  $4,000,  was  likewise  paid  for  out  of  the  survey  ap- 
propriations. The  total  expenses  of  this  survey  are  given  on  p.  238. 

Distribution  of  publications. — According  to  the  law  every  school 
and  scientific  institution  in  the  State  which  was  already  in  possession 
of  a  library  of  1,000  volumes  should  receive  the  reports  free  of 
charge.  Scientific  men  and  institutions  outside  of  the  State  were 
likewise  favored  at  the  discretion  of  the  board.  The  remainder  of 
the  edition  was  to  be  sold  at  cost  price.  The  edition  of  the  report 
of  1873  (two  volumes)  was  2,000  as  was  also  that  of  1876  and  1880.1 

1  It  would  appear  from  the  following  that  these  seemingly  generous  intentions 
were  not  carried  out : 

DRESDEN,  SAXONY,  July  2,  1875. 
Hon.  JNO.  J.  BAGLEY,  Governor. 

DEAB  SIB  :  Yours  of  10th  inst.  regarding  distribution  of  the  geological  reports 
relating  to  the  Upper  Peninsula,  is  at  hand,  and  I  am  delighted  to  learn  that 
you  have  not  entirely  abandoned  the  idea  of  sending  some  of  them  abroad.  The 
work  was  placed  in  your  hands  for  distribution  a  year  ago,  and  yet,  judging  by 
the  letters  enclosed,  not  one  has  yet  been  received  on  this  side,  Michigan  enjoy- 
ing the  unenviable  position  of  being  the  only  civilized  State  in  the  world  which 
has  neglected  to  send  her  reports  to  the  great  libraries  of  Europe. 

The  Missouri  and  Ohio  reports  which  appeared,  the  one  nearly  simultaneous 
with  ours  and  the  other  some  time  after,  have  not  only  been  sent  to  the  libraries, 
but  to  the  periodicals  and  were  reviewed  in  England  and  on  the  Continent 
months  ago ;  the  attention  of  the  people  of  Europe  being  thus  called  in  the  most 
effective  manner  possible  to  the  resources  of  those  States,  and  the  advantages 
they  offer  for  settlement  and  investment. 

Geological  boards  outside  of  Michigan  do  not  seem  to  regard  their  reports  as 
intended  exclusively  for  "  home  consumption."  This  policy  seems  to  be  hi 
especially  bad  taste  in  Michigan,  where  a  very  large  part  of  the  brains,  muscle, 
and  money  expended  in  the  development  of  her  resources  came  from  outside  the 
State. 

Another  use  to  which  I  believe  a  few  copies  of  all  geological  reports  here- 
tofore published  in  the  world,  except  those  of  Michigan,  have  been  put,  Is  In 


234  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Museum.— The  law  provided  for  the  collection  of  geological  and 
mineralogical  specimens  to  be  deposited  in  the  museums  of  the  State 
university,  the  agricultural  college,  and  the  normal  school. 

Under  Professor  Wright's  administration  field  work  during  the 
season  of  1885  "  was  confined  chiefly  to  the  north  of  township  48,  and 

paying  those  debts  of  honor  and  courtesy  which  every  survey  has,  in  the  nature 
of  things,  to  contract  in  procuring  needful  information  of  various  parties  pos- 
sessing it,  but  which  can  not  be  paid  for  in  money.  This  was  especially  the 
case  in  the  Marquette  iron  region,  where  there  is  no  public  record  of  mining 
and  prospecting  operations,  no  former  surveys  of  which  much  use  could 
be  made,  and  where  the  small  sum  available  for  the  work  made  it 
impossible  for  the  survey  to  do  all  that  was  required.  The  result  was, 
I  was  obliged  to  draw  on  the  people  and  corporations  interested  and  possessing 
the  knowledge  for  a  large  part  of  my  material.  One  furnished  analyses,  an- 
other private  maps,  others  specimens,  another  history  and  statistics,  others  had 
special  surveys  made  at  my  instigation,  and  gave  the  entire  results  to  the  State 
work.  The  result  was  the  accumulation  of  20  times  more  material  (much  of  it 
yet  unpublished)  than  all  that  had  been  accumulated  before  on  the  subjects 
embraced  within  the  scope  of  the  survey.  There  was  manifestly  but  one  way 
to  repay  these  parties:  First,  to  give  them  full  credit  for  the  assistance  in  the 
report,  which  I  have  endeavored  to  do  in  the  introduction;  second,  to  present 
them  with  a  copy  of  the  work  which,  as  practically  none  were  placed  at  my  dis- 
posal, was  the  business  of  the  board,  and  to  facilitate  the  work  I  gave  them  a 
manuscript  list  of  the  parties  named  in  the  report,  with  their  addresses  (not 
the  larger  list  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  board),  and  have  since,  both  in 
letters  and  conversation,  pointedly  called  their  attention  to  the  subject. 

At  the  end  of  a  year  many  of  these  parties  have  not  received  the  report  or 
any  communication  from  the  board  on  the  subject,  others  have  received  the  first 
volume  and  atlas,  the  second  volume,  which  relates  exclusively  to  the  iron 
region,  being  withheld;  others  have  only  received  the  reports  as  the  result  of 
special  effort  on  their  part  and  mine  to  procure  copies  for  them.  Others,  in 
answer  to  their  communications,  have  been  told  they  could  have  the  work  for 
$15,  which  they  have  bought.  Others  have  had  no  notice  whatever  taken  of 
their  communications  on  the  subject,  being  placed  in  this  regard  in  the  same 
category  with  the  State  geologists.  I  speak  by  the  card  on  all  these  points. 
In  short  you  seem  to  have  paid  no  attention  whatever  to  the  obligations  of  the 
State  to  these  parties.  I  trust  she  does  not  mean  to  repudiate  any  part  of  this 
debt.  For  the  time  being  I  am  placed  in  a  very  awkward  position  toward  these 
people,  having  acted  as  agent  in  securing  the  loans. 

Those  parties  who  have  received  the  reports  have  not  done  so  in  virtue  of 
having  been  mentioned  by  me,  but  because  they  accidentally  came  within  the 
scope  of  your  plan  of  distribution — whatever  that  may  be. 

I  know  that  Immediately  on  its  publication  complete  copies  were  sent  to 
every  newspaper  in  Michigan.  With  but  half  a  dozen  exceptions,  those  papers 
are  not  read  by  people  who  have  the  slightest  interest  in  the  mines  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula,  while  the  newspapers  and  periodicals,  east  and  west,  which  are  read 
by  those  who  own  and  administer  the  mines,  and  consume  the  ore,  have  never 
seen  or  heard  of  the  work.  One  of  these  editors  sold  his  copy  to  a  Michigan 
furnace  superintendent,  who  could  not  get  one  for  $5.  Another  prominent  Lake 
Superior  mining  man  was  presented  with  a  copy  by  a  "  crossroad  "  politician,  on 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  235 

from  ranges  25  to  33,  inclusive;  that  is,  to  the  country  to  the  north 
of  the  M.  H.  &  O.  Railway  to  the  lake  between  Marquette  and 
L'Anse,  covering  over  700  square  miles  of  unexplored  land."  Un- 
fortunately Wright  died  of  pneumonia  in  March,  1888.  According 
to  Professor  Wadsworth,  who  succeeded  him,  while  he  had  planned 
and  laid  out  the  work  on  a  broad  scale,  he  had  delayed  putting  his 

whom  it  had  been  thrust,  who  had  not  taken  interest  enough  in  the  work  to 
open  the  package  in  which  it  came. 

Men  who  have  tens  of  thousands  invested  in  Michigan  mines,  and  who  have 
devoted  their  lives  to  their  development,  thereby  bringing  the  State  to  the  front 
rank  in  its  mineral  productions,  must  buy  the  report,  or  procure  it  at  a  late 
date  by  political  influences  or  special  effort;  while  petty  editors  and  officeholders 
und  political  wirepullers,  who  can  control  a  few  votes,  have  it  thrust  on  them 
at  the  earlist  possible  moment.  Some  copies  of  a  State  publication  must,  I 
suppose,  be  wasted  on  such  people,  but  I  believe  they  should  be  served  after, 
and  certainly  not  to  the  exclusion  of  people  who  really  want  to  know  something 
of  the  mineral  wealth  of  Michigan  and  how  to  develop  it;  and  also  after  those 
libraries  and  periodicals,  whose  business  it  is  to  teach  the  world  scientific  truth. 

If  you  wish  to  know  why  I  take  the  liberty  of  criticising  you  severely  in  this 
matter  I  will  tell  you:  To  say  nothing  of  the  personal  slight — 1  can't  look  on 
it  as  less — of  being  entirely  ignored  in  this  matter  of  the  distribution  of  my 
report  by  one  who  came  into  the  administration  of  the  survey  when  it  was 
nearly  completed,  I  ask  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  I  have  nearly  $3,000  in 
money,  in  addition  to  services  which  would  have  commanded  $10,000  in  the 
open  market,  invested  in  this  work,  besides  to  a  great  extent  my  reputation, 
which  money  can  not  measure.  I  have  tried  very  hard  to  do  my  whole  duty  in 
this  business  and  have  spared  neither  my  time,  money,  or  personal  sacrifice. 
You  can  therefore  judge  of  my  feelings  when  some  of  the  most  estimable  men 
I  know  in  and  out  of  Michigan  write  me  that  my  work  has  been  used  as  a 
"  campaign  document" 

I  am  tired  of  writing  letters  explaining  that  you  are  a  very  busy  man  and 
that  if  they  will  wait  patiently  justice  will  in  the  end  be  done. 

Unless  you  furnish  me  something  else  to  say,  and  that  promptly,  I  shall  in 
future  answer  these  people  with  a  copy  of  this  letter,  which  meantime  I  send 
to  Mr.  Baxter,  who  may  be  as  much  to  blame  as  you,  for  aught  I  know. 
Very  truly,  yours, 

(Signed)  T.  B.  B. 

P.  S. — To  answer  your  question — I  can  add  nothing  to  what  I  said  last  sum- 
mer. The  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C.,  is  the  usual  channel 
through  which  such  documents  are  distributed  to  foreign  societies  and  libraries. 
I  bought  a  copy  and  sent  It  to  Sweden. 

I  do  not  believe  my  friend,  Sir  W.  Williams,  who  is  already  interested  in 
Lake  Superior,  and  is  very  desirous  of  knowing  more  of  it,  will  feel  compli- 
mented by  having  a  copy  sent  him  on  which  he  will  have  to  pay  not  less  than, 
say,  $10  expenses.  He  will  soon  be  able  to  buy  the  books  in  London,  second- 
hand, cheaper. 

I  will  undertake  to  distribute  any  copies  sent  me,  provided  I  have  full  author- 
ity to  draw  on  you  for  the  actual  cost,  which  I  conceive  would  be  small  on  a 
number  of  copies  which  could  be  sent  as  common  freight  through  Baldwin  Bros., 
72  Broadway,  New  York.  This  Is  a  central  point  for  the  whole  of  Europe. 


236  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

results  in  writing  except  in  a  very  minor  degree.  Being  by  nature 
cautious,  he  had  endeavored  to  look  over  every  part  of  the  field  be- 
fore committing  himself.  After  he  had  grasped  the  work  in  all  its 
details,  it  was  usual  for  him  to  put  it  into  manuscript  form  with 
great  rapidity,  but  in  this  instance  "he  gave  himself  no  rest,  but 
worked  on  and  on  until  his  vital  force  was  exhausted,  when  he  was 
taken  away  almost  as  suddenly  as  though  struck  down  on  the  field 
of  battle."  As  a  result  all  his  maps,  field  notes,  specimens,  and  sec- 
tions, indeed  practically  all  the  work  accomplished  except  that  of 
organization,  were  almost  valueless. 

With  the  death  of  Wright,  as  already  intimated,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wads- 
worth,  president  of  the  School  of  Mines,  at  Houghton,  became  State 
geologist.  Work  was  resumed  during  the  season  of  1888  in  T.  43  N., 
R.  35  W.,  this  point  being  selected  on  account  of  the  field  work  hav- 
ing in  large  measure  been  completed  westerly  from  Marquette  to  a 
line  drawn  from  Iron  River  village  northwardly  to  the  south  end 
of  Keweenaw  Bay,  near  L'Anse.  During  this  season  he  covered  the 
ground  lying  between  Iron  River  and  Lake  Gogebic  on  the  west  and 
from  the  State  boundary  to  township  46  on  the  north.  Considerable 
attention  was  devoted  to  settling  problems  in  connection  with  Mr. 
Wright's  work.  In  his  annual  report  for  this  year  (1888-89)  Doctor 
Wadsworth  writes  that  thus  far  some  70  townships  have  been  ex- 
plored and  their  geology  mapped  with  sufficient  accuracy  so  that 
preliminary  maps  might  be  published  such  as  would  serve  as  great 
aid  to  the  explorers.  During  the  season  of  1889-90  the  work  of 
mapping  the  area  west  of  Gogebic  Lake  and  south  of  the  copper- 
bearing  rocks  and  sandstones  was  completed,  and  township  No.  45 
surveyed.  The  published  boundary  of  the  copper-bearing  rocks 
with  the  eastern  sandstone,  between  Bete  Gris  Bay  and  southwest- 
erly to  Gogebic  Lake,  was  also  rectified,  and  careful  excavations  and 
surveys  undertaken  to  ascertain  the  exact  relations  of  the  two  for- 
mations. In  1890  the  gold  district  was  studied  and  special  work 
was  done  in  the  Marquette  iron  region.  In  1891  and  1892  field  work 
began  at  Champion  and  the  adjacent  district  and  extended  south  of 
Clarksburg  to  Palmer  and  the  vicinity  of  Negaunee.  Later  it  was 
extended  into  the  Huron  Mountain  district  and  into  the  limestone 
region  in  the  vicinity  of  L'Anse,  and  the  South  Trap  Range  from 
Silver  Mountain  through  to  Lake  Gogebic.  Parties  were  also  en- 
gaged in  the  Crystal  Falls,  Iron  Mountain,  Quinnesec,  Norway,  and 
Felch  Mountain  areas.  In  1892  the  work  on  the  gas  and  salt  wells 
begun  under  Wright's  administration  was  continued. 

Personnel. — Doctor  Wadsworth 's  term  of  service  as  State  geologist 
came  to  an  end  in  1893.  Up  to  1888  no  geological  assistant  had  been 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS. 


237 


employed.  In  that  year  A.  E.  Seaman,  who  had  previously  served 
as  topographer  and  woodsman,  became  assistant  geologist,  and  in 
1888  A.  C.  Lane  was  added  to  the  force  as  petrographer.  In  1890 
the  force  was  further  increased  by  the  addition  of  H.  B.  Patton,  and 
in  1891  by  L.  L.  Hubbard,  all  of  the  last  three  being  petrographers 
with  European  training. 

The  expenses  under  Wadsworth's  administration  are  given  with 
others  on  page  238. 

Doctor  Wadsworth  was  succeeded  in  the  office  of  State  geologist  by 
Lucius  L.  Hubbard,  who  held  the  position  until  1899,  when  he  re- 
signed, to  be  succeeded  in  his  turn  by  A.  C.  Lane.  Both  of  the  last 
named,  it  will  be  noted,  had  served  as  petrographers  and  assistant 
geologists  under  Doctor  Wadsworth. 

Salaries  and  expenses. — The  salaries  of  the  State  geologist  and 
others  of  the  survey  were  by  law  left  discretionary  with  the  board 
of  directors,  the  State  geologist  himself,  up  to  1885,  receiving  $2.000 
a  year,  the  annual  appropriation  being  $8,000  a  year,  with  the  ex- 
pectation that  the  expense  of  publication  would  be  provided  for  by 
special  appropriation.  As  has  been  noted,  this  was  not,  however, 
in  all  cases  called  for.  The  following  table1  shows  the  total  appro- 
priations and  expenditures  up  to  November,  1892. 

Geological  survey  in  account  with  the  State  of  Michigan,  1837-1845. 
DR. 


Years. 

For  what  drawn. 

Amount. 

Amount. 

1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 
1841 
1812 
1812 
1842 
1812 

1843 
18J3 
1&13 

1844 
1844 
1844 
1844 

1845 

1S45 
1845 
1845 

$16,026.00 
8,329.95 
7,Uil.37 
6,  219.  55 
1,263.13 

2,440.23 
S2,020.47 

2,535.46 
1,832.88 

Generoi  purposes  of  survey  

$782.87 
624.  53 
1,  {»->.  82 

Salary  of  Slate  topographer  

Incidental  expenses  

Salary  of  State  geologist  

1,000.00 
8110.00 
220.  47 

Incidental  expenses  

Salary  of  State  geologist  

1,000.00 
800.  00 
338.16 
3'J7.  30 

Incidental  expenses  ' 

PaHrv  of  State  geologist  (to  July) 

600.  00 
639.  42 
658.  92 
34.34 

Salary  of  Slale  photographer  

En;,'ravin^s  

Total       

2$47,829.03 
24,  170.97 

*  $52,  000.  00 

Returned  to  State  

Total  

lProm  Report  Slate  Board  of  Geological  Survey  for  the  years  1891  and  1892. 

8  Figures  have  been  corrected,  as  totals  in  the  statement  from  which  this  was  taken  show  palpabl* 
•rrors  in  addition. 


236          BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Geological  survey  in  account  with  the  State  of  Michigan— Continued. 
CR. 


Years. 

Appropriation. 

Amount. 

ses 

$3  000  01 

p             1  £!TlrfwA-pc 

12  000  09 

e      e                   nry%Ocpc 

12  000  Ot 

12  000.00 

>12  000  M 

1843 

there  being  balance  to  credit  survey  

1844 

500  00 

1845 

For  engravings.... 

500.  M 

Total  

S52.000.0* 

Geological  survey  in  account  with  the  State  of  Michigan,  1859-1892* 


Year. 

Amount, 
drawn. 

Amount, 
charged 

Amount, 
appro- 
priated. 

Act. 

1859             

$  2,000.00 

8 

206,  1850 
206  189* 
64,1861 

1860  

1861 

3,000.00 
750.00 
250.00 
80.91 
1,000.00 



1862 

1870                               

1873  

179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179.  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1371 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 
179,  1871 

1874  
1875             

2,000.00 

$  8,000.00 
8rOOO.OO 

1875                                           .  .                    

6  573.00 

1876 

5,000.00 
5,000.00 
1,300.00 
1,500.00 
4.000.00 
/    2,453.76 
\    6,000.00 
2.100.00 
4.000.00 
2,000.00 
4,000.00 
4,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
6,665.44 

8,000.00 
^    8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8.000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,00.000 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 

1877  

/  82,919.09 
\    7,927.00 
5,500.00 
6.388.33 
4,895.75 
}    5,462.16 
1,064.03 
5,900.00 
4,000.00 
6,000.00 
[    2,000.00 

\    4,000.00 
1,344.56 

1878                                                                      

1879 

1880         

1881              ..                 

188° 

1883                            

18*14                                      

1885                                                                          .  . 

1886 

1885                .-.  

1887                                                 

July  1887 

To  Julv  1888 

Ju!y  1888                       

To  Julv  1889 

8,000.00 
8.397.36 
5,738.93 
}    7,950.44 
4,849.49 

8.000.00 
8.000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 

JUly     J890 

1,602.64 
1,604.29 
49.56 
3,150.51 

ToJulv   1891  

Julv  1891                                 

Julv  1892 

To'Nov  22  1892 

Total 

«  $109,  609.  33 

<S63,807.92JS160,000.00 

1  According  to  statement  compiled  from  books  of  the  auditor  general  (see  page  198)  there  vrrs  an 
appropriation  of  $12,000  for  the  year  1841. 

*It  ha^  been  found  impo«ible  to  make  these  figures  agree  with  those  in  Profesw  Winchell's  manu- 
script a^  quoted  in  the  earlier  pages.  It  has  been  considered  bect,  however,  to  quote  the  figures  pub- 
lished in  the  Report  of  the  State  Board  of  Geological  Survey  for  1891  and  1892  both  here  and  in  the  final 
summing  up  on  page  538,  where,  in  addition  to  the  totals  here  given,  the  appropiation  of  $8,000  a  year 
(or  eight  years  has  been  added  as  the  estimated  expenses  from  1892  to  1900. 

"General  fund. 

*  Figures  have  bean  corrected,  as  totals  in  the  statement  from  which  this  was  taken  show  palpable 
«rrors  in  addition. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY   SURVEYS.  239 

Connection  with  other  institutions. — The  survey  as  organized  had 
no  official  connection  with  other  institutions,  although  Doctor  Wads- 
worth,  during  the  period  of  his  incumbency,  was  president  of  the 
mining  school  at  Houghton,  and  cases  for  collections,  heat  and  light, 
use  of  libraries,  etc.,  were  provided,  rent  free,  on  condition  that  cer- 
tain assistance  be  rendered  in  the  school  by  the  employees  of  the 
survey  when  needed,  and  when  it  did  not  interfere  with  their  pro- 
fessional duties  on  the  survey.  Cooperation  was  also  arranged  for 
between  the  State  and  the  United  States  survey. 

Museum. — Prior  to  Doctor  Wadsworth's  administration  the  sur- 
vey had  no  permanent  headquarters,  and  collections,  if  made,  were 
soon  scattered.  Of  the  collections  made  prior  to  Professor  Wright's 
appointment  none  are  stated  to  have  been  handed  down  to  him. 
Under  his  administration  and  that  of  Doctor  Wadsworth,  who  suc- 
ceeded him,  upwards  of  7,000  selected  specimens  were  brought  to- 
gether and  several  thousand  thin  sections  were  prepared.  These  it  is 
to  be  inferred  were  kept  in  the  survey  rooms  at  the  mining  school. 
The  board  of  directors  in  their  report  for  1891-92  recommended  that 
there  be  set  aside  for  the  survey  a  room  in  the  capitol. 

The  above  recommendation  was  evidently  not  adopted,  since  Hub- 
bard  in  his  report  for  1894  (dated  November)  speaks  of  the  survey 
now  having  a  building  of  its  own. 

MINNESOTA.1 

The  first  effort  of  the  State  of  Minnesota  to  institute  a  survey  of 
her  domain  was  made  in  1858  in  the  first  legislature  that  met  after 
the  admission  of  the  State  into  the  Union.  No  general  law  was 
passed,  but  a  reprint  was  ordered  of  a  portion  of  former  reports  by 
Prof.  Edward  Daniels  on  the  geological  survey  of  Wisconsin,  in 
which  State  Minnesota  had  then  latterly  been  embraced. 

The  commissioner  of  statistics,  Joseph  A.  Wheelock,  also  included 
in  his  official  reports  for  the1  years  1859-60  general  summaries  of  the 
physical  features  and  agricultural  capabilities  of  the  State,  which 
went  far  toward  recommending  the  State  to  eastern  immigrants. 
The  facts,  however,  were  derived  not  so  much  from  original  obser- 
vation as  from  newspaper  articles,  reviews,  and  correspondence. 
These  reports  were  widely  distributed  and  introduced  the  State  in 
its  diversified  natural  resources  favorably  to  the  rest  of  the  Union, 
which,  undoubtedly,  was  the  prime  object  of  their  author. 

1  See  History  of  Geological  Surveys  in  Minnesota.  Bull.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey, 
No.  3,  1880,  by  N.  H.  Winchell. 

136075—20 17 


240  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

FIRST   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY   UNDER    A.    H.    HANCHETT   AND   H.    H.    EAMES, 

1864-1866. 

An  attempt  to  establish  a  regular  geological  survey  was  made  by 
the  second  State  legislature,  which  adopted  a  "concurrent  resolu- 
tion "  ordering  the  appointment  of  commissioners  to  report  on  the 
geology  of  the  State,  and  on  a  plan  for  a  geological  survey.  These 
commissioners  made  separate  reports,  setting  forth  the  utility  of  such 
a  survey,  but  owing  to  the  financial  burdens  which  the  young  State 
had  to  bear,  incident  to  the  inauguration  of  the  various  public  in- 
stitutions, and  the  opposition  of  Governor  Ramsey,  the  legislature 
did  not  take  any  further  action  on  the  subject. 

The  legislature  of  1864,  however,  by  joint  resolution,  authorized 
the  governor  to  appoint  and  direct  a  State  geologist.  The  following 
is  the  text  of  the  law : 

An  net  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  within  the 
limits  of  the  State,  and  other  mineral  and  coal  districts,  and  to  appropriate  monej 
therefor. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 
SECTION  1.  That  there  be,  and  is  hereby,  appropriated,  out  of  any  moneys  in 
the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  $2.000,  to  be  expended,  or 
so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  in 
causing  to  be  made  a  geological  survey  of  the  mineral  lands  on  the  north  shore 
of  Lake  Superior,  within  the  limits  of  this  State,  and  also  of  other  mineral  or 
coal  districts  of  the  State,  and  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  » 
suitable  person  or  persons  to  make  such  survey,  whose  report  of  the  same  shall 
be  made  to  the  governor,  and  by  him  transmitted  to  the  legislature.1 
Approved,  March  4,  1SG4. 

Administration. — Under  this  law  Dr.  Aug.  H.  Hanchett  was  ap- 
pointed State  geologist.  With  him  was  associated  Mr.  Thomas 
Clark,  who  had  been  one  of  the  "  commissioners  "  of  the  resolution 
of  1860.  These  gentlemen  made  each  one  report  for  1864,  that  of 
Mr.  Clark  containing  some  valuable  information  concerning  the 
physical  features  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  but  adding  little 
or  nothing  to  the  actual  geology.  For  a  report  of  progress  on  the 
first  year's  work,  limited  in  time  and  means,  the  pamphlet  containing 

lThis  snme  year  the  following  memorial  was  submitted  to  Congress,  though  evidently 
without  effect : 

Memorial  of  the  legislature  of  Minnesota  praying  Congress  to  make  an  appropriation 
for  a  geological  survey  of  the  mineral  lands  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  within 
the  limits  of  the  State  of  Minnesota. 

Mar.  10,  1864.  Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Lands  and  ordered  to  be  printed. 
To  the  Conijress  of  the  United  States  of  America: 

Your  memorialists,  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota,  respectfully  request  that 
your  honorable  body  will  appropriate  money  and  make  provision  for  a  geological  survey 
of  the  mineral  lands  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  within  the  limits  of  this  State, 
believing  that  thereby  the  interests  of  the  General  Government  and  of  this  State  would 
alike  be  greatly  promoted. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS. 

these  two  papers  may  be  considered  a  creditable  production,  and  had 
the  survey  been  continued  as  planned  by  Mr.  Clark,  it  might  have 
become  useful  and  successful.  But  it  became  apparent  that  Doctor 
Hanchett  was  not  intelligently  and  wholly  devoted  to  the  work,  and 
on  the  passage  of  a  more  general  act  by  the  legislature  of  1865  the 
governor  conferred  the  position  of  State  geologist  upon  Mr.  Henry 
H.  Eames.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the  new  law : 

An  act  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of  the  mineral  lands  of  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  and  other  mineral  districts  within  the  limits  of  this  State,  and  to  appropriate 
money  therefor. 

Be  it  enacted  by  tJie  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  governor  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  and  empowered 
to  appoint  some  suitable  person  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of  the  mineral 
lands  of  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  lying  in  the  Stnte  of  Minnesota,  and 
also  other  mineral-bearing  districts  within  the  limits  of  this  State. 

SEC.  2.  Such  person  so  appointed  shall,  before  entering  upon  his  duties  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  to  diligently  and  faith- 
fully discharge  such  duties  to  the  best  of  his  ability.  And  he  shall  proceed  at 
as  early  a  day  as  practicable  to  continue  such  survey  under  the  direction  of  the 
governor.  He  shall  make  analyses  of  metal-bearing  rocks  that  may  be  obtained 
during  such  survey,  to  the  end  that  thg  commercial  value  thereof  may  be  ascer- 
tained; and  he  shall  report  the  same  to  the  governor  on  or  before  the  first  day 
of  January,  A.  D.  1866.  He  shall  also  make  and  report  sectional  maps  showing 
the  location  of  minerals  examined  and  analyzed,  and  as  far  as  in  his  power 
report  upon  the  extent  of  the  coal  fields  on  the  waters  of  the  Big  Cottonwood 
River,  and  the  extent  of  such  other  mineral  deposits  as  he  may  find,  and  such 
report  shall  be  transmitted  by  the  governor  to  the  legislature  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  draw  from  the  State  treasury,  out 
of  any  moneys  not  otherwise  appropriated,  a  sufficient  amount  to  pay  the  actual 
expenses  incurred  by  such  person  so  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 
not  to  exceed  the  sum  of  $1.000. 

This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  March  2,  1865. 

Under  the  same  date  there  was  also  passed : 

An  act  to  enable  N.  C.  D.  Taylor  to  continue  the  geological  exploration  of  the  country  in 
the  valley  of  the  St.  Croix  within  this  State. 

Be  it  enacted  "by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  sum  of  $1,000  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  appropriated  and 
ordered  to  be  paid,  N.  C.  D.  Taylor,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  to  enable  him  to  continue  the  geological  exploration  of 
the  country  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Croix  within  this  State,  and  that  he  report 
to  the  next  legislature  the  result  of  his  labors. 

SEC.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  March  2,  1865. 

Mr.  Eames  made  two  brief  annual  reports  of  progress,  one  for 
18G5  and  one  for  1866.  The  former  is  devoted  to  an  account  of  a 
bordering  on  Lake  Superior,  and  the  latter  to  observations  on  the 
"  prospecting  "  tour  made  by  him  through  the  metalliferous  region 


242  BULLETIN    109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

geology  of  some  of  the  north-central  counties  of  the  State.  It  was 
owing  to  the  discoveries  of  Mr.  Eames  that  the  gold  fever  centering 
on  Vermilion  Lake  rose  in  speculative  mining  circles.  This  pre- 
vailed for  about  two  years  and  subsided  after  the  legislature  refused 
further  appropriations  for  the  geological  survey.  Mr.  Eames  was 
assisted  by  his  brother,  R.  E.  Eames. 

The  notes  and  observations  of  Col.  Charles  Whittlesey  made  in 
Minnesota  at  various  times,  sometimes  for  parties  at  private  expense 
and  sometimes  for  the  United  States  Government,  were  printed  at 
the  cost  of  the  State  of  Minnesota  and  issued  at  Cleveland.  Ohio,  as 
a  "  report  of  explorations  in  the  mineral  regions  of  Minnesota  during 
the  years  1848,  1859,  and  1864,"  dated  1866.  As  a  geological  report 
this  unpretentious  brochure  is,  according  to  Professor  Winchell.  of 
more  value  than  all  the  previous  reports  issued  under  the  auspices 
of  the  State  combined. 

Mr.  N.  C.  D.  Taylor,  who  was  authorized  by  act  (see  p.  241)  of 
the  legislature  to  make  surveys  for  copper  in  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Croix  and  the  Kettle  rivers,  made  a  brief  report  occupying  about 
one  octavo  page,  which  was  printed  in  the  executive  documents  (for 
1866?),  giving  an  account  of  his  operations  and  quoting  the  verbal 
opinion  of  Prof.  James  Hall. 

In  1870  Prof.  A.  Winchell  was  appointed  by  the  governor  to  ex- 
amine and  report  on  the  reputed  salt  springs  at  Belle  Plaine  with  a 
view  to  ascertaining  the  propriety  of  appropriating  money  to  aid  in 
the  development  of  the  same  by  the  State  legislature.  The  pub- 
lished report  is  an  octavo  pamphlet  of  16  pages  and  was  the  last 
work  of  the  kind  done  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  State 
before  the  beginning  of  the  survey  of  1872-1888. 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEY  UNDER  N.   H. 
WINCHELL,   1872-1888. 

The  law  which  organized  this  survey  was  drawn  up  by  President 
William  W.  Folwell,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota.  This,  before 
it  was  offered  in  the  State  legislature,  was  shown  to  some  geologists 
and  educators  who  might  have  opinions  or  advice  to  offer  as  to  its 
provisions.  There  is  no  question  but  one  of  the  prime  motives  was 
to  introduce  another  auxiliary  force  into  the  State  university,  by 
making  it  the  center  whence  should  radiate  information  concerning 
the  natural  features  of  the  State,  and  toward  which  should  gravitate 
all  collections  of  natural  history  that  should  otherwise  be  brought 
to  light.  It  would  furnish  information,  perhaps  to  the  body  of 
students  through  its  officers,  to  the  State  at  large,  and  to  the  country 
through  its  reports,  and  in  its  museum  would  be  seen  the  outward 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  243 

proofs  of  the  resources  of  the  State  and  the  means  of  illustrating  the 
natural  sciences  as  they  should  be  taught  in  the  university.  The 
actual  and  minute  study  of  the  natural  history  of  the  State  was, 
perhaps,  a  secondary  motive,  although  this  is  specifically  required 
by  the  terms  of  the  law.  It  is  a  comprehensive  law,  and  was  intro- 
duced into  the  State  senate  by  Regent  J.  S.  Pillsbury.  Having 
passed  both  houses,  it  was  approved  by  Gov.  Horace  Austin,  March 
1,  1872.  It  reads  as  follows : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

SECTION  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota  to  cause  to  be  begun  as  soon  as  may  be  practicable  and  to  carry 
on  a  thorough  geological  and  natural  history  survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  2.  The  geological  survey  shall  be  carried  on  with  a  view  to  a  complete 
account  of  the  mineral  kingdom,  as  represented  in  the  State,  including  the 
number,  order,  dip,  and  magnitude  of  the  several  geological  strata,  their  rich- 
ness in  ores,  coals,  clays,  peats,  salines,  and  mineral  waters,  marls,  cements, 
building  stones,  and  other  useful  materials,  the  value  of  said  substances  for 
economical  purposes  and  their  accessibility;  also  an  accurate  chemical  analysis 
of  the  various  rocks,  soils,  ores,  clays,  peats,  marls,  and  other  mineral  sub- 
stances, of  which  complete  and  exact  record  shall  be  made. 

SEC.  3.  The  natural  history  survey  shall  include,  first,  an  examination  of  the 
vegetable  productions  of  the  State,  embracing  all  trees,  shrubs,  herbs,  and 
grasses,  native  or  naturalized  in  the  State;  second,  a  complete  and  scientific 
account  of  the  animal  kingdom,  as  properly  represented  in  the  State,  including 
all  mammalia,  fishes,  reptiles,  birds,  and  insects. 

SEC.  4.  The  said  surveys  and  examinations  shall  be  made  in  the  manner  and 
order  following:  First,  the  geological  survey  proper,  together  withthe  necessary 
and  implied  mineralogical  investigations;  all  of  which  shall  be  undertaken  as 
soon  as  may  be  practicable,  and  be  carried  forward  with  such  expedition  as  may 
be  consistent  with  economy  and  thoroughness;  second,  the  botanical  examina- 
tions; third,  the  zoological  investigations:  Provided,  however,  That  whenever 
the  said  board  of  regents  may  find  it  most  economical  to  prosecute  different 
portions  of  the  surveys  in  conjunction,  or  that  the  public  interest  demands  it, 
they  may,  in  their  discretion,  depart  from  the  above-prescribed  order.  And  in 
the  employment  of  ass'stants  in  the  said  surveys,  the  board  of  regents  shall  at 
all  times  give  the  preference  to  the  students  and  graduates  of  the  University 
of  Minnesota,  provided  the  same  be  well  qualified  for  the  duties. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  board  of  regents  shall  also  cause  to  be  collected  and  tabu- 
lated such  meteorological  statistics  as  may  be  needed  to  account  for  the  varie- 
ties of  climate  in  the  various  parts  of  the  State;  also  to  be  caused  to  be  ascer- 
tained [by]  barometrical  observations  or  other  appropriate  means,  the  relative 
elevations  and  depressions  of  the  different  parts  of  the  State;  and  also,  on  or 
before  the  completion  of  the  said  surveys,  to  cause  to  be  compiled  from  such 
actual  surveys  and  measurements  as  may  be  necessary,  an  accurate  map  of  the 
State;  which  map,  when  approved  by  the  governor,  shall  be  the  official  map  of 
the  State. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board  of  regents  to  cause  proper  speci- 
mens, skillfully  prepared,  secured,  and  labeled,  of  all  rocks,  soils,  ores,  coals, 
fossils,  cements,  building  stones,  plants,  woods,  skins  and  skeletons  of  animals, 
birds,  insects,  and  fishes,  and  other  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  substances 


244  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

and  organisms  discovered  or  examined  in  the  course  of  the  said  surveys,  to  be 
preserved  for  public  inspection,  free  of  cost,  in  the  University  of  Minnesota,  in 
rooms  convenient  of  access  and  properly  warmed,  lighted,  ventilated,  aud  fur- 
nished, and  in  charge  of  a  proper  scientific  curator;  and  they  shall  also,  when- 
ever the  same  may  be  practicable,  cause  duplicates  in  reasonable  numbers  and 
quantities  of  the  above-named  specimens  to  be  collected  and  preserved  for  the 
purposes  of  exchanges  with  other  State  universities  and  scientific  institutions, 
of  which  latter  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington  shall  have  the  pref- 
erence. 

SEC.  7.  The  said  board  of  regents  shall  cause  a  geological  map  of  the  State 
to  be  made  as  soon  as  may  be  practicable,  upon  which,  by  colors  and  other 
appropriate  means  and  devices,  the  various  geological  formations  shall  be  rep- 
resented. 

SEC.  8.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  board  of  regents  through  their  presi- 
dent, to  make,  on  or  before  the  second  Tuesday  in  December  of  each  and  every 
year,  a  report  showing  the  progress  of  the  said  surveys,  accompanied  by  such 
maps,  drawings,  and  specifications  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  exem- 
plify the  same  to  the  governor,  who  shall  lay  the  same  before  the  legislature: 
and  the  said  board  of  regents,  upon  the  completion  of  any  separate  portion  of 
the  said  surveys,  shall  cause  to  be  prepared  a  memoir  or  final  report,  which 
shall  embody  in  a  convenient  manner  all  useful  and  important  information  accu- 
mulated in  the  course  of  the  investigation  of  the  particular  department  or  por- 
tion ;  which  report  or  memoir  shall  likewise  be  communicated  through  the  gov- 
ernor to  the  legislature. 

SEC.  9.  To  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum  of  $1,000  per  annum 
is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  drawn  and  expended  by  the  (said)  board  of  re- 
gents of  the  University  of  Minnesota. 

SEC.  10.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  approval. 

Approved  March  1,  1872. 

This  is  the  organic  law  which  remained  in  force  in  all  its  provisions 
throughout  the  life  of  the  survey.  The  legislature  in  some  of  its  sub- 
sequent sessions,  however,  passed  laws  to  facilitate  the  execution  of 
this,  or  amplifying  some  of  its  provisions,  but  in  no  respect  was  a 
single  clause  of  the  law  abrogated  or  modified. 

Although  the  law  of  1872  was  approved  on  the  1st  day  of  March, 
the  regents  took  no  action  looking  to  its  execution  till  the  July  fol- 
lowing, when  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell  was  summoned  to  St.  Paul  from 
active  field  work  in  the  State  of  Ohio  to  meet  the  board  of  regents 
there  in  session  and  to  assume  the  position  of  State  geologist  under 
this  law.  Engagements  in  Ohio,  however,  would  not  permit  the  be- 
ginning of  the  season's  work  till  September. 

A  moment's  examination  of  the  law  was  sufficient  to  convince  Pro- 
fessor Winchell  that  the  sum  of  money  appropriated  for  the  work  was 
wholly  inadequate  for  the  purposes  which  the  law  contemplated,  and 
it  was  evident  that  the  legislature  did  not  so  much  expect  the  law 
would  effect  a  complete  survey  of  the  State  as  that  it  would  pay  for 
the  services  of  an  officer  at  the  university  who  should  be  made  useful 
in  any  wajr  the  rogents  should  find  it  convenient  to  have  him  work, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  245 

giving  particular  attention  to  the  natural  sciences.  The  survey  in 
this  respect  was  not  in  an  encouraging  position,  and  the  appointment 
at  its  head  implied  that  the  man  who  accepted  it  would  either  fail 
ignominiously  or  must  find  some  way  to  increase  the  means  that  were 
vital  to  its  continuance  and  its  success.  It  was  in  view  of  this  that 
the  first  annual  report  closed  with  the  following  recommendation : 

In  connection  with  the  subject  of  increasing  the  means  provided  for  the  geo- 
logical survey,  it  is  suggested  that  the  State  lands  known  as  Salt  lands  may 
be  so  sold  or  appropriated,  under  the  management  of  the  board  of  regents  of 
the  university,  as  to  be  available  for  that  purpose.  It  would  be  in  perfect  con- 
sonance with  the  original  design  in  the  reservation  of  these  lands  from  sale,  if 
they  were  placed  in  the  custody  of  the  board  of  regents,  conditioned  in  their  use 
on  the  prosecution  of  the  geological  and  natural  history  survey  of  the  State, 
with  a  view  to  the  early  and  economical  development  of  the  brines  of  the  State. 
******* 

The  question  of  the  existence  of  brine  in  the  State  of  Minnesota  is  one  of  the 
most  important,  in  an  economical  sense,  that  can  be  presented  for  the  investi- 
gation of  the  survey.  It  should  not  be  hastily  answered.  Too  much  is  involved 
to  be  rested  on  the  result  of  a  guess.  Too  much  also  is  involved  to  be  preju- 
diced by  the  failure  of  unguided  expenditures.  The  tests  that  may  be  made 
ought  to  be  made  in  the  fullest  light  of  all  the  facts  that  science  with  its  gen- 
eralizations can  throw  upon  them.  It  comes  within  the  scope  of  geological 
investigation,  and  ought  not  to  be  hazarded  in  the  hands  of  empirical  novices. 

The  salt  springs  said  to  occur  in  this  State  may  have  either  of  two  origins: 
They  may  be  the  results  of  overflow  of  extensive  salt  basins  embraced  in  the 
rocky  structure  of  the  State,  or  they  may  be  the  result  of  superficial  accumu- 
lations similar  to  the  other  saline  and  alkaline  deposits  that  are  scattered 
largely  over  the  western  plains.  It  is  not  intended  now  to  give  this  question 
the  discussion  its  importance  demands  at  the  hands  of  the  survey.  No  investi- 
gation of  the  phenomena  of  the  regions  where  these  springs  exist  has  been  made. 
It  is  only  intended  to  suggest  the  importance  of  correct  scientific  processes  in 
the  future  efforts  for  their  development. 

It  was  fortunate  for  the  survey  that  at  this  juncture  the  public 
became  convinced  pretty  generally  that  the  legislative  aid  sought  by 
the  Belle  Plaine  Salt  Company,  which  had  been  granted  by  the  dona- 
tion of  some  of  the  salt  spring  lands  of  the  State,  even  contrary  to  the 
recommendation  of  the  geologist,  was  a  scheme  to  make  inroads  on 
the  salt  spring  lands  more  than  for  an  exploration  in  good  faith  of 
the  brine  springs  that  were  said  to  exist  at  Belle  Plaine.  It  was 
evident  that  unless  some  other  use  were  made  of  this  United  States 
land  grant  to  the  State,  other  enterprising  communities  or  mining 
companies  would  discover  salt  water  and  would  demand  more  of 
these  lands  to  aid  in  the  development  of  the  same.  Indeed,  Pro- 
fessor Winchell  was  hardly  known  to  have  been  appointed  State 
geologist  before  he  was  requested  to  accompany  the  officers  of  the 
Belle  Plaine  Salt  Company  to  some  other  part  of  the  State  in  order 
to  designate  where  the  next  deep  well  should  be  sunk  for  finding  brine 
at  the  expense  of  the  salt  spring  lands.  Several  far-seeing  public 


246  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

officers,  it  seems,  about  the  same  time  suggested  that  these  lands  be 
saved  for  some  better  purpose.  Among  those  who  had  thus  con 
f erred  and  had  concluded  that  these  lands  might  be  appropriated 
to  the  maintenance  of  the  geological  and  natural  history  survey  of 
the  State,  should  be  mentioned  A.  J.  Edgerton.  then  State  railroad 
commissioner;  H.  B.  Wilson,  superintendent  of  public  instruction; 
O.  P.  Whitcomb,  State  auditor:  and  J.  S.  Pillsbury,  one  of  the 
regents  of  the  university. 

The  suggestion  first  came  to  Professor  Winchell  from  Mr.  W.  D. 
Hurlbut,  of  Rochester,  and  it  was  almost  solely  through  his  repre- 
sentatives that  the  following  rough  draft  of  a  law  was  prepared  by 
the  State  geologist  and  forwarded  to  J.  S.  Pillsbury,  with  a  request 
that  he  would  remodel  it  according  to  his  judgment  and  offer  it  in 
the  State  senate  of  the  following  winter.  Mr.  Pillsbury,  however, 
turned  it  over  to  Senator  Edmund  Rice,  of  St.  Paul,  who  introduced 
it  exactly  as  drafted,  and  so  it  passed  both  houses  and  was  approved 
by  the  governor.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the  law : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

SECTION  1.  The  State  lands  known  as  State  salt  lauds,  donated  by  the  Gen- 
eral Government  to  aid  in  the  development  of  the  brines  in  the  State  of  Min- 
nesota, shall  be  transferred  to  the  custody  and  control  of  the  board  of  regents 
of  the  University  of  Minnesota.  By  said  board  of  regents  these  lands  may  be 
sold  in  such  manner,  or  in  such  amounts,  consistent  with  the  laws  of  the  State 
of  Minnesota,  as  they  may  see  fit,  the  proceeds  thereof  being  held  in  trust  by 
them,  and  only  disbursed  in  accordance  with  the  law  ordering  a  geological  and 
natural  history  survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  board  of  regents,  as  soon  as  prac 
ticable,  to  cause  a  full  and  scientific  investigation  and  report  on  the  salt  springs 
of  the  State,  with  a  view  to  the  early  development  of  such  brine  deposits  as 
may  exist  within  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  The  board  of  regents  of  the  university  shall  cause  the  immediate  sur- 
vey and  investigation  of  the  peat  deposits  of  the  State  of  Minnesota,  accom- 
panied by  such  tests  and  chemical  examinations  as  may  be  necessary  to  show 
their  economical  value,  and  their  usefulness  for  the  purpose  of  common  fuel ;  a 
full  report  thereon  to  be  presented  to  the  legislature  as  soon  as  practicable. 

SEC.  4.  The  sum  of  $2,000  is  hereby  appropriated  annually  (in  lieu  of  $1,000) 
for  the  purpose  of  the  geological  and  natural  history  survey  until  such  time  as 
the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  salt  lands  shall  equal  that  amount,  when  such 
annual  appropriation  shall  cease. 

SEC.  5.  The  sum  of  $500  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  purchase  of  apparatus 
and  chemicals  for  the  use  of  the  geological  and  natural  history  survey,  the  same 
to  be  expended  by  the  order  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota to  cause  duplicate  geological  specimens  to  be  collected,  and  to  furnish 
to  each  of  ihe  three  normal  schools  suites  of  such  specimens  after  the  univer- 
sity collection  has  become  complete. 

SEC.  7.  When  the  geolo.arical  and  natural  history  survey  of  the  State  shall 
have  been  completed,  the  final  report  on  the  same  by  the  said  board  of  regents 


GEOLOGICAL  AXD   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  247 

shall  give  a  full  statement  of  the  sales  of  the  salt  lands  hereby  given  into  the 
custody  and  control  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of  Minnesota, 
together  with  the  amount  of  money  received  therefrom,  and  of  the  balance,  if 
any,  left  in  the  hands  of  said  board  of  regents. 

SEC.  8.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  March  10,  1873. 

It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  after  the  passage  of  this  law  all 
private  schemes  for  the  development  of  fictitious  salt  springs  and  the 
reduction  of  the  fund  by  doubtful  attempts  at  exploration  would 
cease,  but  such  was  not  the  case.  A  bill  was  introduced  in  the  house 
of  representatives  at  the  next  session  of  the  legislature  to  grant  the 
Belle  Plaine  Salt  Company  more  land  in  aid  of  their  enterprise,  re- 
quiring the  board  of  regents  to  give  up  to  that  company  a  certain 
amount  of  the  salt  spring  lands  for  every  100  feet  deeper  that  com- 
pany should  sink  their  well  at  Belle  Plaine,  aggregating  six  sections 
of  land  in  all.  It  was  duly  referred  to  the  proper  committee,  but 
was  never  reported  for  consideration  by  the  house. 

The  salt  spring  lands  originally  granted  the  State  aggregated 
46,080  acres.  By  various  inroads  and  conflicts  with  other  grants, 
the  selections  made  by  the  State  not  having  been  duly  certified  and 
reserved  from  the  available  public  domain,  the  amount  that  was 
found  capable  of  being  used  for  the  survey  was  only  18.771  acres. 
The  officers  of  the  United  States  Government  were  responsible  for 
this  deficit,  as  Governor  Silby,  the  first  governor  of  the  State,  had 
complied  with  the  law  and  all  the  terms  of  the  grant  in  having  them 
selected.  When  this  fact  was  represented  to  the  State  legislature,  a 
memorial  was  passed,  addressed  to  Congress,  asking  the  privilege  of 
making  reselections  of  land  in  the  State  of  Minnesota  sufficient  to 
make  the  deficit  good  to  the  State.  Such  permission  was  granted 
and  24  sections  were  added  to  the  available  land  grant  of  the  geo- 
logical survey.  These,  however,  were  not  turned  over  to  the  regents 
for  this  purpose  till  the  winter  of  1885.  when  the  legislature  passed 
the  following: 

An  act  to  transfer  to  the  custody  and  control  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University 
of  Minnesota  the  lands  granted  by  Congress  to  the  State  by  an  act  entitled  "An  act 
granting  lands  to  the  Slate  of  Minnesota  In  lieu  of  certain  lands  heretofore  granted  to 
said  State,"  approved  March  3,  1879,  to  authorize  the  said  board  to  sell  such  lands  and 
dispose  of  the  proceeds  of  such  sales. 

Whereas  the  State  lands  known  as  State  salt  lands  were  by  an  act  approved 
March  10,  1873,  chapter  133,  general  laws  of  1873  transferred,  to  the  custody 
and  control  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  to  be  by 
eaid  regents  sold,  and  the  proceeds  thereto  held  in  trust  by  them,  and  dis- 
bursed in  accordance  with  the  law  ordering  a  geological  and  natural  history 
survey  of  the  State ;  and 

Whereas  it  was  found  that  certain  parcels  of  such  State  lands  had  been 
otherwise  disposed  of  by  the  United  States  to  actual  settlers  upon  such  lands, 


248  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

for  which  indemnity  lands  have  since  been  granted  to  the  State  by  an  act  of 
Congress  approved  March  3,  1S79 :  Therefore 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  lauds  granted  by  Congress  to  this  State  by  an  act  en- 
titled "An  act  granting  lauds  to  the  State  of  Minnesota  in  lieu  of  certain  lauda 
heretofore  granted  to  said  State,"  approved  March  3,  1879,  be.  and  the  same  are 
hereby,  transferred  to  the  custody  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota,  which  lands  the  said  board  mny  sell  in  such  amounts  as  they  may 
deem  most  expedient  and  beneficial,  the  proceeds  thereof  being  held  in  trust 
by  them,  and  only  disbursed  in  accordance  with  the  law  ordering  a  geological 
and  natural  history  survey  of  the  State,  and  the  said  board  shall  make  report 
of  their  doings  in  the  premises,  as  provided  by  law. 

SEC.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  February  24,  1885. 

Administration. — The  administration  of  the  survey  was  almost 
wholly  in  the  hands  of  the  State  geologist.  He  was  left  to  lay  such 
plans  as  he  chose,  governed  by  his  own  apprehension  of  the  financial, 
economic,  scientific,  and  educational  circumstances  that  might  be  in- 
fluenced by  them.  These  were  submitted  to  the  regents  or  to  their 
executive  committee  prior  to  their  execution  for  their  formal  approval. 
In  some  instances  certain  public  or  widespread  want  for  information, 
expressed  in  correspondence  or  in  the  public  press,  such  as  the  demand 
for  information  concerning  the  grasshopper  plague  and  the  ways  and 
means  of  alleviating  the  evil,  the  call  for  peat  fuel  on  the  woodless 
prairies,  the  ravages  of  insects  injurious  to  horticulture,  the  general 
belief  in  the  existence  of  coal  in  the  State  or  of  mineral  wealth  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State,  the  demand  for  authoritative  statements 
founded  on  scientific  data  touching  the  nature  and  extent  of  the 
forests,  or  the  quality  of  the  soil,  or  the  water  used  for  domestic  pur- 
poses, or  the  probability  of  brine  for  the  manufacture  of  salt,  or  the 
quality  of  native  building  stones.  While  answering  these  purposes  as 
nearly  as  possible  the  survey  was  rendered  useful  to  numerous  indi- 
viduals by  private  correspondence,  saving  the  useless  expense  of  ill- 
guided  exploration  in  many  instances,  and  directly  influential  in 
promoting  economic  industry  by  advising  expenditures  where  a  rea- 
sonable expectation  existed  of  remunerative  results. 

This  economic  side  of  the  survey  was  kept  in  mind  constantly, 
though  not  made  conspicuous.  The  annual  reports  embodied  com- 
mon, patent  facts,  and  descriptions,  cast  in  a  semiscientific  mold. 
They  were  addressed  primarily  to  a  home  constituency  in  order  to 
show  them  the  utility  of  the  work  of  the  survey.  It  is  highly  prob- 
able that  if  such  a  moderate  course  had  not  been  pursued  the  legis- 
lature, instead  of  always  manifesting  good  will  and  determination  to 
have  the  work  well  sustained,  would  have  refused  the  financial  aid 
that  was  asked  of  it,  and  the  work  might  have  had  the  short-lived 
existence  that  has  been  the  fate  of  so  many  other  State  surveys. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  249 

Personnel.— N .  H.  Winchell,  State  geologist,  1872-1888;  Warren 
Upham,  assistant  geologist,  1879-1885;  C.  W.  Hall,  assistant  geolo- 
gist, 1878-1880 ;  C.  M.  Terry,  laboratory  assistant,  1879-1881 ;  O.  E. 
Garrison,  occasional  field  assistant;  P.  L.  Hatch,  ornithologist, 
1876;  C.  L.  Herri  ck,  zoological  collector  and  laboratory  assistant, 
later  in  charge  of  mammalia,  1876-1885;  L.  B.  Sperry,  geological 
assistant,  1877;  P.  B.  Eose,  chemist,  1873;  S.  F.  Peckham.  chemist, 
1873-1880;  James  A.  Dodge,  chemist,  1881;  M.  W.  Harrington, 
assistant  geologist,  1875;  Allen  Whitman,  entomologist.  1876-1878: 
Benj.  Juni,  botanical  and  field  assistant,  1878;  P.  P.  Furber,  field 
assistant,  1873 :  C.  E.  Chatfield,  field  assistant,  1873 ;  W.  E.  Leonard, 
botanical  and  field  assistant,  1875;  H.  V.  Winchell,  field  and  labora- 
tory assistant,  1881,  1885;  Albert  H.  Chester,  report  on  the  iron  re- 
gion, 1882;  Leo  Lesquereux,  paleobotanist,  1883,  1886;  O.  W.  Oest- 
lund,  entomologist,  1885 ;  U.  S.  Grant,  conchology,  1885 ;  J.  C.  Arthur, 
botanist,  1885;  E.  O.  Ulrich,  paleontologist  (bryozoans),  1885;  F.  L. 
Washburn,  assistant  in  ornithology,  1885;  A.  Woodward  and  B.  W. 
Thomas,  foraminifera  of  the  Cretaceous,  1886 ;  Frank  N.  Stacy,  field 
assistant,  1886;  A.  W.  Jones,  field  assistant,  1886;  A.  Winchell,  as- 
sistant geologist,  1886;  M.  E.  Wadsworth,  assistant  geologist,  1886. 

The  selection  of  these  men  was  made  by  the  State  geologist,  but 
their  appointment  was  always  passed  on  by  the  regents  or  by  their 
executive  committee.  The  only  guide  in  making  the  selections,  aside 
from  availability  and  fitness  for  the  work,  was  the  clause  in  the 
general  law  requiring  the  employment  of  students  and  graduates  of 
the  University  of  Minnesota,  \vhen  such  could  be  found  qualified  for 
the  work,  and  a  general  enactment  of  the  regents  to  the  effect  that  the 
professor  of  chemistry  at  the  university  should,  by  virtue  of  his  posi- 
tion, be  the  chemist  of  the  survey. 

These  men  were  not  continuously  employed,  even  for  the  time  ex- 
pressed above,  except  in  the  case  of  the  State  geologist,  Warren  Up- 
ham, C.  M.  Terry,  and  O.  W.  Oestlund,  but  were  engaged  during  the 
season  of  field  work,  or  to  perform  some  specific  work  for  which  they 
had  such  compensation  as  the  services  demanded. 

The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  $2,400 ;  salary  of  Warren  Up- 
ham was  $1,200;  C.  M.  Terry,  $1,200;  O.  W.  Oestlund,  $900;  C.  L. 
Herrick,  from  $600  to  $1,200. 

The  chemist  was  paid  a  percentage  of  schedule  prices  for  work 
done  for  the  survey.  Dr.  P.  L.  Hatch,  the  ornithologist,  worked  for 
the  survey  from  pure  love  of  birds  and  asked  only  the  payment  of  his 
field  and  traveling  expenses.  Other  employees  were  paid  by  the 
month  from  $50  to  $100,  or  by  the  job. 

Museum  and  library. — The  general  museum  of  the  university  is  the 
outgrowth  of  the  survey,  and  during  the  existence  of  the  survey  it  was 


250  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

sustained  by  the  survey  fund.  The  report  of  1889  gave  the  entries 
in  the  geological  and  mineralogical  department  6,190.  and  in  the  zoo- 
logical 1,633,  embracing  several  times  as  many  specimens.  In  arch- 
eology the  entries  numbered  198.  Besides  these,  several  valuable  col- 
lections were  deposited  by  their  owners  for  exhibition  and  safe- 
keeping. 

The  library  of  the  survey  contained,  as  reported  in  1889,  perhaps 
225  books  and  pamphlets,  obtained  by  exchange  and  by  purchase,  and 
was  stored  in  the  office  of  the  State  geologist  at  the  university,  where 
it  was  available  only  to  the  officers  of  the  survey  or  to  students  spe- 
cially interested. 

Expenses. — The  annual  cost  of  the  survey  was  between  $8,000  and 
$4,000,  the  aggregate  from  1872  to  August  1,  1884,  being  $39,267.10. 
These  figures  do  not  include  printing  and  publication.  The  annual 
reports  were  printed  as  State  documents  at  the  expense  of  the  general 
printing  fund,  under  the  direction  of  the  commissioners  of  public 
printing.  They  were  transmitted  as  a  part  of  the  reports  of  the  re 
gents  of  the  university.  The  final  report  was  published  by  the  com 
mission  specially  appointed  for  that  purpose,  according  to  the  general 
law  already  given,  and  the  cost  met  from  time  to  time  by  special  ap- 
propriations by  the  legislature.  The  edition  of  the  annual  report-; 
was  2.400  copies  and  of  the  final  report  5,000  copies.  The  former 
were  distributed  gratuitously  and  the  latter  sold  at  $3.50  and  $5  H 
copy,  according  to  the  style  of  paper  and  binding,  though  of  the  latter 
also  a  generous  free  distribution  was  made  to  libraries  and  scientists 
in  this  and  foreign  countries,  according  to  the  foregoing  law. 

The  sums  received  for  the  support  of  the  survey  by  the  university 
treasurer  during  the  various  years  were  as  follows : 

1872,  cash  from  State  treasurer $1,000.00 

1873,  cash  from  State  treasurer 2,  500.  00 

1874,  cash  from  State  treasurer 2,000.00 

1875,  cash  from  State  treasurer 2,000.00 

1876,  cash  from  State  treasurer 2,000.00 

1877,  cash  from  State  treasurer 2,000.00 

1878,  cash  from  State  treasurer 2,000.00 

1S7S,  cash  sale  of  salt  spring  land  (balance) 2,893.64 

1879,  cash  from  State  treasurer 2,  000.  00 

1880,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 6,  822.  89 

1881,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 2,158.80 

1882,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 6,539.43 

1883,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 8,451.17 

1884,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 4,  539.  72 

1885,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 4,423.95 

1886,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 5,349.05 

1887,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land 2,971.01 

1888,  cash  sales  of  salt  spring  land .    1,955.31 


$61,  604.  97 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  251 

Of  this  sum,  as  will  be  noted,  $15,500  was  received  from  the  State 
treasurer  as  the  proceeds  of  the  laws  of  1872-73  making  direct 
appropriations  for  its  support,  and  $46,104.97  was  derived  from  the 
sale  of  salt  spring  lands. 

Publications. — The  legislature  of  1876  passed  the  following  law 
relating  to  the  printing  of  the  annual  reports  of  progress  of  the 
survey  : 

Be  it  enacted,  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

SECTION  1.  One  thousand  copies  of  that  portion  of  the  annual  report  of  the 
board  of  regents  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  which  embraces  the  report 
of  the  State  geologist  on  the  progress  of  geological  and  natural  history  survey 
of  the  State  shall  hereafter  be  paged  and  bound  separately,  and  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  the  disposition  of  the  said  board  of  regents. 

SEC.  2.  Whenever  in  the  progress  of  said  survey  a  full  and  final  report  shall 
be  made  on  the  geology  of  any  of  the  counties  of  the  State,  500  extra  copies  of 
each  county  report  so  made  by  the  board  of  regents  shall  be  printed  for  the 
use  of  the  counties  so  reported  on,  said  copies  being  subject  to  the  order  of  the 
county  commissioners  of  said  county. 

This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  6,  1876. 

The  legislature  of  1885  also  made  provision  for  the  publication  of 
the  final  report  of  the  survey  by  the  enactment  of  the  following 
general  law : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor,  the  secretary  of  state  and  the  State  geologist  are 
hereby  created  a  commission  for  the  printing  and  publication  of  the  reports 
of  the  regents  of  the  university  on  the  geological  and  natural  history  survey 
of  the  State. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  their  duty  to  supervise  the  printing  of  the  final  reports 
of  said  survey  and  the  engraving  of  the  accompanying  maps  and  illustrations, 
in  such  style  and  manner  as  they  shall  determine  and  judge  best  calculated 
to  exhibit  to  the  people  of  the  State  the  natural  resources  of  the  State  as  re- 
quired by  the  law  creating  the  geological  and  natural  history  survey. 

SEC.  3.  They  shall  cause  to  be  republished  in  the  same  manner  the  third, 
fourth,  and  fifth  reports  of  progress  of  said  survey  at  as  early  a  date  as  prac- 
ticable, in  an  edition  of  2,000  copies. 

SEC.  4.  The  volumes  of  the  final  report  of  said  survey,  as  they  may  be  pre- 
pared by  the  State  geologist  from  time  to  time,  shall  be  issued  in  an  edition 
of  5,000  copies  each,  and  shall  be  distributed,  in  the  name  of  the  board  of 
regents  of  the  university,  under  the  direction  of  the  State  geologist,  to  scientific 
and  educational  institutions  and  to  individuals  as  follows:  To  the  library  of 
each  chartered  college  and  scientific  institution  in  Minnesota,  three  copies; 
to  each  normal  school,  three  copies;  to  the  libraries  of  the  institute  for  the  deaf 
and  mute,  the  insane  asylums,  the  State  prison,  and  every  public  library  in  the 
State  not  otherwise  designated,  one  copy  each;  to  each  of  the  offices  in  the 
capitol,  one  copy;  to  each  member  of  the  board  of  regents,  three  copies;  to 
the  library  of  the  State  university,  200  copies;  to  the  historical  society  and  to 
the  Minnesota  Academy  of  Sciences,  10  copies  each;  to  each  newspaper  pub- 
lished in  the  State,  one  copy  each;  to  each  senator  and  representative  of  the 


252  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

present  legislature,  one  copy  each;  to  the  governor  and  lieutenant  governor, 
each  one  copy;  to  each  assistant  on  the  survey  who  has  famished  manuscript 
and  illustrations  published  in  the  report,  three  copies;  to  the  general  office 
of  each  railroad  that  hus  furnished  aid  to  the  survey,  three  copies;  to  the 
library  of  each  high  school,  furnishing  students  fitted  for  the  freshman  class 
of  the  State  University,  one  copy;  to  the  State  library  of  each  State  in  the 
Union,  one  copy;  to  each  State  university  and  each  college  of  agriculture  and 
mechanic  arts,  one  copy;  to  geologists  and  naturalists  of  Minnesota,  50  copies; 
to  the  geologists  and  naturalists  of  other  States,  200  copies;  to  other  colleges 
and  scientific  institutions  in  the  United  States,  100  copies;  to  foreign  insti- 
tutions and  scientists,  100  copies;  and  to  the  State  geologist,  25  copies.  The 
remainder  shall  be  deposited  in  the  State  University,  and  shall  be  sold  at  such 
prices  as  the  board  of  regents  may  determine,  and  the  proceeds  of  such  sales 
shall  be  used  by  said  regents  for  the  purchase  of  apparatus  and  books  for  the 
survey,  aad,  after  its  completion,  for  the  departments  of  natural  science  at  the 
State  University. 

SEC.  5.  The  expense  of  printing,  engraving,  binding,  and  distribution  of  said 
reports  shall  be  paid  out  of  any  moneys  not  otherwise  appropriated  in  the  State 
treasury,  on  warrants  of  the  State  auditor,  approved  by  the  governor  and  secre- 
tary of  state. 

SEC.  6.  The  commissioner  hereby  appointed  shall  perform  the  duties  herein 
designated  without  further  compensation  than  the  payment  of  the  actual  ex- 
penses incurred  in  the  discharge  thereof. 

SEC.  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  7,  1885. 

These  comprise  all  the  laws  that  have  passed  the  legislature  re- 
specting the  present  survey.  The  fund  on  which  the  survey  depends 
arises  entirely  from  the  sale  of  lands  intrusted  by  the  legislature  to 
the  board  of  regents.  The  regents  manage  the  sales  according  to 
their  judgment,  limited  only  by  the  State  law  that  requires  no  State 
land  to  be  sold  for  less  than  $4  an  acre.  This  minimum  price 
would  produce  a  fund  which  in  the  aggregate  reached  $136,524. 

The  geological  and  natural  history  survey  is  one  of  the  important 
wards  of  the  university,  and  is  constantly  demonstrating  the  wisdom 
of  the  law  that  made  it  one  of  its  functions  to  conduct  it.  The 
mutual  benefits  that  spring  from  this  relationship  need  not  be  dwelt 
on  here. 

Benefits. — If  no  mention  be  made  of  the  invisible  benefits  that 
result  to  the  State,  and  particularly  to  the  university,  by  the  prose- 
cution of  this  survey,  it  will  perhaps  be  proper  to  enumerate  some  of 
the  tangible  beneficial  results  that  have  accrued  to  the  people  of  the 
State  directly  through  the  agency  of  the  survey : 

1.  Beginning  with  the  inauguration  of  the  survey,  the  first  that 
should  be  mentioned  is  the  fact  that  the  professorship  of  geology 
and  mineralogy,  with  the  added  work  of  instruction  in  botany  and 
zoology,  in  the  university,  was  maintained  for  six  years  solely  at  the 
expense  of  the  survey  fund.  This  also  included  much  of  the  equip- 


GEOLOGICAL.  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       253 

ment,  cases,  maps,  and  apparatus  of  that  department.  The  same 
fund  also  placed  several  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  books  in  the 
general  library  of  the  university. 

2.  The  salt  spring  lands  of  the  State  were  saved  from  being  grad- 
ually devoured  by  such  enterprises  as  the  Belle  Plaine  Salt  Com- 
pany, and  were  appropriated,  through  the  direct  interposition  of  the 
survey  at  a  critical  juncture,  to  the  prosecution  of  this  far-reaching 
public  enterprise. 

3.  On  the  discovery  after  a  laborious  investigation  of  the  official 
records  of  the  fact  that  the  State  was  still  entitled  to  a  large  addi- 
tional amount  of  land  under  the  original  grant,  the  initial  efforts  of 
the  survey  were  successful  in  obtaining  from  the  United  States  about 
15,000  acres  of  indemnity  lands,  which  have  since  been  devoted  by 
the  legislature  to  the  support  of  the  survey. 

4.  The  general  museum  of  the  university  is  one  of  the  tangible 
beneficial  results  of  the  survey. 

5.  There   was   a   widespread   belief   among  the   citizens   of   the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  prevalent  when  the  survey  began,  that 
workable  coal  of  the  age  of  that  found  in  Iowa  could  be  discovered 
by  making  the  proper  exploration,  and  individuals  had  incurred 
considerable  expense  on  such  efforts  looking  for  it.     One  of  the 
first  efforts  of  the  survey  was  to  settle  this  question;  and  the  pub- 
lished result  of  such  investigation  went  far  toward  stopping  further 
useless  expenditure  of  money. 

C.  The  agitation  of  this  subject  by  unscrupulous  prospectors  and 
well  drillers  culminated  in  a  proposed  law,  which  was  introduced 
in  the  legislature  of  1877  (?)  offering  a  reward  of  $20,000  for  the 
discovery  in  the  State  of  "  coal "  in  workable  quantities.  This  law 
was  so  drawn  that  it  did  not  discriminate  as  to  the  age  or  the  quality 
of  the  coal  to  be  discovered ;  and  anyone  familiar  with  the  Cretaceous 
lignites  of  the  State  could  have  made  a  legitimate  demand  for  the 
reward  within  60  days  after  the  adjournment  of  the  legislature. 
Through  the  agency  and  advice  of  the  State  geologist  this  law  was 
adversely  reported  by  the  committee  having  it  in  charge.  It  is  only 
on  the  principle  that  "  a  penny  saved  is  2  pence  gained  "  that  this 
can  be  claimed  as  one  of  the  tangible  effects  of  the  survey. 

7.  A  similar  law  ordering  the  appointment  of  a  "  commissioner  ou 
peat,"  at  a  salary  of  $2,000  a  year,  was  also  defeated  in  the  State 
legislature,  largely  through  the  influence  of  the  survey,  in  1874. 

8.  A  law  ordering  the  donation  of  further  subsidy  to  the  Belle 
Plaine  Salt  Company,  and  another  for  the  investigation  of  the  grass- 
hopper plague,  and  another  appointing  a  "  State  mineralogist,"  with 
special  reference  to  supposed  great  wealth  of  the  State  in  gold  and 
eilver,  each  looking  to  the  unguided  expenditure  of  the  revenues  of 


254  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

the  State,  were  severally  proposed  in  the  State  legislature,  and  were 
either  rejected  or  shown  to  be  unnecessary  by  the  existence  and  the 
agency  of  the  survey. 

9.  In  the  prosecution  of  the  regular  work  of  the  survey  general  at- 
tention has  been  called  to  the  economic  resources  of  the  State.     The 
survey  has  been  directly  instrumental,  either  in  instigating  in  the  first 
instance  or  by  guiding  by  counsel  when  once  begun,  nearly  all  the  in- 
dustries of  the  State  arising  from  the  rocky  substructure.     This  has 
been  done  officially  and  by  private  correspondence.     The  native  build- 
ing stones  especially  have  been  compared  with  those  from  other 
States  and  some  of  their  excellencies  have  been  brought  out  promi- 
nently, resulting  in  a  great  increase  of  the  use  of  stone  native  to  Min- 
nesota. 

10.  In  1879  an  examination  was  made  of  the  water  used  for  domestic 
purposes  in  the  western  part  of  the  State.    It  had  been  discovered 
that  very  many  of  the  common  wells  were  foul,  and  that  seri- 
ous diseases  that  frequently  terminated  fatally  were  traceable  to 
the  use  of  the  water  in  this  condition.     So  general  and  widespread 
was  this  that  serious  alarm  was  felt  by  parties  who  were  largely  in- 
terested in  the  settlement  and  habitability  of  the  prairies,  particularly 
in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  lest  the  growing  evU 
should  render  the  country  unfit  for  general  agricultural  occupancy. 
But  the  examination  showed  that  the  evil  was  due,  not  to  any  un- 
wholesomeness  inherent  in  the  water,  but  to  the  general  habit  of  using 
white  pine  for  curbing  for  the  wells.    In  the  open  air,  water,  which 
is  naturally  alkaline,  confined  in  the  impervious  clay  reservoirs, 
such  as  nearly  every  well  was,  will  act  rapidly  on   any  organic 
matter  that  comes  into  contact  with  it.     The  pitch  of  the  pine 
was  thus  converted  into  organic  acids,  giving  off  hydrogen  disul- 
phide.     Infusorial  organic  germs  took  up  their  abode  in  the  foul 
waters  and  the  natural  result  of  the  use  of  such  water  inevitably 
followed.     It  was  at  once  recommended  that  the  use  of  wooden 
curbing  be  abandoned  and  that  in  its  place  some  earthen  stone, 
brick,  or  iron  substance  be  substituted.     This  recommendation  was 
widely  published,  both  in  Minnesota  and  the  newspapers  of  Manitoba. 
The  consequence  was  a  rapid  decline  of  the  evil.     Many  wells  which 
had  been  abandoned  were  recurbed  with  other  materials.     It  was  very 
soon  known  that  pine  curbing  generated  disease,  and  in  a  year  or  so 
nothing  more,  or  very  little,  was  heard  further  concerning  the  sup- 
posed foul  waters  of  the  western  prairie  portion  of  the  State.    The 
correction  of  this  evil  and  the  removal  of  the  supposed  alarm  that  was 
felt  by  some  capitalists  and  by  the  health  officers  of  the  State  may  be 
considered  one  of  the  most  important  visible  benefits  that  have  re- 
sulted from  the  survey. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  255 

At  the  same  time  the  survey  called  attention  to  the  possibility  of 
obtaining  artesian  water  at  a  moderate  depth  in  the  drift  deposits 
over  a  wide  tract  of  country  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State — 
a  circumstance  that  has  latterly  been  widely  improved  with  the  most 
satisfactory  results. 

While  these  material  benefits  can  easily  be  enumerated,  those  that 
are  invisible  can  not  so  readily  be  pointed  out.  Some  good  must 
result  from  a  diffusion  of  knowledge  concerning  the  physical  fea- 
tures of  the  State,  and  from  the  publication  of  accurate  statements 
concerning  its  natural  undeveloped  resources.  There  must  be  some 
benefit  to  the  State  in  having  its  geology  and  natural  history  known. 
The  scientific  facts  that  are  ascertained  help  to  swell  the  data  on 
which  important  conclusions  are  based,  and  to  point  out  needed  cor- 
rections in  others  that  may  have  been  published.  The  additions  to 
science  which  have  resulted  from  the  survey  can  not  here  be  enumer- 
ated. They  are  the  common  property  of  educators  and  scientists 
who  may  wish  to  use  them,  and,  at  the  same  time,  some  of  them  are 
still  subject  to  further  investigation,  and  hence  can  not  be  concisely 
described  nor  categorically  stated. 

MISSISSIPPI.1 

Organization. — The  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State 
of  Mississippi  had  its  origin  in  an  act  of  the  legislature  entitled  "An 
act  to  further  endow  the  University  of  Mississippi,"  approved  March 
5,  1850,  which  took  effect  on  the  1st  of  June  following.  This  act  is 
worded  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  Tliat  the  further  sum  of  $3,000  be,  and  the 
same  is  hereby,  seniiannually  appropriated,  subject  to  the  draft  of  the  president 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  University  of  Mississippi,  to  be  applied  by  them 
to  the  purchasing  of  books  and  apparatus,  and  the  payment  of  the  salaries 
of  professors  and  assistant  professors  of  agricultural  and  geological  sciences 
in  said  university:  Provided,  That  one  half  only  of  the  amount  of  said  appro- 
priations shall  be  from  the  revenue  in  the  treasury  and  the  other  half  shall 
be  made  out  of  the  sale  of  the  lands  belonging  to  the  seminary  fund,  hereafter 
to  be  sold  as  provided  by  law. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  authority  required  by  the  State  treasurer  for  the  payment 
of  the  trustees  shall  be  the  warrant  of  the  president  of  the  board  of  trustees, 
drawn  in  favor  of  any  person  whatever. 

SEC.  3.  That  at  least  one-half  of  the  amount  herein  appropriated  shall  be 
expended  in  making  a  general  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State, 
under  the  direction  of  the  principal  professor  to  be  appointed  under  the  first 
section  of  this  act. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  survey  herein  provided  for  shall  be  accompanied  with  proper 
maps  and  diagrams,  and  furnish  full  and  scientific  descriptions  of  "its  rocks, 

1  See  Historical  Outline  of  the  Geological  and  Agricultural  Survey  of  the  Stale  of 
Mississippi,  by  E.  W.  Hilgard.  American  Geologist,  vol.  27,  1901,  pp.  284-311. 

136075—20 18 


256  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

soils,  and  geological  productions,  together  with  specimens  of  the  same;  which 
maps,  diagrams,  and  specimens  shall  be  deposited  in  the  State  library,  and 
similar  specimens  shall  be  deposited  in  the  State  University  and  such  other 
literary  institutions  in  the  State  as  the  governor  may  direct:  Provided,  That 
the  survey  shall  be  made  in  every  county  in  this  State. 

SEC.  5.  That  the  trustees  of  the  State  University  shall  cause  a  report  to 
be  made  annually  to  the  governor,  to  be  by  him  laid  before  each  session  of  the 
legislature,  setting  forth,  generally,  the  progress  made  in  the  survey  hereby 
required. 

SEC.  6.  That  this  act  take  effect  and  be  hi  force  from  and  after  the  1st  day 
of  June  next. 

In  1852  this  law  was  amended  as  follows : 

An  Act  to  amend  An  act  to  further  endow  the  University  of  Mississippi,  approved  March 
5,  1850,  the  provisions  of  which  are  as  follows : 

SECTION  1.  That  the  fourth  section  of  the  above-recited  act  be  so  amended 
as  to  read  "  zoological "  instead  of  geological  productions. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  room  adjoining  the  State  library,  formerly  occupied  by  the 
surveyor  general,  be  appropriated  and  set  apart  for  the  deposit  and  safe-keeping 
of  such  specimens  as  may  be  collected  during  the  progress  of  the  geological 
survey  provided  for  in  the  above-recited  act,  and  that  the  sum  of  $200  be  ap- 
propriated, out  of  any  money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated, 
to  defray  the  expense  of  fitting  up  and  preparing  said  room  for  tlie  reception 
of  said  specimens. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  fitting  up  of  said  room  shall  be  done  under  the  direction 
of  the  governor,  upon  whose  requisition  the  auditor  shall  issue  his  warrant 
for  the  sum  herein  appropriated,  or  so  much  of  said  sum  as  may  be  necessary. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  said  room  after  being  so  fitted  up  shall  be  under  the  charge 
of  the  State  geological  society,  who  shall  be  authorized  to  employ  the  librarian 
as  curator  of  the  same. 

SEC.  5.  That  the  said  room  shall  be  open  to  the  public  during  such  hours  as 
the  State  libi'ary  is  now  required  by  law  to  keep  open,  and  the  librarian  shall 
be  allowed  an  additional  compensation  of  ?50  per  annum  for  the  services  re- 
quired by  the  fourth  section  of  this  act. 

In  1854  further  legislation  relative  to  publication  was  enacted,  as 
below : 

An  Act  to  authorize  the  printing  of  the  first  annual  report  of  the  agricultural  and 
geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  toy  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Mississippi.  That 
2,000  copies  of  the  report  of  Prof.  B.  L.  C.  Wailes,  State  geologist,  be  printed  un- 
der his  supervision,  in  quarto  form,  and  in  such  manner  and  with  such  illus- 
trations and  plates,  as  his  excellency,  the  governor,  shall  deem  appropriate  and 
necessary  for  its  illustration. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That,  when  printed  and  bound,  the  said  report 
be  deposited  in  the  oflace  of  the  secretary  of  state,  to  be  by  him  distributed  as 
follows:  Fifty  copies  to  be  deposited  in  the  State  library;  25  copies  to  be 
deposited  in  the  State  University;  one  copy  to  each  State  in  the  Union;  one 
copy  to  be  given  to  each  incorporated  college  and  academy  in  the  State;  one 
copy  each  to  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor  of  public  accounts,  State 
treasurer,  adjutant  general,  the  chancellor  and  vice  chancellors,  the  judges 
of  the  high  court  of  errors  and  appeals,  the  attorney  general,  the  judge  and 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  257 

district  attorney  of  each  district,  each  member  of  the  present  senate  and  house 
of  representatives;  and  100  copies  to  the  said  State  geologist,  to  be  by  him  ex- 
changed for  similar  reports  from  other  States,  and  to  furnish  to  scientific 
societies  and  public  libraries. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  1,000  copies  of  said  report  shall  be  de- 
posited in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  to  be  sold  by  any  agent  or  agents 
to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  under  such  regulations  and  for  such  sum 
each  as  he  may  deem  proper  and  advisable,  for  the  purpose  of  reimbursing  the 
State  for  publishing  the  same,  and  the  balance  to  be  distributed  among  the 
(several  counties  of  the  State,  in  proportion  to  their  representation  in  the 
legislature,  to  be  furnished  to  the  people  thereof,  in  such  manner  as  the  boards 
of  police  of  the  several  counties  may  direct. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That,  previous  to  the  printing  of  said  report, 
it  shall  be  revised  and  completed  by  the  said  State  geologist;  and  the  portion 
of  it  which  treats  of  zoology,  as  far  as  prepared,  shall  be  omitted,  and  in  lieu 
thereof  a  catalogue  of  the  fauna  of  the  State,  as  far  as  ascertained,  shall  be 
•ubsti  tuted. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That,  for  the  further  and  more  efficient 
prosecution  of  the  survey,  analyses  of  the  marls,  soils,  mineral  waters,  and 
the  chief  agricultural  productions  of  the  State  shall  be  made  at  the  University  of 
Mississippi,  as  the  trustees  may  designate;  and  the  State  geologist  may,  from 
time  to  time,  furnish  such  toils,  marls  and  waters  as  may  be  required  for 
analysis,  and  shall  receive  in  return  from  the  chemist  full  and  precise  reports 
of  all  analyses  which  may  be  made;  and  specimens  of  soils  and  marls  shall 
be  preserved  in  convenient  glass  bottles  in  the  State  cabinet,  and  in  the  cabi- 
net of  the  State  University,  properly  labeled  with  the  chemical  character  of 
the  substance  and  the  locality  from  which  the  same  was  obtained. 

SEC.  6.  And  le  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  geologist  shall  make  collec- 
tions of  specimens  to  illustrate  the  mineral  character  and  paleontology  of  the 
State,  in  addition  to  the  zoological  productions  which  by  law  he  is  now  re- 
quired to  collect,  and  to  cause  them  to  be  suitably  arranged  and  preserved  in 
the  State  cabinet  and  in  that  of  the  university;  and  any  duplicates  that  remain 
may  be  distributed  by  him  among  such  of  the  incorporated  colleges  in  the 
State  as  may  apply  for  them. 

SEC.  7.  And  le  it  further  enacted,  That  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $2,500  be  appro- 
priated out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury,  to  be  drawn  upon  the  requisition  of 
the  governor,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  8.  Be  it  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  its 
passage. 

Approved  March  1,  1854. 

In  1857  a  portion  of  the  act  of  1850  was  repealed  and  certain  other 
changes  made,  according  to  the  following: 

(Extract  of  act  to  provide  for  the  printing  of  the  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Agricul- 
tural and  Geological  Survey  of  the  State,  and  for  other  purposes.] 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  ~by  tlie  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  That 
so  much  of  "  An  act  to  further  endow  the  University  of  Mississippi,"  approved 
March  5,  1S50,  as  appropriates  out  of  the  treasury  $3,000  per  annum  to  aid 
In  making  an  agricultural  and  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and  also  so 
much  of  said  act  as  connects  the  said  survey  in  any  manner  whatever  with 
tho  university,  be.  nnd  thp  samp  is  hereby,  repealed. 


258  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  agricultural  and  geological  survey  of 
the  State  shall  be  prosecuted  to  completion  according  to  the  provisions  of  the 
above-recited  act,  and  of  an  act  entitled  "  An  act  to  authorize  the  printing  of 
the  First  Annual  Report  of  the  Agricultural  and  Geological  Survey  of  the 
State,"  approved  March  1,  1854,  by  a  State  geologist,  to  be  appointed  by  the 
governor. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  shall  keep  his  office 
in  the  city  of  Jackson,  etc. 

SEC.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  5,000  copies  of  Professor  Harper's  re- 
port be  printed,  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  to  be  bound  in  boards, 
with  such  plates,  charts,  and  woodcuts  therein,  as  his  excellency  may  deem 
appropriate  and  necessary  for  its  illustration. 

SEC.  7.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  when  said  report  shall  be  printed  and 
bound,  it  shall  be  distributed  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  last-recited  act. 

SEC.  10.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  to  be  appointed  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  enter  upon  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his 
office  on  the  first  Monday  in  March,  1857,  and  this  act  shall  go  into  effect  from 
find  after  its  passage. 

Approved  January  31,  1857. 

Still  again,  in  I860,  there  was  passed  : 

An   act  to   prosecute  the   geological   survey   of  the   State   of   Mississippi,    and    for   other 

purposes. 

lie  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Alississi-inti: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  Governor  of  this  State  be  and  is  hereby  authorized  to 
appoint  an  assistant  State  geologist,  who  shall  act  in  subordination  to  and  un- 
der the  direction  of  the  State  geologist,  at  an  annual  salary  of  not  more  than 
$1,500. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  expenses  of  the  State  geologist  and 
his  assistant  shall  be  paid  by  the  State,  an  accurate  account  of  the  same  being 
kept  by  said  officers,  and  reported  to  the  governor  of  the  State,  as  now  provided 
by  law  for  the  State  geologist,  provided  the  same  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of 
$1,300. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $545  be,  and  the  same  is 
hereby,  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated, to  reimburse  the  State  geologist  for  expenses  necessarily  incurred  in 
fitting  up  a  chemical  laboratory  for  making  analyses  in  the  prosecution  of  said 
survey,  to  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  upon  the  requisition  of  the  governor, 
and  paid  over  to  said  State  geologist. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  5,000  copies  of  Dr.  E.  W.  Hilgard's  report 
be  printed  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  to  be  bound  in  board,  with 
such  diagrams  and  maps  as  he  may  deem  necessary  for  its  illustration ;  and  it 
is  hereby  expressly  enjoined  upon  his  excellency,  in  the  publication  of  said 
book,  to  have  the  same  performed  in  the  South,  if  the  same  can  be  done  at  n 
cost  of  10  per  cent  upon  the  cost  of  its  publication  in  the  North,  and  that 
same  when  published  shall  be  distributed  ns  provided  by  law  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  Professor  Harper's  report. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $3,500  be  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  governor,  to  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  upon  his  requisition,  to 
carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  the  fourth  section  of  this  act. 

SEC.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  geologist  may,  at  his  election, 
keep  his  office  at  or  near  the  University  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  he  is 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  259 

hereby  authorized  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements,  if  the  same  has  not 
already  been  made,  for  suitable  accommodations  for  his  collections  and  labora- 
tory in  that  place ;  and  that  all  laws  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this  act 
be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 
Approved  February  10,  1860. 

Administration. — Under  the  somewhat  loose  provisions  and  phrase- 
ology of  the  act  of  1850  Dr.  John  Millington,  at  the  time  professor 
of  chemistry  at  the  University  of  Mississippi,  was  in  June  of  that  year 
appointed  to  the  position  of  State  geologist  and  additional  duties  pro- 
vided for  by  it.  No  assistant  was  obtained  until  July  15,  1851,  when 
Oscar  M.  Lieber,  of  South  Carolina,  was  appointed  to  the  position. 
No  record  or  report  of  Lieber's  work  was  made.  During  a  portion  of 
his  incumbency  (presumably  in  the  autumn  of  1852)  he  made,  on 
horseback,  a  reconnoissance  of  the  Yazoo  Bottom,  but  nothing  beyond 
that  fact  appear?  from  the  letters  written  by  him  under  the  regulation 
defining  his  duties,  which  provides  that : 

When  not  actually  engaged  in  making  explorations  and  surveys,  he  shall  aid 
the  principal  professor  of  geology,  agriculture,  and  chemistry,  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties ;  and  while  engaged  in  making  such  surveys,  he  shall  make  reports 
at  least  monthly  to  the  principal  professor;  and  the  salary  of  said  assistant 
professor  shall  be  $1,000  per  annum. 

Lieber  resigned  on  January  14,  1852. 

In  January,  1852,  the  position  of  geologist  was  accepted  by  Prof. 
B.  L.  C.  Wailes.  then  of  the  faculty  of  Jefferson  College,  near  Natchez. 
This  gentleman  had  alread}r  made  a  collection  of  rocks  and  fossils  of 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  State  and  had  an  extended  knowledge  of 
the  general  features  of  that  region. 

It  will  be  noted  that,  by  the  verbal  correction  made  in  the  first  sec- 
tion of  the  act  of  1852,  the  survey  was  practically  made  a  complete 
natural  history  survey,  since  the  only  branch  not  specifically  provided 
for  (botany)  might  be  understood  to  be  necessarily  included  in  the 
provision  for  an  agricultural  survey.  The  State  society  mentioned 
had  but  a  very  ephemeral  existence  during  the  two  succeeding  years, 
namely,  1852  and  1853.  Mr.  Wailes  traveled  chiefly  in  the  southern 
and  eastern  part  of  the  State,  with  his  own  team  and  outfit,  examining 
the  territory  of  the  Cretaceous  in  northeast  Mississippi  and  the  Ter- 
tiary and  Quaternary  areas  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Collections  of  Tertiary  fossils,  especially  from  the  shell  bed  at 
Jackson,  were  sent  by  Wailes  to  Conrad,  and  mammalian  and  other 
bones  from  the  loess  to  Leidy,  for  determination  and  description ;  and 
collections  of  these  and  other  fossils  as  well  as  of  rocks  were  by  him 
deposited  both  at  Oxford  and  at  Jackson. 

In  January,  1854,  Wailes  presented  to  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  University  of  Mississippi  the  manuscript  of  his  report  on  the 


260  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

work  of  the  two  preceding  years,  which  was  transmitted  through  the 
governor  to  the  legislature,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be 
printed.  The  legislative  committee  to  whom  it  was  referred  reported 
back  the  act  of  March  1,  1854,  already  referred  to,  under  which  the 
survey  was  thereafter  carried  on  for  a  number  of  years. 

It  will  be  noted,  further,  as  stated  by  Professor  Hilgard,  that, 
although  the  act  of  1854  designated  Wailes  as  State  geologist,  it  did 
not  create  that  office,  which  still  remained  an  appendage  of  the  chair 
of  geology  in  the  University  of  Mississippi.  It  was  expected  that 
Wailes  would  be  elected  to  that  chair,  which  in  the  autumn  of  1853 
had  been  vacated  by  Doctor  Millington.  At  an  election  held  in  June, 
1854,  however,  the  choice  fell  on  Lewis  Harper,1  then  a  teacher  of 
natural  science  at  an  academy  near  Greenville,  Alabama.  Wailes 
thereupon  immediately  resigned  his  position,  which  remained  vacant 
until  September,  1855.  Up  to  the  summer  of  1855,  Harper,  bearing 
the  titles  of  professor  of  geology  and  agriculture  and  State  geologist, 
had  not  taken  the  field  himself.  He  was  now,  by  action  of  the  board 
of  trustees,  relieved  of  a  portion  of  his  duties  as  instructor,  and  di- 
rected to  take  the  field  personally,  for  the  purposes  provided  for  in 
the  act,  while  Dr.  F.  A.  P.  Barnard,  then  professor  of  physics  at  the 
university,  was  requested  to  secure  a  competent  assistant  geologist 
at  a  salary  of  $1.000  a  year  during  a  contemplated  visit  to  the  North. 
Dr.  Barnard  fulfilled  his  mission  by  tendering  the  appointment  to 
Dr.  E.  W.  Hilgard,  then  lately  returned  from  Europe,  who  promptly 
accepted  it. 

Reaching  Oxford  about  the  middle  of  September,  1855,  Hilgard 
found  that  Harper  had  then  just  returned  from  a  rapid  reconnois- 
sance  of  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  prairie  regions  in  eastern 
Mississippi,  and  it  was  agreed  that  they  should  as  soon  as  possible  set 
out  on  a  joint  exploration  over  the  same  route,  to  be  continued  to 
the  Gulf  shore,  thence  across  the  southern  counties  of  the  State  to 
the  Mississippi  River.  The  start  was  made  early  in  October,  the 
outfit  consisting  of  an  ambulance  carrying  a  camping  outfit,  and  a 
negro  driver,  who  at  the  same  time  performed  the  office  of  cook.  The 
Cretaceous  prairie  country  on  the  Tombigbee  River  was  reached  near 
Okolona,  whence  the  route  lay  through  Aberdeen  to  Columbus; 
thence,  leaving  the  Cretaceous  territory,  through  Neshoba  and  Kem- 
per  counties  to  Enterprise  on  the  Chickasawhay  River,  and  along  that 
stream,  crossing  all  the  marine  Tertiary  stages,  as  far  south  as  Leaks- 
ville,  Green  County,  whence,  owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season,  thej 
were  obliged  to  return  to  Oxford  by  way  of  Fort  Adams,  Mississippi, 
and  Memphis,  Tennessee. 

>  Properly.  Ludwip  Hafner.  of  Hnmburg.  Germany,  a  law  student,  who,  for  political 
reasons,  left  his  country  before  graduation  and  subsequently  became  Interested  in  natural 
history, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  261 

This  expedition  was  too  hurried  and  with  too  few  facilities  for 
making  collections  to  afford  anything  more  than  a  very  general  in- 
sight into  the  character  and  relations  of  the  several  Cretaceous  and 
Tertiary  stages.  It  had  shown  conclusively  that  the  dip  of  all  the 
marine  Tertiary  beds  is  southward,  except  only  as  regards  the  Grand 
Gulf  rocks,  whose  relations  to  the  rest  they  had  no  opportunity  of 
observing,  since  they  are  unrepresented  in  the  Chickasawhay  section, 
save  by  clays  of  which  the  equivalence  was  not  then  apparent. 

Meanwhile,  it  had  become  apparent  to  the  university  trustees  that 
in  its  present  form  the  survey  was  in  more  than  one  respect  a  burden 
to  the  university,  and,  accordingly,  at  the  legislative  session  of  1855- 
56,  Governor  McRae,  in  transmitting  to  the  legislature  the  regular 
report  of  the  trustees  of  the  University  of  Mississippi,  accompanied 
it  by  a  special  message,  in  which  occur  the  following  passages : 

The  first  portion  of  the  trustees'  report  relates  to  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State  geologist,  and  proposes  the  separation  of  this  survey  from  the  uni- 
versity, and  asks  that  it  may  be  taken  charge  of  by  the  State  as  an  independent 
work  under  the  direction  of  the  governor.  The  reasons  for  this  are  fully  set 
forth  in  the  report  and  may  be  recapitulated  in  brief  as  follows: 

1.  The  geological  survey  does  not  form  a  part  of  the  course  of  instruction 
in   the  university  and   is  not  properly   connected   with  the  business  of  the 
institution. 

2.  The  duties  of  the  State  geologist,  under  the  present  arrangement,  being 
partly  as  professor  in  the  university,  partly  in  the  field  survey,  neither  position 
can  be  fully  or  satisfactorily  filled  by  him.    Either  the  classes  in  his  department 
must  suffer  in  his  absence  or  the  survey  in  the  field  be  neglected  to  give  them 
proper  attention. 

3.  The  funds  of  the  university  are  not  sufficient  to  justify  in  bestowing  a  por- 
tion of  them  on  a  work,  however  important  and  valuable  to  the  State,  that 
is  not  legitimately  a  portion  of  its  business. 

The  appropriation  by  the  State  of  $3,000  annually  for  the  geological  survey 
pays  no  more  than  the  salary  of  the  principal  and  assistant  geologists,  and 
the  outfit  and  traveling  expenses,  apparatus,  etc.,  amounting  to  as  much  more, 
have  to  be  provided  for  out  of  the  college  funds.  This  is  unjust  to  the  uni- 
rersity  and  the  divided  time  of  the  State  geologist  between  the  university 
and  the  field  operates  injuriously  both  to  the  interests  of  the  university  and 
the  State.  I  would  not  be  understood  by  this,  nor  would  the  board  of  trustees, 
as  casting  any  reflections  upon  the  learned  gentleman  who  now  fills  the  place 
of  State  geologist,  and  whom  they  and  myself  believe  to  be  well  and  highly 
qualified  for  the  duties  of  that  station,  nor  would  we  have  it  understood,  and 
the  board  of  trustees  would  not,  that  we  detract  in  the  slightest  measure  from 
the  great  interest  and  importance  to  the  State  of  having  a  geological  survey 
thoroughly  and  efficiently  prosecuted.  The  object  is  to  place  it  in  the  hands  of 
the  State  and  under  the  direction  of  her  authority,  where  it  properly  belongs, 
and  to  have  it  vigorously  prosecuted  to  completion  at  the  earliest  day.  I  there- 
fore recommended  to  the  legislature  to  place  it  in  this  position,  and  to  provide  the 
means  necessary  to  accomplish  this  object.  It  is  believed  that  an  appropriation 
annually  for  three  years  of  $6,000  will  be  sufficient  to  complete  the  entire 
work  within  that  period. 


262  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  report  of  Professor  Harper,  herewith  submitted,  contains  much  valuable 
information,  shows  a  high  degree  of  sciencific  attainment  on  his  part,  and  gives 
evidence  that  when  the  work  is  completed  it  will  be  one  of  great  value  to  the 
public.  The  present  report  is  only  preliminary  and  partial  and  is  not  de- 
signed for  publication  at  this  time,  but  is  to  be  embodied  and  published  in  the 
general  report,  when  completed. 

The  suggestion  of  the  governor  was  not,  however,  favorably  acted 
upon  by  the  legislature.  The  matter  was  left  without  change,  but 
with  the  understanding  that  a  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  work  should 
pave  the  way  to  more  satisfactory  legislation  at  a  succeeding  session. 

After  passing  the  winter  at  Oxford  in  the  arrangement  of  the  col- 
lections and  preparations  for  analytical  work  Hilgard  proceeded  in 
April,  1856,  to  make  a  detailed  exploration  of  the  northeastern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  where  the  geological  structure  seemed  most  complex 
and  varied.  In  the  course  of  this  expedition,  made  with  the  same  out- 
fit that  had  served  the  years  before,  he  determined  the  character, 
stratigraphical  relations,  and  limits  of  the  Carboniferous,  Cretaceous, 
and  Tertiary  beds  of  that  part  of  the  State,  making  extended  collec- 
tions especially  of  what  was  afterwards  designated  as  the  Ripley 
group  of  the  Cretaceous  by  Conrad. 

He  also  investigated  closely  the  features  and  geological  relations  of 
the  "  Orange  sand,"  now  better  known  as  the  stratified  drift,  of  the 
southwest,  showing  its  derivation  partly  from  northern  sources,  partly 
from  the  underlying  formations,  of  which  it  contains  the  fossils,  dis- 
tinctly characterizing  it  as  a  Quaternary  deposit  of  the  drift  age. 

It  having  been  clearly  apparent  to  Professor  Hilgard  by  this  time 
that  the  survey  would  never  maintain  itself  in  public  esteem  on  the 
basis  of  mineral  discoveries,  and  that  it  must  seek  its  main  support  in 
what  services  it  might  render  to  agriculture,  he  made  a  point  of  pay- 
ing close  attention  to  and  recording  the  surface  features,1  vegetation, 
soils,  the  quality  and  supply  of  water,  and  especially  the  marls,  which 
were  found  to  occur  in  large  supply  and  great  variety.  He  also  made 
a  collection  of  plants  which,  although  omitted  from  the  subjects  men- 
tioned in  the  act  creating  the  survey,  he  thought  was  essential  toward 
the  characterization  of  soils.  In  the  prosecution  of  these  studies  the 
close  connection  between  the  surface  vegetation  and  the  underlying 
formations  became  so  striking  that  he  soon  largely  availed  himself  of 
the  former  in  tracing  out  the  limits  of  adjacent  formations  in  search- 
ing for  outcrops,  etc. 

1  No  instrumental  topographical  work  was  ever  done  in  connection  with  the  Missis- 
sippi survey,  partly  because  it  was  not  provided  for  by  law,  partly  because  the  continu- 
ally recurring  violent  barometric  changes  during  the  working  season  rendered  the  use  of 
the  aneroid,  so  useful  elsewhere,  very  unsatisfactory.  The  railroad  levelings  then  avail- 
able were,  however,  fully  and  extensively  used  and  were  excluded  from  the  report  of 
1860  simply  by  the  absolute  need  of  brevity  for  the  sake  of  reducing  the  expense  of  pub- 
lication. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       263 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  season  of  1856  Hilgard  extended  the 
detailed  survey  of  the  Cretaceous  area  as  far  south  as  Columbus; 
and  thence,  as  the  beginning  of  the  rainy  season  rendered  further 
field  work  unprofitable,  drove  across  the  country  to  Tuscaloosa,  Ala- 
bama, in  order  to  compare  notes  and  consult  with  Tuomey,  then  State 
geologist  of  Alabama,  and  to  gain  an  insight  Into  the  works  of  refer- 
ence for  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  paleontology.  He  was  thus  enabled 
to  ascertain  the  relations  of  the  "  Tombigby  (sic)  sands  "  fossils  to  the 
"  Rotten  limestone,"  which  he  had  thus  far  designated  as  Upper,  but 
agreed  henceforth  to  consider  as  Middle  Cretaceous.  Hilgard  there 
also  learned  for  the  first  time  that  Tuomey  had  found  fossils — well 
preserved  ammonites  and  several  gasteropods  —  silicified  in  the 
"Lower  Cretaceous"  clays  near  Eutaw  (or,  rather,  Finchs  Ferry), 
Alabama,  and  it  was  agreed  to  designate  this  lower  clayey  stage, 
which  in  Mississippi  had  been  found  entirely  barren  of  fossils,  as 
the  "  Eutaw  "  group.  Subsequently,  prior  publication  gave  prece- 
dence to  Safford's  name  of  "  Coffee  group  "  for  the  lower  clays,  and 
similarly  Hilgard's  "  Tippah  group "  received  from  Conrad  the 
prior  name  of  "  Ripley  "  for  the  uppermost  Cretaceous. 

Tuomey  had  at  that  time  a  portion  of  his  second  report  in  manu- 
script, and  as,  unfortunate!}7,  he  died  six  months  after  the  conference 
above  noted,  that  report,  which  was  posthumously  edited  by  J.  W. 
Mallet,  does  not  show  the  latest  phase  of  Tuomey's  knowledge  of  the 
Cretaceous  stages.  As  his  collections  were  mostly  destroyed  during 
the  war  it  is  of  interest  to  record  here  that  almost  all  the  Cretaceous 
fossils  marked  "  Miss."  in  list  "A,"  page  257  of  that  report,  were 
from  the  "  Tombigby  sand  "  and  the  immediately  overlying  portion 
of  the  "  Rotten  limestone,"  in  Lowndes  County.  Mississippi ;  the 
"Ammonites  Bi-Nodosus  "  recorded  in  the  same  list,  from  Eutaw, 
Alabama,  was  considered  by  him  as  a  "  leading  fossil  "  of  the  Lower 
Cretaceous  clays.  The  specimens  were  all  silicified  and  in  excellent 
preservation. 

Hilgard  returned  to  Oxford  in  November  across  a  country  ren- 
dered almost  impassable  by  copious  rains,  and  found  matters  rapidly 
coming  to  a  crisis  at  the  university.  Harper  had  been  provided 
with  a  separate  ambulance  outfit,  and  had  taken  the  field  for  a  few 
weeks  during  the  season  of  1856  in  the  northwestern  counties,  but 
he  seemed  to  be  unable  to  keep  away  from  Oxford  for  any  length 
of  time.  Finally,  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  board  of  trustees  with 
his  personal  acts,  in  relation  both  to  the  survey  and  to  the  university, 
came  to  a  head  in  November,  1856,  when  he  was  forced  to  resign. 
Hilgard  was  continued  as  assistant,  with  compensation  increased  to 
$1,500  a  year,  and  was  for  the  time  being  placed  in  charge  of  the 
survey,  the  office  work  of  which  he  continued  during  the  winter. 


264  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

At  the  legislative  session  of  1856-57,  however,  Harper  procured  the 
passage  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  printing  of  the 
Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Agricultural  and  Geological  Survey  of 
the  State,  and  for  other  purposes,"  approved  January  31,  1857.  Th« 
substantial  provisions  of  this  act  were :  First,  the  complete  separation 
of  the  survey  from  all  connection  with  the  State  University;  second, 
that  the  survey  should  be  prosecuted  to  completion  according  to  the 
provisions  of  the  previous  act  by  a  State  geologist  to  be  appointed  by 
the  governor  and  to  receive  a  salary  of  $2,000  a  year,  to  be  furnished 
with  such  an  outfit  as  may  be  necessary  to  be  provided  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  governor.  "  He  shall  also  keep  an  exact  account  of  his 
expenses  in  making  said  survey  and  submit  the  same  to  the  examina- 
tion of  the  governor,  who  shall  issue  his  requisition  upon  the  treasury 
for  the  amount,  provided  the  sum  shall  not  exceed  $1,000  per  annum." 
In  appropriation  of  $1,200  was  also  made  for  the  purchase  of  chem- 
ical apparatus  for  making  analyses,  and  the  State  geologist  was  au- 
thorized to  "  occupy  as  a  laboratory  the  two  front  rooms  in  the  second 
story  of  the  penitentiary  building,  and  he  shall  be  allowed  the  assist- 
ance of  one  convict,  to  be  named  by  the  inspectors,  to  aid  him  in  keep- 
ing his  apparatus  in  good  order."  It  was  also  ordered  "  that  5,000 
copies  of  Professor  Harper's  report  be  printed,"  and  thereafter  dis- 
tributed in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  former  act.  The  sum 
of  $3,500  was  appropriated  for  this  publication,  and  Harper  entered 
upon  the  office  on  March  1, 1857,  but  was  voted  compensation  from  the 
date  of  his  resignation,  in  November  preceding.  The  only  work  per- 
formed by  him  during  his  tenure  of  office  under  this  act  was  the  writ- 
ing and  publication  of  his  report,  which  was  done  under  his  personal 
supervision  at  New  York,  although,  like  the  former  report,  it  bears 
the  imprint  of  the  State  printer  at  Jackson.  The  circulation  of  the 
report  through  the  State  soon  produced  the  inevitable  result  of  dis- 
crediting its  author  to  such  an  extent  that  toward  the  end  of  the  year 
1857  he  was  obliged  to  resign  his  office. 

Shortly  afterwards  the  appointment  was  tendered  to  Doctor  Hil- 
gard,  who  entered  upon  its  duties  early  in  1858.  At  Jackson  he 
found  in  the  "  two  front  rooms  in  the  second  story  of  the  peniten- 
tiary," under  the  charge  of  the  convict  assistant,  the  outcome  of  the 
purchases  made  by  Harper  under  the  provision  for  the  outfitting  of 
an  analytical  laboratory.  It  consisted  essentially  of  apparatus  for 
elementary  lectures  in  chemistry  and  an  expensive  microscope.  Tha 
analytical  balance  was  represented  by  a  pair  of  apothecary's  scales, 
etc.  Under  authority  of  the  governor  a  portion  of  these  articles 
were  sold  and  the  proceeds  applied  to  the  purchase  of  necessaries 
for  analytical  work,  and  under  the  same  authority  and  by  permission 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  265 

of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  State  university,  the  whole  was  trans- 
ferred to  a  front  room  in  the  university  building  at  Oxford,  which 
Hilgard  fitted  up  as  a  laboratory,  at  a  personal  expense  of  $GOO,  for 
the  time  being.  By  this  evasion  of  the  law  framed  under  Harper's 
auspices  (which  was  mandatory  only  in  respect  to  the  location  of  the 
"  office."  but  not  of  the  laboratory),  the  survey  was  again  practically 
restored  to  its  original  connection  with  the  university,  without  which 
the  work  could  not  be  successfully  carried  on  under  so  small  an 
appropriation. 

Hilgard  took  the  field  again  in  April  with  the  same  outfit — an 
ambulance  with  two  mules  and  a  negro  driver — and,  starting  at  the 
Ripley  Cretaceous,  devoted  the  season  to  the  verification  of  a  full 
section  across  the  Tertiary  areas,  from  north  to  south,  including 
also  the  detailed  examination  of  the  fossiliferous  localities  near 
"  Jackson  "  and  "  Vicksburg "  stages  in  their  most  characteristic 
development. 

In  passing  through  the  State  Hilgard  became  painfully  conscious 
of  the  fact  that  the  survey  had  become  extremely  unpopular,  as  a 
consequence  of  Harper's  incumbency  and  report,  so  much  so  that  it 
was  often  very  difficult  to  obtain  information  or  even  civil  answers  to 
inquiries.  He  felt  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  throw  off  and  purge 
the  survey  completely  of  the  obnoxious  antecedents  if  the  appropria- 
tion was  to  be  sustained  at  the  coming  session  of  the  legislature. 
He  therefore,  after  consulting  with  Governor  McWillie,  wrote  a  short 
Report  upon  the  Condition  of  the  Geological  and  Agricultural 
Survey  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  of  22  octavo  pages,  which  was 
printed  by  executive  order  and  circulated  prior  to  the  session  of  the 
legislature  in  the  winter  of  1858-59.  In  this  report  he  discussed — 
first,  the  need  and  advantages  of  a  thorough  geological  and  agri- 
cultural survey  of  the  State;  recited  the  causes  of  the  slow  progress 
and  failure  to  satisfy  the  public,  chief  among  which  were  inadequate 
appropriations  and  the  incompetency  of  the  late  incumbent;  also 
gave  examples  of  what  had  been  done  in  the  matter  in  other  States ; 
and  closed  with  a  recommendation  for  the  repeal  of  the  law  locating 
the  headquarters  of  the  survey  in  the  State  penitentiary  and  for  the 
restoration  of  the  geological  assistantship,  in  connection  with  a 
more  reasonably  adequate  appropriation. 

The  storm,  however,  broke  loose  when  the  legislature  assembled. 
Those  who  had  been  instrumental  in  passing  Harper's  bill  in  1857 
were  now  most  eager  to  have  the  survey  "  wiped  out "  to  allay  their 
soreness.  A  special  committee  was  appointed  to  investigate  the 
subject,  and,  without  giving  Hilgard  a  hearing,  that  committee 
promptly  reported  "A  bill  to  abolish  the  geological  and  agricultural 


266  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

survey  of  the  State."  In  presenting  this  report  the  chairman  in- 
veighed fiercely  against  the  insolence  exhibited  in  the  report,  above 
alluded  to,  and  the  attempt  to  "  coerce  the  legislature  by  forestalling 
public  opinion."  The  report  to  abolish  would  undoubtedly  have 
been  promptly  adopted  but  for  Hilgard's  forcing  a  personal  confer- 
ence with  the  chairman,  in  which  he  presented  to  him  the  documents 
in  the  case  and  exhorted  him  to  abolish  the  geologist,  if  he  thought 
there  was  cause,  but  not  the  survey,  the  revival  of  which  would  be 
only  a  question  of  time.  After  this  the  "  bill  to  abolish  "  was  not 
called  up,  and  the  survey  remained  in  without  change  during  1859. 

The  previous  season's  work  having  settled  conclusively  the  suc- 
cession of  the  several  stages  of  the  Tertiary  and  their  prominent 
stratigraphical,  lithological,  and  paleontological  features,  he  de- 
voted the  season  of  1859  to  the- filling  in  of  details.  He  went  more 
leisurely  over  the  ground  intended  to  have  been  covered  by  the  pre- 
vious joint  expedition  with  Harper  in  1855 — namely,  from  the 
southern  border  of  the  Cretaceous  area,  near  Columbus,  down  the 
Chickasawhay  and  Pascagoula  valleys  to  the  seacoast;  along  the 
coast  to  Pearl  River,  up  that  river  to  Columbia,  Marion  County, 
and  thence  across  to  the  Mississippi;  thence  northward  along  the 
eastern  border  of  the  loess  region  to  the  belt  marine  Tertiaries,  which 
he  also  examined  more  in  detail  between  Jackson  and  Vicksburg. 
All  these  observations  only  served  to  largely  confirm  and  complete 
his  previous  conclusions. 

Returning  from  the  field  somewhat  earlier  than  usual,  Hilgard 
began  the  arrangement  of  materials  for  a  report,  to  be  presented  at 
the  legislative  session  of  1859-60,  with  a  view  to  its  publication  and 
the  procurement  of  a  better  endowment  for  the  survey. 

As  an  example  of  the  work  done  by  the  survey  he  put  up  a  col- 
lection of  soils  and  marls,  gathered  during  the  three  years'  work,  and 
had  it  on  exhibition  at  the  State  fair  held  at  Jackson  in  November. 
It  excited  a  good  deal  of  attention  and  newspaper  comment,  and 
gave  a  favorable  turn  to  public  opinion  previously  aroused  by  fre- 
quent communications  of  results  made  to  agricultural  and  other 
papers  of  the  State. 

Outside  of  the  fair  work  he  carried  on  the  work  of  analysis  and 
writing,  simultaneously  and  unremittingly,  assisted  by  Prof.  W.  D. 
More,  then  holding  the  chair  of  English  literature  at  the  University 
of  Mississippi.  The  manuscript  was  not  nearly  completed  when  the 
legislature  convened  in  December.  1859.  but  there  was  enough  to 
satisfy  a  special  committee  that  it  should  be  printed  and  that  the 
working  facilities  should  be  enlarged. 

The  bill  reported  by  that  committee  and  afterwards  passed  with 
little  difficulty  by  the  legislature  made  no  radical  changes  in  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  267 

previous  act  defining  the  objects  of  the  survey,  but  provided  for  the 
appointment  of  an  assistant  geologist  at  a  salary  of  $1,500,  enlarging 
the  limits  of  the  annual  "  expenses  necessarily  incurred  in  fitting  up 
a  chemical  laboratory,"  and  repealed  the  provision  for  keeping  an 
office  at  Jackson,  permitting  the  alternative  of  having  it  at  Oxford. 

Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  the  university  faculty 
was  dissolved  and  the  survey  discontinued,  Professor  Hilgard  being 
first  detailed  by  the  governor  to  take  charge  of  the  State  property 
at  the  university  and  afterwards  appointed  an  agent  of  the  niter 
bureau.  In  these  and  kindred  capacities  he  served  until  the  renewal 
of  the  work  in  1866. 

The  mule  team  of  the  survey  was  sold  under  authority  from  the 
governor  soon  after  the  suspension  of  the  survey.  There  being  no 
legal  mode  of  turning  the  proceeds  into  the  State  treasury,  they 
remained  in  the  custody  of  Doctor  Hilgard  in  the  form  of  notes, 
issued  during  the  work  by  the  State  upon  cotton  pledged  for  their 
redemption  and  hence  known  as  "  cotton  money."  At  the  close  of 
the  war  these  notes  were  worthless  and  the  survey  left  without 
means  for  repurchase.  Subsequently,  however,  a  suitable  team  was 
procured  out  of  the  appropriation  for  current  expenditures. 

Dr.  George  Little,  formerly  professor  of  natural  sciences  at  Oak- 
land College,  near  Rodney,  Mississippi,  was  appointed  assistant 
geologist  in  July,  1866,  and  shortly  thereafter  took  the  field  for  de- 
tailed exploration  of  the  loess  region  from  Rodney  to  its  farthest 
point  in  Louisiana,  the  especial  object  being  to  ascertain  its  relation 
to  the  "  coast  Pliocene  "  or  Port  Hudson  beds  on  the  one  hand,  and 
to  the  southern  equivalent  of  the  "  yellow  loam  "  of  Mississippi  and 
Tennessee  on  the  other.  The  general  results  of  this  exploration  are 
briefly  stated  in  Memoir  No.  248  of  the  Smithsonian  Contributions, 
page  4,  namely,  that  the  loess  material  gradually  changes  toward 
that  of  a  noncalcareous  and  nonfossilferous  hardpan  or  indurated 
silt,  from  a  point  about  8  miles  below  the  Louisiana  line,  and  seems 
also  to  thin  out.  No  detailed  report  or  field  notes  of  this  trip  are 
on  record. 

In  view  of  the  difficulties  and  insecurity  besetting  the  office  of 
State  geologist  under  the  regime  then  existing  in  the  State  of  Missis- 
sippi, in  October,  1866,  Doctor  Hilgard  accepted  permanently  the 
chair  of  chemistry  at  the  university,  and  Doctor  Little  was  then 
appointed  State  geologist.  He  took  the  field  in  the  autumn  of  1867, 
in  order  to  reexplore  the  section  of  the  Tertiary  strata  afforded  by 
the  Chickasawhay  River,  between  Enterprise  and  Winchester.  He 
descended  the  stream  in  a  canoe,  making  numerous  portages  over  shal- 
low stretches.  The  result  of  this  reexamination  was  simply  a  con- 


268  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

firmation  of  the  observations  previously  made  by  Hilgard,  going  by 
land,  in  1859;  of  this  exploration,  also,  no  detailed  record  or  report 
is  on  file. 

No  field  \vork  was  done  by  Doctor  Little  in  1868,  partly  because 
by  consent  of  the  governor  he  \vas  then  acting  as  professor  of  geology 
and  mineralogy  at  the  university,  in  addition  to  the  survey  work  in 
the  laboratory  and  collection  rooms. 

In  October,  1870,  however,  he  definitely  resigned  the  State  geolo- 
gistship  for  the  professorship  of  geology  and  natural  history  in  the 
university,  and  in  order  to  prevent  the  survey  from  being  either 
abolished  or  falling  into  the  wrong  hands,  Hilgard  again  assumed 
its  direction  without  additional  compensation,  it  being  understood 
that  he  should  be  under  no  obligation  to  take  the  field  personally. 

In  November,  1868,  the  assistantship  had  been  filled  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Dr.  Eugene  A.  Smith,  of  Alabama,  then  just  returned  from 
his  studies  in  Europe.  Doctor  Smith  took  hold  of  the  work  with 
energy,  although  the  first  duties  were  not  of  the  most  interesting 
character — namely,  the  farthest  prosecution  of  the  analyses  of  soils 
and  marls  selected  so  as  to  cover,  as  nearly  as  possible,  all  parts  of  the 
State.  This  work  was  carried  on  by  him  through  the  year  1869  and  a 
portion  of  1870. 

In  September  of  the  latter  year  he  took  the  field  with  the  usual  out- 
fit of  a  two-mule  ambulance  and  driver.  There  were  then  two  regions 
in  the  State  that  had  not  been  at  all  satisfactorily  explored — one  the 
belt  northward  of  the  Jackson  area,  of  which  only  the  portions  lying 
in  Neshoba  and  Lauderdale  counties  on  the  eastern  border  of  the 
State,  and  a  small  area  in  Attala  County,  near  the  Central  Railroad, 
had  been  somewhat  minutely  examined.  This  being  the  connecting 
link  between  the  "  northern  lignitic  "  and  calcareous  marine  stages, 
its  examination  was  of  especial  interest,  but  at  the  same  time  a 
difficult  task  on  account  of  the  extreme  variability  of  its  materials 
and  fossils  and  the  scarcity  of  outcrops.  The  other  comparatively 
unknown  region  was  the  great  "  Yazoo  bottom,"  the  geological  ex- 
ploration of  which  had  become  of  especial  interest  in  connection  with 
the  question  of  the  age  of  the  formations  of  the  Gulf  coast  and  Delta. 

While  the  latter  region  was  to  be  the  chief  objective  point  of  the 
first  expedition,  Doctor  Smith  availed  himself  of  the  opportunity  of 
observing  a  section  across  the  older  Tertiary  in  passing  from  Oxford 
to  Yazoo  City  by  way  of  the  Pontotoc  "  flatwoods,"  Kosciusko,  and 
Jackson. 

He  then  descended  into  the  Yazoo  bottoms  and  traversed  them,  zig- 
zagging from  the  river  to  the  bluff  from  near  Vicksburg  to  its  head 
near  Memphis.  On  this  laborious  and  insalubrious  trip  he  studied 
both  the  surface  features  of  the  great  alluvial  plain  and  the  geological 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  269 

features  of  the  deposits  that  form  its  substrata.  A  summary  report 
of  this  important  exploration  was  given  by  him  at  the  Indianapolis 
meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
and  was  published  in  the  volume  of  proceedings  for  1871  (p.  252). 
The  outcome  of  these  observations  is  there  summarily  stated  to  have 
been  that  "  the  true  river  deposits  "  of  any  considerable  thickness 
are  mostly  confined  to  narrow  strips  of  land  lying  on  both  sides  of 
the  Mississippi  and  of  the  bayous  and  creeks  and  to  ancient  channels 
since  filled  up ;  while  a  large  proportion  of  the  superficial  area  of  the 
bottom,  including  some  of  the  most  fertile  lands,  is  derived  from 
the  clays  of  older  formations  into  which  these  beds  have  been  ex- 
cavated. The  equivalence  of  this  older  clay  formation  with  that  of 
the  Port  Hudson  profile,  already  suggested,  was  thus  verified. 

Returning  to  Oxford  early  in  December,  Doctor  Smith  carried  on 
the  chemical  work  until  the  end  of  May,  1871,  when  he  took  the  field 
again  in  order  to  trace  across  the  State  the  "siliceous  Claiborne" 
belt  above  referred  to.  His  route  lay  from  Leake  County  southeast- 
ward to  the  Alabama  line,  along  the  northern  contact  of  the  prob- 
lematic "  Red  Hills  "  and  yellow  sandstones  with  the  lignitic  forma- 
tion; then  westward  again  in  the  more  southerly  portion  of  the  belt, 
to  the  border  of  the  Yazoo  bottom  (the  "Mississippi  bluff").  In 
this  trip  he  traced  the  connection  and  established  the  equivalence  of 
the  ferruginous  formation  as  a  local  feature,  with  the  sandstones  of 
Neshoba  and  Newton  Counties,  which  again  connect  unequivocally 
with  the  characteristic  "  buhrstones  "  of  Lauderdale. 

In  September,  1871,  Doctor  Smith  resigned  the  assistantship  to 
take  the  chair  of  geology  and  mineralogy  in  the  University  of  Ala- 
bama, with  which,  through  his  efforts,  the  office  of  State  geologist  of 
the  latter  State  was  afterwards  connected. 

His  successor  in  the  assistantship  of  the  Mississippi  survey  was 
Mr.  R.  H.  Loughridge,  of  Texas,  who  had  for  some  time  previously 
acted  as  Hilgard's  assistant  in  the  chemical  laboratory  and  subse- 
quently as  instructor  in  general  chemistry.  Mr.  Loughridge  prose- 
cuted the  chemical  work  of  the  survey  during  a  part  of  the  year 
1872,  while  Doctor  Hilgard  was  preparing  for  the  elaboration  of 
another  report  covering  the  work  done  since  the  publication  of  the 
report  of  I860,  when,  by  arbitrary  ruling  of  the  State  auditor  of 
public  accounts,  the  survey  appropriation  was  withheld,  and  thus 
in  the  autumn  of  1872  the  work  was  preemptorily  stopped  and  has 
not  been  revived  since,  although  the  act  of  1860  has  never  been 
legally  rescinded.  No  provision  for  the  publication  of  the  results 
has  ever  been  made  by  the  State.  The  records  and  collections  of 
the  survey  remained  in  custody  of  the  University  of  Mississippi,  and 
were  left  by  Doctor  Hilgard  fully  labeled  as  to  locality  and  time  of 


270  BULLETIN  10D,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

collection,  with  reference  to  the  field  notes,  and  to  the  name  or 
designation  under  which  the  specimens  of  fossils  appeared  in  the 
report  of  1860. 

Expenses. — Satisfactory  statistics  bearing  upon  the  expenses  of 
the  survey  are  not  available.  So  far  as  can  be  determined  by  the 
reading  of  the  various  acts  establishing  the  survey  and  making  the 
appropriations,  they  were  approximately  as  follows: 

By  act  of  March  5,  1850,  $3,000  a  year  for  seven  years $21,000 

By  act  of  1852,  for  museum 200 

By  act  of  1854,  for  publication 2, 500 

By   act   of   1857,    for   laboratory 1,200 

By  act   of  1860,    for   laboratory 545 

By  act  of  1860,   for  publication 3,500 


Total  appropriations $28, 945 

Salaries. — Under  Professor  Millington,  the  assistant  geologists 
were  paid  $1,000  each,  annually.  Professor  Hilgard,  under  Harper, 
received  at  first  $1,000,  which  was  later  increased  to  $1,500  annually. 
Professor  Harper's  salary  is  given  as  having  been  $2,000  annually. 

Publications. — The  official  reports  of  the  several  surveys  were  com- 
prised under  five  reports  and  a  circular  announcing  the  resumption 
of  work  in  1866. 

Wailes's  report  (the  first  of  the  Mississippi  geological  reports), 
of  which  the  publication  was  provided  for  by  the  law  of  1854,  bears 
the  imprint  of  E.  Barksdale,  State  printer,  1854.  but  was  actually 
printed  at  Philadelphia,  where  Wailes  remained  during  the  greater 
part  of  1854  to  superintend  its  passage  through  the  press.  The 
volume  is  an  octavo  of  371  pages,  with  17  illustrations,  partly  of  a 
historical  character,  partly  referring  to  the  cotton  industry.  Eight 
of  these  illustrate  geological  subjects,  the  most  important  being 
four  plates  of  shells  from  the  Jackson  shell  bed,  named  and  de- 
scribed by  Conrad.  The  report  begins  with  a  "  historical  outline," 
covering  125  pages;  a  treatise  on  the  agriculture  of  the  State,  partlv 
historical  and  dealing  largely  with  cotton  culture,  followed  by  some 
analyses  of  marls,  cotton,  ashes,  and  mineral  waters,  and  covering 
81  pages;  meteorological  data,  12  pages;  lists  of  fauna  and  flora,  46 
pages;  appendices,  with  documents,  25  pages.  This  summary  is 
sufficiently  indicative  of  the  fact  that  Wailes  was  not  and  did  not 
write  as  a  specialist  in  any  department.  He  made  no  attempt  to 
classify  the  rocks  he  described  otherwise  than  as  Cretaceous,  Terti- 
ary, and  Quaternary,  and  inferentially  classed  among  the  latter 
the  sandstone  of  the  Grand  Gulf  group,  which  is  mentioned  as  over- 
lying "  diluvial  gravel."  He  traced  correctly  the  northern  limit 
of  the  Grand  Gulf  rocks  from  the  Mississippi,  across  Pearl  River 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY   SURVEYS.  271 

to  Brandon,  and  described  their  occurrence  in  southwestern  Missis- 
sippi. 

The  printing  of  Professor  Harper's  report  was  provided  for  by 
the  act  of  1857,  which  effected  the  separation  of  the  survey  from  the 
university.  The  sum  of  $3,500  was  voted  for  its  publication.  Con- 
cerning this  Hilgard  writes : 

Of  this  report  it  need  only  be.  said  that  it  is  a  literary,  linguistic,  and 
scientific  curiosity,  and  probably  unique  in  official  publications  of  its  kind. 
It  is  the  labored  attempt  of  a  socialist  to  show  erudition  and  to  compass  the 
impossible  feat  of  interpreting  and  discussing  intelligently  a  considerable  mass 
of  observations  mostly  recorded  by  another,  working  on  a  totally  different  plane 
from  himself.  In  making  use  of  my  field  notes,  which  of  course  passed  into 
his  hands,  the  facts  as  well  as  the  conclusions  suffered  such  distortion  that,  but 
for  the  introduction  of  all  the  figures  and  diagrams  given  in  my  manuscript, 
I  should  have  been  unable  in  many  cases  to  recognize  my  own  work.  It  is  thus 
that  the  "  Orange  sand "  becomes  in  his  hands  "  the  Miocene  formation," 
while  what  he  saw  of  the  Port  Huron  beds,  as  well  as  the  Quarternary  gravels, 
Is  referred  to  the  Eocene.  Shortly  after  the  publication  of  the  book  I  publicly 
disclaimed  all  responsibility  for  either  facts  or  conclusions  pretended  to  be  based 
upon  my  work,  since,  although  my  name  is  nowhere  mentioned  in  the  volume, 
the  innumerable  errors  would  in  the  course  of  time  be  likely  to  be  laid  at  my 
door. 

The  legislature  of  1859  made  an  appropriation  of  $3,500  for  print- 
ing Hilgard's  report,  "  with  such  diagrams  and  maps  as  the  governor 
shall  deem  necessary  for  its  illustration ;"  and  "  it  is  hereby  espe- 
cially enjoined  upon  his  excellency,  in  the  publication  of  said  book, 
to  have  the  same  performed  at  the  South,  if  the  same  can  be  done 
at  an  advance  of  10  per  cent  upon  the  cost  of  its  publication  at  the 
North."  The  latter  clause  was  a  characteristic  sign  of  the  tunes. 
The  act  was  approved  by  the  governor  February  10,  1860. 

It  was  soon  and  easily  ascertained  that  the  5,000  copies  of  the 
volume  could  not  be  printed  anywhere  at  the  South  at  an  advance  of 
10  per  cent  on  New  York  prices,  but  Governor  Pettus  declared  that 
he  would  not  allow  it  to  go  North  under  any  circumstances,  even  if 
it  had  to  remain  unprinted.  The  estimates  prepared  by  Mr.  E. 
Barksdale,  the  State  printer,  showed  that  to  do  the  work  in  his  office 
would  cost  over  $4,000  at  the  lowest  estimate  placed  upon  the  un- 
completed manuscript.  Finally,  Mr.  Barksdale  proposed  that  if 
Hilgard  would  be  responsible  for  $250  of  the  excess  of  cost  over  the 
amount  allowed  by  the  State,  he  would  cover  the  rest.  This  proposi- 
tion was  accepted,  and  the  governor  relented  so  far  as  to  allow  the 
map,  which  could  not  be  furnished  by  any  southern  establishment,  to 
be  prepared  by  the  Coltons  of  New  York ;  the  other  plates  were  pre- 
pared at  New  Orleans. 

The  printing  was  begun  at  Jackson  in  May,  I860.  The  latter  parts 
of  the  report  were  largely  written  while  the  first  portion  was  passing 
136075-20 19 


272  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

through  the  press,  but  several  forms  were  not  yet  in  print  when,  in 
August,  imperative  business  called  Doctor  Hilgard  to  Europe,  and 
the  work  of  seeing  the  report  through  the  press  fell  upon  Dr.  W.  D. 
Moore. 

On  Hilgard's  return  from  Europe  in  November,  1860,  he  found 
the  report  in  print,  and  shortly  afterwards  it  was  shipped  to  St. 
Louis  for  binding.  The  political  events  which  soon  afterward  con- 
vulsed the  country  prevented  the  return  of  the  bound  edition  to 
Mississippi.  It  remained  warehoused  in  the  binders  hands  during 
the  entire  war  between  the  States,  and  it  was  not  until  1865  that 
measures  were  taken  for  its  recovery.  The  war  and  the  "  12  months 
thereafter"  having  expired,  the  survey  was  revived  ipso  facto  on 
the  basis  of  the  act  of  1860,  and  Hilgard  found  the  State  printer, 
Mr.  E.  Barksdale,  determined  to  carry  out  to  the  letter  his  agree- 
ment in  respect  to  the  publication  of  the  report,  thus  likewise  reviv- 
ing his  obligation  to  contribute  $250  toward  the  payment  of  its  cost, 
which,  under  the  conditions  then  existing,  was  a  heavy  tax.  The 
edition  was  received  at  Jackson  early  in  1866  and  thence  distributed 
according  to  the  following  law : 

An  act  to  regulate  the  distribution  of  the  reports  on  the  geology  and  agriculture  of  the 
State  of  Mississippi. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  6y  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  That 
2,500  of  Doctor  Hilgard's  reports  on  the  geology  and  agriculture  of  the  State 
shall  be  distributed  by  the  secretary  of  state  to  the  counties  and  public  insti- 
tutions in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  regulating  the  distribution 
of  the  preceding  report,  except  so  far  as  relate  to  the  State  University. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state 
to  deposit  at  the  State  University  250  copies  of  said  report  for  the  use  of  the 
institution  and  for  distribution  to  and  exchange  with  scientific  and  literary 
men  and  institutions  by  the  librarian  of  the  university,  under  the  direction  of  the 
faculty. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  copies  not  distributed  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  section  shall  remain  deposited  in  the  capital, 
subject  to  the  control  of  the  secretary  of  state,  who  shall  have  authority  to  issue 
one  copy  gratuitously  to  any  citizen  of  the  State  making  application  for  the 
same,  and  to  citizens  of  other  States  upon  the  payment  of  $1  per  copy,  or  in 
exchange  for  works  of  similar  character,  to  be  deposited  in  the  State  library. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force 
from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  February  18,  1S67. 

Benefits. — The  benefits  of  the  surveys  under  direction  of  Doctor 
Hilgard  are  summarized  by  him : 

In  this  report  I  undertook  to  separate,  as  far  as  possible,  the  purely  scientific 
part  from  that  bearing  directly  upon  practical  points,  in  order  to  render  the 
letter  as  accessible  to  unscientific  readers  as  the  nature  of  the  case  permit- 
ted, while  at  the  same  time  giving  scientific  discussion  full  swing  in  its  proper 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  273 

place,  Tliis  was  the  more  necessary  as  my  predecessor's  reports  had  been 
sharply  criticized  in  this  respect;  and  I  thiiik  the  result  has  justified  niy  judg- 
ment in  the  premises.  The  volume  is  thus  divided  nearly  evenly  between  a 
"  geological "  and  "  agricultural "  portion ;  the  former  giving,  under  the  special 
heading  of  "  useful  materials,"  the  technically  important  features  of  each  for- 
imitinn,  after  its  geological  characters  have  been  discussed.  In  the  agricultural 
portion  it  seemed  needful  at  the  time  to  give  by  way  of  introduction,  a  brief 
discussion  of  the  principles  of  agricultural  chemistry,  then  but  little  understood 
by  the  general  public;  and  accordingly,  50  pages  are  given  to  this  subject 
and  discussed  with  reference  to  the  agricultuarl  practice  of  the  State.  In 
the  special  or  descriptive  portion  of  the  agricultural  report  the  State  is  divided 
into  "  regions "  characterized  by  more  or  less  uniformity  of  soil  and  surface 
features;  and  each  is  considered  in  detail  with  respect  to  all  natural  features 
bearing  on  agricultural  pursuits,  special  attention  being  given  to  the  nature  of 
the  soils  as  shown  by  their  vegetation  and  analysis. 

In  the  latter  respect  I  departed  pointedly  from  the  then  prevailing  opinions, 
by  which  soil  analyses  was  held  to  be  practically  useless.  My  exploration  of  the 
State  had  shown  me  such  intimate  connection  between  the  natural  vegetation 
and  the  varying  chemical  nature  of  the  underlying  strata  that  have  contributed 
to  soil  formation,  as  to  greatly  encourage  the  belief  that  definite  results  could 
be  eliminated  from  the  discussion  of  a  considerable  number  of  analyses,  of  soils 
carefully  observed  and  classified  with  respect  both  to  their  origin  and  the 
natural  vegetation,  and  a  comparison  of  these  data  with  the  results  of  culti- 
vation; and  that  thus  it  would  become  possible,  after  all,  to  do  what  Liebig 
originally  expected  could  be  done,  viz,  to  predict  measurably  the  behavior 
of  soils  in  cultivation  from  their  chemical  composition.  To  what  extent  this 
expectation  has  been  fufilled,  is  hardly  apparent  from  the  very  limited  num- 
ber of  analyses  which  my  unaided  work  was  able  to  furnish  for  the  report  of 
I860.  But  lights  then  obtained  encouraged  me  to  persevere  in  the  same  line  of 
Investigation,  in  the  face  of  much  adverse  criticism,  when  wider  opportunities 
presented  themselves  afterwards.  By  the  aid  of  these  I  think  I  may  fairly 
claim  that  the  right  of  soil  analysis  to  be  considered  as  an  essential  and  often 
decisive  factor  in  the  a  priori  estimation  of  the  cultural  value  of  virgin  soils, 
has  been  well  established  alongside  of  the  limitations  imposed  by  physical  and 
climatic  conditions  and  by  previous  invention  of  culture.1 

With  the  recognition  of  these  facts  the  importance  of  agricultural  surveys 
to  the  population  especially  of  the  newer  states  and  territories  becomes  suffi- 
ciently obvious  to  command  at  least  the  same  attention  as  those  investigations 
directed  specially  to  the  recognition  of  the  geological  and  mineral  resources  of 
the  same  regions;  and  the  "classification  of  lands,"  provided  for  under  the 
law  creating  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  assumes  a  new  and  more 
pressing  significance.  Even  apart  from  any  special  investigations  of  soil  com- 
position, the  right  of  the  agricultural  interests  to  at  least  a  good  intelligent  and 
intelligible  description  of  the  surface  features  of  a  region,  given  with  respect 
to  its  agricultural  capabilities  and  its  attractions  for  settlers,  can  hardly  be 
denied.  With  the  additional  possibilities  opened  by  the  intelligent  application  of 
soil  investigation,  there  is  no  excuse  for  the  neglect,  sometimes  almost  absolute, 
with  which  this  branch  of  the  public  surveys  has  thus  far  been  treated  by  those 
charged  with  their  execution. 

1  For  a  more  extended  exemplification  and  discussion  of  the  nature  and  utility  of  such 
work,  see  the  Report  on  Cotton  Production  In  the  United  States,  vols.  5  and  6  of  the 
Reports  of  the  Tenth  Census ;  also  Amer.  Journ.  ScL,  December,  1872,  p.  434 ;  also  issue 
for  September,  p  183, 


274  BULLETIN    lUy,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Dr.  David  D.  Owen  was,  among  the  older  American  geol  )gists,  the  one  who 
most  steadily  kept  the  agricultural  interests  in  view  and  gave  them  prominence 
in  his  researches  and  reports;  and  while  my  personal  intercourse  with  him 
predisposed  me  to  follow  his  example  iu  this  respect,  my  further  experience  has 
only  served  to  strengthen  my  conviction  that  a  reasonable  proportion  of  atten- 
tion given  to  agricultural  work  would  effectually  smooth  the  path  of  our  public 
surveys,  whose  fate  is  forever  trembling  in  the  balance  at  each  reassembling 
of  the  legislative  bodies  upon  which  their  continued  endowment  depends  and 
by  whose  country  members  their  utility  is  constantly  called  in  question.  No 
such  question  was  raised  in  Mississippi  after  the  publication  of  my  report  for 
I860,  and  legislative  appropriations  for  substantially  similar  work  done  by 
me  on  behalf  of  agriculture  have  since  been  liberally  maintained  in  California, 
despite  the  conspicious  disfavor  with  which  the  geological  survey  of  that  State 
has  for  12  years  past  been  regarded  by  the  public.  Had  that  survey  been  adapted 
to  the  legitimate  needs  of  the  State,  by  proper  diligence  in  the  pursuit  of  its 
agricultural  side,  the  discontinuance  of  the  work  would  never  have  been  carried 
through  the  legislature. 

As  a  striking  exemplification  of  the  change  wrought  in  public  sentiment  by 
the  energetic  prosecution  of  agricultural  survey  work,  I  may  quote  the  action 
taken  at  the  called  session  of  the  Legislature  of  Mississippi  in  August,  1861. 
Under  the  terrible  stress  brought  to  bear  on  the  State  even  then  by  the  impend- 
ing conflict,  it  would  have  been  natural  to  expect  the  complete  extinction  of  the 
appropriation  for  the  survey  work.  Instead  of  this,  an  act  was  passed  sus- 
pending the  appropriation  for  the  geological  survey  "  until  the  close  of  the  war 
and  for  12  months  thereafter;  except  the  sum  of  $1,250  per  annum,  which  shall 
be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  and  the  purchase 
of  such  chemicals  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  on  the  analysis  of  soils,  minerals, 
and  mineral  waters  and  to  enable  him  to  preserve  the  apparatus,  analyses, 
and  other  property  of  the  State  connected  with  said  survey." 

This  appropriation  was  actually  maintained  during  the  entire  struggle  of  the 
Confederacy,  and,  so  far  as  the  vicissitudes  of  war  permitted,  the  chemical 
work  (and  even  some  field  work)  was  continued  by  me  during  the  same  time. 
The  scarcity  of  salt  suggested  the  utilzation  of  some  of  the  saline  waters  and 
efflorescences  so  common  in  the  southern  part, of  the  State,  and  some  40  (un- 
published) analyses  of  such  saline  mixtures  are  on  record.  I  made  an  official 
report  on  the  subject  to  Governor  Pettus,  dated  June  9,  1SG2.  I  also  made  a 
special  exploration  on  the  several  limestone  caves  of  the  State  with  a  view 
to  the  discovery  of  nitrous  earths;  but  from  the  fact  that  these  caves  are  all 
traversed  by  lively  streams.  I  found  nowhere  a  sufficient  accumulation  of  ni- 
trates to  render  exploitation  useful. 

MISSOURI.1 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  GEORGE  C.   SWALLOW,   1853-1862. 

Organization. — About  the  earliest  record  available  of  official  ac- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  State  of  Missouri  in  the  direction  of  a  geo- 
logical survey  is  given  in  the  message  of  Gov.  Lilburn  "YV.  Boggs  to 
the  tenth  general  assembly,  in  1833.  In  this  he  recommended  an 

1  See  also  Geological  Survey  of  Missouri,  Journal  of  Geology,  vol.  2,  1894,  pp.  207-221. 
*nd  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  1878-86,  pp.  611-624. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL. 


^^9^ 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  275 

appropriation  for  a  geological  survey  as  a  part  of  a  general  sys- 
tem of  internal  improvement. 

Apparently  as  a  result  of  the  spirit  prompting  this  recommenda- 
tion, surveys  of  the  Meramec,  the  Salt,  the  North,  Grand,  and  Osage 
rivers  were  started,  under  a  board  of  internal  improvements,  and  the 
geological  examination  of  the  Osage  River  was  made  under  Dr. 
Henry  King,  president  of  the  Western  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 
After  this  the  matter  of  investigation  by  the  State  seems  to  have 
fallen  into  neglect  for  several  years. 

In  October,  1846,  at  a  convention  held  in  Springfield  in  the  interest 
of  internal  improvement  a  memorial  was  framed  to  the  general  as- 
sembly, in  which  special  stress  was  laid  upon  the  value  of  the  de- 
velopment of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State. 

In  the  message  of  Gov.  John  C.  Edwards  to  the  assembly  in  the 
same  year  the  subject  of  a  geological  survey  was  again  recommended 
for  consideration.  The  matter  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  in- 
ternal improvement,  of  which  Dewitt  C.  Ballou  was  chairman.  In 
a  report  of  eight  pages  this  committee  strongly  advised  the  inaugura- 
tion of  such  an  undertaking.  No  immediate  action,  however,  fol- 
lowed, and  at  the  session  of  the  general  assembly  of  1848  a  memorial 
of  13  pages  was  presented  from  the  Historical  and  Philosophical  So- 
ciety of  Missouri,  again  inviting  the  attention  of  the  legislature  to 
the  matter.  The  immediate  effect  of  this  was  another  memorial  from 
the  legislature  to  Congress  urging  that  the  National  Government 
have  made  a  geological  survey  of  the  State.  Nothing  seems  to  have 
resulted  from  this  memorial,  and  in  the  following  year  (1850)  Gov. 
Austin  A.  King,  in  his  message  to  the  sixteenth  general  assembly, 
again  urged  the  importance  of  attending  to  these  matters.  Again 
nothing  immediate  seems  to  have  been  done,  but  the  matter  con- 
tinued to  be  agitated,  and  during  the  session  of  the  legislature  of  1853 
an  act  creating  the  first  geological  survey  of  the  State  was  passed  and 
approved. 

The  following  is  the  text  of  this  act : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  minernloglcal  survey  of  the  State. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  as  follotcs: 

1.  The  governor  of  this  State  is  hereby  authorized  and  required,  as  soon  as 
may  be  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  appoint  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be 
a  jterson  of  competent  scientific  and  practical  knowledge  of  the  sciences  of 
geology  and  mineralogy;  and  the  said  State  geologist  shall,  by  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  governor,  appoint  any  number  of  suitable  persons,  not  exceeding 
four,  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  who  shall  be  skillful,  analyti- 
cal, and  experimental  chemists ;  and  may  appoint  such  other  subordinate  assist- 
ants, as  he  may  deem  necessary. 

2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist,  and  his  said  principal  as- 
sistants, as  soon  as  may  be  practicable  after  their  appointment,  to  commence 


276  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

and  carry  on  with  as  much  expedition  and  dispatch,  as  may  be  consistent  with 
minuteness  and  accuracy,  with  a  view  to  determine  the  order,  succession,  ar- 
rangement, relative  position,  dip,  or  inclination,  and  comparative  magnitude 
of  the  several  strata,  or  geological  formations,  within  this  State:  and  to  dis- 
cover and  examine  all  beds  or  deposits  or  ore,  coal,  marls,  and  such  other 
mineral  substances,  and  mineral  waters,  as  may  be  useful  or  valuable,  and  to 
perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and  complete 
geological  and  miueralogical  survey  of  the  State. 

3.  It  shull  be  the  duty  of  the  said  assistants  to  make  full  and  complete  exami- 
nations, assays,   and  analyses  of  all   rocks,   ores,   soils,   or  other  substances, 
as  may  be  submitted  to  them  by  the  State  geologist  for  the  purpose,  and  to 
furnish  him  with  a  detailed  and  complete  account  of  the  results  so  obtained, 

4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  geologist  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of 
December  in  each  and  every  year  during  the  time  necessarily  occupied  by  said 
survey,  to  make  an  annual  report  of  the  progress  of  said  survey,  accompanied 
with  such  maps,  drawings,  and  specimens  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to 
exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same,  to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  shall  lay 
such  report  before  the  legislature. 

5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist  to  cause  to  be  represented  on 
the  map  of  the  State,  by  color  and  other  appropriate  means,  the  various  areas 
occupied  by  the  differeat  geological  formations  in  the  State,  and  to  mark 
thereon  tlie  localities  of  the  respective  beds  or  deposits  of  the  various  mineral 
substances  discovered;  and  on  the  completion  of  the  survey  to  complete  a  memoir 
of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State,  comprising  a  complete  account  of 
the  leading  subjects  and  discoveries  which  have  been  embraced  in  the  survey. 

6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  forward  to  the  secretary 
of  state  from  time  to  time,  during  the  progress  of  the  survey,  such  specimens 
in  triplicate  of  the  rocks,  ores,  coals,  soils,  fossils,  and  other  mineral  sub- 
stances discovered  and  examined,  and  may  be  proper  and  necessary  to  form  a 
complete  cabinet  collection  of  specimens  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the 
State;  and  the  said  secretary  shall  cause  one  set  thereof  to  be  deposited,  in 
proper  order,  in  some  convenient  room  in  the  State  capitol,  there  to  be  preserved 
for  public  inspection,  and  another  set  with  the  State  university,  and  another 
set  with  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  to  be  deposited  by  said  city  in  some  convenient 
place  or  with  some  public  institution  in  that  city  for  public  inspection. 

7.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum 
of  $10,000  is  hereby  annually  appropriated,  for  the  term  of  two  years,  to  be 
expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor:  Provided,  hotcever,  That  the 
salaries  of  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  shall  not  commence  until 
they  have  been  entered  upon  the  execution  of  their  duties;  and  upon  presenta- 
tion by  the  said  State  geologist  of  the  proper  vouchers,  the  auditor  of  public 
accounts  is  hereby  required  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasurer  for  the  amount 
of  the  cost  of  any  chemical  apparatus  or  other  outfit,  deemed  necessary  by  said 
State  geologist,  and  also  for  the  amount  of  the  quarterly  pay  of  the  said  State 
geologist  and  his  assistants,  on  presentation  of  the  proper  vouchers,  by  said 
State  geologist,  and  upon  the  order  of  the  governor,  who  shall  be  satisfied  that 
the  services  for  which  such   pay  shall  be  demanded   have  been   performed; 
Provided,  That  the  amount  of  such  cost  and  pay  shall  not,  in  any  one  year,  ex- 
ceed the  amount  herein  appropriated. 

8.  The  said  State  geologist  and  his  principal  assistants,  before  entering  upon 
the  discharge  of  their  duties,  shall  each  take  an  oath  before  some  judge  or 
justice  of  the  peace  faithfully  to  perform  all  the  services  required  of  them  under 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       277 

this  act,  and  to  abstain  from  all  pecuniary  speculations  for  themselves  or  others 
in  the  objects  of  their  survey  during  its  progress. 

9.  The  annual  salary  of  said  State  geologist  shall  not  exceed  $3,000;  the  an- 
nual salary  of  the  principal  assistants  shall  not  exceed  $1,500;  and  the  pay  of 
subordinate  assistants  or  servants  shall  not  exceed  $1  per  day  for  every  day  of 
actual  service. 

10.  Before  appointing  said  State  geologist,  as  provided  for  in  the  first  section 
of  this  act,  the  governor  is  requested  to  correspond  with  men  of  science  on  the 
subject,  with  the  view  of  procuring  the  services  of  a  person  entirely  suitable 
and  competent. 

11.  This  act  to  take  effect  from  its  passage. 
Approved,  February  24,  1853. 

This  survey,  it  will  be  noted,  had  no  connection  with  other  insti- 
tutions, although  the  State  geologist  was,  during  a  part  of  his  term 
of  service,  professor  of  geology  in  the  State  University.  It  was  sus- 
tained by  the  regular  annual  appropriations  made  by  order  of  the 
legislature. 

Administration.— Under  the  act  of  1853  Prof.  G.  C.  Swallow,  who 
had  been  engaged  in  teaching  in  Maine,  was  made  State  geologist; 
Prof.  A.  Little,  of  St.  Louis,  chemist ;  and  R.  B.  Price,  of  Brunswick, 
Missouri,  draftsman.  Subsequently,  B.  F.  Shumard,  of  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  was  appointed  paleontologist  and  assistant  geologist.  In 
1854  F.  B.  Meek  was  commissioned  assistant  geologist;  in  1857  G.  C. 
Broadhead  and  Henry  Engelmann  received  like  commissions;  and 
in  1858  Dr.  J.  G.  Norwood  was  appointed  assistant  geologist.  Mr. 
R.  B.  Price,  resigning  in  1858,  his  position  was  filled  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  H.  A.  Ulffcrs,  who  served  also  as  assistant  geologist 
Mr.  C.  Gilbert  Wheeler  was  assistant  geologist  from  1860  to  1861. 

In  addition  to  these,  R.  B.  Price,  Fred.  Bass,  F.  Hawn,  Warren 
Hough,  Edward  Harrison,  and  Daniel  Crosby  are  mentioned  in  the 
annual  report  as  having  rendered  assistance.  All  the  assistants 
were,  as  noted  in  the  law,  appointed  by  the  State  geologist,  by  and 
with  the  consent  of  the  governor. 

The  salary  received  by  the  State  geologist  was  at  the  rate  of  $3,000 
a  year  and  the  assistants  $1,000  and  $1,500  a  year. 

The  aim  of  the  survey,  as  stated  in  the  first  report,  was  to  make  (1) 
an  outline  of  the  general  geology  of  the  whole  State;  (2)  a  general 
view  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  mining  district;  (3)  an  exposition 
of  the  agricultural  and  manufacturing  resources  of  the  State;  and 
(4)  reports  in  detail  of  as  many  counties  as  possible. 

The  character  of  the  work  was  mainly  preliminary.  It  aimed  to 
mark  down  on  accurate  maps  the  boundaries  of  the  geological  forma- 
tions, the  limits  of  the  prairie  and  timber,  mineral  localities,  and  all 
matters  necessary  to  form  a  geographical  as  well  as  geological  map. 
Sections  were  corrected  and  grouped,  and  minerals,  fossils,  rocks,  ores, 
and  mineral  waters  collected,  and  also  soils. 


278  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Besides  noting  the  geology,  the  members  of  the  survey  were  ex 
pected,  when  convenient,  to  make  botanical  and  zoological  collections. 
There  were,  as  a  rule,  two  parties  in  the  field,  with  camp  equipage, 
horses,  etc.,  the  property  of  the  State.     The  office  and  headquarters  of 
the  survey  were  in  rooms  of  the  State  University  at  Columbia. 
Concerning  the  work  of  this  survey  "Winslow  remarks: 
Reviewing  briefly  this  work  of  the  geological  survey,  we  must  recognize  as 
remarkable  and  excellent  the  classification  of  the  rocks  which  are  involved, 
as  well  as  the  general  accuracy  with  which  the  distribution  of  the  formations 
was  defined,  especially  when  the  short  time  is  considered.     Under  the  control 
of  Hall's  new  classification  and  nomenclature  published  in  1843,  though  un- 
doubtedly assisted,  yet  not  mislead  by  Owen's  results,  Swallow  and  his  assist- 
ant established  a  table  of  formations  and  outlined  a  geographical  map  of  the 
State,  which  remains  to  this  date  unchanged  in  its  main  features. 

The  law  required  that  the  collections  should  be  made  in  triplicate, 
one  set  of  which  should  go  to  the  State  University,  one  to  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  and  one  to  be  deposited  in  some  convenient  room  in  the 
capitol.  The  Civil  War  interfered  and  the  collections,  though  made, 
were  not  distributed,  the  specimens  for  the  most  part  remaining  in 
boxes  until  1884,  when  they  were  unpacked  and  partly  arranged  in 
the  museum  of  the  State  University. 

Expenses. — The  total  cost  of  the  survey  during  the  nine  years  of 
its  existence  was  $105,000. 

Publications. — Five  reports  of  progress  were  issued,  dated  1853, 
1854,  1856,  1859,  and  1860,  respectively.  Of  these  only  the  second, 
comprising  447  pages,  contained  anything  of  geological  importance, 
and  is  the  one  commonly  known  as  Swallow's  report  on  the  geology 
of  Missouri.  The  others  are  all  brief  and  partly  administrative. 
The  annual  reports  were  distributed  through  the  members  of  the 
legislature  and  by  the  geologist. 

SECOND  SURVEY   UNDER  ALBERT  D.   HAGER,    1870-1871. 

Organization. — The  survey  under  Professor  Swallow  came  to  an 
end,  as  noted,  in  1862,  owing  to  the  disorganized  condition  of 
the  country  caused  by  the  Civil  War.  The  matter  was  not,  how- 
ever, long  allowed  to  remain  dormant,  and  even  before  the  close  of 
the  war  a  James  McKenzie  presented  a  petition  to  the  legislature, 
the  object  of  which  was  to  secure  the  publication  of  information 
concerning  the  resources  of  the  State  for  foreign  distribution. 

In  the  report  of  the  corresponding  secretary  of  the  board  of 
agriculture  for  1865,  the  importance  of  a  scientific  survey  was  dwelt 
on,  but  no  definite  recommendations  made.  In  the  report  of  the  secre- 
tary of  the  same  organization,  for  1866,  the  need  of  geological  work 
again  found  expression,  and  at  the  meeting  of  the  board  of  agri- 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  279 

culture  in  December,  1867,  a  resolution  was  passed  to  memorialize 
the  general  assembly  to  appoint  a  State  geologist. 

The  first  movement  on  the  part  of  the  legislature,  in  response  to 
these  solicitations,  was  the  bill  passed  in  1866  authorizing  Professor 
Swallow  and  L.  D.  Morse  (or  Moore)  to  publish  the  manuscripts  of 
the  first  geological  survey.  This  idea  was,  however,  abandoned  on 
account  of  the  expense. 

In  1867  a  memorial  was  presented  to  the  legislature  from  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Sciences  advocating  the  reestablishment  of  the 
geological  survey  and  calling  attention  to  the  loss  which  would  re- 
sult if  no  provisions  were  made  for  the  publication  of  results  of  the 
work  done  by  the  previous  organization. 

Nothing  seems  to  have  been  done  until  Gov.  J.  W.  McClurg,  in  his 
message  of  January,  1868,  devoted  considerable  space  to  a  considera- 
tion of  the  resources  of  the  State,  and  paid  tribute  to  the  value  of  the 
Swallow  report,  and  recommended  the  publication  of  further  de- 
tailed information.  The  effect  of  this  message  was  immediate,  and 
on  March  24  an  act  was  passed  creating  the  second  geological  survey. 

The  provisions  of  this  act  were  in  the  main  the  same  as  those  of 
the  act  creating  the  first  survey,  differing,  however,  in  some  particu- 
lars, and  mainly  in  that  the  bureau  was  placed  under  the  control  of 
a  board  of  managers  of  nine  members,  whereas,  by  the  provisions  of 
the  first  act  the  State  geologist  was  subject  to  the  direction  of  the 
governor  alone.  The  following  is  the  text  of  this  act: 

An  act  to  establish  a  mining,  metallurgical,  and  geological  bureau  for  the  State  of 
Missouri,  and  to  provide  for  Its  support  and  management,  and  to  authorize  a  geologi- 
cal survey. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  as  follows : 

SECTION  1.  There  Is  hereby  created  and  established  a  bureau  of  the  mines, 
metallurgy,  and  geology  for  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  the  same  shall  be  in  the 
charge  and  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  managers,  consisting  of  the  gov- 
ernor, who  shall  be  the  president  of  the  bonrd,  and  one  member  from  each  con- 
gressional district,  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  and  hold  their  offices 
for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  until  their  successors  are  appointed  and  con- 
firmed. 

SEC.  2.  The  governor  shall,  as  soon  as  the  board  of  managers  is  constituted 
as  provided  in  the  preceding  section  of  this  act,  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  said  board,  appoint  a  fit  and  competent  person  as  State  geologist,  and  said 
State  geologist  may  appoint,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  board  of  managers 
one  assistant  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  skillful,  analytical,  and  practical 
Chemist,  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and  the  said  Stnte  geolo- 
gist may  employ  such  other  subordinate  assistants  as  may  be  found  necessary. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistant,  as 
soon  as  may  be  practicable  after  their  appointment,  to  commence  and  carry  on, 
with  as  much  expedition  as  may  be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  accuracy,  a 
thorough  mineralogical  and  geological  survey  of  this  State,  and  determine  the 


280  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

extent,  value,  order,  succession,  arrangement,  relative  position,  dip  or  inclina- 
tion, and  comparative  magnitude  of  the  mineral  deposits  and  the  several  strata 
or  geological  formations  within  this  State,  and  also  determine  the  extent  of  the 
agricultural,  horticultural,  and  vine  lauds,  and  their  adaptability  to  the  varied 
products  of  the  soil,  and  also  to  determine  the  extent  and  capacity  of  the  water 
powers  of  t'^e  various  streams,  and  shall  also  make  full  and  complete  assays 
and  analyses  as  they  may  deem  necessary,  of  all  minerals,  soils,  and  other  sub- 
stances necessary  for  a  complete  and  satisfactory  report  of  the  material  dis- 
covered and  so  treated. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  to  make  a  monthly 
summary  of  his  work,  and  forward  the  same  to  the  president  of  the  board  of 
managers  for  publication,  and  shall  also,  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  December 
in  each  and  every  year  during  the  time  necessarily  occupied  by  said  survey,  to 
make  a  full  report  of  the  progress  of  said  survey  during  the  preceding  year, 
which  shall  be  accompanied  by  such  maps,  drawings,  and  specimens  as  may  be 
necessary  and  proper  to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same,  and  deliver  the  same 
to  the  aforesaid  president. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist,  upon  the  completion 
of  the  survey,  to  represent,  or  cause  to  be  represented,  ui>on  proper  maps  of 
the  State,  by  distinctive  lines,  marks,  and  appropriate  colors,  the  area  and  mag- 
nitude of  the  various  beds  of  different  minerals,  valuable  rocks,  marls,  agricul- 
tural, vine,  and  horticultural  lands,  and  the  various  interesting  or  anomalous 
stratified  rocks  discovered,  and  the  water  powers  aforesaid,  and  shall  accom- 
pany the  same  with  a  complete  memoir  of  all  the  minerals,  rocks,  agricultural, 
vine,  and  farming  lauds  thus  delineated,  as  well  as  the  watercourses  required 
by  this  act  to  (be)  examined;  and  he  shall  embrace  within  such  memoir  a  full, 
entire,  and  accurate  account  of  the  leading  discoveries  made  in  the  State,  and 
also  a  glossary  of  the  scientific  terms  used  in  the  report;  and  the  said  report, 
so  made,  when  being  completed,  shall  be  deposited  with  the  president  of  the 
board  of  managers. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  forward  to  the  president 
of  the  board  of  managers,  from  time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  the  survey, 
such  specimens,  in  triplicate,  of  the  rocks,  ores,  coals,  fossils,  and  other  mineral 
substances  examined,  properly  labeled,  giving  the  names  of  such  specimens  and 
localities  from  which  they  were  taken,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  complete 
cabinet  of  specimens  of  the  mineralogy  and  geology  of  the  State.  One  set  of 
said  specimens  shall  be  placed  in  the  school  of  mines  and  metallurgy  whenever 
the  same  shall  be  established;  one  set  shall  be  placed  in  the  State  University; 
and  the  other  shall  be  preserved  in  such  manner  as  the  board  of  managers  may 
direct;  and  the  said  specimens  shall  be  open  to  public  inspection  at  all  reason- 
able hours,  under  such  regulations  as  are  necessary  for  their  proper  care  and 
preservation. 

SEC.  7.  The  State  geologist  and  his  assistant,  before  entering  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  their  duties,  shall  each  take  an  oath  before  some  officer  of  this  State 
qualified  to  administer  oaths,  that  they  will  honestly,  faithfully,  and  fairly  per- 
form all  the  duties  required  of  them  by  this  act,  to  the  best  of  their  abilities, 
and  that  they  will  not  permit  any  person  to  have  access  to  any  of  their  books 
or  papers,  or  communicate  their  contents  to  any  person  or  persons;  and  that 
they  will  not  disclose  or  make  public  any  nr.ne  or  valuable  deposit,  otherwise 
than  in  their  official  reports  to  the  board  of  managers,  and  that  they  will  abstain 
from  all  speculations  in  their  own  behalf,  or  in  behalf  of  others,  during  the 
progress  of  such  survey  and  in  relation  thereto. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  281 

SEC.  S.  The  annual  salary  of  the  State  geologist  shall  not  exceed  $3,000;  the 
annual  salary  of  the  assistant  shall  not  exceed  $2,000,  and  the  pay  of  the  sub- 
ordinate assistants  shall  not  exceed,  for  each  of  them,  the  suui  of  $1.50  per  day 
for  each  day  employed. 

SEC.  9.  The  board  of  managers  of  the  bureau  herein  provided  for  shall  have 
a  superintending  control  over  the  surveys  and  reports  contemplated  by  this  act; 
shall  have  power  to  make  yearly  agreements  with  the  State  geologist  and  his 
assistants  as  to  the  amount  of  their  salaries;  to  appoint  a  committee  of  their 
body  to  examine,  audit,  and  allow  all  necessary  expenses  of  such  survey  as  they 
occur,  and  to  certify  the  same  to  the  governor;  to  remove  from  office,  for  cause, 
the  said  State  geologist  or  any  of  his  assistants;  and  so  soon  as  possible  after 
their  organization  under  this  act,  should  they  deem  the  best  interests  of  the 
State  to  require  it,  they  shall  provide  for  the  establishment,  at  the  most  acces- 
sible point  in  the  State,  of  an  office  for  assayer  of  ores.  And  when  so  estab- 
lished, the  governor  of  the  State,  by,  and  with  the  consent  of  said  board,  shall 
appoint  an  assayer  for  such  office,  whose  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  board 
of  managers,  who  shall  by  contract  determine  the  amount  of  salary,  which  in  no 
case  shall  exceed  the  sum  of  $2,000  per  year. 

SEC.  10.  The  said  board  of  managers  shall  demand  and  take  possession  of  all 
the  geological  reports  of  this  State,  published  and  unpublished,  instruments, 
implements,  and  all  other  paraphernalia  which  were  used  in  connection  with 
the  geological  surveys  of  this  State  by  the  former  geologist  employed  by  the 
State.  And  all  persons  now  in  possession  of  the  same  are  hereby  authorized  and 
required  to  turn  the  same  over  to  the  president  of  the  board  of  managers  of 
the  bureau  herein  established,  and  when  received,  the  said  board  shall  have 
power  to  turn  the  same  over  to  the  State  geologist,  or  make  such  other  disposi- 
tion of  them  as  they  may  deem  the  best  interest  of  the  State  demand. 

SEC.  11.  The  president  of  the  said  board  of  managers  of  the  said  bureau  shall 
receive  all  the  reports  of  the  State  geologist  contemplated  by  this  act;  shall  lay 
the  same  before  the  board  of  managers  for  the'r  consideration  and  approval, 
at  their  annual  meeting,  to  be  held  at  any  time,  at  the  discretion  of  the  presi- 
dent, before  the  meeting  of  the  general  assembly;  and  after  the  day  fixed  by 
this  act  when  the  State  geologist  is  required  to  make  his  annual  report,  and  at 
such  meeting  the  president  shall  lay  before  the  said  board  an  accurate  account 
of  all  expenditures  incurred  in  prosecuting  the  objects  for  which  this  bureau  has 
been  created,  all  of  which,  after  the  action  of  the  board  thereon,  shall  be  laid 
before  the  general  assembly  at  the  first  following  session  by  the  president. 

SEC.  12.  The  board  of  managers  herein  provided  for  shall  be  allowed,  as  a 
full  compensation,  their  necessary  expenses  whilst  attending  to  any  of  the  duties 
required  of  them  by  this  act,  the  accounts  therefor  to  be  made  out  under  oath 
and  filed  with  the  State  auditor,  and  the  pay  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  as- 
sistant shall  be  out  of  the  appropriations  applicable  to  the  payment  of  other 
civil  officers  of  the  State. 

SEC.  13.  The  sum  of  $7,500  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the 
State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated  to  defray  the  general  expenses  of 
the  bureau  created  by  this  act,  and  no  larger  amount  shall  be  expended  for  such 
purposes  in  any  one  year.  The  president  of  the  board  of  managers  is  hereby 
authorized  to  certify  to  the  State  auditor,  from  time  to  time,  the  sums  of  money 
required  to  pay  the  salaries  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistant  and  for  the 
general  expenses  of  the  bureau,  and  on  receiving  such  certificates  the  auditor 
shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasurer  of  the  State  for  the  requisite  amounts 


282  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

In  favor  of  the  parties  and  persons  entitled  to  receive  the  same,  and  shall  charge 
tlie  several  sums  so  pnid  to  the  account  of  the  proper  appropriation. 

SEC.  14.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  March  24,  1870. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  of  1870  Albert  D.  Hager,  of  Ver- 
mont, and  at  one  time  connected  with  the  survey  of  that  State  under 
Dr.  Edward  Hitchcock,  was  appointed  by  the  board  State  geologist, 
and  headquarters  were  established  at  St.  Louis.  He  held  this  posi- 
tion only  until  August,  1871,  when  Dr.  Joseph  G.  Norwood  was 
placed  temporarily  in  charge  and  held  office  until  November  25  of 
the  same  year.  With  Doctor  Norwood  were  appointed  G.  C.  Broad- 
head  and  C.  M.  Litton,  assistants. 

The  board  of  managers  for  this  survey  were  elected  for  two  years 
and  the  State  geologist  for  an  indefinite  period.  The  latter  was  au- 
thorized to  appoint  one  assistant  and  one  chemist  and  such  other 
assistants  as  the  board  might  deem  necessary.  The  members  of  the 
board  themselves  received  no  salary,  but  were  allowed  necessary  ex- 
penses for  traveling,  etc.,  and  a  secretary,  who  was  paid  $50  per 
month. 

By  law  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  not  to  exceed  $3,000 
a  year  and  that  of  the  assistants  not  to  exceed  $2,000;  the  subordi- 
nates to  be  paid  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  per  day  so  long  as  employed. 

Expenses. — The  total  appropriations  for  this  survey  were  $12.500. 

Publication. — Mr.  Hager  published  but  one  report  of  progress — a 
pamphlet  of  21  pages,  in  which  were  briefly  noted  the  chief  minerals 
and  building  stones  of  the  State. 

THIRD  SURVEY  UNDER  R.  PUMPELLY  AND  GEORGE  C.  BROADHEAD,  1872-1874. 

The  law  of  1870  being  found  unsatisfactory  it  was  amended  iii 
1871  by  the  passage  of  the  following  act.  It  will  be  noted  that 
among  other  changes,  the  board  of  managers  was  reduced  from  10 
(the  governor  and  one  for  each  congressional  district)  to  5. 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  bureau  of  geology  and  mines  to  complete  the  ecological  survey  of 
the  State  of  Missouri. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  as  follows: 
SECTION  1.  There  is  hereby  created  and  established  a  bureau  of  geology  and 
mines  for  the  State  of  Missouri,  which  shall  be  under  the  direction  and  la 
charge  of  a  board  of  managers,  which  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  who  shall 
be  president  of  the  board,  and  four  citizens  from  the  State  at  large,  who  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  governor,  shall  hold  their  office  for  the  term  of  two  years 
and  until  thoir  successors  are  appointed  and  qualified. 

SEC.  2.  As  soon  as  the  board  of  managers  is  organized,  as  provided  in  the 
preceding  section,  the  present  State  geologist  may  appoint,  subject  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  board  of  managers,  one  assistant  paleontologist  and  geologist  and 
one  assistant  chemist  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties:  and  said 
State  geologist  may  employ  such  subordinates  and  laborers  as  may  be 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  283 

deemed  necessary  by  the  board :  Provided,  The  whole  expenditure  of  the  board 
shall  not  exceed  the  sum  hereinafter  appropriated. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants,  under  the 
instructions  and  directions  of  the  board  of  managers,  to  carry  on  and  complete 
the  geological  survey  of  the  State  already  begun,  with  a  view  to  determine  the 
order,  succession,  arrangement,  relation,  position,  dip,  or  inclination  and  com- 
parative magnitude  of  the  several  strata  or  geological  formations  within  this 
State,  and  to  discover  and  examine  all  beds  or  deposits  of  ore,  coal,  marls,  and 
snch  other  mineral  substances  and  mineral  waters  as  may  be  useful  or  valu- 
able; make  full  and  complete  examinations,  assays,  and  analyses  of  such  rocks, 
clays,  marls,  ores,  and  other  substances  as  may  indicate  useful  results,  and  to 
perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and  complete 
geological  and  miueralogical  survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  make,  or  cause  to  be 
made,  a  detailed  report  of  each  county  as  soon  as  the  survey  thereof  shall  be 
completed.  Each  county  report  shall  be  accompanied  by  an  accurate  map  and 
section  of  the  county,  on  which  shall  be  represented  by  colors  and  other  appro- 
priate means,  the  various  areas  occupied  by  the  prairie,  timber  and  bottom  lauds, 
and  by  the  different  geological  formations  in  the  State,  and  to  mark  thereon 
the  localities  of  the  respective  beds  or  deposits  of  the  various  mineral  sub- 
stances discovered;  and  on  the  completion  of  the  survey  of  the  State  he  shall 
make  complete  report  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  each  county,  comprising 
a  full  account  of  the  discoveries  made,  and  each  of  such  reports  shall  be  deliv- 
ered to  the  board  of  managers  as  soon  as  completed. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  collect,  in  triplicate,  all 
rocks,  ores,  coals,  fossils,  and  such  other  mineral  substances  discovered  as  may 
be  necessary  to  form  a  complete  cabinet  collection  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy 
of  the  State. 

SEC.  C.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  managers  to  report  to  the  general 
assembly,  on  the  first  week  of  each  session,  the  progress  and  condition  of  the 
survey,  a  detailed  account  of  all  moneys  spent,  and  all  such  reports  of  the  State 
geologist  and  his  assistants  as  have  been  completed,  together  with  all  such 
information  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  and  useful. 

SEC.  7.  It  shall  be  the  daty  of  said  board  to  collect  and  take  possession  of 
all  materials  accumulated  by  the  previous  surveys,  whether  reports,  maps,  sec- 
tions, collections,  instruments,  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  State;  and  all 
persons  now  in  possession  of  the  same  shall  deliver  them  up  to  the  order  of  the 
president  of  the  board  of  managers. 

SEC.  8.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  to  determine,  as  far  as  may  be,  what 
work  has  been  done  by  each  one  employed  in  previous  surveys,  the  character  of 
the  work  done  by  each,  the  condition  of  such  work,  how  much  of  the  State  has 
been  actually  surveyed,  and  how  much  of  said  work  may  be  made  available  in 
completing  the  survey  of  the  State,  and  embody  the  same  in  their  first  report 
to  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  9.  The  board  may  make  such  by-laws  and  regulations  for  the  government 
and  control  of  its  own  meetings  and  the  labors  of  the  State  geologist  and  his 
assistants  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.  It  may  appoint  officers  and  commit- 
tees to  audit  and  allow  accounts  and  look  after  particular  departments  of 
tho  work,  and  discharge  such  other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  on  the 
objects  of  this  bureau. 

SEC.  10.  As  a  full  compensation  for  the  members  of  the  board  of  managers 
they  shall  be  allowed  their  necessary  expenses  while  attending  to  the  duties 


284  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

assigned  them  by  this  act.  The  board  shall  fix  the  salaries  of  the  State  geolo- 
gist, not  to  exceed  $3,000  per  annum  of  actual  service,  arid  of  all  others  em- 
ployed in  the  work  of  the  survey. 

SEC.  11.  All  accounts  for  salaries  and  expenses  shall  be  made  under  oath,  and 
certified  by  the  board  and  filed  with  the  auditor  of  the  State ;  and  the  pay  of 
the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  shall  be  made  out  of  the  appropriation 
made  for  civil  officers  of  the  State. 

SEC.  12.  The  sum  of  $5,000  is  hereby  annually  appropriated,  out  of  any  money 
in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  defray  the  incidental  expenses  of 
the  bureau  created  by  this  act  and  the  geological  survey,  and  no  more  than  this 
amount  shall  be  thus  expended  in  any  one  year. 

SEC.  13.  The  board  of  managers  shall  have  the  general  management  of  the 
survey,  and  have  full  power  to  remove  the  State  geologist  or  any  of  his  assist- 
ants, and  appoint  their  successors  when  deemed  necessary  for  the  good  of  the 
work  entrusted  to  them. 

SEC.  14.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  to  cause  the  geological  collections 
made  previous  to  the  year  1870  to  be  distributed  in  accordance  with  the  laws 
under  which  those  collections  were  made,  except  the  one  collected  for  the  State 
capitol,  which  shall  be  given  to  the  School  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy,  and  all 
subsequent  collections  made  in  triplicate  shall  be  given,  one  suite  to  the  State 
University,  one  to  the  State  School  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy,  and  one  to  the 
city  of  St.  Louis,  which  shall  be  deposited  by  the  authorities  of  that  city  in 
some  institution  for  the  advancement  of  science  or  general  education. 

SEC.  15.  The  president  of  the  board  shall,  from  time  to  time,  certify  to  the 
State  auditor  the  sums  of  money  required  to  pay  the  salaries  of  the  State  geolo- 
gist and  his  assistants,  and  for  the  incidental  expenses  of  the  bureau;  and  on 
receiving  such  certificates  the  auditor  of  State  shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the 
treasurer  of  the  State  for  the  requisite  amounts  in  favor  of  the  parties  and 
persons  entitled  to  receive  the  same,  and  shall  charge  the  several  sums  so  paid 
to  the  accounts  of  the  proper  appropriation. 

SEC.  16.  The  entire  expenses  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
not  exceed  in  any  one  year  the  sum  of  $10,000. 

SEC.  17.  The  State  geologist  and  his  assistant,  before  entering  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  their  duties,  shall  each  take  an  oath  before  some  officer  of  this  State 
qualified  to  administer  oaths,  that  they  will  honestly,  faithfully,  and  fairly 
perform  the  duties  required  of  them  by  this  act  to  the  best  of  their  abMity, 
and  that  they  will  not  permit  any  person  to  have  access  to  any  of  their  books 
or  papers,  or  communicate  their  contents  to  any  person  or  persons,  and  that 
they  will  not  disclose  or  make  public  any  mine  or  valuable  deposit,  other  than 
in  their  offic'al  reports  (except  to  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  land  surveyed), 
and  that  they  will  abstain  from  all  speculations  in  their  own  behalf,  or  in  the 
behalf  of  others,  during  the  progress  of  such  survey  and  in  relation  thereto. 

SEC.  18.  An  act  entitled  "An  act  to  establish  a  mining,  metallurgical,  and 
geological  bureau  for  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  to  provide  for  its  support  and 
management,  and  to  authorize  a  geological  survey,"  approved  March  24,  1S70, 
and  all  other  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  act  are  hereby  re- 
pealed. 

SEC.  19.  This  net  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  18,  1871. 

Administration. — Under  this  act  Raphael  Pumpelly,  of  New  York, 
was  appointed  State  geologist,  with  G.  C.  Broadhead.  W.  B.  Potter, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  285 

J".  R.  Gage,  Adolph  Schmidt,  W.  E.  Guy,  C.  J.  Norwood,  and  Alex- 
ander Leonard,  assistant  geologists,  and  Regis  Chauvenet,  chemist, 

During  Pumpelly's  management  of  the  survey  the  board  of  man- 
agers consisted  of  Gov.  B.  Gratz  Brown,  ex  officio  president;  Mr. 
Edwin  Harrison.  Prof.  Sylvester  Waterhouse,  Mr.  Forrest  Shep- 
herd, and  Gen.  J.  H.  Hammond.  Governor  Brown  was  succeeded 
in  1873  by  Gov.  Silas  Woodson.  Professor  Waterhouse  and  General 
Hammond  resigned  in  the  summer  of  1872,  and  their  places  were 
filled  by  A.  W.  Morris  and  M.  L.  Brown. 

The  plan  of  the  work  adopted  by  Pumpelly  recognized  two  classes 
of  investigation :  One  was  the  study  of  the  general  stratigraphic 
geology  of  the  State;  the  other  the  study  of  the  distribution  and 
manner  of  occurrence  of  the  various  important  mineral  deposits, 
which  latter  investigation  he  put  in  charge  of  specialists  or  men 
whose  previous  experience  had  proven  them  especially  adapted  to 
the  work. 

In  harmony  with  this  plan  the  work  on  the  general  stratigraphy 
was  divided  into  five  departments ;  that  is,  a  survey  of  the  northwest, 
a  survey  of  the  southwest,  a  survey  of  the  northeast,  a  survey  of  the 
southeast,  and  a  survey  of  the  porphyry  regions  of  the  southeast. 
The  work  relating  to  economic  geology  was  divided  into  three  de- 
partments— namely,  a  department  of  iron  ores  and  metallurgy,  a  de- 
partment of  ores  other  than  iron,  a  department  of  fuels  and  con- 
struction materials  other  than  iron  and  wood. 

With  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Pumpelly,  Mr.  G.  C.  Broadhead  was 
elected  State  geologist,  assuming  charge  in  July,  1873.  Dr.  A. 
Schmidt  and  C.  J.  Norwood  remained  as  assistant  geologists;  Regis 
Chauvenet,  chemist ;  Messrs.  Alexander  Leonard,  P.  N.  Moore,  H.  H. 
West,  T.  J.  Caldwell,  and  C.  Heinrichs,  assistants. 

The  policy  of  the  Pumpelly  survey  was  continued  under  Broad- 
head's  administration,  though  a  larger  proportion  of  time  was  de- 
voted to  the  preparation  of  county  reports.  The  examination  of  the 
iron  ores  was  continued,  and  in  addition  there  was  begun  an  ex- 
amination of  the  lead  deposits  of  the  southwest.  Surveys  for  county 
reports  were  made  in  Jasper,  Cedar,  Barton,  Vernon,  Bates,  How- 
ard, Linn,  Adair,  and  Sullivan  counties.  In  1874,  the  lead  deposits 
of  Cole,  Miller,  and  other  central  counties  were  studied,  and  ex- 
aminations for  county  reports  were  made  in  Putnam,  Schuyler, 
Chariton,  Cole,  and  Madison  counties. 

The  survey  was  discontinued  after  the  year  1874,  and  most  of  its 
working  material  transferred  to  the  State  School  of  Mines  at  Rolla, 
the  president  of  which,  Dr.  Charles  P.  Williams,  was  made  acting 
State  geologist,  with  a  nominal  salary.  Little  field  work  was  carried 


286  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

on  under  Doctor  Williams,  and  after  the  year  1876  no  further  sup- 
port appears  to  have  been  extended  to  the  work  by  the  State. 

Expenses. — The  total  appropriations  for  the  surveys  of  1872-1874 
amounted  to  $60,000  and  an  additional  $19,320  for  printing. 

Publications. — Up  to  the  time  of  Mr.  Pumpelly's  appointment  very 
little  had  been  made  public  of  the  results  of  the  surveys,  and  the 
changes  of  management  had  necessarily  retarded  and  weakened  the 
work.  Under  Pumpelly's  management  two  reports  were  issued,  both 
in  1873,  one  of  323  pages,  consisting  entirely  of  county  reports,  and 
the  other  of  655  pages,  devoted  largely  to  economic  subjects.  But 
one  report  was  issued  by  the  Broadhead  survey — this  a  large  octavo 
of  over  700  pages,  transmitted  in  August,  1874.  Under  Doctor 
Williams  one  report — a  small  octavo  of  about  200  pages — was  issued. 
The  cost  of  printing  these  reports  is  given  in  the  final  summation  of 
expenses  at  the  end  of  this  article. 

FOURTH    SURVEY    UXDER   ARTHUR    WTNSLOW,    C.    R.    EEYES,    AXD    OTHERS, 
1889-1000. 

Organization. — After  the  suspension  of  the  survey  under  Professor 
Williams  no  public  geological  work  was  conducted  until  the  year 
1884,  when  topographic  work  was  begun  in  the  State  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey.  This  was  continued  until  July,  1889,  up 
to  which  time  about  one-third  of  the  State  was  mapped  on  sheets 
of  a  scale  of  2  miles  to  the  inch  and  with  contour  intervals  of  50  feet. 
In  addition,  W.  J.  McGee  was  detailed  in  1887  by  the  national  survey 
to  make  a  brief  study  of  the  geology  of  a  portion  of  Macon  County. 

The  law  of  May  13,  1889,  was  evidently  framed  upon  the  laws  of 
the  preceding  survey,  though  it  differed  somewhat  in  detail.  The 
most  noticeable  differences  are  the  absence  of  a  requirement  to  col- 
lect specimens  in  triplicate  and  of  a  clause  requiring  county  maps 
and  reports  to  be  prepared.  The  State  geologist  was,  however,  di- 
rected to  complete  any  detail  maps  and  reports  of  counties  or  dis- 
tricts already  prepared.  The  following  is  a  transcript  of  this  law : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  bureau  of  geolojry  and  mines  to  complete  geological  and  mlner- 
alogical  survey  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  as  follows: 
SECTION  1.  There  is  hereby  created  and  established  a  bureau  of  "geology  and 
mines"  for  the  State  of  Missouri,  which  shall  be  under  the  direction  and  in 
charge  of  a  board  of  managers,  which  shall  consist  of  the  governor  (who  shall 
be  ex  offlcio  president  of  the  board)  and  four  citizens  from  the  State  at  large, 
who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  senate, 
and  shall  hold  their  office  for  a  term  of  four  years. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  287 

SEC.  2.  The  board  of  managers  are  authorized,  as  soon  as  they  are  organized, 
to  appoint  one  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of  competent,  scientific, 
and  practical  knowledge  of  the  sciences  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  and  who  is 
not  connected  with  any  school  or  college  as  an  instructor,  and  who  shall  be  the 
director  of  the  survey ;  and  said  State  geologist  may  appoint  such  assistants 
and  subordinate  assistants  and  laborers  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  in  order 
to  make  a  thorough  and  scientific,  geological,  and  minera logical  survey  of  the 
State. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants,  under 
the  instructions  and  directions  of  the  board  of  managers,  to  carry  on,  with  as 
much  expedition  and  dispatch  as  may  be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  accu- 
racy, a  thorough  geological  and  minera  logical  survey  of  the  State  already  begun, 
with  a  view  to  determine  the  order,  succession,  arrangement,  relative  position, 
dip,  or  inclination,  and  comparative  magnitude  of  the  several  strata  or  geo- 
logical formations  within  this  State,  and  to  discoA-er  and  exami  e  all  beds  or 
deposits  of  mineral  contents  and  fossils,  and  to  determine  the  various  position, 
formation,  and  arrangement  of  the  many  different  ores,  clays,  rocks,  coals,  min- 
eral oils,  natural  gas,  mineral  and  artesian  waters,  and  other  mineral  substances 
as  may  be  useful  or  valuable;  also  to  note  carefully  the  character  of  the  soils 
and  their  capacities  for  agricultural  purposes,  the  growth  of  timber,  and  other 
scientific  matters  that  may  be  of  practical  importance  and  interest;  and  said 
geologist  shall  cause  to  be  represented  on  the  map  of  the  State,  by  colors  and 
other  appropriate  means,  the  various  areas  occupied  by  the  different  geological 
formations  of  the  State  and  to  mark  thereon  the  localities  of  the  respective  beds 
or  deposits  of  the  various  mineral  substances;  and,  on  the  completion  of  the 
survey,  complete  a  memoir  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State,  com- 
prising a  complete  account  of  the  leading  subjects  and  discoveries  which  have 
been  embraced  in  the  survey. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  make,  or  cause  to  be 
made,  detailed  maps  and  reports  of  counties  or  districts  as  fast  as  completed, 
which  maps  shall  embrace  all  such  geological,  mineralogical,  and  scientific  de- 
tails necessary  to  make  complete  reports  of  said  districts  and  counties.  The 
State  geologist  may  also,  from  time  to  time,  publish  or  cause  to  be  published 
any  reports  of  work  completed  in  the  form  of  pamphlets  or  bulletins  for  general 
distribution. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  collect  full  suites  of  all 
minerals,  ores,  fossils,  or  other  mineral  substances  of  scientific  or  practical  in- 
terest or  utility  as  may  be  discovered,  and  that  may  be  necessary  to  form  a 
complete  cabinet  collection,  to  illustrate  the  various  resources  of  the  State,  as 
may  be  necessary  to  assist  in  preparing  the  various  reports  of  the  survey. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  assistants  to  make  full  and  complete 
examinations,  assays,  and  analyses  of  all  such  rocks,  ores,  soils,  or  other  sub- 
stances as  may  be  submitted  to  them  by  the  State  geologist  for  the  purpose, 
and  to  furnish  him  with  a  detailed  and  complete  account  of  the  results  so 
obtained. 

SEC.  7.  The  State  geologist,  from  time  to  time,  may  furnish  Items  of  general 
information  or  new  discoveries  for  publication  in  newspapers:  Provided,  The 
preparation  of  the  manuscript  and  publication  thereof  does  not  interfere  with 
the  progress  or  add  to  the  expense  of  the  survey.  He  mny  also  have  authority 
to  furnish  cabinets  for  colleges  or  public  museums,  located  within  the  State  of 
Missouri,  of  minerals,  rocks,  or  fossils:  Provided,  Said  institutions  shall  pay  the 

136075—20 20 


288  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

expense  of  preparing,  labeling,  transporting,  and  putting  up  said  collection;  and 
also,  further,  that  in  the  selection  of  said  specimens  the  general  State  collection 
is  not  deprived  of  duplicates  of  the  same,  and  that  the  State  collection  is  not 
seriously  injured. 

SEC.  8.  The  board,  with  the  State  geologist,  may  determine  the  place  for  the 
State  cabinet  and  headquarters  of  the  survey. 

SEC.  9.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  managers  to  report  to  each  gen- 
eral assembly  the  progress  and  condition  of  the  survey,  an  accurate  account  of 
money  spent,  such  reports  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  as  have  been 
completed,  together  with  all  such  information  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  and 
useful. 

SEC.  10.  The  board  shall  have  power  to  take  possession  of  all  property  of 
former  surveys,  whether  reports,  maps,  collections,  instructions,  or  other  prop- 
erty belonging  to  the  State,  and  all  persons  now  in  possession  of  the  same  shall 
deliver  them  up  to  the  order  of  the  president  of  the  board  of  managers:  Pro- 
vided, That  no  cabinet  or  library  already  arranged  shall  be  removed,  but  the 
State  geologist  and  his  assistants  shall  have  the  power  at  any  time  to  examine 
or  study  such  collections  in  preparing  their  reports. 

SEC.  11.  The  board  may  make  such  by-laws  and  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment and  control  of  its  meetings  and  labors  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  as- 
sistants as  may  be  deemed  necessary. 

SEC.  12.  As  full  compensation  for  the  members  of  the  board  of  managers  they 
shall  be  allowed  their  necessary  expenses  while  attending  to  the  duties  assigned 
them  by  this  act.  The  board  shall  fix  the  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  not 
to  exceed  $3,000  per  annum,  and  his  chief  assistant,  which  shall  not  exceed 
$1,800 ;  for  the  principal  assistant  or  paleontologist,  if  one  is  employed,  not  over 
$1,800. 

SEC.  13.  The  State  geologist  may.  with  the  approval  of  the  board,  appoint 
other  necessary  assistants,  whose  pay  shall  not  exceed  ?5  per  day;  such  other 
necessary  laborers  or  assistants  as  may  be  necessary,  who  shall  receive  a  fair 
compensation  for  their  work.  He  shall  also  have  power  to  negotiate  for  such 
chemical  work,  chemical  apparatus,  and  chemicals  as  may  be  necessary,  and 
may,  from  time  to  time,  with  the  approval  of  the  board,  have  such  work  done. 
He  may  also,  with  approval  of  the  board,  employ  special  assistants  in  paleon- 
tology, provided  it  be  deemed  necessary. 

SEC.  14.  All  accounts  of  salaries  and  expenses  shall  be  made  under  oath,  cer- 
tified by  the  board,  and  filed  with  the  auditor  of  State. 

SEC.  15.  The  board,  of  managers  shall  have  the  general  management  of  the 
survey,  and  have  full  power  to  remove  the  State  geologist  and  appoint  his  suc- 
cessor, when  deemed  necessary  for  the  good  of  the  work  entrusted  to  him ;  and 
the  State  geologist  shall  have  full  control  over  his  assistants  and  have  power 
to  remove  them  when  deemed  necessary. 

SEC.  10.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum 
of  $20.000  is  hereby  appropriated,  or  so  much  as  may  be  needed  thereof. 

SEC.  17.  The  board  of  managers,  the  State  geologist,  and  each  of  Irs  principal 
assistants  shall,  before  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  t;?ke  the 
nsunl  oath  of  office  to  faithfully  perform  all  the  services  required  of  them  under 
this  net.  and  to  abstain  from  all  pecuniary  speculations  for  themselves  or  others 
lu  the  objects  of  their  survey  during  its  progress. 

SEC.  IS.  The  president  of  the  board  shall,  from  time  to  time,  certify  to  the 
State  auditor  the  sums  of  money  required  to  pay  the  salaries  of  the  State 
geologist  and  his  assistants  and  the  incidental  expenses  of  the  bureau:  and  on 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   H1STOKY  SURVEYS.  289 

receiving  said  certificates  the  auditor  of  State  shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the 
treasurer  of  State  for  the  requisite  amount  in  favor  of  the  parties  and  persons 
entitled  to  receive  the  same,  and  shall  charge  the  several  sums  so  paid  to  the 
account  of  the  proper  appropriation. 

SEC.  19.  All  previous  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are 
hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  20.  The  importance  of  the  completion  of  the  geological  and  mineralogical 
survey  of  Missouri  at  an  early  d:iy  creates  an  emergency  within  the  intent  and 
meaning  of  the  constitution  which  requires  this  act  to  take  effect  at  once; 
therefore,  this  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  May  13,  1SS9. 

Administration. — Under  this  law  Arthur  Winslow  was  appointed 
State  geologist.  He  was  assisted  by  Prof.  H.  A.  Wheeler,  Frank  L. 
Nason,  Paul  Schweitzer,  G.  E.  Ladd,  Hiram  Philips,  Erasmus  Ha- 
worth,  J.  E.  Todd,  and  Charles  E.  Keyes.  These  assistants  were 
appointed  by  the  State  geologist  with  the  approval  of  the  board. 
The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  fixed  as  before  at  $3,000  a  year 
and  that  of  his  chief  assistants  not  to  exceed  $1,800  a  year,  other 
necessary  assistants  receiving  amounts  not  exceeding  $5  a  day. 

Under  Winslow's  administration  the  plan  of  work  adopted  was 

(1)  to  prepare  a  series  of  monographic  reports  upon  separate  sub- 
jects,  those   of  economic   importance   received  first  consideration; 

(2)  to  prepare  successively  a  series  of  detailed  maps  of  different 
portions  of  the  State  to  be  accompanied  with  special  reports  con- 
taining descriptive  details.    The  subjects  undertaken  in  pursuance 
of  this  course  were : 

1.  Lead  and  zinc  deposits;  2,  the  coal  and  coal  regions;  3,  the 
clays;  4,  the  iron  ores;  5,  the  mineral  waters;  6,  the  building  stones 
and  crystalline  rocks ;  7,  the  Quaternary,  or,  more  exactly,  the  glacial 
geology;  8,  the  paleontology;  9.  hypsometry;  10,  general  geological 
mapping. 

The  study  of  lead  and  zinc  deposits  was  begun  in  cooperation  with 
the  national  survey.  The  work  on  coals  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 
Prof.  H.  A.  Wheeler ;  that  of  iron  ores  in  those  of  Frank  L.  Nason. 
Paul  Schweitzer  studied  the  mineral  waters;  G.  E.  Ladd  and  Hiram 
Philips,  the  building  stones.  Crystalline  rocks  were  studied  by 
Erasmus  Haworth,  and  field  work  for  the  preliminary  report  on  the 
glacial  geology  was  carried  on  by  J.  E.  Todd.  An  exhaustive  review 
of  the  paleontology  of  the  State,  by  Charles  R.  Keyes,  was  also  pre- 
pared, and  many  data  relating  to  hypsometry  were  collected  and 
tabulated. 

Winslow  continued  in  the  office  as  State  geologist  until  1894,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  C.  R.  Keyes.  In  1897  the  management  (?)  of 
the  survey  passed  into  the  hands  of  J.  A.  Gallaher.  E.  R.  Buckley 
was  appointed  State  geologist  in  1901. 


290 


BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Expenses. — The  appropriations  for  this  survey  for  the  two  years 
1889-90,  were  $20.000 ;  for  1891-92,  $40,000.  Out  of  this  sum  were 
paid  all  salaries  and  expenses,  including  cost  of  publication.  The 
following  table  shows  the  total  appropriations  and  expenditures 
from  1853  down  to  1903-1904: 

Table  showing  appropriations  for  the  various  geological  surveys,  with  corre- 
sponding expenditures;  also  the  size  of  the  editions  of  the  reports  issued  and 
cost  of  the  same. 


Appropriated. 

Expended. 

Appropriated. 

Expended. 

1853-1862  

$103,000 

$95.200.00 

1S93-9I  

$20,000  00 

$19  998  9t 

1870-71 

12  500 

2  500.00 

1S9.V96 

20  Ol!C  00 

19  999  S9 

1872-71  

60,000+12,000 

72.000.00 

1897  9=5  

20.000.00 

17.  84(1.  13 

1S70-77  

(1,500.00 

1899-1900     ..   . 

30  000.00 

>29  181.  C» 

1889-90 

20  000 

19  909  fQ 

1901-02 

20  O.ii.M 

17  039  54 

1891-92  

40,000 

39,999.00 

1903-04  

20.  101.  10 

20,  101.  10 

i  This  includes  a  special  appropriation  of  $10,000  for  core  drilling,  of  which  sum  $9,181.CO  was  expended . 


Reports  during  above  period. 


Prof.  Swallow's  report,  1854..                                                                        .         .  . 

(?) 

$5,000.01 

Report,  1855-1871 

2000 

300000 

Pnmpellv's  report  on  iron  ore":  and  foal  fields,  1873  ... 

4,000 

9.000.00 

Report  of  O.  C.  Hroadhead.  1S7I 

4,000 

7,320.00 

Report  of  C.  I1  Williams  1877 

5  000 

1  500.00 

Reiort  on  Coal  Depot's  of  Missouri,  1891  

(?) 

6,520.00 

Volume  2.  Ref>ort  on  Iron  Ores  of  Missouri  1892 

(?) 

(?) 

Volumes  Report  on  Mineral  Waters  of  Missouri  1892 

(?) 

(?) 

Volumes  4  and  5.  Report  on  the  Paleontology  of  Missouri.  1891,  two  volumes  
Volumes  C  aiirl  7.  Report  on  1  ead  and  Zinc  Ores  o(  Missouri,  1894,  two  volumes  
Volume  8,  Annual  Report   1S94 

2.000 
5.000 
2  000 

1,597.  IS 
2,305.96 
1,039.94 

1  500 

670  71 

Volume  10.  Surface  Features  of  Missouti,  1S9G         

1,194 

997.48 

Volume  11,  Clav  Deposits,  1S% 

1  loS 

1.  510.  45 

Volume  12  A  real  Oeologv  1898 

2  000 

1  152.91 

Preliminary  Report  on  Structural  and  Economic  Geology  of  Missouri.  1900  

7,000 

2.0U8.M 

Edition        Cost  of 
(copies),  publication. 


Mv.sewn. — In  accordance  with  the  various  enactments  collections 
were  made  by  each  and  all  the  surveys.  Those  made  by  organizations 
prior  to  that  of  1889  are  referred  to  on  page  278.  By  section  G  of  the 
law  of  1889  it  became  the  duty  of  the  survey  to  collect  full  suites  of  all 
minerals,  ores,  fossils,  or  other  mineral  substances  that  might  be  neces- 
sary to  form  a  complete  cabinet  to  illustrate  the  mineral  resources  of 
the  State.  The  cabinet  thus  formed  was  at  first  installed  in  the  State 
capitol  building,  but  later  moved  to  the  armory  building. 

NEBRASKA. 

Prior  to  1901  no  geological  surveys  of  Nebraska  had  been  under- 
taken under  direct  appropriations  from  the  legislature,  although  an 
attempt  was  made  in  1877  to  get  a  bill  through  the  State  legislature  to 
complete  the  work  as  left  by  the  United  States  geologist,  F.  V.  Hay- 
den.  It  is  impossible  at  this  date  to  learn  all  the  details,  but  corre- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  291 

spondence  in  the  hands  of  the  writer  would  indicate  that  jealousy  on 
the  part  of  the  Wheeler  organization  and  local  personal  prejudices 
had  much  to  do  with  it.  Samuel  Aughey,  of  the  State  University, 
would  appear  to  have  been  actively  interested  and  at  one  time  aspired 
to  the  directorship.  The  bill,  however,  failed  of  passage.  The  re- 
gents of  the  State  University,  in  recognition  of  the  importance  of  a 
survey,  provided  in  1899  the  sum  of  $500  to  be  expended  in  the  work 
and  $250  for  each  of  the  years  1900,  1901,  and  1902.  In  1901,  how- 
ever, the  matter  was  taken  up  by  the  legislature,  and  Prof.  E.  H.  Bar- 
bour,  of  the  State  University,  appointed  State  geologist.  The  work 
of  the  survey  thus  organized  passes  beyond  the  time  limit  of  this 
paper. 

NEVADA. 

Organization. — No  systematic  and  independent  geological  survey 
of  the  State  was  ever  carried  through,  although  an  abortive  attempt 
was  made  in  18G5,  the  year  following  the  admission  of  the  State  to 
the  Union.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the  act  under  which  the 
attempt  was  to  be  made : 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Nevada,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  foUoics: 

SECTION  1.  The  office  of  State  geologist  is  hereby  created  and  the  board  of 
regents  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  a  competent  person  who  shall  act  and 
be  known  a  (as)  "  State  geologist  of  Nevada." 

SEC.  2.  The  person  appointed  as  State  geologist  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act  shall,  Immediately  upon  his  appointment,  proceed  to  make  a  preliminary 
and  superficial  geological  survey  of  the  mineral  regions  of  this  State,  and  to 
collect  suitable  specimens,  and  arrange  and  classify  them  in  a  cabinet,  to  be 
formed  and  kept  at  the  capitol  of  the  State,  and  to  prepare  a  map,  marked,  and 
colored  in  such  manner  as  to  indicate  the  general  geological  divisions  as  de- 
veloped of  the  country  examined.  The  making  of  this  preliminary  or  super- 
ficial survey  shall  not  occupy  more  than  eight  months.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  making  of  this  survey  and  the  report  thereon  the  geologist's  cabinet,  report, 
profiles,  and  map  shall  be  turned  over  to  the  State  librarian. 

SEC.  3.  The  sum  of  $G,000  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  moneys  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  to  be  expended  toward  defraying  the  expenses  which 
may  be  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The  controller  of  State  is 
hereby  authorized  and  required  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasurer  in  favor 
of  the  person  whom  the  board  of  regents  may  appoint  State  geologist,  in  such 
sums  as  the  board  of  regents  may  truly  certify  their  approval  of,  the  aggregate 
of  the  sums  drawn  for  being  within  the  amount  hereinbefore  specified  and 
appropriated. 

Approved  March  20,  1803. 

So  far  as  can  be  learned  this  law  was  never  carried  into  effect.  The 
year  following  the  matter  of  a  survey  came  once  more  before  the 
legislature  in  a  somewhat  different  form  and  in  connection  with  the 
establishment  of  a  State  mining  school.  The  following  is  the  text 


292  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

of  the  act  passed  at  this  time,  together  with  its  subsequent  modifica- 
tions : 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Nevada,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  There  shall  be  established  a  mining  school,  which  shall  be  a  nucleus 
of  the  State  University  and  a  part  thereof,  as  provided  in  the  constitution  of 
this  State,  and  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  same, 
consisting  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  and  their  successors. 

SEC.  2.  The  board  of  regents  shall,  within  20  days  after  the  passage  of  this 
act,  appoint  a  State  mineralogist,  who  shall  be  superintendent  of  said  school, 
and  he  shall  appoint  such  assistants  as  may  be  allowed  by  the  board  of  regents. 
He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  office  of  the  board  by  whom  he  is 
appointed,  and  his  assistants  shall  hold  their  respective  offices  during  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  State  mineralogist. 

SEC.  3.  The  board  of  regents  shall  fix  the  compensation  of  the  State  mineralo- 
gist and  his  assistants,  and,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  prescribe 
his  duties;  but  they  shall  not  change  his  compensation  during  the  term  for 
which  he  is  appointed,  unless  the  office  becomes  vacant,  when  said  board  shall 
appoint  his  successor  for  the  unexpired  term.  The  compensation  of  the  State 
mineralogist  shall  not  exceed  $4.000  per  annum,  and  that  of  his  assistants  shall 
not  exceed  $3.000  per  annum  each. 

SEC.  4.  Before  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  their  respective  offices  the  State 
mineralogist  and  his  assistant  shall  take  and  subscribe  to  the  constitutional 
oath  of  office,  and  they  shall  hold  their  respective  offices  until  their  successors 
are  elected  or  appointed  and  qualified. 

SEC.  5.  The  board  of  regents  shall  provide  suitable  buildings  for  said  school 
and  for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  collection,  or  State  museum,  in  connec- 
tion therewith,  and  such  furniture,  fixtures,  and  apparatus  as  may  be  necessary. 
They  shall,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  make  such  rules  and  regula- 
tions for  the  government  of  said  school  as  may  be  required,  and  shall,  annually, 
on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  November  of  each  year,  make  a  report  to  the 
governor  of  the  State,  who  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  published  annually,  and 
shall  communicate  a  copy  thereof  to  the  legislature  at  the  next  ensuing  session. 
Said  report  shall  embrace  the  report  or  reports  of  the  State  mineralogists,  or  so 
much  thereof  as  said  board  may  deem  necessary  to  publish.  Said  report  shall 
contain  a  full  statement  of  the  condition  of  said  school,  financially  and  other- 
wise, and  such  recommendations  and  other  matter  as  the  board  may  deem 
proper,  and  they  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  distributed. 

SEC.  6.  The  State  mineralogist,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  and  the 
rules  and  regulations  adopted  by  the  board,  shall  have  the  control  and  manage- 
ment of  said  school.  He  shall  at  such  times  and  in  such  manner  as  he  shall 
determine,  visit  and  examine,  with  reference  to  their  mineral  and  other  re- 
sources, the  different  portions  of  the  State,  and  collect  such  geological,  miner- 
alogical, and  other  specimens,  and  such  information  as  are  of  scientific  in- 
terest or  have  a  practical  bearing  on  the  subject  of  mines  or  mining  or  the 
other  natural  resources  and  industrial  pursuits  of  the  State. 

SEC.  7.  All  specimens  collected  by  him  shall  be  carefully  marked  and  cata- 
logued at  the  time  he  obtains  them,  and  he  shall,  in  connection  therewith,  as 
soon  as  may  be,  prepare  a  description  of  every  such  specimen  and  of  the 
locality  from  which  the  same  was  obtained. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  293 

SEC.  8.  Specimens  of  all  ores,  assayed  or  analyzed  at  said  school,  and  of  all 
ores  presented,  shall  be  kept  in  said  museum,  and  shall  be  properly  marked 
and  catalogued,  in  connection  with  the  names  of  the  depositors,  and  a  descrip- 
tion of  such  ores,  and  such  description  of  the  locality  from  which  the  same 
were  obtained,  as  may  he  procured  from  reliable  sources.  With  a  view  of 
securing  uniformity  in  the  classification  of  rocks,  the  State  mineralogist  shall 
procure  and  place  in  said  museum  characteristic  specimens  of  all  the  principal 
rocks,  to  each  of  which  he  shall  attach  the  name  and  a  description  thereof, 
and  of  the  locality  from  which  the  same  was  procured,  written,  or  printed  in  a 
legible  manner. 

SEC.  9.  Said  specimens,  properly  catalogued,  shall  be  deposited  in  the  State 
museum,  where  they,  together  with  the  catalogues,  shall  be  safely  kept;  and 
at  all  reasonable  hours  they  shall  be  subject  to  examination  by  any  person 
who  shall  conform  to  the  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  State  min- 
eralogist for  the  government  of  said  school,  the  museum  being  regarded  as  a 
part  of  the  same. 

SEC.  3D.  In  preparing  such  descriptions  and  arranging  said  specimens  in  the 
museum  careful  reference  shall  be  had  to  the  correct  illustration  of  the  min- 
eral and  other  natural  resources  of  this  State,  and  the  analogies  existing  be- 
tween those  of  this  State  and  those  of  other  mining  sections;  and  when,  at  a, 
reasonable  cost,  it  is  possible  to  do  so,  a  statement  as  to  the  assay  or  analyses  of 
said  specimens  shall  be  embraced  in  said  description.  In  addition  to  the 
scientific  terms  used  in  such  descriptions,  the  terms  in  common  use  shall  he 
applied,  and  in  all  descriptions  and  reports  the  quantities  and  values,  shall  be 
given  in  the  English  language  and  in  accordance  with  the  standards  adopted 
by  this  State. 

SEC.  11.  He  shall,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  board  of  regents,  prescribe 
the  course  of  studies  to  be  pursued  in  said  school;  said  course  and  manage- 
ment of  the  school  shall  have  special  reference  to  the  imparting  of  the  com- 
bined scientific  and  practical  knowledge  concerning  the  subject  of  mines  and 
mining  and  matters  relating  thereto. 

SEC.  12.  He  shall  annually  deliver  at  least,  one  course  of  lectures  on  said 
subject,  at  said  school,  or  at  such  places  within  the  State  as  the  board  of 
regents  mny  direct;  and  he  shall,  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  October  of 
each  year,  make  a  report  to  the  board  of  regents,  in  which  he  shall  present 
such  facts  and  recommendations,  in  regard  to  mines  and  mining,  and  matters 
rein  ting  thereto,  and  in  regard  to  the  character  and  extent  of  the  natural 
resources  of  this  State,  as  in  his  opinion  are  calculated  to  promote  the  full 
development  of  the  same. 

SEC.  13.  In  the  course  of  his  examinations  he  may,  in  his  discretion,  dis- 
seminate information  on  such  subjects,  by  means  of  free  lectures  or  otherwise. 

SEC.  14.  He  shall  take  such  compass  bearings  and  barometrical  and  other 
observations,  and  make  such  notes  in  regard  to  the  same,  and  in  regard  to 
approximate  distances,  as  will  furnish  materials  for  the  outlines  of  a  map  of 
the  localities  over  which  he  shall  have  traveled  in  the  course  of  his  examina- 
tions. He  may  procure,  for  the  use  of  said  school,  maps  and  diagrams  of 
mines,  representing  the  different  classes  of  mines,  and  illustrative  of  their 
geological,  mineralogical,  and  other  leading  characteristics,  and  having  par- 
ticular reference  to  the  position  in  which  the  metalliferous  deposits  have  been 
found ;  and  he  shall  procure,  or  cause  to  be  procured,  drawings  of  mining 
machinery,  and  of  machinery,  furnaces,  and  other  works,  for  the  separation  of 
metals  from  the  various  ores,  and  the  parting  of  different  metals.  He  may 


294  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

also  procure  and  arrange  in  some  convenient  form,  for  the  use  of  said  school, 
all  information  concerning  the  different  modes  of  working  mines  and  reducing 
ores,  that  may  be  obtained  at  reasonable  cost. 

SEC.  15.  At  the  earliest  practicable  period  measures  shall  be  taken  to  procure, 
for  the  use  of  said  school,  a  library,  embracing  standard  and  reliable  works  on 
mines  and  mining,  and  subjects  relating  thereto;  and  all  of  said  maps,  dia- 
grams, plans,  and  information,  and  said  library,  shall,  at  all  reasonable  hours, 
and  without  charge,  be  subject  to  the  examination  of  any  person  who  conforms 
to  the  rules  and  regulations  concerning  the  same  that  may  be  established  by 
the  State  rniiieni legist  in  accordance  with  this  act. 

SEC.  16.  Connected  with  said  school  there  shall  be  an  assaying  and  analytical 
department,  in  which  the  assaying  and  analyzing  of  ores  shall  be  taught:  and 
all  ores  delivered  therein  for  assay  or  analysis,  shall  be  assayed  or  analyzed 
at  a  cost  to  the  parties  delivering  the  same,  which  shall  only  cover  the  actual 
expenses  of  such  work,  the  charges  for  the  same  to  be  determined  by  the  State 
mineralogist.  At  said  school  a  careful  and  uninterrupted  record  of  meteor- 
ological observations  shall  be  kept  and  forwarded,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  in 
accordance  with  the  "  directions  "  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

SEC.  17.  Said  school  shall  be  established  at  such  place  as  the  board  of  regents 
shall  decide  upon ;  provided,  that  at  the  place  so  selected  the  people,  or  authori- 
ties thereof,  shall,  free  of  cost  to  the  State,  place  at  the  disposal  of  said  board, 
for  the  use  of  said  school,  such  buildings  and  grounds  as  may  be  required  for 
said  school ;  and  said  authorities  are  hereby  authorized  to  procure  and  so  fur- 
nish such  buildings  and  grounds. 

SEC.  18.  If  the  people  or  authorities  of  such  place,  in  consideration  of  the 
permanent  establishment  of  said  school  therein,  shall  convey  to  said  board,  for 
the  use  of  such  school,  suitable  buildings  and  grounds,  and  the  same  shall  have 
been  duly  accepted  as  such  by  said  board,  said  school  shall  be  permanently 
established  at  such^  place;  and  it  shall  not  be  removed  therefrom  until  after 
said  board  shall  have  paid  or  tendered  to  the  authorities  of  such  place  at 
which  said  school  is  located  the  value  of  said  buildings  and  grounds,  the  sum 
to  be  determined  by  a  majority  of  three  commissioners,  one  of  whom  shall, 
within  a  reasonable  time,  be  appointed  by  said  authorities — one  by  said  board, 
and  one  by  the  two  thus  chosen. 

SEC.  19.  The  State  mineralogist  shall  be  allowed,  for  actual  expenses  incurred 
by  him  while  traveling  in  the  service  of  the  State,  a  sum  not  exceeding  $10  per 
day  while  so  engaged,  and  not  exceeding  in  the  aggregate  $1,000  per  annum; 
such  demands,  together  with  the  demands  for  salaries  and  other  expenses  of 
said  school,  shall,  by  said  board,  monthly,  be  audited,  and  ordered  paid  out  of 
the  mining  school  fund  or  any  money  in  the  university  fund,  subject  to  such 
order  of  the  board  of  regents;  and  all  demands  (except  salaries  fixed  by  law) 
shall  be  subject  to  the  action  of  the  State  board  of  examiners;  and,  upon  the 
presentation  of  any  such  order,  duly  approved  by  said  examiners,  the  controller 
shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the  State  treasurer  in  favor  of  the  party  to  whom 
such  order  was  thus  given  for  the  amount  so  allowed,  and  the  State  treasurer 
shall  pay  the  same  out  of  any  moneys  in  said  funds  subject  to  such  order. 

Approved  March  9,  1866. 

An  act  to  create  the  office  of  State  mineralogist  and  define  the  duties  of  such  officer. 

The  peopJe  of  the  State  of  Nevada,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  office  of  State  mineralogist  is  hereby  created. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  295 

SEC.  2.  A.  F.  White  is  hereby  appointed  State  mineralogist.  He  shall  hold 
said  office  until  his  successor  shall  have  been  elected  and  qualified  as  herein- 
after provided. 

SEC.  3.  At  the  election  in  the  yeav  1870,  and  every  four  years  thereafter,  there 
shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State  of  Nevada  a  State  min- 
eralogist, who  shall  qualify  and  enter  upon  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties 
on  the  first  Monday  of  January  next  succeeding  his  election,  and  who  shall 
hold  said  office  for  four  years  thereafter,  and  until  his  successor,  shall  have  been 
elected  and  qualified. 

SEC.  4.  He  shall  reside  and  keep  his  office  at  the  seat  of  government  of  this 
State,  except  when  absent  on  official  duty  within  the  State.  He  shall  be  com- 
missioned by  the  governor,  and  shall  take  and  subscribe  thereon  the  oath  of 
office  prescribed  by  the  law. 

SEC.  5.  He  shall  receive  as  salary  the  sum  of  $3,GOO  per  annum,  payable 
quarterly.  All  the  necessary  contingent  expenses  of  his  office,  the  expense  of 
an  appropriate  outfit,  and  his  necessary  traveling  expenses,  shall  be  allowed 
by  the  board  of  examiners,  and  audited  and  paid  as  are  other  claims  against 
the  State. 

SEC.  G.  It  shall  be  his  duty  to  visit  and  examine,  with  reference  to  their  min- 
eral, agricultural,  and  other  resources,  the  different  portions  of  the  State,  and 
collect  such  mineralogical,  geological,  and  other  valuable  specimens,  and  also 
such  information  as  is  of  scientific  interest,  or  which  may  have  a  practical 
bearing  upon  the  subject  of  mines  and  mining,  agriculture  and  other  resources, 
and  industrial  pursuits  of  the  State.  He  shall  visit  the  several  mining  dis- 
tricts in  each  county,  ascertaining  a  record  of  their  history,  describe  their  pre- 
vailing geological  formation  and  altitude,  the  characteristics  of  the  mines,  and 
peculiarities  of  the  ores,  products,  richness,  and  development;  also  he  shall  ascer- 
tain the  locality,  proper  quantity,  and  character  of  all  the  arable  grazing  and 
timbered  lands  belonging  to  the  United  States  within  the  bounds  of  Nevada,  and 
from  time  to  time  report  the  same  to  the  authorities  having  charge  of  the  public 
lands  belonging  to  the  State,  for  their  information,  particularly  recommending 
to  them  for  selection  such  portions  as  are  valuable,  and  desirable  to  be  selected 
by  this  State  in  satisfaction  of  lands  granted  by  the  United  States  to  the  State 
of  Nevada. 

SEC.  7.  He  shall  collect,  mark,  and  catalogue  mineralogical  and  geological 
specimens,  and  carefully  prepare  a  description  of  every  such  specimen  and  of 
locality  where  each  specimen  was  obtained. 

SEC.  8.  He  shall  assay  or  cause  to  be  assayed,  analyzed,  and  described,  so  far 
as  practicable  and  deemed  expedient,  all  specimens  of  ores,  which,  together 
with  the  statement  of  the  locality  from  which  the  same  was  obtained,  shall  be 
printed  and  attached,  or  referred  to  specimen. 

SEC.  9.  The  specimens  properly  catalogued  shall  be  deposited  in  a  museum, 
so  soon  as  one  shall  have  been  prepared  by  the  State,  where  they,  together  with 
the  catalogue,  shall  be  carefully  kept,  and  shall  at  all  reasonable  times  be 
subject  to  examination  by  any  person,  subject  to  the  rules  prescribed  by  the 
State  mineralogist. 

SEC.  10.  He  shall  have  power,  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to  engage  the 
services  of  one  employee,  at  such  times  as  he  may  think  necessary,  fix  the 
wages  find  time  of  service  of  said  employee,  certify  the  amount  to  the  board  of 
examiners,  who  shall  audit  the  same. 

SEC.  11.  He  shall,  on  or  before  the  second  Monday  in  January,  1871,  report 
to  the  leg'slature  In  detail  all  acts  performed  and  information  obtained  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act 


296  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


SEC.  12.  An  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  establishing  and  maintaining 
a  mining  school,  and  create  the  office  of  said  mineralogist,"  approved  March  9, 
1866,  and  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  13.  This  bill  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  1,  1869. 

An  act  to  abolish  the  office  of  State  mineralogist  and  provide  for  the  care  and  preserva- 
tion of  the  State  museum. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Nevada,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  office  of  State  mineralogist  of  the  State  of  Nevada  is  hereby 
abolished. 

SEC.  2.  On  and  after  the  1st  dny  of  January,  A.  D.  1879,  the  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex  offlcio  curator  of  the  State  museum  of  min- 
eralogical,  geological,  and  other  specimens. 

SEC.  3.  The  curator,  when  visiting  the  several  school  districts  in  this  State, 
in  his  capacity  as  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  as  is  required  by  law, 
shall  make  inquiry  so  far  as  is  practicable  into  the  resources  of  the  mines 
situated  in  the  respective  districts,  and  inspect  the  same;  collect  specimens  of 
ores,  ascertain  their  value,  catalogue,  and  place  them  in  the  State  museum,  and 
prepare  for  publication  in  the  appendix  of  his  biennial  report  as  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  a  report  as  curator  of  the  State  museum  in  detail  of  his 
acts  performed  and  information  obtained  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  4.  The  sen-ices  rendered  and  expenses  incurred  by  the  State  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  as  curator  of  the  State  museum  as  aforesaid,  he 
shall  be  allowed  a  sum  not  exceeding  $500  per  annum,  and  he  shall  have  further 
power  to  engage  the  services  of  one  or  more  employees,  at  such  times  as  he  may 
deem  necessary,  to  clean,  real-range,  and  catalogue  all  specimens  that  are  now 
or  that  may  hereafter  be  placed  in  said  State  museum,  who  shall  be  paid  a 
compensation,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  board  of  State  examiners,  and  on 
the  certificate  of  the  said  curator,  of  a  sum  not  exceeding  fuOO  per  annum. 

SEC.  5.  All  claims  for  services  rendered,  as  is  provided  in  section  4  of  this  act, 
shall  be  allowed  by  the  board  of  State  examiners,  and  paid  by  the  State 
treasurer  out  of  any  moneys  not  otherwise  appropriated  on  the  warrant  of  the 
State  controller. 

SEC.  6.  An  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  establishing  and  maintain- 
ing a  mining  school,  and  to  create  the  office  of  State  mineralogist,"  approved 
March  9,  1866,  is  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  7.  An  act  entitled  "An  act  to  create  the  office  of  State  mineralogist  and 
define  the  duties  of  such  officer,"  approved  March  1,  1869,  is  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  8.  This  act  shall  not  take  effect  and  be  in  force  until  on  and  after  the 
first  Monday  in  January,  A.  D.  1879. 

Approved  February  1,  1877. 

According  to  the  law  of  March  9,  1866,  an  office  of  State  miner- 
alogist was  created,  which  was  connected  with  a  proposed  State 
mining  school,  although  it  was  to  be  sustained  by  independent 
appropriations. 

Administration. — Under  this  act  B.  H.  Stretch  was  appointed 
State  mineralogist,  serving  only  during  the  year  1866  and  being 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  297 

succeeded  the  year  following  by  A.  F.  White,  he,  in  his  turn,  being 
succeeded  in  1871  by  H.  K.  Whitehill,  the  latter  continuing  to  serve 
until  the  abolition  of  the  office  in  February,  1879. 

The  State  mineralogist  was  appointed  by  the  board  of  regents, 
who  also  fixed  the  rate  of  compensation;  and.  although  a  limit  of 
$4,000  a  year  was  made  by  the  law  of  1866  and  $3,600  by  the  act  of 
1869,  the  actual  amount  of  salary,  as  indicated  in  the  reports,  appears 
to  have  been  $2,400. 

So  far  as  can  be  learned,  no  assistants  were  regularly  employed, 
although  section  3  of  the  original  bill  made  provision  for  the  same, 
number  not  stated,  who  were  to  receive  salaries  not  exceeding  $3,000 
a  year  each. 

It  would  appear  from  the  report  of  State  Mineralogist  Stretch  for 
1866  that  the  act  creating  the  office  provided  for  the  payment  of  his 
salary  out  of  the  mining  fund,  which  was  expected  to  accrue  from  an 
act  passed  at  a  previous  session  of  the  legislature,  entitled  "  The  loca- 
tion and  possession  of  mining  claims,"  or  from  the  university  fund. 
It  appears  further  that  the  former  act  produced  no  available  pro- 
ceeds and  that  the  university  fund  was  not  segregated  from  the  school 
fund.  For  these  reasons  the  State  mineralogist  was  compelled  to 
work  without  any  funds  whatever  to  meet  current  expenses.  Never- 
theless, on  receiving  the  appointment  in  the  spring  of  1866,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  lay  out  plans  comprising  a  visit  in  succession  to  every 
mining  district  in  the  State,  collecting  from  each  a  complete  series 
of  its  minerals  and  geological  formations,  and  such  other  informa- 
tion as  should  be  available.  During  the  year  he  was  enabled  to  se- 
cure a  collection  of  some  600  specimens,  which  it  was  expected  would 
form  a  nucleus  for  further  operations.  Steps  were  also  taken  toward 
securing  a  collection  to  represent  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State 
at  the  coming  Paris  exposition. 

Mr.  Stretch  was  apparently  succeeded  in  1867  by  Mr.  A.  F.  White, 
who  seemed  to  labor  under  the  same  financial  disadvantages  as  did 
his  predecessor,  and  who,  in  order  to  accomplish  a  maximum  amount 
of  work  with  a  minimum  amount  of  expense,  associated  himself  with 
one  of  the  parties  under  the  Clarence  King  survey  then  operating  in 
Nevada  along  the  line  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 

Although  an  act  had  been  passed  providing  for  the  establishment 
of  the  mining  school,  White  found  no  funds  at  hand  from  which  the 
board  of  regents  could  draw  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  necessary 
buildings  or  for  organizing  and  maintaining  the  contemplated  school. 

The  collections  made  by  Professor  Stretch  and  designed  for  the 
international  exposition  at  Paris  were  taken  as  far  as  San  Francisco, 
but  not  forwarded,  as  originally  intended.  They  were,  therefore, 


298  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

returned  to  Carson,  where  it  was  expected  they  would  form  a  part 
of  the  permanent  State  museum. 

During  the  seasons  of  1869  and  1870  work  was  continued  under 
the  same  unsatisfactory  conditions  as  had  previously  existed,  Mr. 
Calvin  Swift  serving  as  an  assistant  for  a  period  of  three  months. 
Some  3,500  miles  were  traversed  during  the  two  years.  In  1871 
Mr.  White  was  succeeded  by  Henry  R.  Whitehill,  whose  first  season's 
work  was  largely  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State. 

During  the  seasons  of  1873  and  1874  Whitehill  spent  about  seven 
months  in  the  field,  traveling  over  4.000  miles  and  visiting  nearly 
every  town  and  mining  district  within  the  State.  Necessarily  the 
work  was  of  an  exceedingly  superficial  nature  and  had  to  do  mainly 
with  the  noting  of  the  condition  of  the  mining  industry. 

During  1875  considerable  time  was  devoted  by  the  State  mineral- 
ogist to  collecting  and  arranging  an  exhibit  of  the  mineral  resources 
of  the  State  for  the  centennial  exhibition  in  Philadelphia.  Some 
six  months  of  the  year  were  consumed  in  this  work,  and  in  April  of 
the  year  following  Mr.  Whitehill  proceeded  to  Philadelphia  and 
remained  there  three  months,  classifying  and  installing  the  exhibit. 
The  remainder  of  1876  was  devoted  to  visiting  the  mining  districts 
in  close  proximity  to  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  there  not  being 
sufficient  funds  at  his  disposal  to  defray  the  expenses  of  a  more 
extended  trip. 

Expenses. — The  total  expenses  of  the  office  of  the  State  mineralogist 
during  the  period  of  its  existence,  so  far  as  can  be  gleaned  from  the 
annual  reports,  were  as  follows: 

1866,  salary  of  State  mineralogist $2,400.00 

1867-68,  salary  for  two  years 4,  800.  00 

1867-68,    expenditures,    including    outfit,    traveling    expenses,    and 

freight  1,  545.  24 

1869-70,  salary  for  two  years 7,200.00 

1869-70,  expenditures,  including  outfit,  traveling  expenses, 

etc.    $2,  734.  54 

1869-70,  credit  by  sum  realized  from  sale  of  outfit 480. 00 

2,254.54 

1871-72,  salary  for  two  years 7, 200. 00 

1871-72,  expenditures,  as  above 3, 991. 19 

1873-74,  salary  for  two  years 7, 200.  00 

1873-74,  expenditures,  including  outfit,  traveling  expenses,  etc 4, 322.  40 

1875-76,  salary  for  two  years 7,  200.  00 

1875-76,  expenditures,  as  above 1, 868.  25 

1877-78,  salary  for  two  years 7,200.00 

1877-78,  expenditures,  as  above $1, 260.  50 

1877-78,  credit  by  sum  realized  from  sale  of  outfit 500.  00 

760.50 

$57, 942.  68 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  21 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  299 

Museum. — In  the  early  reports  of  the  survey  reference  is  made  to 
the  preparation  of  a  State  museum,  and  in  the  report  for  1871-72  it 
is  stated  that  one  of  the  largest  and  best  furnished  rooms  in  the 
capitol  had  been  allotted  for  the  purpose  and  five  cases  suitable  for 
the  display  of  specimens  had  been  prepared.  The  exhibit  at  that 
time  contained  from  800  to  1,200  specimens.  The  report  for  1873-74 
notes  the  addition  of  three  cases  and  the  preparation  of  a  catalogue 
of  the  collections.  Beyond  this,  no  printed  information  is  available. 

Publications. — The  publications  under  the  office  of  the  State  miner- 
alogist are  limited  to  seven  brief  reports,  which  contain  little  of 
other  than  mining  interest.  No  systematic  geological  \vork  whatever 
was  accomplished.  With  the  discontinuance  of  the  survey  in  1879, 
under  the  act  of  February,  1877,  all  effort  on  the  part  of  a  survey 
under  State  auspices  ceased  and  has  never  been  renewed. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  CHARLES  T.  JACKSON,   1839-1844. 

Organization. — In  1839,  in  response  to  a  popular  demand  and 
through  the  personal  efforts  of  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  there  was  estab- 
lished by  the  State  Legislature  of  New  Hampshire  a  mineralogical 
and  geological  survey  of  the  State.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the 
act: 

An  net  to  provide  for  the  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  in  gen- 
eral court  convened,  That  the  governor  of  this  State  is  hereby  authorized 
and  required  as  soon  as  may  be  after  the  passage  of  this  act  to  appoint  a  State 
geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of  competent  scientific  and  practical  knowledge 
of  the  sciences,  geology  and  mineralogy ;  and  the  said  State  geologist  shall, 
by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  governor  and  council,  appoint  one  suitable  per- 
6oii  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  who  shall  be  a  skillful,  analyti- 
cal, and  experimental  chemist. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geolo- 
gist and  his  said  assistant,  as  soon  as  may  be  practicable  after  their  appoint- 
ment, to  commence  and  carry  on,  with  as  much  expedition  and  dispatch  as  may 
be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  accuracy,  a  thorough  geological  and  mineral- 
ogical survey  of  this  State,  with  a  view  to  determine  the  order,  succession,  ar- 
rangement, relative  position,  dip,  or  inclination,  and  comparative  magnitude  of 
the  several  strata  or  geological  formations  within  this  State,  and  to  discover 
and  examine  all  beds  or  deposits  of  ore,  coal,  clay,  marls,  and  such  other  mineral 
substances  as  may  be  useful  or  valuable,  and  to  perform  such  other  duties  as 
may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and  complete  geological  and  miueralogical 
survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  And  le  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said 
assistant  to  make  full  and  complete  examinations,  assays,  analyses  of  all  such 
rocks,  ores,  soils,  or  other  substances  as  may  be  submitted  to  him  by  the  State 
geologist  for  that  purpose;  and  to  furnish  him  with  a  detailed  and  complete 
account  of  the  results  so  obtained. 


300  BL'LJuETI-N'   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

SEC.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  geolo- 
gist, on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  Juue  iu  each  aud  every  year  during  the 
time  necessarily  occupied  by  said  survey,  to  make  au  annual  report  of  the  prog- 
ress of  said  survey,  accompanied  with  such  maps,  drawings,  aud  specimens  as 
may  be  necessary  and  proi>er  to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same  to  the  secre- 
tary of  the  state,  who  shall  lay  such  report  before  the  legislature. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State 
geologist  to  cause  to  be  represented  on  the  map  of  the  State,  by  colors  and 
other  appropriate  means,  the  various  areas  occupied  by  the  different  geological 
formations  in  the  State,  and  to  mark  thereon  the  localities  of  the  respective 
beds  or  deposits  of  the  various  mineral  substances  discovered,  aud  on  the 
completion  of  the  survey  to  compile  a  memoir  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy 
of  the  State,  comprising  a  complete  account  of  the  leading  subjects  and  dis- 
coveries which  have  been  embraced  in  the  survey. 

SEC.  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  the  said 
State  geologist  to  forward  to  the  secretary  of  the  state  from  time  to  time  during 
the  progress  of  said  survey  such  specimens  of  the  rocks,  ores,  coals,  soils, 
fossils,  and  other  mineral  substances,  discovered  and  examined,  as  may  be 
proper  and  necessary  to  form  a  complete  cabinet  collection  of  specimens  of  geol- 
ogy aud  mineralogy  of  the  State;  and  the  said  secretary  shall  cause  the  same  to 
be  deposited  in  proper  order  in  some  convenient  room  in  the  State  capitol, 
there  to  be  preserved  for  public  inspection. 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into 
effect  the  provisions  of  this  act.  the  sum  of  $2,000  is  hereby  annually  ap- 
propriated for  the  term  of  three  years  to  be  expended  under  the  direction 
of  the  governor :  Provided,  hoiccter,  That  the  salaries  of  the  said  State  geolo- 
gist and  his  assistant  shall  not  commence  until  they  shall  have  entered  upon 
the  execution  of  their  duties;  and  upon  the  completion  of  said  survey  and  of 
the  duties  connected  therewith  they  shall  wholly  cease  and  determine. 

Approved  June  24,  1839. 

This  law  remained  in  force  throughout  the  existence  of  the  survey, 
further  enactments  being  made  only  for  the  purpose  of  making  addi- 
tional appropriations  and  to  provide  for  publication.  The  survey 
was  not  connected  with  any  other  institution  and  was  sustained 
wholly  by  annual  appropriations. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  above  given  Dr.  Charles  T.  Jack- 
son, of  Boston,  was  appointed  State  geologist,  and  J.  D.  Whitney, 
Moses  B.  Williams,  E.  Baker,  W.  F.  Channing,  and  John  Chandler 
served  as  volunteer  assistants,  even  to  the  extent  of  paying  their 
own  expenses.  In  December  of  1840  J.  D.  Whitney  was  appointed 
chemical  assistant.  These  appointments  were  made  by  the  prin- 
cipal with  the  consent  of  the  governor  and  counsel.  Neither  the 
salary  of  the  State  geologist  nor  that  of  the  chemist  can  now  be 
ascertained.  The  assistants,  as  noted  above,  served  as  volunteers. 
The  officers  were  not  salaried  by  any  other  institution.* 

1  It  Is  stated  (Life  and  Letters  of  J.  D.  Whitney,  p.  40)  that  this  system  of  volun- 
teers was  adopted  to  nvoid  political  pressure  in  favor  of  the  appointments  of  loc.il  and 
none-too-well  equipped  assistants.  A  verbal  understanding  was,  however,  entered  into  to 
the  effect  that  on  completion  of  the  term  of  service  the  State  legislature  should  be  op- 
pealed  to  to  make  good  the  deficiency.  The  plan  is  said  to  have  worked  successfully. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL,  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  301 

Three  suites  of  specimens  are  mentioned  by  Jackson  in  his  first 
annual  report  as  having  been  collected  and  put  up  in  cabinet  form, 
and  the  suggestion  is  made  that  one  set  should  be  sent  to  the  Ports- 
mouth Athenaeum  and  one  to  Dartmouth  College,  the  remaining  por- 
tion being  sufficient  for  the  use  of  the  legislature.  Among  these 
materials  was  a  specimen  of  the  first  bar  of  tin  smelted  in  America, 
the  same  having  been  prepared  from  tin  ores  found  at  Jackson,  New 
Hampshire.  This  bar  was  subsequently  destroyed  by  fire,  but  a 
second  portion  is  still  preserved  among  the  collections  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum  at  Washington. 

In  the  first  annual  report  the  method  of  procedure  is  outlined 
somewhat  as  follows :  Knowing  the  strata  to  pursue  a  general  north- 
east course,  Jackson  proposed  to  cross  them  several  times  at  right 
angles  and  also  to  follow  along  their  lines  of  strike.  "  These  lines  of 
exploration  will  divide  the  territory  into  triangular  areas,  the 
boundaries  of  which  will  be  known,  and  various  excursions  across 
them  will  make  the  knowledge  of  each  strike  more  or  less  accurate." 

Cross  sections  were  described  from  Portsmouth  to  Claremont 
through  Concord,  from  Concord  to  Wakefield,  from  Wakefield  to 
Haverhill — all  measured  by  Messrs.  Whitney  and  Williams.  Doctor 
Jackson  personally  measured  another  from  Concord  to  Winchester. 
Messrs.  Whitney  and  Williams  also  traveled  to  the  northern  corner 
of  the  State  as  far  as  Mount  Carrnel.  The  field  work  closed  after  a 
tour  to  the  White  Mountains. 

The  second  year's  explorations  began  at  Nashua,  a  party  of  assist- 
ants exploring  the  southern  range  of  towns  between  Nashua  and  the 
Connecticut  River.  Doctor  Jackson  himself  explored  between 
Nashua  and  Portsmouth  in  the  opposite  direction.  Thence  he 
traveled  to  Madison,  Mount  Chocorua,  Jackson,  Randolph,  Lancaster, 
Shelbourne,  back  to  Lancaster  and  Dixville  Notch.  Next  he  meas- 
ured a  section  through  Vermont  from  Lancaster  to  Lake  Champlain. 
Meanwhile  Messrs.  Channing  and  E.  E.  Hale  examined  the  northern 
frontier.  The  remainder  of  the  year's  work  consisted  of  explora- 
tions in  Littleton,  Franconia,  Landaff,  Orford,  Lyme,  Canaan,  Graf- 
ton,  Amherst,  and  Keene. 

The  third  report  states  that  towns  not  previously  surveyed  were 
examined  as  far  as  possible. 

No  library  was  formed. 

Expenses. — The  total  cost  of  the  survey  was  $9,051.15,  the  amount 
being  appropriated  at  the  rate  of  $2,000  annually  for  the  first  three 
years  and  $3,051.15  for  the  fourth.  This  was  exclusive  of  the  cost 
of  publication,  the  figures  for  which  can  not  be  ascertained.  A  bill 
for  $2,417.35,  paid  in  full  of  all  claims  on  December  19,  1844,  was 
thought  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Hitchcock  to  relate  to  the  illustrations  of 


302  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  final  report,  though  it  is  possible  it  may  have  been  used  for  the 
relief  of  the  volunteers  already  mentioned. 

Publications. — Three  annual  reports  were  rendered,  the  first  two 
in  the  form  of  octavo  pamphlets  of  1G4  and  8  pages,  respectively, 
dated  1841  and  1842.  The  third  annual  was  included  in  the  final  re- 
port, which  formed  a  quarto^ -volume  of  384  pages  and  11  plates. 

A  resolution  of  the  senate  jhjid  house  of  representatives,  dated  De- 
cember 10,  1840,  directed  the  secretary  of  state  to  procure  1,000 
printed  copies  of  the  first  annual  report.  The  second  annual  was  not 
issued  separately  from  the  general  legislative  document.  The  addi- 
tional final  report  was  limited  to  GOO  copies.  The  reports  were 
distributed  with  the  legislative  proceedings,  and  the  final  report  sent 
to  special  institutions  and  individuals  who  were  named  to  receive 
them.  The  cost  of  this  report  is  supposed  to  have  been  between  $3 
and  $4  a  copy. 

SECOXD  SURVEY  UXDER  CHARLES  H.  HITCHCOCK,  18GS-1S78.1 

In  June,  1868,  in  response  to  a  renewed  demand,  a  second  survey 
was  inaugurated.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the  second  law : 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  geological  and  minernlogical  survey  of  the  State. 

Be  it  enacted  l>v  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  in  general  court 
convened : 

SECTION  1.  That  the  governor  of  the  State,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the 
honorable  council,  is  hereby  required  and  authorized,  as  soon  as  may  be  after 
the  passage  of  this  act,  to  appoint  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of 
competent,  scientific,  and  practical  knowledge  of  the  sciences  of  geology  and 
mineralogy;  and  said  State  geologist  shall  have  power  to  appoint  such  suitable 
person  or  persons  as  he  may  deeui  necessary  to  aid  him  in  carrying  out  th« 
purposes  of  this  act 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist,  as  soon  as  may  be  practi- 
cable after  his  appointment,  to  commence  and  carry  on,  with  as  much  expedition 
and  dispatch  as  may  be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  accuracy,  a  thorough 
geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  this  State,  with  a  view  to  discover  and 
examine  all  beds  or  deposits  of  ore,  coal,  clay,  marls,  and  such  other  mineral 
substances  as  may  be  useful  or  valuable,  and  to  perform  such  other  duties  as 
may  be  necessary  to  complete  such  survey. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  further  duty  of  said  State  geologist  to  make  a  brief 
annual  report  of  his  progress  to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  shall  submit  the 
same  to  the  legislature,  and  shall  forward  from  time  to  time  such  specimens  of 
mineral  substances  as  may  be  proper  and  necessary  to  form  a  complete  cabinet 
collection  of  specimens  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State,  as  follows, 
viz :  One  complete  set  to  the  secretary  of  state,  for  preservation  at  the  capitol  of 
the  State,  which  shall  be  so  classified  and  arranged  as  to  be  accessible  to  all  inter- 
ested in  the  mineral  capacity  of  the  State,  and  one  complete  set  to  the  museum 
of  the  agricultural  college,  to  be  used  in  the  instruction  of  the  young  men  who 
may  resort  there  for  an  agricultural  education. 

1  Mainly  from  manuscript  notes  by  Prof.  C.  II.  Hitchcock. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  303 

SEC.  4.  Whenever  said  survey  shall  be  completed,  a  report  of  the  same,  ac- 
companied by  such  maps  and  drawings  as  may  be  necessary  to  elucidate  and  ex- 
emplify the  same,  shall  be  published  under  the  direction  of  said  State  geologist 

SEC.  5.  That,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
the  sum  of  $3,500  is  hereby  annually  appropriated,  to  be  expended  under  the 
direction  of  the  governor  and  council. 

SEC.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 

Approved  July  3,  1868. 

This  law  remained  in  force  throughout  the  existence  of  the  survey. 
Nro  additional  acts  were  passed,  with  the  exception  of  one  providing 
for  the  publication  of  reports.  The  survey  was  not  connected  with 
any  other  institution  and  was  sustained  wholly  by  annual  appro- 
priations, and  continued  uninterruptedly  for  10  years. 

Administration. — Under  the  law  given  above  C.  H.  Hitchcock  was 
appointed  principal  on  September  8,  1868,  and  continued  in  office 
until  the  expiration  of  the  work  May  31,  1878.  Various  assistants 
were  appointed  from  time  to  time.  J.  H.  Huntington  was  appointed 
in  1869  and  served  more  or  less  constantly  until  1878,  though  doing 
no  field  work  after  1875.  Warren  Upham  was  appointed  in  1871 — 
at  first  temporarily — and  served  until  1878,  his  special  field  of  study 
being  the  glacial  drift  and  surface  geology.  He  also  attended  to 
drafting  of  the  maps,  plans,  and  illustrations.  Dr.  George  W.  Hawes 
prepared  the  part  of  the  final  report  pertaining  to  mineralogy  and 
lithology,  being  employed  between  two  and  three  years  in  the  work. 
Other  temporary  assistants  were  Prof.  George  L.  Vose,  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology;  Prof.  Charles  A.  Seeley,  of  New 
York,  chemist ;  and  Dr.  A.  M.  Edwards,  who  studied  diatoms.  Prof. 
Thomas  Egleston,  of  Columbia  College,  commenced  work  on  the 
optical  mineralogy  in  1874.  but  was  obliged  to  give  it  up  because  of 
ill  health. 

The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  at  the  rate  of  $1,500  a  year; 
that  of  J.  H.  Huntington,  $500  annually;  and  that  of  Warren  Up- 
ham, about  $3  a  day.  George  W.  Hawes  received  $800  a  year,  this 
amount  being  paid  from  appropriations  for  publishing  the  report. 
The  principal  was  himself  connected  with  Dartmouth  College,  but 
the  college  had  no  connection  whatever  with  the  survey. 

The  methods  of  procedure  employed  by  the  survey  are  outlined  be- 
low. The  State  being  located  entirely  upon  crystalline  rocks,  the 
methods  employed  were  not  exactly  the  same  as  those  used  in  regions 
of  sedimentary  deposits.  A  contour  map  upon  a  scale  of  2£  miles  to 
the  inch  was  first  prepared.  The  trigonometric  stations  were  ob- 
tained through  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  the  boundary  survey 
of  1842,  various  private  surveys,  and  considerable  special  work.  The 
roads,  villages,  streams,  and  other  fixed  points  were  chiefly  located 
from  county  maps  prepared  shortly  before  the  survey  commenced. 
136075-20 21 


304  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Fitting  these  to  the  trigonometric  stations  obtained  as  explained,  a 
very  accurate  map  was  prepared.  The  elevations  were  obtained 
chiefly  by  leveling  along  the  railroads.  Rarely, 'use  was  made  of  the 
railroad  survey  data.  The  hills  were  determined  by  aneroid  and 
mercurial  barometers  and  estimates.  Guyot's .  measurements  for  the 
higher  mountains  were  accepted  as  correct.  Leveling  from  the  sea  to 
two  stations  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  enabled  certain  cor- 
rections to  be  made.  Contours  on  the  maps  were  100  feet  apart,  save 
in  the  extreme  north  and  south,  where  they  were  often  given  for  every 
50  feet. 

The  parallel  linear  arrangement  of  the  formations  allowed  the 
measurement  of  13  sections  from  east  to  west  across  the  State.  Every 
ledge  along  these  lines  was  examined  and  specimens  collected  of  every- 
thing important.  These  were  subsequently  arranged  in  the  museum, 
as  noted  later. 

Two  fields,  each  400  to  500  square  miles  in  extent,  were  studied  with 
unusual  care — one  the  Ammonoosuc  mining  field  and  the  other  the 
White  Mountains.  Every  ledge  in  these  districts  was  visited  and 
special  collections  made  for  the  museum. 

An  extraordinary  number  of  observations,  it  is  claimed,  were  taken 
of  the  surface  geology,  and  the  survey  was  the  first  to  give  prominent 
attention  to  the  subject  of  micropetrology.  This  work  was  in  the 
hands  of  Dr.  George  W.  Hawes. 

The  several  methods  employed  by  the  survey,  and  which  were 
original  with  it.  were  as  follows: 

1.  Determining  topography  by  careful  surveys  of  the  ridges  of 
land  or  watersheds  and  river  courses  and  filling  in  subsequently  the 
rest  of  the  field  by  estimate. 

2.  Methods  of  studying  surface  geology. 

3.  Microscopic  methods  in  lithology. 

As  already  noted,  the  survey  collections  were  assigned  to  the  New 
Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture,  located  in  a  building  belonging 
to  Dartmouth  College.  This  museum  consists  of  (a)  rocks  illus- 
trating sections;  (b)  rocks  illustrating  ledges  between  the  section 
lines,  about  500  localities  being  represented;  (c)  special  collections, 
much  more  minute,  as  of  the  White  Mountains,  Ammonoosuc  mining 
field,  Helderberg  region  near  Bernardston,  Massachusetts,  and  a 
large  collection  of  rocks  to  illustrate  the  dispersal  of  fragments  by 
ice,  also  a  lithological  series;  (d)  fossils  of  Niagara  age,  full  repre- 
sentations of  all  stones  valuable  for  economic  purposes,  also  a  system- 
atic collection  of  ninety-five  mineral  species  found  in  the  State,  with 
slides  for  microscope.  Duplicate  sets  of  the  first  section  collection 
were  placed  in  the  State  Normal  School  and  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History  in  New  York.  To  the  last  named  were  added  the 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  305 

continuation  of  the  sections  across  Vermont  and  a  relief  geological 
map  on  the  scale  of  1  mile  to  the  inch. 

No  library  was  formed,  the  publications  received  being  placed  in 
the  private  library  of  the  State  geologist. 

Expenses. — All  the  funds  provided  by  the  State  were  devoted  to 
exploration  in  the  field  and  the  necessary  office  work;  $3,500  were 
annually  appropriated,  but  the  expenditure  from  year  to  year  varied. 
The  following  figures  are  taken  from  the  official  books : 

September  8,  1868,  to  May  31,  1869 $1, 150.  00 

June  1   1869,  to  May  31,  1870 3,  879. 13 

June  1    1870,  to  May  81,  1871 3, 163. 15 

June  1   1871,  to  May  31,  1872 3,  296.  52 

June  1   1872,  to  May  31,  1873 3,  235.  72 

June  1    1873,  to  May  31,  1874 3, 463.  03 

June  1    1874,  to  May  31,  1875 3,  500.  00 

June  1    1875,  to  May  31,  1876 3,  508.  47 

June  1   1876,  to  May  31,  1877 3,  233.  25 

June  1,  1877,  to  May  31,  1878—.-               3,  750.  00 


Total „ $32, 199.  27 

The  cost  of  the  annual  reports  was  intended  by  the  law  to  have 
been  provided  for  in  the  appropriation  for  the  State  printer.  In 
several  cases  the  maps  engraved  were  erroneously  charged  to  the 
expense  account  of  the  survey,  but  this  is  not  the  case  with  the  figures 
given  below: 

The  first  annual  report  cost  $219 ;  the  second,  $482.02 ;  the  third, 
$548.78 ;  the  fourth,  $210.  The  final  report  consisted  of  three  volumes 
and  an  atlas.  The  cost  of  printing  the  latter,  as  paid  from  year  to 
year,  was  as  follows:  1874,  $685.86;  1875,  $4,713.40:  1876,  $790;  1877, 
$2,571.05;  1878,  $19,638.29;  1879,  $5,560.57;  making  a  total  for  the 
three  volumes  and  atlas  of  $33,959.17. 

The  total  cost  of  the  survey,  then,  was:  For  expenses,  $32,199.27; 
publication  of  annuals,  $1,459.80;  publication  of  final  reports, 
$33.959.17;  for  maps  and  cases,  $500.  There  was  also  appropriated 
$200  for  the  completion  of  a  relief  map  of  the  State  and  $300  for  cases 
in  the  agricultural  college  to  hold  the  specimens.  The  building  hold- 
ing the  museum  cost  $40,000,  but  contained,  in  addition  to  the  mu- 
seum, the  chemical  laboratories  of  both  colleges  and  recitation  rooms 
for  geology  and  natural  history.  For  this  building  the  State  appro- 
priated $15,000  and  Dartmouth  College  $25,000.  In  addition,  again, 
a  special  meteorological  observatory  was  established  upon  Mount 
Washington  during  the  winter  of  1870-71,  costing  some  $2,000,  the 
amount  being  obtained  by  private  subscription. 

Publications. — Three  annual  reports  in  pamphlet  form  were  issued 
of  about  1,500  copies  each,  and  1,000  copies  of  the  final  report.  Mr. 


306  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

E.  C.  Eastman,  of  Concord,  had  300  additional  copies  of  the  final  re- 
port, with  the  exception  of  volume  3,  printed  at  his  own  expense. 

The  annual  was  printed  in  connection  with  the  usual  legislative 
documents  and  distributed  with  them  to  all  applicants.  The  final 
report  was  distributed  by  vote  of  the  legislature  somewhat  as  follows: 
One  copy  each  to  every  town  and  academy  in  the  State;  six  copies  each 
to  the  New  Hampshire  Historical  Society,  New  England  Genealogical 
Society,  Dartmouth  College,  and  the  State  College;  100  copies  to 
scientific  institutions  and  individuals  and  others  specified,  including 
seven  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  balance  was  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  trustees  of  the  State  library  for  sale  and  exchange. 

The  provisions  for  the  sale  of  these  documents  were  somewhat  pe- 
culiar. A  certain  number  of  copies,  equal  to  the  number  of  repre- 
sentatives and  senators,  were  authorized  to  be  sold  at  $4  each  or  $16 
for  the  set,  to  citizens  of  New  Hampshire,  who  were  required  to  pre- 
sent certificates  of  residence  in  the  State,  signed  by  the  selectman  of 
the  town  in  which  they  live.  No  provision  was  made  for  sale  in  any 
other  way  by  the  State.  The  cost  of  publication  was  $33.85  a  set. 

Benefits. — Among  the  benefits  enumerated  are :  First,  a  knowledge 
of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State,  which  had  aided  in  the  de- 
velopment of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  zinc  properties,  besides 
quarries  of  granite  and  mica ;  second,  the  published  accounts  relative 
to  the  White  Mountains  were  the  means  of  adding  several  thousand 
dollars  annually  to  the  revenues  of  individuals;  third,  the  additions  to 
science  lay  mostly  in  the  classification  of  the  metamorphic  and  crys- 
talline rocks  of  northern  New  England  and  the  establishment  of  the 
distinction  between  the  Atlantic  and  Appalachian  systems  of  eleva- 
tion carried  out  through  the  eastern  United  States;  fourth,  studies  in 
lithology;  and  fifth,  discussions  leading  to  the  doctrine  of  the  ter- 
minal moraine,  descriptions  of  the  lenticular  hills  of  drift,  later  called 
drumlins,  and  the  discovery  of  the  true  origin  of  the  eskers,  etc. 

From  the  study  of  the  rocks  themselves  a  triple  succession  was 
thought  to  have  been  discovered:  First,  gneiss;  second,  feldspathic 
mica  schists;  third,  hydromica  and  chlorite  schists.  Purely  local 
names  meaning  nothing  by  themselves,  they  were  correlated  with  the 
extensions  of  the  terraces  into  Quebec,  Laurentian,  and  Huronian 
applied  to  the  first  and  third,  while  the  middle  division  was  consid- 
ered of  enough  importance  to  have  the  local  name  employed — Mont- 
alban.  All  were  called  Eozoic,  in  preference  to  any  of  the  terms  of 
later  suggestion  for  the  entire  group.  It  will  thus  appear  that  min- 
eral characters  were  used  to  distinguish  the  divisions.  The  foliated 
igneous  rocks  were  not  separated  from  the  related  gneisses.  Many 
quartzites,  mica  schists,  and  slates  were  referred  to  the  Paleozoic 
column  for  stratigraphical  reasons.  Well-defined  Silurian  fossils 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  307 

determined  satisfactorily  the  age  of  certain  limestones,  slates,  and 
sandstones  in  the  Connecticut  Valley. 

Later  interpretations,  by  Professor  Hitchcock  included,  after  1878, 
the  study  of  the  crystalline  schists  which  attracted  considerable  at- 
tention. Locally  the  plan  of  measuring  sections  in  New  Hampshire 
and  Vermont  in  east  and  west  directions  was  resumed.  Dartmouth 
College  came  into  possession  of  the  collections  amassed  originally  for 
the  State  agricultural  college  and  authorized  additional  work  upon 
them,  increasing  the  number  of  the  sections  from  13  to  18,  one  of 
which  lay  chiefly  in  Quebec  and  another  in  Massachusetts.  Professor 
Hitchcock  was  constantly  revising  the  conclusions  of  the  earlier 
reports  and  collecting  new  specimens  of  all  sorts  up  to  1908,  when 
his  official  connection  with  the  college  ceased.  Complete  catalogues 
of  all  the  sectional  and  petrographical  collections,  arranged  in  accord- 
ance with  the  latest  conclusions,  were  left  behind  in  the  cases  accom- 
panied by  colored  profiles  and  a  large  relief  map.  The  localities  of 
all  the  specimens  upon  the  sections  are  indicated  both  upon  the 
profiles  and  accompanying  quadrangles. 

Some  of  the  later  conclusions  are  the  following: 

1.  The  Green  Mountain  axis  is  clearly  proved  to  be  post-Cambrian. 
Related  to  this  is  a  short  range  of  gneiss  from  Halifax  to  Reading, 
Vermont.    The  Connecticut-Merrimack  watershed  is  underlaid  by  a 
well-characterized  gneiss,  connected  in  Massachusetts  with  what  some 
call  Algonkians,  and  passing  into  Maine  north  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains.    Others  similar  are  the  Winnipiseogee  range  running  into 
western  Maine,  the  Manchester  range  cutting  across  the  southeast 
part  of  New  Hampshire,  and  short,  parallel  ranges  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts. 

2.  The  hydromica-chloritic  formations  of  middle  Vermont  and  the 
upper  Connecticut  Valley  may  be  Cambrian  or  Ordovician. 

3.  The  mica  schists,  partly  calciferous,  of  eastern  Vermont,  carry 
the  graptolites  of  the  lower  Trenton  both  in  Vermont  and  Canada, 
and  others  are  closely  related  to  some  of  the  Montalban  areas. 

4.  The  areas  of  the  upper  Silurian  upon  the  Connecticut  and  its 
tributaries  have  been  enlarged  and  multiplied,  and  pass  into  the 
Devonian. 

5.  Patches  of  the  Carboniferous  are  anticipated. 

6.  Igneous  protrusions  occur  at  several  horizons  all  through  the 
Paleozoic. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

FIRST  SURVEY   UNDER  HENRY  D.   ROGERS,    1835-1837. 

Organisation. — As  early  as  1832,  Gov.  Peter  D.  Vroom,  in  his 
message  to  the  legislature,  advocated  the  establishment  of  a  geological 


308  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

survey  of  the  State  on  the  ground  that  it  would  result  in  most  valu- 
able discoveries  in  the  way  of  mineral  wealth.  The  legislature,  how- 
ever, took  no  action.  In  1834  the  governor  returned  to  the  subject 
again  and  wrote: 

I  am  iuduced  to  believe  that  such  a  survey  would  lead  to  the  discovery  of 
valuable  mineral  and  metallic  resources.  A  small  appropriation  will  be  sufficient 
to  commence  with,  and  I  think  it  due  to  the  State,  as  well  as  to  the  age  in  which 
we  live,  that  a  commencement  be  made. 

The  committee  of  the  assembly,  to  whom  this  portion  of  the  mes- 
sage was  referred,  reported  the  following  bill,  which  was  passed 
February  26,  1835 : 

To  provide  for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State  of  Nr-w  Jersey. 

That  the  governor  or  person  ministering  the  government  of  this  State  be,  and 
he  is  hereby,  empowered  to  employ  some  suitable  and  scientific  person  or  per- 
sons to  make  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State,  and  make  a 
report  thereon  to  the  next  session  of  the  legislature,  and  that  he  be  authorized 
to  draw  upon  the  treasurer  for  any  sum  not  exceeding  in  the  whole  $1,000, 
in  order  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  same. 

The  legislature  of  1836  and  1837  each  made  appropriations  of 
$2,000  for  the  continuance  of  the  survey  established  under  this  act. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  above  given,  Henry  D.  Eogers, 
professor  of  geology  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  received  the 
appointment  to  make  the  proposed  survey.  He  was  assisted  by  no 
one,  so  far  as  shown  by  the  records.  Professor  Rogers  entered  at 
once  upon  the  work  which  was  prosecuted  with  a  systematic  plan  and 
enthusiastic  earnestness,  his  first  report  being  submitted  to  Governor 
Vroom  on  February  16,  1836.  The  plan  of  work  adopted  was  an- 
nounced to  "lay  down  upon  the  map  of  the  State  (Gordon's)  a  series 
of  straight  lines,  five  in  number,  so  drawn  as  to  cross  nearly  at  the 
same  angle  all  the  various  formations.  The  regions  adjacent  to  these 
lines,  embracing  a  width  of  several  miles  on  both  sides  of  each,  were 
then  selected  for  more  particular  and  detailed  examination;  and  the 
extent  and  boundaries  of  the  several  formations,  as  far  as  determin- 
able,  were  delineated  upon  these  portions  of  the  map.  The  five  geo- 
logical sections  or  profiles  thus  surveyed  embrace  all  the  strata  and 
afford  a  general  insight  into  the  principal  features  of  the  stratification 
of  the  State." 

The  five  profiles  laid  down  and  studied  were:  First,  a  line  of  coun- 
try extending  across  Bergen  and  Sussex  counties,  from  the  vicinity 
of  Fort  Lee  on  the  Hudson  River,  to  near  Dingmans  Ferry  on  the 
Delaware;  second,  a  tract  extending  from  the  seashore,  in  Mon- 
rnouth,  to  the  Water  Gap  of  the  Delaware  in  Warren:  third,  a 
tract  extending  from  the  bend  of  the  Delaware  at  Easton.  parallel 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY   SURVEYS.  309 

with  the  general  course  of  the  river  at  Trenton,  and  thence  prolonged 
to  the  seashore,  south  of  Barnegat;  fourth,  a  section  across  Glou- 
cester, reaching  from  the  Delaware  River,  at  Camden,  to  the  sea- 
shore near  Leeds  Point ;  fifth,  a  tract  traversing  Salem,  Cum- 
berland, a-nd  Cape  May  counties,  from  the  Delaware  to  the  seacoast. 

This  plan  as  carried  out  has  furnished  the  basis  for  all  the  geo- 
logical investigations  which  have  since  been  made  in  the  State. 

In  his  report  for  1837  the  general  plan  outlined  above  was  ad- 
hered to,  but  investigations  were  conducted  with  an  eye  to  more 
system  and  greater  scientific  accuracy.  In  place  of  "crossing  the 
strata,  as  hitherto,  in  certain  lines  with  a  view  to  determining  their 
more  obvious  contents  and  relative  situations,  they  have  this  year 
been  traced  also  longitudinally,  in  order  to  delineate  on  the  map, 
with  precision,  their  true  boundaries,  and  to  behold  throughout  their 
entire  area  every  modification  their  rocks  or  mineral  deposits  might 
present." 

It  was  noted  that  considerable  chemical  work  was  done  and  many 
specimens  collected  to  form  a  cabinet  for  the  better  elucidation  of  the 
final  report  and  geological  map.  No  library  was  formed. 

The  field  work  of  this  survey  was  practically  finished  in  1838  and 
the  final  report  printed  in  1840. 

Expenses. — The  entire  cost  of  the  survey,  exclusive  of  publication, 
would  appear  to  be— 1835,  $1,000 ;  1836,  $2.000 :  and  1837,  $2,000.  No 
appropriations  were  asked  for  after  that  for  1837. 

Publications. — 1.  Report  on  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of 
New  Jersey  for  1835  (1836),  174  pages.  2.  The  same,  1836  (1837). 
3.  A  sketch  of  what  has  been  achieved  toward  the  geological  survey 
of  New  Jersey  during  the  past  year,  1839,  2  pages.  4.  Description 
of  the  geology  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey ;  being  a  final  report,  by 
H.  D.  Rogers,  State  geologist.  Octavo,  301  pages,  with  colored  map 
of  State  on  the  scale  of  6  miles  to  1  inch. 

SECOND   SURVEY  UNDER   WILLIAM   KITCHELL,    1854-1856. 

In  his  annual  message  to  the  legislature,  dated  January  17,  1854, 
Gov.  R.  M.  Price  made  the  following  recommendation : 

It  is  reported  tb.it  valuable  mineral  depos'ts  are  frequently  discovered  by 
foreigners,  and  lands  purchased  from  our  landholders  at  nominal  prices.  A 
thorough  geological  survey  of  the  State  would  doubtless  discover  mineral  de- 
posits to  the  advantage  of  our  citizens  and  prevent  the  speculation  now  prac- 
ticed upon  them,  and  increase  the  value  of  taxable  property  beyond  the  cost 
of  the  survey  and  promote  the  great  interest  of  agriculture.  Fifteen  years  ago 
a  survey  was  made  which  does  not  meet  the  progress  of  scientific  d'scovery. 
The  benefits  and  practical  returns  from  that  survey  greatly  increased  our 
agricultural  productions.  The  value  of  marl  previous  to  the  survey  was  un- 
known, and  its  use  as  a  fertilizer  has  greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  lands. 


310  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

It  is  thought  other  natural  fertilizers,  veins  of  phosphate  of  lime,  are  known 
to  exist;  vast  beds  of  pent  and  muck,  which,  if  properly  composted,  would  be 
of  great  value  to  our  farmers  and  which  a  survey  would  develop,  and  the  State 
be  benefited  by  the  increased  wealth  of  its  citizens  and  value  of  its  hinds.  I 
express  the  hope  that  a  geological  survey  may  be  ordered,  if  a  suitable  person 
can  be  found  to  perform  the  service. 

In  accordance  with  this  recommendation  the  following  act  was 
passed  and  approved  March  2,  1854 : 

An  act  to  cause  a  geological  survey. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  That  the  governor  of  this  State  be,  and  is  hereby,  authorized  to  employ 
some  competent  person  or  persons  to  make  a  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  person  or  persons  who  mny  be  employed  by 
the  governor  as  aforesaid  shall  have  the  right,  without  molestation  or  hindrance, 
to  enter  upon  any  lands  within  this  State,  not  doing  any  unnecessary  damage 
thereto,  with  such  others  as  assistants  as  he  or  they  may  deem  necessary,  to 
make  the  required  investigations  and  to  effect  the  objects  of  said  survey. 

3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  person  or  persons  so 
employed  as  the  surveyor  or  surveyors  to  make  an  accurate,  thorough,  and 
complete  geological  survey  of  the  State;  which  survey  shall  be  made  and  de- 
scribed in  sections  of  one  township  each,  accompanied  by  proper  maps,  diagrams, 
profiles,  and  references,  with  a  full  scientific  and  practical  description  of  the 
rocks,  minerals,  ores,  sands,  clays,  marls,  peat,  fossils,  soils,  and  other  sub- 
stances, with  a  detailed  and  alphabetical  list  of  the  principal  localities  of  rocks, 
minerals,  ores,  sands,  clays,  marls,  peat,  fossils,  soils,  and  other  substances 
which  may  be  valuable  to  the  people  in  the  several  townships  of  this  State. 

4.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  governor  of  this  State  shall  have  a  general 
supervision  of  said  survey,  the  power  to  employ  such  person  or  persons  as  afore- 
said to  make  said  survey,  and  to  discharge  and  dismiss  them  as  he  may  think 
rfght  and  proper  to  further  and  secure  the  object  of  this  act;  to  stipulate  and 
agree  with  said  person  or  persons  so  employed,  in  regard  to  their  compensation, 
allowance  for  stationery  used,  the  completion  of  said  survey  in  manner  afore- 
said, at  the  earliest  period  for  the  publishing  of  the  work  and  securing  the 
copyright  of  the  same  to  the  State,  and  further,  to  cause  a  report  of  the  prog- 
ress of  the  work  to  the  legislature  of  this  State  at  the  annual  meeting  thereof, 
until  the  same  be  completed  and  finished ;  and  the  governor  of  this  State  for 
the  time  being  is  hereby  authorized,  by  his  draft  in  favor  of  such  person  or  per- 
sons as  may  be  employed  as  aforesaid,  to  draw  on  the  treasurer  of  this  State 
for  such  sum  or  sums  of  money  as  may  be  necessary  from  time  to  time  to  pay 
Biich  persons  employed  as  aforesaid:   Provided,  The  several   sums  so  drawn 
for  shall  not  exceed  the  whole  amount  hereinafter  appropriated  for  the  survey; 
and  the  said  treasurer  is  hereby  authorized  to  pay,  out  of  any  moneys  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  for  the  purpose  and  in  manner  aforesaid,  any  sum 
not  exceeding  $4,000. 

5.  And  be  it  enacted.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  require  of 
the  surveyor  or  surveyors  aforesaid  to  collect  specimens  of  the  different  min- 
erals, rocks,  fossils,  marls,  clays,  sands,  peats,  and  of  such  valuable  substances 
as  may  be  found  in  the  State,  to  be  disposed  of  in  such  manner  as  the  legisla- 
ture may  hereafter  direct:  and  also  to  collect  specimens  of  such  substances  aa 
may  be  valuable  and  peculiar  to  each  county,  to  be  disposed  of  in  such  manner 
as  the  board  of  freeholders  of  the  counties  where  collected  shall  direct. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       311 

6.  And  &e  it  enacted,  That  when  the  survey  of  a  county  shall  be  completed 
In  manner  aforesaid,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  require  the  same  to 
be  published  and  bound  in  a  strong  and  substantial  manner;  and  as  the  survey 
of  the  State  shall  progress  by  counties,  published  and  bound  as  aforesaid,  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  treasurer  to  distribute  duplicate  copies  of  the  same  to 
each  of  the  county  clerks,  to  be  by  them  preserved  and  kept  for  the  free  use 
and  benefit  of  the  people  of  said  counties. 

An  additional  appropriation  of  $20,000  was  made  for  carrying  on 
the  work  during  1855,  and  one  of  $25,000  for  1856.  It  was  early 
discovered,  however,  that  State  funds  were  not  available  to  the  ex- 
tent of  this  last  appropriation  and  the  work  was  curtailed  as  a 
consequence.  The  total  amount  expended  that  year  was  $16,902.69. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  of  1854  Dr.  William  Kitchell  was 
appointed  superintendent  and  State  geologist,  taking  charge  of  the 
work  in  the  northern  district  of  the  State.  Prof.  George  H.  Cook, 
assistant  geologist,  was  put  in  charge  of  the  work  in  the  southern 
district.  Dr.  Henry  Wurtz  was  appointed  chemist  and  mineralogist, 
and  Gen.  Egbert  L.  Viele  was  authorized  to  conduct  a  topographical 
survey.  The  salaries  attached  to  these  positions  can  not  at  this  date 
be  ascertained. 

In  the  northern  division  work  was  begun  by  making  detailed  sur- 
veys, measurements,  and  other  examinations  of  the  iron  and  zinc 
mines  and  of  the  beds  of  calcareous  marls.  In  the  southern  divi- 
sion the  geological  structure  of  the  greensand  marl  was  studied  and 
its  three  greater  divisions  made  out  and  described.  Chemical  work 
was  begun  with  an  exhaustive  examination  of  the  calcareous  marls 
of  the  northern  division.  Topographic  work  was  begun  in  Sussex 
County,  two  parties  working  with  plane  tables  and  one  by  triangula- 
tion. 

The  first  report  of  the  survey,  issued  for  the  year  1854,  comprised 
103  octavo  pages. 

The  work  of  this  season  was  regarded  as  highly  satisfactory  and, 
as  noted,  a  further  appropriation  of  $20.000  was  made  for  carrying 
on  the  survey  along  the  lines  laid  down. 

In  1855  active  work  was  prosecuted  throughout  the  entire  year, 
and  at  its  close  a  report  upon  the  work  done  was  submitted  to  the 
governor.  This  report  is  an  octavo  of  viii  and  248  pages,  with  an  out- 
line map  of  the  State  on  a  scale  rtnnnnr,  on  which  the  triangula- 
tion  projected  for  the  northern  portion  of  the  State  was  laid  down ; 
a  large  map  and  profile  of  the  Hibernia  iron  mine,  and  numerous 
illustrations  of  scenery,  of  geological  formations,  and  of  mines  and 
mining  machinery. 

In  the  topographical  department  General  Viele  reported  that  the 
triangulation  had  been  begun  at  25  stations,  and  460  observations 
had  been  made.  Plane-table  parties  were  put  in  each  of  the  counties 


312  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

of  Sussex,  Morris,  Salem,  Monmouth,  Hudson,  Warren,  Cape  May, 
Cumberland,  and  Atlantic.  The  surveys  of  Sussex  and  Cape  May 
were  completed  and  the  maps  drawn,  and  good  progress  had  been 
made  in  several  other  of  the  counties. 

In  the  southern  division  geological  work  was  continued  in  tracing 
out  and  describing  the  subdivisions  of  the  greensand  marl  beds  and 
the  Cumberland  marls,  in  studying  the  geological  structure  of  the  beds 
of  fire  and  potters'  clay,  and  the  geology  of  the  formations  on  the  sea- 
shore and  on  Delaware  Bay,  with  the  evidences  of  recent  change  and 
subsidence.  Chemical  examinations  of  the  marls,  clays,  and  other 
substances  were  given,  with  much  matter  relating  to  the  agriculture  of 
the  country. 

In  the  northern  division  a  detailed  statement  of  the  physical  geog- 
raphy of  the  country  was  given,  with  its  mountains,  valleys,  lakes, 
rivers,  and  then  a  summary  of  its  geology,  its  rocks,  minerals,  and 
ores.  Numerous  local  details  of  mines  were  also  given,  and  with  it  the 
work  of  Doctor  Wurtz  is  included,  where  the  latter  describes  minutely 
the  composition  of  the  rocks  in  the  mine  walls  and  the  ores  them- 
selves. 

This  report  was  received  with  much  interest,  and  was  printed  and 
widely  circulated.  The  appropriation  of  $25,000  was  made  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  year  for  the  work  of  1856,  and  for  the  expenses  of  en- 
graving the  maps  of  Sussex  and  Cape  May,  and  printing  1.000  copies 
of  the  report  and  map  of  Sussex,  and  500  copies  of  the  report  and  map 
of  Cape  May.  Provision  was  also  made  for  the  distribution  of  copies 
to  various  bodies  of  persons,  amounting  to  200  or  more,  and  the  rest 
were  to  be  sold  at  $3  a  copy  for  that  of  Sussex  and  $2  for  that  of 
Cape  May. 

As  previously  noted,  however,  the  State  funds  were  not  available 
for  the  sum  appropriated,  and  the  work  was  greatly  diminished  in 
its  extent  and  some  portions  entirely  suspended.  The  limited  amount 
of  work  which  was  done  was  by  those  in  the  service  who  were  willing 
to  go  on  at  their  own  charge  and  trust  to  the  succeeding  legislature  to 
provide  the  means  for  reimbursing  them. 

The  report  for  the  year  1856  was  made  to  Governor  Price  at  the 
close  of  his  term  of  office. 

This  report  was  printed  as  an  octavo  of  79  pages,  and  contains  an 
account  of  the  work  done  in  the  geology  of  the  northern  and  southern 
divisions  of  the  State,  and  in  its  topographical  survey.  It  was  also 
accompanied  by  a  catalogue  of  plants  of  Monmouth  and  Ocean 
Counties,  by  Dr.  P.  D.  Knieskern,  of  Shark  Eiver. 

Doctor  Kitchell  reported  that  detailed  surveys  of  the  geology,  scien- 
tific and  economic,  were  about  completed  for  the  counties  of  Sussex 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  313 

and  Morris  and  were  considerably  advanced  in  Essex  and  Hudson 
counties.  He  wrote  out  a  fuller  account  than  had  been  given  be- 
fore of  the  magnetic  iron  ores  and  their  occurrences  and  distribution 
in  the  rocks,  and  in  the  use  of  the  magnetic  needle  in  searching  for 
new  beds  of  that  mineral;  he  also  wrote  upon  the  methods  and 
economy  of  working  the  ores. 

In  the  southern  division  the  assistant  in  charge  reported  that  the 
geology  of  the  county  of  Cape  May  was  completed  and  the  report 
and  map  published.  The  county  of  Monmouth  had  been  nearly  all 
surveyed,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  Cumberland,  and  much 
of  the  chemical  work  connected  with  the  analyses  of  soils,  marls, 
and  other  fertilizers  was  done.  The  report  also  contained  a  full 
statement  of  the  agriculture  of  that  portion  of  the  State,  the  op- 
portunities offered  for  its  further  development,  and  the  natural  ad- 
vantages furnished  for  its  profitable  pursuit. 

It  was  the  plan  of  the  survey  to  publish  its  results  in  county  re- 
ports, each  of  which  was  to  be  accompanied  by  a  topographic  map  of 
the  county.  The  county  of  Cape  May,  in  the  southern  division,  was 
the  only  one  that  was  completed  and  published.  It  is  a  large 
octavo  of  208  pages,  and  contains  a  folded  map  of  the  county 
on  a  scale  of  ^n;ftft.  It  also  contains  numerous  illustrative  views 
and  sections.  The  geology  is  very  simple,  only  the  Quaternary  to 
be  found  in  the  county,  and  the  surface  so  uniformly  level  that  there 
is  not  an  elevation  40  feet  above  the  sea  in  it.  Its  sandy  and  gravelly 
loams,  its  salt  marshes,  and  its  sand  beaches  are  described,  and  the 
wear  of  its  shores,  and  the  changes  of  level,  for  which  it  furnished 
remarkable  proofs,  are  treated  at  length.  Its  climate  and  its  agri- 
cultural resources  are  given,  and  lists  of  animals,  birds,  fishes,  flower- 
ing plants,  and  algae  are  also  published ;  a  sketch  of  the  early  history 
of  the  county  of  Cape  May,  by  Maurice  Beesley,  is  also  included. 

General  Viele  reported  for  the  topographical  department  that 
work  on  a  diminished  scale  had  been  vigorously  prosecuted,  though 
under  discouraging  circumstances,  during  the  year,  and  that  the 
following  was  a  summary  of  the  work  thus  far  accomplished : 

County  of  Cape  May:  Survey  completed;  map  drawn,  engraved 
and  published. 

County  of  Sussex :  Survey  completed ;  map  drawn  and  partly  en- 
graved. 

County  of  Monmouth :  Survey  completed  and  map  drawn. 

County  of  Morris :  Survey  nearly  completed  and  map  partly  drawn 
(could  have  been  completed  in  about  three  weeks). 

County  of  Warren :  More  than  half  surveyed. 

County  of  Salem :  Half  surveyed. 

County  of  Cumberland:  Half  surveyed. 


314  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

County  of  Hudson :  This  county  could  have  been  completed  in  four 
weeks,  with  the  aid  (which  had  been  offered)  of  the  New  York  Har- 
bor commissioners'  work. 

The  legislature  failing  to  make  appropriations,  the  work  of  the 
survey  was  brought  to  a  close  at  the  end  of  1856.  As  noted  in  article 
6  of  the  act  establishing  the  survey,  the  surveyors  were  required  to 
collect  specimens  of  the  different  minerals,  fossils,  etc.,  subject  to 
the  disposal  of  the  legislature,  but  no  museum  seems  to  have  been 
established,  and  apparently  no  library. 

Expense. — As  already  noted,  the  total  expenditures  of  this  survey 
amounted  to  $36,902.69. 

In  1860,  through  the  interposition  of  the  State  agricultural  society, 
Doctor  Kitchell  was  allowed  the  free  use  of  the  materials  collected 
by  the  surveys  just  mentioned,  and  authorized  to  complete  and  pub- 
lish results  of  the  three  years'  work  in  one  volume,  with  map,  on  a 
scale  of  not  less  that  3  miles  to  1  inch,  the  same  to  be  done  without 
expense  to  the  State.  Under  this  authority  Doctor  Kitchell,  working 
in  connection  with  G.  M.  Hopkins,  a  civil  engineer,  prepared  and  pub- 
lished a  good  geographical  map  on  a  scale  of  2^  miles  to  the  inch. 
The  death  of  Doctor  Kitchell,  which  took  place  in  1861,  before  he  had 
written  out  any  full  account  of  the  geology  of  the  State,  put  a  stop 
to  the  proposed  volume  on  geology. 

THIRD  SURVEY  UNDER  GEORGE  H.  COOK  AND  J.  C.  SMOCK,  1864-1900. 

In  1863  the  State  agricultural  society  again  interested  itself  in 
survey  matters  and  obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  authorizing  its 
officers  to  receive  the  State  property  which  had  been  in  the  possession 
of  Doctor  Kitchell  and  transfer  it  to  Prof.  George  H.  Cook  or  some 
other  suitable  person,  in  order  to  complete  the  survey  as  proposed  in 
the  original  agreement  of  Doctor  Kitchell.  During  the  season  of 
1863  a  section  across  the  State,  from  the  Atlantic  shore  at  Shark  River 
Inlet  to  the  Delaware  Water  Gap,  was  carefully  studied  and  drawn 
and  a  short  report  prepared  by  Professor  Cook  on  the  State  surveys 
as  made  by  Professor  Rogers  and  Doctor  Kitchell  and  the  benefits  de- 
rived from  them.  This  report  he  was  invited  to  read  before  the  sen 
ate  and  the  assembly  in  their  regular  sessions.  In  it  was  said: 

The  importance  of  having  the  geological  survey  so  executed  and  published 
that  all  of  our  citizens  may  understand  the  geology  of  the  State  can  hardly 
be  overestimated.  To  the  practical  man  it  is  of  the  first  importance  to  know 
that  the  materials  of  the  globe  are  not  jumbled  together  in  a  confused  mass, 
where  any  particular  substance  can  only  be  found  by  chance,  but  that  there 
is  an  orderly  arrangement  of  them,  and  each  is  to  be  found  in  its  appropriate 
place.  The  soils  upon  each  rock  formation  have  their  peculiar  characteristics, 
and  the  farmer  who  wishes  to  devote  himself  to  dairying*  to  the  raising  of 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  22 


GEORGE  HAMMELL  COOK 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  NEW  JERSEY,    1864-89. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  315 

stock,  of  grass,  of  grain,  of  fruits,  or  of  garden  vegetables  will  look  for  the 
rock  formation  and  soil  upon  which  his  special  product  is  most  profitably 
raised. 

Our  iron  need  only  be  looked  for  in  one  kind  of  rock,  and  that  rock  is  con- 
fined to  a  particular  district  of  country.  The  limestones  are  all  in  regular 
layers,  traversing  the  country  in  a  northeast  and  soutliwest  direction,  and  never 
in  any  other.  Our  greensand  marls  are  only  found  in  one  favored  portion  of 
the  State.  The  fire  clays  are  only  in  one  belt  of  country  which  crosses  the 
middle  of  the  State  from  northeast  to  southwest.  It  would  be  worse  than 
useless  to  look  for  magnetic  iron  in  southern  New  Jersey,  marl  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State,  or  coal  beds  anywhere  within  our  bounds.  It  is  only  by 
surveys  of  this  kind,  carefully  carried  out  over  the  whole  country,  faithfully 
described  and  illustrated,  and  the  results  brought  within  the  reach  of  all  our 
citizens,  that  we  can  fully  and  profitably  make  this  arrangement  known  and 
appreciated.  Our  abundant  but  undeveloped  resources  require  from  the  State 
this  kind  of  survey  and  publication. 

Following  the  reading  of  this  report  the  bill  for  the  completion  ot 
the  geological  survey  was  prepared,  passed  by  both  houses,  and 
signed  by  the  governor,  the  Hon.  Joel  Parker.  It  is  as  follows : 

An  act  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

Whereas,  the  senate  and  general  assembly  of  the  State,  by  an  act  passed 
March  2,  1854,  authorized  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  to  be  made,  which 
survey  was  subsequently  suspended  by  the  State;  and 

Whereas,  the  State  agricultural  society,  under  the  authority  granted  to  it  by 
the  act  of  February  25,  1863,  has  shown  a  laudable  zeal  in  continuing  the  said 
survey;  and 

Whereas,  it  appears  by  the  report  of  Robert  C.  Bacot  and  Jacob  Herbert 
(committee  of  the  legislature),  made  March  11,  1857,  that  of  the  former  appro- 
priations made  by  the  State  there  was,  at  that  date,  an  unexpended  balance 
amounting  to  $8,897.31,  which  balance  still  remains  to  the  credit  of  that  ac- 
count; and 

Whereas,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  develop  and  render  available  to  the 
fullest  extent  the  facts  relative  to  its  great  natural  resources,  as  also  of  its 
agricultural,  mining,  mechanical,  and  other  industrial  interests:  Therefore — 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  That  the  duty  of  completing  the  said  survey  be,  and  is  hereby,  resumed 
by  the  State,  said  survey  to  be  completed  within  a  period  not  to  exceed  four 
years,  and  at  an  expense  not  to  exceed  the  sum  of  $20,000,  aside  from  the 
cost  of  publication,  and  all  laws  conferring  on  the  State  agricultural  society 
authority  to  continue  the  survey,  or  transferring  to  it  the  State  property  used 
by  the  survey,  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $20,000,  of  which  the  unexpended  bal- 
ance of  former  appropriations  shall  be  part,  be  and  is  hereby  appropriated  to 
carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  appointment  of  George  H.  Cook  by  the  State 
agricultural  society  is  approved  of,  and  that  the  said  George  H.  Cook  is  hereby 
appointed  State  geologist,  with  authority  to  receive  from  the  State  agricultural 
society  the  State  property  used  by  the  survey,  and  employ,  control,  and  use 
the  same;  to  employ  such  assistant  or  assistants  as  shall  seem  to  him  necessary 
for  the  proper  prosecution  of  the  survey ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said 
George  H.  Cook  and  the  person  or  persons  employed  by  him  to  enter,  without 


316  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

molestation,  upon  any  lands  in  this  State  which  he  or  they  may  deem  neces- 
sary to  further  the  object  of  the  said  survey ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
State  geologist,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  January  of  each  year,  to  furnish 
to  the  president  of  the  board  of  managers  (hereinafter  to  be  created)  a  de- 
tailed statement  of  his  expenditures,  with  the  vouchers  thereof,  and  also  a 
report  of  his  operations  for  the  preceding  year. 

4.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  to  promote  the  objects  which  this  act  has  in  view 
there  shall  be  a  board  of  managers  of  the  same,  to  consist  of  11  members,  one 
of  whom  shall  be  the  governor  of  the  State,  who  also  shall  be  president  of  the 
board,  and  two  members  from  each  of  the  five  congressional  districts  of  the 
State;  and  the  State  geologist  shall  make  his  annual  report  to  the  president, 
who  shall  appoint  from  the  members  of  the  board  a  committee  to  examine  the 
annual  accounts  of  expenditure,  and  the  president  shall  submit  the  same  and 
all  matters  j;ertainiug  to  the  survey  at  the  first  following  session  of  the  legis- 
lature; and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  president  and  board  of  managers,  or  a 
majority  of  them,  to  make  yearly  agreements  with  the  State  geologist  as  to 
his  own  and  the  salaries  of  his  assistant  or  assistants,  but  such  temporary  as- 
sistance as  may  be  needed,  the  purchase  of  the  necessary  implements  and 
materials,   the  means  necessary  for  transportation   and   all   other  incidental 
excuses  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  State  geologist;  ami  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  members  of  the  board,  in  addition  to  those  already  specified,  to 
furnish  from  time  to  time  to  the  State  geologist  any  and  all  information  which 
will  contribute  to  the  more  full  and  complete  development  of  the  facts  relating 
to  the  agricultural,  mining,  mechanical  and  other  industrial  interests  of  the 
State. 

5.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  governor  of  the  State  is  hereby  authorized,  by 
his  draft  in  favor  of  the  State  geologist,  to  draw  on  the  treasurer  of  the  State 
for  such  sum  or  sums  of  money  as  may  be  called  for  by  the  State  geologist: 
Provided,  The  several  sums  so  called  for  shall  not  in  any  one  year  exceed  the 
one-fourth  part  of  the  appropriation  made  in  section  2  of  this  act,  to  wit: 
$20,000. 

G.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  State  geologist  to  take 
from  the  first  yearly  installment  a  sum  not  to  exceed  §500  to  reimburse  himself 
for  the  expenses  incurred  in  prosecuting  the  survey  of  the  past  year. 

7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  board  created  by  this  act  shall  be  a  committee 
of  public!! tion,  with  authority  to  print  and  publish  the  annual  and  final  reports 
of  the  State  geologist,  and  also  to  direct  the  distribution  of  suites  of  the  geolog- 
ical, mineralogical,  and  other  specimens  collected  in  the  survey,  to  such  literary, 
scientific,  and  other  institutions  as  will  best  conduce  to  the  interests  of  the 
citizens  of  the  State. 

8.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  following-named  persons  are  hereby  apiwiuted 
and  shall  constitute  the  board  of  managers  of  the  geological  survey  of  the 
State,  viz:  President,  Joel  Parker;  managers,  David  Potter,  of  Cumberland, 
Andrew  K.  Hay,  of  Camden,  in  the  first  district;  William  Parry,  of  Burling- 
ton, John  A.  Roebling,  of  Mercer,  in  the  second  district;  Isaac  R.  Cornell,  of 
Somerset,  Henry  A!tkin,  of  Union,  in  the  third  district;   Abram   S.   Hewitt, 
of  Passaic,  Andrew  B.  Cobb,  of  Morris,  in  the  fourth  district;  William  W.  Force, 
of  Essex,  J.  R.  Wortendyke,  of  Hudson,  in  the  fifth  district;  and  power  is  hereby 
given  to  the  said  board,  or  a  majority  of  them,  to  fill  any  vacancies  which  may 
occur. 

9.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  shall  take  effect  immediately. 
Approved  March  30,  18G4. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  317 

This  act  was  afterwards  amended  and  supplemented  as  follows: 

15.  SEC.  1.  That  so  much  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  a  supplement  as  directs 
and  requires  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  to  be  completed  within  a  period 
not  to  exceed  four  years,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  repealed. 

Approved  March  29,  1868. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  he  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  That  for  the  purpose  of  completing  said  survey,  the  annual  appropria- 
tion of  $5,000  be  and  is  hereby  continued  for  a  further  period  of  four  years, 
subject  to  be  suspended  at  the  discretion  of  the  governor;  arid  the  treasurer 
of  this  State,  upon  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller,  shall  be,  and  is  hereby,  au- 
thorized to  pay  such  bills  of  expenses  as  may  be  audited  and  approved  by  the 
board  of  managers  in  favor  of  the  State  geologist. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  shall  take  effect  immediately. 
Approved  April  1,  1869. 

A  supplement  to  the  act  entitled  "An  act  to  complete  the  geological  survey 
of  this  State,"  approved  March  30,  1864: 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  That  for  the  purpose  of  completing  said  survey  the  annual  appropriation 
of  $5,000  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  continued  for  a  further  period  of  four 
years;  and  the  treasurer  of  this  State  upon  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller 
shall  be.  and  is  hereby,  authorized  to  pay  such  bills  as  may  be  audited  and 
approved  by  the  board  of  managers  in  favor  of  the  State  geologist. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 
Approved  March  11,  1873. 

16.  SEC.  1.  That  the  board  of  managers  authorized  by  section  4  of  said  act 
are  hereby  authorized  to  increase  the  number  of  their  members  from  11  to  15, 
one  of  whom  shall  be  the  governor  of  the  State,  who  shall  be  president  of  the 
board,  and  two  members  from  each  of  the  seven  congressional  districts  of  the 
State;  and  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  board  thus  constituted  shall  be  the 
same  as  defined  in  the  act  to  which  this  is  a  supplement. 

Approved  April  9,  1875. 

17.  SEC.  1.  That  for  the  purpose  of  completing  said  survey,  an  annual  ap- 
priation  of  $8,000  be,  and  is  hereby,  made  and  continued  for  the  period  of 
five  years ;   and  that  the  treasurer  of  this  State,  upon   the  warrant  of  the 
comptroller  be  and  is  hereby  authorized  to  pay  such  bills  as  may  be  audited 
and  approved  by  the  board  of  managers  in  favor  of  the  State  geologist.1 

Approved  March  30,  1876. 

A  supplement  to  the  act  entitled  "An  act  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State,"  approved  March  30,  1864. 

1.  That  the  annual  appropriation  of  $8,000  per  annum  for  the  completion 
of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  made  in  the  supplement  of  this  act,  which 
was  approved  February  18,  1880,  be  further  continued  for  five  years. 

Approved  May  2,  1885. 

20.  SEC.  1.  That  section  7  of  said  act  (see  sec.  14,  ante)  be  amended  so  as 
to  read  as  follows: 

That  the  board  created  by  this  act  shall  be  a  committee  of  publication  with 
authority  to  print  and  publish  the  annual  reports  of  the  State  geologist;  and 
also  to  direct  the  distribution  of  suites  of  the  geological,  mineralogical,  and 

'Section  2  of  this  act  repealed  a  "  Supplement  to  said  act  approved  March  11,  1873." 


318  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

other  specimens  collected  in  this  survey,  to  such  literary,  scientific,  and  other 
institutions  as  will  best  conduce  to  the  interests  of  the  citizens  of  the  State; 
and  should  the  general  demand  for  its  publications  require,  the  said  board  is 
hereby  authorized  to  furnish  said  publications  at  the  cost  of  paper,  printing, 
and  distribution,  or  to  authorize  agents  duly  appointed  to  make  sales  on  like 
terms;  and  any  money  which  may  be  received  for  making  sale  shall  be  paid 
into  the  Treasury  of  the  State. 
Approved  March  7,  1888. 

Under  the  act  of  1864  work  in  the  survey  was  resumed  with  the 
purpose  of  collecting  together  all  that  could  be  found  relating  to  the 
geology  and  natural  resources  of  the  State  in  the  four  years  allotted 
to  the  work,  and  to  prepare  and  put  these  in  such  form  as  might 
be  most  useful  and  acceptable  to  the  people.  Short  pamphlet  reports 
of  the  conditions  and  progress  of  the  survey  were  made  every  year 
to  the  governor.  That  of  1864  contains  24  pages,  with  a  colored 
geological  map  and  a  profile  of  the  rocks  of  the  State,  each  in  an 
octavo  page.  The  report  of  1865  contains  only  12  pages;  the  one 
of  1866  has  27  pages ;  and  that  of  1867  has  28  pages.  The  matter  in 
these,  however,  is  all  reproduced  in  the  Geology  of  New  Jersey,  which 
was  printed  in  1868,  and  is  the  only  report  of  that  year. 

The  organization  of  the  survey  for  those  years  was  as  follows: 
George  H.  Cook,  State  geologist ;  John  C.  Smock,  assistant  geologist. 
Maj.  T.  B.  Brooks  was  engaged  in  topographic  and  magnetic  sur- 
veys of  iron  mines  and  iron-ore  lands  in  1864;  Dr.  David  Murray 
was  engaged  in  preparing  projection  for  a  new  map  of  the  State,  and 
in  collating  and  revising  in  the  field  the  materials  for  such  a  map  in 
1864-65;  Dr.  Charles  C.  Abbott  voluntarily  devoted  himself  to  the 
preparation  of  catalogues  of  the  vertebrate  animals  of  the  State  dur- 
ing the  years  1864-1867;  and  G.  M.  Hopkins,  civil  engineer,  com- 
piled the  maps  for  the  use  of  the  survey  and  for  publication,  using 
such  material  as  was  available  from  former  surveys  and  from  old 
maps.  He  also  surveyed  and  drew  a  topographic  map  of  about  80 
square  miles  of  the  district  of  Morris  County  in  which  the  largest 
iron  mines  are  located.  His  work  was  done  in  1865-1867.  Edwin  H. 
Bogardus  was  employed  as  chemist  through  the  years  1866-67; 
Francis  C.  Van  Dyck  was  engaged  in  chemical  researches  during  part 
of  the  years  1866-67;  Paul  Cook  was  occupied  in  tracing  lines  of 
magnetic  attraction  and  beds  of  iron  ore  in  1866-67;  lines  of  mag- 
netic attraction  were  also  traced  by  John  Hance  and  others. 

The  work  of  the  four  years  was  completed  as  proposed,  and  at  an 
expense  within  the  appropriation  made  for  it.  The  report,  however, 
was  not  ready  for  publication,  and  the  section  requiring  its  com- 
pletion in  four  years  was  repealed  March  24, 1868. 

The  report,  which  was  issued  the  latter  part  of  1868,  was  entitled 
The  Geology  of  New  Jersey.  It  is  an  octavo  of  xiv  and  899  pages 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  319 

and  is  illustrated  by  numerous  explanatory  sections  and  sketches 
and  is  accompanied  by  a  portfolio  of  eight  maps.  In  this  report 
was  brought  together  the  work  of  all  those  who  had  been  engaged, 
with  recognition  of  their  services;  the  geographical  material  which 
could  be  made  available;  the  systematic  geology  of  the  State  as 
given  in  four  divisions — namely,  the  Azoic  and  Paleozoic,  Triassic, 
Cretaceous,  Tertiary  and  recent  formations;  historic  geology;  eco- 
nomic geology ;  and  an  appendix  including  lists  of  Invertebrate  Fos- 
sils, by  T.  A.  Conrad ;  of  Extinct  Mammalia  and  Reptilia,  by  E.  D. 
Cope ;  of  Minerals,  by  Eev.  E.  Seymour ;  of  Vertebrate  Animals,  by 
Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott;  and  of  Elevations  in  New  Jersey,  from  various 
sources. 

The  four  general  maps  were  on  a  scale  of  2  miles  to  an  inch  and 
covered  the  whole  State,  following  the  four  divisions  mentioned 
above.  The  map  of  a  group  of  iron  mines  in  Morris  County  was 
drawn  to  a  scale  of  3  inches  to  a  mile.  Those  of  the  zinc  mines  of 
Sussex  County,  of  the  Oxford  and  Rlngwood  iron  mines  on  a  scale 
of  8  inches  to  1  mile. 

By  the  act  of  April  1,  1869,  the  survey  was  continued  for  another 
four  years,  an  annual  appropriation  of  $5.000  being  provided  for. 
Professor  Cook  was  again  appointed  geologist  and  continued  to  act 
in  this  capacity  and  under  the  several  supplemental  acts  until  his 
death  in  1889.  He  was  assisted  during  these  years  as  follows :  1869, 
1870,  E.  H.  Bogardus  (chemist),  E.  A.  Bowser  (engineer);  1871, 
1872,  John  C.  Smock  (assistant  geologist),  E.  H.  Bogardus,  E.  A. 
Bowser,  George  Howell ;  1874,  the  same,  with  J.  K.  Barton,  assistant 
to  Bowser;  1875,  the  same,  with  Ed.  Eeiley  and  R.  A.  Meeker,  col- 
lectors. 

In  the  spring  of  1875  Professor  Bowser  was  appointed  assistant  in 
the  Coast  Survey  Service,  with  the  duty  of  conducting  triangulation 
survey  over  New  Jersey.  He  continued  this  work  until  1885. 

The  legislature  of  1876  passed  an  act  continuing  the  survey  five 
years  longer,  with  annual  appropriations  of  $8,000.  Doctor  Cook 
served,  as  already  noted,  with  the  assistance  of  the  same  corps  as 
in  1875,  including  also  W.  C.  Whitehead  and  George  McC.  Taylor, 
survej^ors.  The  personnel  of  the  survey  remained  the  same  until 
1880.  when  C.  C.  Vermeule  was  added  as  a  topographic  assistant. 
Profs.  J.  S.  Newberry  and  R.  P.  Whitfield  undertook  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  fossil  plants,  fishes,  and  invertebrates,  and  N.  L.  Britton 
the  preparation  of  a  list  of  the  wild  plants  of  the  State.  The  assist- 
ants from  1880  to  1884  were  the  same  but  that  Mr.  Bogardus  closed 
his  work  in  April,  1881. 
136075—20 22 


320  BULLETIN  100,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

In  1885  the  personnel  was  limited  to  Doctor  Cook  and  C.  C.  Ver- 
meule.  In  1886  it  was  increased  by  the  addition  of  N.  L.  Britton 
and  F.  J.  H.  Merrill,  who  continued  to  serve  during  1887.  In 
1888  the  force  remained  the  same,  with  the  exception  of  F.  L.  Xason, 
who  replaced  F.  J.  H.  Merrill.  In  1889  Irwin  S.  Upson  was  added 
to  the  force.  With  the  death  of  Doctor  Cook,  Upson  was  appointed 
assistant  in  charge  of  office  and  served  until  the  appointment,  on 
October  1.  1800,  of  J.  C.  Smock  as  State  geologist. 

Collections. — The  act  of  1854  and  those  of  the  ensuing  years  pro- 
vided for  the  collection  of  specimens  of  rocks  and  minerals  to  be  dis- 
posed of  as  the  legislature  might  direct.  Under  these  conditions  an 
excellent  collection  of  the  minerals,  fossils,  building  stones,  rocks, 
woods,  and  everything  to  represent  the  natural  products  of  the  State 
was  placed  in  a  museum  in  the  statehouse  at  Trenton.  The  burning 
of  the  statehouse  during  the  winter  of  1885  resulted  in  the  destruction 
of  all  but  that  portion  which  had  fortunately  been  sent  to  the  expo- 
sition at  New  Orleans.  Suites  of  specimens  representing  the  rocks  of 
the  State  were  also  sent  to  the  various  colleges. 

Publications. — By  section  7  of  the  act  of  1864,  and  again  by  the  sup- 
plemental act  of  1888.  the  board  of  managers  was  constituted  a  board 
of  publication,  the  supplement  of  1888  giving  authority,  should  the 
general  demand  require,  to  sell  the  publications  at  cost  of  printing 
and  distribution,  or  to  authorize  agents,  duly  appointed,  to  make  sales 
on  like  terms,  any  money  thus  received  to  be  paid  into  the  treasury  of 
the  State.  The  legislature  in  assuming  the  publication  had  also  the 
right  of  free  distribution,  which  was  liberally  exercised.  Hence  few, 
if  any,  copies  were  sold. 

The  editions  of  the  annual  reports  have  varied  from  3,000  to  8,000 
each,  and  the  final  reports  and  maps  in  editions  of  from  1,000  to  2,000 
copies  each. 

Doctor  Cook  died  on  September  22,  1889.  The  legislature  in  the 
spring  following  passed  supplemental  acts,  which  were  still  further 
supplemented  in  the  spring  of  1894.  The  text  of  these  various  enact- 
ments is  given  below : 

A  supplement  to  an  act  entitled  "An  net  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  this  State," 
approved   March   30,   1864. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  Tliat  the  annual  appropriation  of  $8,000  per  annum  for  the  completion 
of  the  geological  survey  of  this  State,  made  In  the  supplement  to  this  act, 
which  was  approved  May  2,  1SS5.  be  further  continued  for  five  years. 

2.  And  le  it  enacted.  That  whereas  the  office  of  State  geologist,  formerly 
held  by  George  H.  Cook  under  this  act.  is  now  vacant,  said  office  shall  hence- 
forth, from  time  to  time,  be  filled  by  the  appointment  thereto  of  a  competent 
person  by  the  board  of  managers  of  the  geological  survey,  who  shall  hold  office 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS. 


321 


during  the  pleasure  of  the  board,  such  appointment  to  be  subject  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  governor;  and  the  person  so  appointed  State  geologist,  and  hia 
assistants,  shall  have  the  same  authority  and  perform  the  same  duties  as  if 
he  had  been  named  and  appointed  in  this  act,  subject  at  all  times  to  the  direc- 
tion of  the  board. 

3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  May  12,  1890. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  museum  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Jfcw 
Jersey,  That  a  museum  for  the  reception  and  exhibition  of  collections  of  the 
natural  products  aud  minerals  of  the  State,  and  of  classified  collections  of 
specimens  illustrating  the  structural  and  economic  geology,  physical  geology, 
and  natural  history  of  the  State,  be,  and  hereby  is,  established. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  direction  and  management  of  said  museum  shall 
be  committed  to  the  board  of  managers  of  the  geological  survey,  who  shall  ap- 
point a  curator  therefor. 

3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  officers  in  charge  of  the  statehouse  are  hereby 
authorized  and  directed  to  provide  a  suitable  room  or  rooms  therein  for  the 
permanent  location  of  said  museum,  and,  in  connection  therewith,  suitable  and 
convenient  office  room  for  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  such  rooms  to  be 
furnished  and  provided  with  all  necessary  appliances. 

4.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  museum  hereby  established  shall  be  known  as 
the  museum  of  the  geological  survey. 

Approved,  May  23,  1890. 

A  further  supplement  to  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the 
State,"  approved  March  30,  1864. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  That  the  State  geologist,  under  the  direction  of  the  board  of  managers 
of  the  geological  survey  and  with  the  assistance  of  a  competent  botanist  to 
be  selected  by  said  board  for  his  expert  knowledge  of  forestry  and  of  the  forest 
trees  of  this  State,  and  such  other  expert  assistance  as  may  be  required  for 
the  purpose,  shall  make  an  Investigation  to  ascertain  the  extent,  character, 
and  location  of  the  wild  lands  in  this  State  which  are  suited  for  permanent  oc- 
cupation by  forests  rather  than  by  agriculture,  and  shall  report  the  results  of 
such  investigation  to  the  legislature,  together  with  a  statement  of  what  part 
or  parts  of  such  lands  would  be  suitable  for  a  State  forest  reserve,  and  the 
advantages  as  regards  the  timber  supply,  water  supply,  scenery,  and  climate  of 
the  State,  which  would  accrue  from  the  conservation  of  existing  forests  by 
the  establishment  of  such  reserve  or  otherwise.  The  investigation  so  to  be 
made  shall  determine  the  extent  to  which  forests  of  timber  of  commercial  value 
now  exists  in  the  State,  and  include  a  study  of  the  localities  and  areas  which 
are  especially  adapted  to  the  growth  of  designated  kinds  of  timber  of  commercial 
value.  It  shall  also  include  an  examination  as  to  the  presence  or  absence  of 
forest  cover  upon  the  slojies  and  summits  of  more  important  watersheds  of  the 
State,  and  a  study  of  the  effect  of  such  conditions  as  now  exist  upon  the  main- 
tenance of  the  streams  therein  and  the  regulation  of  the  freshet  flow  tbereof. 
The  report  to  the  legislature  shall  state  the  arguments  touching  the  beneficial 
effect  upon  climate  and  rainfall  attributable  to  the  presence  of  forests,  and  shall 
likewise  present  an  outline  of  the  policy  and  legislation  of  other  States  and 


322  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

countries  for  the  preservation  of  the  forests  and  their  regulation  for  public 
ends,  so  far  as  the  same  may  be  applicable  to  th:s  State. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  expense  of  making  such  investigation  and  re- 
port, shall,  when  duly  audited  by  the  board  of  managers  and  appro  veil  by  the 
governor  and  comptroller,  be  paid  out  of  any  funds  in  the  treasury  not  other- 
wise appropriated,  and  shall  be  limited  to  $5,000. 

3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 
Approved  May  1,  1S94. 

A  further  supplement  to  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the 
State,"  approved  Marcb  CO,  1864. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  That  the  board  of  managers  created  by  section  4  of  said  act  are  hereby 
authorized  to  increase  the  numbers  of  their  members  so  that  there  shall  be 
two  members  representing  each  congressional  district  as  at  present  constituted, 
or  as  they  may  be  hereafter  established,  besides  the  governor  of  the  State, 
who  shall  be  president  of  the  board :  Provided,  That  all  members  of  the  board 
now  in  office  shall  remain  in  office  the  same  as  if  appointed  under  the  present 
act,  and  shall  represent  the  districts  from  which  they  were  respectively  ap- 
pointed, and  the  board  thus  constituted  shall  have  and  exercise  all  the  powers 
heretofore  conferred  by  law  upon  the  board  of  managers. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  further  supplement  to  said  act  wh'ch  was  ap- 
proved March  23,  1892,  and  which  is  known  as  chapter  118  of  the  laws  of  the 
year  1892,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  repealed,  and  that  this  act  shall  take 
effect  immediately. 

Approved  April  24,  1894. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  of  May  12,  Prof.  John  C.  Smock 
was  appointed  State  geologist,  in  which  capacity  he  continued  to 
serve  until  July  1, 1901.  The  assistants  during  1890  were  F.  L.  Nason 
and  I.  S.  Upson,  as  before,  and  C.  W.  Conian.  In  1891  and  1892  the 
force  of  assistants  consisted  of  Messrs.  Upson.  Vermeule,  and  Coman, 
with  the  addition  of  Prof.  R.  D.  Salisbury.  During  1893  and  1894 
the  number  was  reduced  to  Upson  and  Salisbury,  though  the  latter 
was  assisted  by  H.  B.  Kiimmel,  Charles  E.  Peet,  and  G.  N.  Knapp. 
A.  H.  Chester  served  as  chemist  to  the  survey.  In  1895  Lewis  Wool- 
man  took  charge  of  investigations  relative  to  artesian  wells.  The 
force  thus  constituted  served  until  1898,  when  Gifford  Pinchot  was 
added  as  forester.  In  1889  Mr.  Kiimmel,  hitherto  Professor  Salis- 
bury's assistant,  was  appointed  on  the  survey  staff,  and  Mr.  Stuart 
Weller  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  paleozoic  investigations.  Profes- 
sor Smock  continued  as  State  geologist  until  July  1,  1901,  when  he 
resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  Henry  B.  Kiimmel. 

Results. — The  results  of  the  various  surveys  as  detailed  in  the 
final  and  special  reports,  are  as  follows : 

The  work  of  the  early  surveys  was  chiefly  economic  and  the  atten- 
tion and  effort  were  concentrated  on  the  preparation  of  a  report 
v)pon  the  geology  and  a  geological  map  of  the  State.  These  were 
published  in  1868.  This  report  was  in  great  demand,  as  it  gave  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AXD  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  323 

first  elaborate  account  of  the  mineral  resources  and  geology  of  the 
State.  The  geological  map  was  based  upon  the  county  atlases  and 
was  perhaps  as  accurate  as  could  be  expected  under  the  circum- 
stances. 

Even  at  the  time  of  publication  of  this  report  it  was  recognized  by 
Doctor  Cook  that,  through  lack  of  time  and  means,  many  important 
problems  had  been  neglected  altogether  or  only  briefly  touched  upon. 
A  series  of  annual  reports  was,  therefore,  planned,  which  should 
successfully  deal  with  important  topics.  These  reports  have  been 
published  each  year  since  1869,  each  volume,  as  a  rule,  treating  of 
several  topics  rather  than  a  single  one. 

Since  1868  the  work  has  been  divided  into  three  groups — economic, 
topographic,  and  scientific.  No  hard  and  fast  lines  have,  however, 
been  drawn  between  the  groups,  and  many  of  the  problems  investi- 
gated belong  equally  well  in  either  one  or  even  in  all  three. 

The  topographic  work,  in  the  preparation  of  accurate  maps,  has 
been  of  great  economic  value,  and  much  which,  on  its  face,  was  of  a 
purely  scientific  nature,  has  led  to  results  of  great  practical  value 
on  the  economic  side.  For  convenience,  however,  there  was  grouped 
under  economic  work  only  those  investigations  which  bore  most 
directly  upon  the  wealth  of  the  State.  The  topographic  work  in- 
cluded the  surveys  and  publication  of  geological  maps,  while  under 
scientific  work  was  placed  those  investigations  which  had  chiefly  an 
educational  aspect,  either  in  increasing  human  knowledge  or  in 
giving  wider  currency  to  facts  of  geologic  and  geographic  interest. 

Economic  work. — The  nature  and  extent  of  the  iron  ores  of  the 
State  received  much  attention  from  Doctor  Cook.  Magnetic  surveys 
were  made  in  numerous  instances  and  at  frequent  intervals;  all  the 
active  mines  were  visited,  samples  of  the  ore  collected,  and  numer- 
ous analyses  made.  The  reports  for  1873,  1874,  1870,  1883,  1890,  and 
1896  contain  the  most  important  papers  on  this  subject.  Since  1896 
brief  annual  reports  only  have  been  made  to  cover  the  operations  of 
the  active  mines. 

Clay  deposits  received  early  attention.  Considerable  data  was 
published  in  the  report  of  1868,  and  10  years  later  Doctor  Cook  wrote 
a  special  report  on  the  Woodbridge  and  Amboy  clays,  which  was  the 
first  elaborate  report  on  this  subject  by  any  survey  and  was  for  years 
regarded  as  standard.  The  greensand  marls  of  the  southern  portion 
of  the  State,  being  in  the  early  days  of  the  survey  in  great  demand 
for  fertilizers,  the  first  geological  map  was  made  to  include  the  loca- 
tion of  all  the  marl  belts,  and  in  the  reports  of  1868,  1873,  and  1886 
the  deposits  are  described  and  numerous  analyses  given,  as  well  as 
instructions  for  their  use.  In  the  report  for  1892  there  was  an  inter- 
esting paper  concerning  the  origin  of  the  beds.  Between  1875  and 


324  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

1880  many  analyses  of  soils  were  made  and  results  of  value  to  agri- 
culturists were  obtained.  These  were  made  public  in  the  annual 
reports  for  1878-1880. 

The  wide  extent  of  sand  for  glass  making  in  southern  Now  Jersey 
was  pointed  out  in  the  volume  for  1868,  and  in  the  annual  for  1878 
all  the  known  beds  were  located  and  described.  Several  reports 
contained  brief  papers  upon  the  building  stones  of  the  State,  but  an 
exhaustive  study  remains  yet  to  be  made.  The  geological  map  of 
the  State  showed  the  distribution  of  the  trap  sheet  which  affords  the 
best  material  for  road  metal  and  concrete,  and  the  report  of  1898 
contained  a  list  of  all  the  trap-rock  quarries  then  in  operation.  In 
the  report  for  1896  was  shown  the  distribution  of  all  the  available 
road  gravel  in  Camden,  Gloucester,  Cumberland,  and  parts  of  Salem, 
Burlington,  and  Monmouth  counties. 

The  first  permanent  Portland  cement  plant  in  the  State  was  estab- 
lished near  Phillipsburg,  partly  as  a  result  of  the  information  fur- 
nished by  the  survey.  Later,  as  a  result  of  an  investigation  of  the 
fossil  faunas  of  the  rocks  of  "Warren  and  Sussex  counties,  it  was 
found  that  the  cement  beds  could  be  traced  readily  by  their  fossils, 
and  a  report  upon  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  and  the 
occurrence  of  cement  rock  was  published  in  the  annual  for  1900. 

The  drainage  and  reclamation,  for  purposes  of  agriculture,  of  the 
large  areas  of  swamp  land  along  the  Pequest.  Wallkill,  and  Passaic 
Rivers  was  early  advocated  by  Doctor  Cook.  Surveys  of  all  these 
areas  were  made,  and  between  1873  and  1875  the  drainage  along  the 
Pequest,  recommended  by  the  survey,  was  carried  through  by  a 
commission  appointed  by  the  supreme  court  for  that  purpose.  In 
1896-97  plans  and  estimates  for  the  reclamation  of  the  Hackensack 
meadows  were  prepared. 

The  water  power  and  water  supply  of  the  State  were  early  recog- 
nized as  an  important  subject  for  the  survey  and  were  included  in 
its  field  of  investigation.  The  quality  of  the  surface  waters  was 
tested  by  numerous  chemical  analyses,  and  the  quantity  of  potable 
waters  on  the  various  watersheds  was  determined  by  a  long  series 
of  stream  gaugings  to  determine  the  amount  of  stream  flow,  and  by 
studies  of  rainfall  records  to  determine  the  amount  of  precipitation 
and  evaporation.  These  studies  were  made  public  in  a  special  re- 
port upon  the  water  supply  in  1894.  Since  that  time  the  subject  of 
great  floods  has  also  been  specially  investigated. 

In  1894  the  survey  was  charged  by  the  legislature  with  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  forestry  resources  of  the  State.  Reports  on  this 
subject  were  made  in  1895,  1896,  1898,  and  a  special  report  was 
issued  in  1899,  accompanied  by  a  forestry  map.  The  principal  ques- 
tions investigated  relating  to  this  subject  were : 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  325 

1.  Location,  extent,  and  quality  of  the  forest  areas. 

2.  Kate  of  growth  as  compared  with  cutting. 

3.  Forest  fires,  their  cause,  the  damage  occasioned,  and  their  pre- 
vention. 

4.  Effects  of  deforestation  upon  stream  flow,  stream  pollution,  and 
floods. 

5.  Effects  of  insects  on  forests. 

Topographic  work. — In  1873  the  old  New  York-New  Jersey 
boundary  was  resurveyed  and  marked  with  appropriate  monuments. 
About  1878  there  was  begun  a  State  topographical  atlas  on  a  scale 
of  1  inch  to  the  mile.  This  was  finished  in  cooperation  with  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  in  1887,  forming  an  atlas  of  20 
sheets.  The  entire  cost  of  this  work  was  $54,744,  exclusive  of  en- 
graving and  printing  the  maps,  or  $6.93  to  the  square  mile.  Through 
the  cooperation  of  the  State  with  the  national  organization  the  ex- 
pense to  the  State  was  reduced  to  less  than  half  that  sum.  New 
Jersey,  it  may  be  stated,  was  the  pioneer  in  this  cooperative  work. 

In  1898  a  new  series  of  topographic  maps  on  a  scale  of  2,000  feet 
to  the  inch  was  begun. 

Scientific  and  educational. — Much  attention  was  given  to  the  study 
of  the  geologic  structure  of  the  State,  the  order  in  which  the  for- 
mations occur,  their  thickness,  lithological  character,  and  fossils,  if 
any,  and  the  conditions  under  which  they  were  formed.  Much  of 
this  work  has  a  direct  economic  value. 

The  rocks  of  the  Kittatinny  Mountains  and  Valley,  the  Green  Pond 
Mountain  region,  the  red  sandstone  belt,  and  the  Cretaceous  clays, 
sands,  and  marls  have  thus  been  studied.  The  crystalline  rocks  of 
the  highlands  have  also  been  studied,  in  cooperation  with  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey.  The  glacial  deposits  have  likewise  been 
studied,  and  a  full  report  issued,  forming  volume  5  of  the  present 
organization. 

In  1895  a  report  upon  the  physical  geography  of  the  State  and  its 
development  was  issued,  the  same  forming  volume  4  of  the  final 
report  of  the  series.  This  report  was  accompanied  by  a  photo-relief 
map  of  the  State. 

The  fossils  of  the  marl  beds  were  studied  by  Prof.  R.  P.  Whit- 
field  under  Doctor  Cook's  direction,  the  results  being  published  in 
two  volumes,  by  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey. 

In  the  annual  report  for  1881  a  discussion  of  the  climate  of  the 
State  was  presented. 

Salaries  and  expenses. — From  1864  to  1895,  inclusive,  a  definite 
sum  was  appropriated  in  four  or  five  year  periods  for  salaries  and 


326  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,   MUSEUM. 


expenses.  In  addition  to  this  the  board  of  managers  had  authority 
to  publish  maps  and  reports,  the  cost  of  which  to  any  amount  were 
paid  by  the  State  treasurer  without  specific  appropriation  until  1895, 
when  the  amount  was  limited  to  $5,000  annually,  making  the  total 
annual  appropriation  at  that  time  $13,000.  Previous  to  1891  un- 
expended balances  were  carried  over  to  the  next  year,  since  which  date 
they  lapse.  Furthermore  the  annual  reports,  being  a  part  of  the 
legislative  printing,  have  been  paid  for  in  the  main,  at  least,  from 
the  fund  for  that  purpose,  and  not  charged  to  the  geological  survey. 
Messrs.  Cook  and  Smock  each  received  a  salary  of  $3,000  a  year. 
The  nssistants  were  paid  on  a  daily  basis,  amounting  in  some  cases 
to  $600,  and  in  others  to  $2.000  a  year.  The  following  table  shows  the 
appropriations  and  expenditures  for  the  years  1864-1900. 


Year. 

Appropria- 
tion. 

Geological. 

Publication 
account. 

Fore^rvandprin'ing 
(legislative  fund). 

Special, 

Reports. 

1861.... 

$20,000 

20,000 

20,000 

8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8.000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
8,000 
18,000 
13,000 
15,000 
13,000 
13,000 
13,000 

$1,350.00 
5,620.38 
3,999.07 
5,  135.  31 
3,804.24 
2,395.97 
5,062.84 
5,542.41 
4,800.34 
4,  609.  56 
5.638.38 
4,853.72 
5,022.07 
7,447.97 
8,175.86 
8,  634.  84 
8,059.89 
6,994.97 
6,819.32 
8,024.60 
8,887.85 
8,216.28 
7,659.54 
5,217.97 
8,030.74 
7,677.81 
5,582.87 
9,039.32 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
7,992.47 
7,  999.  67 
7,  996.  01 
7,999.97 

1865 

$283.  03 
934.95 
1,355.08 
4,562.05 
8,244.86 
1,8?8.39 
1,170.00 

1866 

1867  

1868 

1869 

1870  , 

1871  

1872 

1873  

339.  10 
1,984.50 
242.  75 
1,114.80 
577.25 
257.51 

1874  

18T5 

1876 

1877  

1878  

1879 

1880  

70.  ii 

1881  .  . 

188? 

$5,080.82 
1,654.53 

1883 

18SJ  

1885  .. 

15,546.82 
9,200.45 
15,222.42 
10,507.31 
5,044.79 
7,365.18 
6,  155.  49 
6,634.35 
3,231.34 
4,654.15 
4,810.51 
4  657  16 

1886 

1887  

1888  

1,020.80 
4,853.72 

1889 

1810  

1891  

3,261.38 
7,972.60 
»  6,  122.  72 
13,569.01 
'17,657.72 
5,725.23 
2,480.42 
2,745.83 
10,459.83 
1,300.00 

$83,904.61 

1892 

1893 

1894  

"$4,~854."93~ 

1895     .... 

1896 

1897  

5,000.00 
4,999.68 
5,000.00 
4,999.71 

1,816.44 

1898  

1899 

1900 

Total    .  . 

"$67671.37 

$289,000  j$244,292.24  |    $125,993.74 

»  Chiefly  en  irivin^  an  I  printing  topographical  atlas;  also  for  1888,  1889, 1890. 
«  Vol.  3  and  Annual  for  1894. 
•Vol.  4  and  Annual  for  1895. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  23 


TIMOTHY  ABBOTT  CONRAD 


EBENEZER  EMMONS 


WILLIAM  WILLIAMS  MATHER  LARDNER  VANUXEM 

STATE  GEOLOGISTS  OF  NEW  YORK,  1836-46. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  327 

NEW  YORK. 

The  histoiy  of  the  New  York  State  surveys  can  not  well  begin 
without  reference  to  the  pioneer  work  of  Amos  Eaton,  who  began 
his  scientific  career  in  1816,  and  in  1818,  on  the  invitation  of  Gov. 
De  Witt  Clinton,  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  natural  history 
before  the  members  of  the  State  legislature.  In  1821,  under  the 
patronage  of  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  he  made  a  geological  and 
agricultural  survey  of  Rensselaer  County,  and  later  (1824),  under 
the  same  auspices,  a  survey  of  the  district  adjoining  the  Erie  Canal. 
These  surveys,  together  with  his  textbooks  and  other  writings,  served 
to  arouse  the  interest  of  the  public,  and  to  him  doubtless  more  than 
to  any  other  one  man  was  due  the  early  establishment  of  a  survey 
under  State  auspices. 

GEOLOGICAL  SURVEYS  UNDER   HALL,  EMMONS,  AND  OTHERS. 

As  early  as  1827  among  the  laws  of  the  State  is  the  following: 

4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  mineralogi- 
cal  researches  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  commissioners  of  the 
land  office  to  grant  to  any  discoverers  of  mines,  minerals,  and  fossils,  other 
than  gold  and  silver,  such  lands  as  they  may  apply  for,  not  exceeding  500  acres 
of  land,  without  estimating  in  the  valuation  thereof  the  said  discoveries,  and 
retaining  to  the  people  of  this  State  one-half  of  any  land  in  which  such  mines, 
minerals,  and  fossils  may  be  discovered. 

It  was  not,  however,  until  1835  that  the  subject  of  a  State  survey 
assumed  a  definite  form.  In  that  year  it  appears  the  Albany  Insti- 
tute of  New  York  presented  a  memorial  to  the  legislature,  which 
seemed  to  have  formed  the  basis  for  subsequent  action.  The  im- 
mediate result  of  this  memorial  was  the  following  resolution  by  the 
house  of  assembly : 

ResoJred,  That  the  secretary  of  state  be  requested  to  report  to  the  legislature 
at  its  next  session  the  most  expedient  method  of  obtaining  a  complete  geological 
survey  of  the  State,  which  shall  furnish  a  scientific  and  perfect  account  of  its 
rocks,  soils,  and  minerals,  and  their  localities;  a  list  of  all  its  mineralogical, 
botanical,  and  zoological  productions,  and  provide  for  procuring  and  preserving 
specimens  of  the  snme;  together  with  an  estimate  of  the  expenses  which  may 
attend  the  prosecution  of  the  design,  and  the  cost  of  publication  of  an  edition  of 
3,000  copies  of  the  report,  drawings,  and  geological  map  of  its  results. 

On  the  6th  of  January  of  the  following  year,  John  A.  Dix,  then 
secretary  of  state,  submitted  an  elaborate  report  upon  the  subject.1 
Realizing  that  "  the  principal  object  of  the  survey  is  to  procure  in- 
formation which  may  be  applied  to  useful  purposes,  it  is  desirable 
to  complete  the  work  as  soon  as  possible  in  order  that  the  results 
may  be  available  at  the  earliest  practical  date,"  he  proposed  that  the 

'Report  of  the  secretary  of  state  in  relation  to  a  geological  survey,  Jan.  6.  1836. 


328  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

State  be  divided  into  four  districts,  and  to  assign  to  each  district 
two  geologists  and  a  skilled  draftsman.  The  first  district  was  to 
comprise  all  the  easternmost  counties  of  the  State  from  Washington 
southward — an  area  of  12,263  square  miles;  the  second,  the  northern 
tier  of  counties  from  Lake  St.  George  to  the  St.  Lawrence  River — 
an  area  of  9,G92  square  miles;  the  third,  the  central  group  of  coun- 
ties including  the  salt  springs — an  area  of  some  12,293  square  miles; 
and  the  fourth,  those  counties  in  which  a  continuation  of  the  coal 
formations  of  Pennsylvania  was  to  be  expected — an  area  of  11,594 
square  miles.1 

In  addition  to  geology  it  was  proposed  to  include  zoological  and 
botanical  surveys.    The  proposed  organization  is  tabulated  below: 
Two  geologists  in  each  district,  at  a  salary  of  $1,500  a  year  each — 4  dis- 
tricts, 8  individuals $12,000 

One  draftsman  to  each  district,  at  a   salary  of  $800  a  year — 1  dis- 
tricts, 4  individuals 3,200 

One  zoologist  for  the  whole  State,  at  $1,500  a  year 1,  500 

One  draftsman  for  the  whole  State,  at  $800  a  year 800 

One  botanist  for  the  whole  State,  at  $1,500  a  year 1,  500 

One  draftsman  for  the  whole  State,  at  $800  a  year 800 

Packing  and  transporting  specimens 100 

Total  annual  expense  of  proposed  surrey $19, 900 

An  appropriation  of  $20,000  a  year  for  four  years  would,  it  was 
thought,  certainly  cover  the  whole  expense  of  making  the  survey. 

The  cost  of  publishing  3,000  copies  of  the  report,  drawings,  and 
map  of  the  results,  was  estimated  as  follows : 
It  is  supposed  that  the  entire  account  of  the  survey  may  be  contained 
in  three  volumes,  8vo.,  of  700  pages  each,  3,000  copies;  9,000  vol- 
umes, in  boards,  at  81  cents  each $7,290 

The  maps  may  be  lithographed,  and  with  the  necessary  drawings  of 

fossil  remains,  will  not  exceed  $4.&3J  per  atlas— 3,000  copies 13,  000 

Coloring  of  maps  will  be  additional  charge  of,  say 3, 000 

Cost  of  fitting  up  cabinet  for  specimens 1, 000 

$24,290 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  survey  thus  planned  comprised  the 
entire  field  of  natural  history  and  was  to  be  independent  of  any  other 
institution;  and,  further,  was  to  be  supported  by  annual  appropri- 
ations of  $26,000,  or  $104,000  for  the  four  years.  For  reasons  ex- 
plained later  the  survey  with  enlarged  scope  was  extended  several 
years  beyond  the  original  intended  limit  and  the  ultimate  cost  to 
more  than  four  times  that  first  estimated. 

It  was  proposed  also  to  preserve  for  a  State  cabinet  specimens  of 
natural  history  and  mineral  products,  for  which  purpose  it  was 

1  This  subdivision  is  stnted  to  have  been  made  on  the  advice  of  Prof.  Edward  Hitchcock. 
American  Geologist,  vol.  16,  1895.  p.  138. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  329 

thought  a  room  might  be  found  on  the  third  floor  of  the  capitol 
building. 

It  was  in  accordance  with  this  report  and  recommendation  that 
the  following  law  was  enacted : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  employ  a  suitable  num- 
ber of  competent  persons,  whose  duty  it  shall  be,  under  his  direction,  to  make 
an  accurate  and  complete  geological  survey  of  this  State,  which  sh;ill  be  accom- 
panied \vith  proper  maps  and  diagrams,  and  furnish  a  full  and  scientific  descrip- 
tion of  its  rocks,  soils,  and  minerals,  and  of  its  botanical  and  zoological  pro- 
ductions, together  with  specimens  of  the  same;   which  maps,  diagrams,  and 
specimens  shall  be  deposited  in  the  State  library;  and  similar  specimens  shall 
be  deposited  in  such  of  the  literary  institutions  in  this  State  as  the  secretary 
of  stnte  shall  direct. 

2.  The  sum  of  $20,000  is  hereby  appropriated  annually  for  four  years  to 
defray  the  expenses  that  may  be  incurred  under  this  act,  which  sum  shall  be 
paid  by  the  treasurer  on  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller  in  such  manner  and  at 
such  times  as  the  governor  may  direct. 

3.  The  person  or  persons  employed  by  the  governor  for  the  purposes  men- 
tioned in  the  first  section  of  this  act  shall  make  a  report  annually  to  the  legis- 
lature, on  or  before  the  first  day  of  February  in  each  year,  setting  forth  gen- 
erally the  progress  made  in  the  survey  hereby  authorized. 

This  act  was  followed  by  others  as  given  later. 

Administration. — The  suitable  number  of  competent  persons  to 
carry  out  the  conditions  of  the  law  as  appointed  by  the  governor, 
included  TV.  TV.  Mather,  of  Connecticut,  in  charge  of  the  first  dis- 
trict; Ebenezer  Emmons,  of  Williams  College,  of  the  second;  Tim- 
othy Conrad,  of  Philadelphia,  of  the  third;  and  Lardner  Vanuxem, 
of  Bristol,  Pennsylvania,  of  the  fourth.1  The  mineralogical  depart- 
ment was  assigned  to  Prof.  L.  C.  Beck,  of  Rutgers  College,  New 
Jersey;  the  botanical  to  Dr.  John  Torrey,  of  New  York  City,  and 
the  zoological  to  Dr.  James  E.  De  Kay,  of  Long  Island. 

By  the  end  of  the  first  season  it  had  become  apparent  that  the 
work  could  be  more  readily  accomplished  by  discontinuing  the  ap- 
pointments of  assistant  geologists  and  through  the  appointment  of 
one  person  as  paleontologist  of  the  entire  survey.  Timothy  Conrad 
was  therefore  appointed  to  this  latter  position,  while  James  Hall, 
who  had  served  as  assistant  to  Emmons,  was  made  geologist  of  the 
fourth  district,  Lardner  Vanuxem  being  incidentally  transferred 
to  the  third. 

'It  Is  snid  in  the  American  Geologist,  vol.  16.  1805.  p.  138.  thnt  Edward  Hitchcock 
was  first  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  survey  with  C.  D.  Adams  as  assistant,  but  that 
toe  resigned  in  order  to  devote  his  attention  to  the  re.survey  of  Massachusetts.  This 
statement  is  also  made  in  the  elder  Hitchcock's  History  of  Amherst  College. 


330  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  annual  compensation  suggested  for  each  geologist  was  $1,500. 
When  later  it  developed  that  some  of  those  employed  could  not  de- 
vote their  entire  time  to  the  work,  such  were  paid  $1,200  a  year.  The 
assistants  were  to  receive  $800  a  year,  and  each  geologist,  zoologist, 
botanist,  and  mineralogist  was  to  receive  $300  in  addition  to  salary 
for  executing  the  necessary  drawings,  packing  specimens,  and  for 
the  expenses  of  concentrating  such  at  places  convenient  for  trans- 
portation to  Albany.  These  rates  of  compensation  seem  to  have 
remained  as  fixed  throughout  the  existence  of  the  survey,  although 
naturally  the  total  expense  of  any  one  department  was  greater  some 
years  than  others.  The  expenses  for  1838,  under  these  conditions, 
are  given  on  page  335. 

Work  continued  under  the  law  of  1836,  as  above  outlined,  without 
serious  complications  until  1840,  the  limit  set  for  the  life  of  the 
organization.  During  this  time  annual  reports  were  issued,  and  a 
casual  inspection  would  lead  one  to  suppose  that  the  survey  might 
readily  have  come  to  an  end  at  that  period.  It  was  found,  how- 
ever, on  investigation  that  such  was  by  no  means  the  case,  an  in- 
vestigating committee  reporting  under  date  of  April  28,  1840 : 

The  condition  of  the  survey  is  such  that  it  will  be  utterly  impossible  to  com- 
plete it  in  a  manner  commensurate  with  its  object  and  the  character  of  the 
State  during  the  time  originally  assigned  for  its  completion.  Several  counties 
are  yet  entirely  unexplored  and  several  others  only  partially  explored.  The 
constant  labor  of  the  geologists  will  be  required  in  the  field  until  next  Novem- 
ber. The  winter  season  following  will  be  required  for  making  the  annual  report 
and  arranging  the  collections  in  the  building  which  shall  be  appropriated  for 
that  purpose.  The  season  following  will  be  required  for  a  reexamiuation  of 
some  portions  of  the  State,  for  supplying  any  deficiencies  which  shall  be  found 
to  exist  in  the  collections  after  their  arrangement,  and  for  the  preparations  of 
maps,  sections  and  other  drawings,  together  with  the  final  report.  The  amount 
of  labor  to  be  done  in  the  field,  the  arrangement  of  the  collection,  and  the 
preparation  of  the  report  will  render  it  quite  impossible  to  complete  it  with 
any  degree  of  perfection  in  a  shorter  period  of  time.  *  *  * 

From  this  brief  sketch  of  the  condition  of  the  survey  it  is  very  evident  to 
your  committee  that  an  abrupt  discontinuance  of  it  at  the  expiration  of  the 
time  contemplated  in  the  original  plan  would  greatly  injure  its  usefulness  and 
dishonor  the  whole  enterprise.  It  is  believed  it  will  require  no  further  appro- 
priation to  complete  it,  and  they  have  therefore  come  to  the  conclusion  that  it 
will  be  carrying  out  the  views  of  the  legislature  which  authorized  the  survey, 
and  meet  the  approbation  of  the  people,  to  authorize  its  continuance  until  the 
first  Tuesday  in  January,  1842. 

It  was  in  accordance  with  this  recommendation  that  the  following 
act  was  passed : 

An  act  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of  thp  State,  passed  May  8,  1840. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of  the 
State,  in  the  same  manner  in  which  it  has  heretofore  been  conducted,  until  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  331 

first  Tuesday  in  January,  1842:  Provided,  The  expense  shall  not  exceed  the 
unexpended  balance  of  moneys  appropriated  for  the  survey  by  the  act  passed 
April  15,  1836. 

Under  this  act  the  survey  was  continued  as  before,  the  fifth  and 
last  annual  report  bearing  date  of  1841,  when  the  various  geologists 
turned  their  attention  to  the  final  reports,  those  of  Emmons  and 
Vanuxem  being  issued  the  year  following  (1842).  The  reports  of 
Hall  and  Mather  would  appear,  however,  not  to  have  been  completed 
within  the  limit  set,  and  on  April  9,  1842,  another  extension  was 
granted,  as  follows: 

An  act  relating  to  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  passed  April  9,  1842. 
The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows-: 

1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  continue,  until  the  first  Tuesday  In 
January,  1843,  such  of  the  various  departments  of  labor  connected  with  the 
geological  survey  of  this  State,  as  may  be  necessary  to  insure  its  ultimate  com- 
pletion and  publication  according  to  the  plan  heretofore  contemplated. 

2.  The  sum  of  $26,000  is  hereby  appropriated  to  pay  any  money  now  due  for 
materials  furnished  or  services  rendered  under  the  act  passed  May  8,  1840,  en- 
titled "An  act  to  continue  the  geological  survey  of  this  State,"  and  to  defray 
such  expenses  as  may  be  incurred  under  this  act. 

3.  The  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  directed  to  secure  a  copyright  of  the  geo- 
logical survey  for  the  benefit  of  this  State. 

4.  Whenever  two  or  more  volumes  of  the  geological  survey  shall  be  pub- 
lished, the  governor  and  secretary  of  state  may  cause  such  books  to  be  sold  at 
such  prices  as  they  may  deem  expedient,  and  any  moneys  derived  from  such 
sales  shall  be  applied  to  the  same  purposes  as  the  appropriation  made  by  the 
second  section  of  this  act. 

5.  The  geological  survey,  as  fast  as  completed  (except  such  volumes  as  may 
be  sold  according  to  the  provisions  of  section  4),  shall  be  distributed  as  fol- 
lows: Two  copies  to  the  governor;  two  copies  to  the  lieutenant  governor;  one 
copy  to  each  member  of  the  present  legislature ;  one  copy  to  each  of  the  geolo- 
gists engaged  in  said  survey;  three  copies  to  the  State  library;  one  copy  to 
each  county  clerk's  office  in  this  State;  one  copy  to  each  incorporated  college  in 
this  State;  and  the  remaining  copies  shall  be  deposited  in  the  office  of  the  sec- 
retary of  state  to  be  sold  or  disposed  of  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  may 
hereafter  direct. 

6.  The  concurrent  resolution  of  the  senate  and  assembly,  passed  May  26,  1841, 
in  relation  to  the  distribution  of  said  geological  survey  is  hereby  repealed. 

7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Even  with  the  expiration  of  the  limit  set  by  this  act  the  work  was 
still  unfinished,  and  on  April  8,  1843,  a  supplemental  act  was  passed, 
as  follows: 

An  act  in  relation  to  the  natural  history  of  New  York,  passed  April  8,  1843. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follotvs: 

1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  continue  such  of  the  various  depart- 
ments of  labor  connected  with  the  geological  survey  of  this  State  as  may  be 


332  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

necessary  to  insure  its  ultimate  completion  and  publication  according  to  the 
plan  heretofore  contemplated,  and  to  contract  with  the  printers  to  the  assembly 
for  the  publication  of  the  same  at  prices  advantageous  to  the  State. 

2.  The  treasurer  shall  pay  on  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller  the  necessary 
cost  and  expenses  already  incurred  or  hereafter  to  be  incurred  in  the  comple- 
tion of  the  said  work,  to  the  person  or  persons  entitled  to  the  same,  out  of  any 
moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

3.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  coutiuue  the  services  of  one  or  both 
of  the  geologists  who  are  now  residing  in  Albany  for  the  purpose  of  completing 
and  arranging  the  said  collection  of  specimens  in  the  old  State  hall,  and  doing 
any  works  connected  therewith  he  may  deem  necessary. 

4.  Whenever  two  or  more  volumes  of  the  said  work  shall  be  completed,  the 
governor  and  secretary  of  state  may  cause  such  books  to  be  sold  at  such  prices 
as  they  shall  deem  proper,  not  less  than  $2  per  volume,  and  any  moneys  de- 
rived from  such  sales  may  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  geologists  for  any 
debt  due  them  from  the  State  on  account  of  services  connected  with  said  work. 

5.  The  volumes  to  be  published  shail  be  uniform  with  those  already  pub- 
lished and  of  as  good  materials. 

6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

By  the  first  section  of  this  act  it  will  be  noted  that  the  governor 
was  authorized  to  continue  such  of  the  departments  of  labor  con- 
nected with  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  as  might  be  necessary 
to  secure  its  ultimate  completion  and  publication  according  to  the 
plan  heretofore  contemplated.  The  final  reports  of  Hall  and  Mather 
appeared  during  this  year  (1843),  and  may  be  said  to  mark  the  limit 
of  the  first  survey.  But  by  the  third  section  of  the  act  the  governor 
was  authorized  to  continue  the  services  of  one  or  both  of  the  geol- 
ogists then  residing  in  Albany  (Hall  and  Emmons)  for  the  pur- 
pose of  completing  and  arranging  the  said  collections  of  specimens 
in  the  old  State  hall,  and  doing  any  work  connected  therewith  he 
might  deem  necessary.  By  section  2  of  the  same  act  all  limit  of  ex- 
pense was  removed  from  a  further  prosecution  of  the  work.  Under 
the  license  of  this  act  Governor  Bouck  entered  into  the  following 
contract  with  Ebenezer  Emmons  and  James  Hall. 

The  undersigned  hereby  propose  and  engage  to  make  the  necessary  survey 
and  examination,  prepare  the  reports,  superintend  the  drawings,  engraving,  and 
printing,  and  binding,  to  complete  in  all  respects,  and  publish  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State  to  its  ultimate  completion,  according  to  the  plan  heretofore 
contemplated  and  as  indicated  in  the  annexed  paper  signed  by  us. 

As  far  as  it  may  be  practical,  in  the  opinion  of  the  governor,  the  work  is  to 
progress  in  such  manner  as  will  insure  its  completion  in  May  or  June,  1844. 
This  proposition  is  to  include  every  kind  of  labor  and  expense  necessary  to  a 
full  completion  of  the  geological  survey  in  all  the  departments  excepting  the 
printing,  coloring  the  map,  drawing,  and  engraving,  and  the  employment  of  one 
assistant  geologist  the  1st  day  of  June,  1S44. 

The  services  find  expenses  indicated  by  this  proposition  are  to  be  performed 
for  n  compensation  equal  to  a  salary  of  ^l.'iOO  for  each  of  us,  and  a  sum  not 
exceeding  $500  for  the  assistant,  unless  the  time  occupied  by  each  of  us  should 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  333 

be  less  than  one  year  and  that  of  the  assistant  less  than  five  months,  in  which 
case  there  shall  be  a  corresponding  reduction,  but  under  no  circumstances  is 
a  larger  sum  to  be  paid. 

Under  this  contract  Professor  Hall  undertook  the  preparation  of 
his  comprehensive  works  on  the  paleontology  of  the  State  and  Pro- 
fessor Emmons  began  an  agricultural  survey,  neither  one  of  which 
was  contemplated  by  the  original  plan,  and  which  later  aroused  con- 
siderable criticism  on  the  part  of  the  legislators. 

By  the  close  of  1845  it  appears  that  under  this  last  arrangement 
nine  volumes  of  reports  had  been  printed,  and  it  was  estimated  that 
six  more  would  be  requisite  to  complete  the  work.  There  had  thus 
far  been  expended  $311,321.72,  and  an  addition  of  $54,268.92  was 
estimated  as  needed  to  carry  the  project  through.  In  this  year  Gov- 
ernor Wright  entered  into  a  further  contract  with  Professor  Hall 
for  the  completion  of  the  geological  work  with  the  specific  under- 
standing that  the  time  requisite  should  not  exceed  two  years,  and 
his  salary  be  continued  at  the  rate  of  $1,500  a  year.  Professor  Em- 
mons reported  this  year  to  the  assembly  committee  that  for  the  vol- 
ume on  agriculture,  then  under  his  charge,  100  pages  had  been 
printed.  He  also  was  allowed  a  continuation,  with  a  salary  at  the 
rate  of  $1,500  a  year  up  to  October  1,  1846.  On  the  meeting  of  the 
assembly  in  1847  the  work  of  neither  Hall  nor  Emmons  was  com- 
pleted and  more  time  and  more  money  was  asked.  After  an  investi- 
gation the  joint  committee  reported  the  following  bill  by  which  both 
departments  were  continued  for  two  years  at  the  same  salaries  as 
heretofore,  and  the  sum  of  $25,000  appropriated.  The  following  is 
the  text  of  the  bill: 

An  act  for  completing  the  publication  of  the  natural  history  of  New  York,  passed  May 
7,  1847,  "  three-fifths  being  present." 

The  people  of  tJie  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  cause  to  be  completed,  and  for  that 
purpose  to  continue  in  employment  the  geologists  now  engaged  upon  that  por- 
tion of  the  natural  history  of  this  State  relating  to  agriculture  ami  to  paleon- 
tology for  the  period  of  two  years  from  the  time  when  their  salaries  ceased 
under  an  arrangement  with  Governor  Wright,  and  for  no  longer  period  or  term 
than  above  mentioned,  and  at  the  same  salary  as  has  been  hitherto  paid  them. 

2.  The  governor  is  also  authorized  to  contract  for  all  the  work  connected, 
such  as  drawing,  engraving,  coloring,  and  all  other  necessary  work  connected 
therewith,  to  be  done  in  such  manner  as  he  shall  direct 

3.  The  treasurer  shall  pay  on  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller  the  costs  and 
expenses  already  incurred  or  to  be  hereafter  incurred  in  the  completion  of 
eaid  works  to  the  person  or  persons  entitled  to  the  same  out  of  any  moneys 
not  otherwise  appropriated,  but  no  such  account  shall  be  paid  unless  the  same 
be  certified  as  being  correct  by  the  governor  of  this  State. 

4.  The  sum  of  $23,000  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  purposes  of  this  act. 


334  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

5.  Should  either  of  the  present  geologists  decline  acting,  the  governor  is  au- 
thorized to  employ  some  other  person  for  the  same  purpose. 

6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Under  this  act  Professor  Emmons's  term  of  service  expired  on 
October  1,  1848,  and  Professor  Hall's  on  April  1,  1849,  but  neither 
brought  his  work  to  completion  within  the  time  limits  set.  The  chief 
causes  for  this  continual  extension,  in  both  time  and  expense,  were 
thus  stated  in  the  report  of  the  assembly  committee  for  1849-50 : 

Some  of  the  causes  are  very  obvious : 

1.  The  original  plan  of  survey  was  very  closely  adhered  to,  and  the  expense 
of  the  survey  was  within  the  limit  up  to  1840.     The  estimate  was  exceeded  in 
respect  to  the  time  necessary  for  the  field.    One  year  and  a  half  more  proved 
requisite. 

2.  The  whole  original  plan  of  publication  was  departed  from,  instead  of  3 
volumes  octavo  there  are  to  be  20  volumes  quarto.     In  1842,  when  the  quarto 
size  wns  determined  on,  it  was  supposed  eight  volumes  would  be  the  number. 

3.  The  addition  from  time  to  time  of  new  departments  to  the  work.     Paleon- 
tology and  agriculture  alone  add  eight  volumes  not  originally  contemplated. 

4.  In  the  increase  of  illustrations  and  the  amount  of  coloring  will  be  found 
the  great  cause  of  expense.     To  the  former,  including  the  atlas,  was  assigned 
$13,000  by  the  original  plan;  and  of  coloring,  none  was  contemplated  to  be  done, 
except  in  the  case  of  the  maps,  which  it  was  supposed  $5,000  would  cover. 

There  has  been  an  exceeding  looseness  about  the  making  and  preservation  of 
contracts  relating  to  certain  parts  of  the  work.  By  several  of  the  governors 
verbal  contracts  have  been  made  and  verbal  directions  given,  about  which  their 
successors  could  have  no  knowledge  from  the  papers  left  in  the  State  depart- 
ments. The  embarrassments  under  which  successive  governors  have  labored 
from  an  ignorance  of  the  acts  of  their  predecessors  is  very  apparent  to  anyone 
who  examines  their  certificates  attached  to  the  different  warrants.  Your  com- 
mittee believe  it  would  be  well  if  by  law  it  was  rendered  requisite  to  the  valid- 
ity of  every  executory  contract  made  with  the  State,  that  it  should  be  in  writing 
cud  duly  signed.  There  should,  moreover,  be  a  common  and  sole  depository  for 
contracts  made  with  the  executive  of  the  State.  Of  the  contracts  relating  to 
this  work,  some  have  been  found  in  the  executive  department,  some  in  the 
comptroller's,  and  several  nowhere. 

Very  much  of  the  difficulty  that  has  attended  the  progress  of  the  natural  his- 
tory, and  much  unnecessary  expense  has  arisen  from  the  absence  of  uniform 
control.  Governor  succeeded  governor,  and  after  a  few  years  had  elapsed  from 
its  commencement,  no  one  of  them  could  be  expected  to  know,  or  could  anyone 
be  familiar  with  the  details  of  the  past  progress  of  so  extended  a  work,  wh'ch 
would  be  necessary  to  enable  him  properly  to  direct  its  present  and  provide  for 
its  future.  Thus  deviation  after  deviation  occurred  from  the  original  plan. 
Tour  committee  are  led  to  the  belief  that  the  control  and  direction  of  a  work 
of  this  kind  would  be  more  properly  vested  ui  some  literary  or  sc'entific  board 
of  a  permanent  character  than  was  the  executive  overcharged  with  other  busi- 
ness and  liable  to  frequent  change.1 

In  asking  for  a  further  continuation  this  year  it  was  estimated 
that  in  all  $150,000  would  be  needed.  Hall  thought  to  be  able  to 

1  f ee  report  of  tbe  select  committee  of  the  lepisla'ure  of  1840  on  the  publication  of 
the  Nntural  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,  made  to  the  legislature  January  22,  1850, 
for  full  details.  Assembly  document,  73d  session,  vol.  1. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS..  335 

complete  his  work  in  five  years,  while  Emmons  found  it  "  impossible 
to  fix  the  time  it  will  take  to  complete  the  letterpress  of  the  work  in 
his  department  as  accurately  as  he  wishes."  Up  to  this  time  the 
actual  amount  paid  out  on  warrants  on  the  survey  account  was 
$425,844.74,  as  itemized  below. 

Expenses. — The  estimated  annual  expenses  of  the  survey  as  given 
by  Secretary  Seward  in  1836  were  $24,290.  The  actual  expenses  for 
1838  were  as  follows: 

John  Torrey,  in  botany,  salary $1,  200 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

$1,500 

1-ewis  C.  Beck,  M.  D.,  in  mineralogy,  salary 1,200 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

Allowed  for  assistance  and  some  expenses 150 

1,650 

James  E.  De  Kay,  in  zoology,  salary 1,500 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

-    1,800 

John  W.  Hill,  in  zoology,  employed  as  draftsman 800 

Timothy  A.  Conrad,  in  paleontology,  salary 1,  500 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

J      CAQ 

William  W.  Mather,  (first  district),  in  geology,  salary 1,100 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

Allowed  for  cases  of  specimens 175 

1, 575 

B,  Emmons  (second  district),  in  geology,  salary 1,500 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

1,800 

I^ardner  Vanuxem  (third  district),  in  geology,  salary 1,500 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

James  Hall  (fourth  district),  in  geology,  salary 1,500 

Allowed  for  drawings 300 

1,800 


Total $14,525 

The  total  expenses  of  the  survey  during  the  four  years  ending 
July  1,  1840,  when  it  was  expected  to  come  to  an  end,  was  $72,982.12. 
It  had  become  evident  by  this  date,  however,  that  the  work  could 
not  be  satisfactorilly  completed  within  the  limits  set,  and  an  ex- 
tension was  asked  of  18  months,  which  was  granted,  as  already  noted, 
with  the  understanding  that  the  additional  expense  should  not  ex- 
ceed the  unexpended  balance  of  money  appropriated  by  the  original 
act,  namely,  $104,000.  Through  an  error  in  bookkeeping  it  later 
developed  that  this  amount  had  been  already  exceeded  by  $228.80, 
with  considerable  still  due  on  salaries  and  publication  of  reports  as 
yet  unprovided  for.  It  was  then  estimated  that  the  sum  of  $45,363.90 
additional  would  be  required. 
136075-20 23 


336  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


On  April  9,  1842,  and  January,  1843,  additional  appropriations  of 
$26,000  each  -were  made.  The  total  cost  of  the  survey  and  results  up 
to  February  6,  1844,  when  the  survey  proper  may  be  said  to  have 
come  to  an  end,  and  as  given  in  the  report  of  the  secretary  of  state, 
is  as  follows: 

Statement  of  moneys  paid  out  of  the  treasury  on  account  of  the  geological  sur 
vey  of  the  State  of  New  York,  viz: 

For  surveying  and  attendant  expenses $116,  970.  65 

For  engravings  and  attendant  expenses 50,678.05 

For  printing  and  binding 44,  228.  21 


$211,  871.  91 

Add  for  printing  annual  reports,  1S36-1S41 19, 530.  30 

Fitting  up  geological  museum 4,  500.  00 


Total $235, 902.  21 

The  select  committee  appointed  by  the  legislature  of  1849,  to  in- 
quire into  the  affairs  of  the  survey  presented  the  following  table 
showing  the  total  amount  of  expenditure : 


Part  I,  showing  persons. 


Professor   Torrey $9.025.00 

Professor  Vanuxem 11,022.93 

Professor  De  Kay 13,  550.  00  i 

Professor  Mather 12,  503.  82  j 

Professor   Beck 13, 098.  25  j 

Professor  Conrad 9,  225.  00  j 

Professor  Emmous 23, 162.  04  | 

Professor  Hall 25,  062. 10  j 

Drawing  allowances 6.564.50 

Geologists'    assistants 13,842.78 

Museum 2,  979.  OS  ! 

Transportation 3, 126.  44 

Miscellaneous 491.  38 

Carroll  &  Cook 33,  889.  IS 

Van  Benthuysen  &  Co 14, 460. 14 


Thurlow   Weed 

Packard,  Gavit  &  Co 

George   Endicott 

R.  H.  Pease 

John  H.  Hall 

Gavit  &  Duthie 

E.  Einnions,  jr 

F.  J.  Swinton 

Draper,  Toppan  &  Co 

Specimens  of  engravings. _ 
Original  drawings,  not  in- 
cluded   in    payments    to 
any  of  above 


$40,  723. 11 

5,  378.  84 

127,  399.  97 

11, 293.  35 

14,  895.  50 

8.  659.  32 

20, 100.  00 

307.  50 

614.  00 

601.  30 


3,  869.  21 


$425,  844.  74 


Part  IT,  shoicing  subjects. 


Professors'  salaries,  etc.__  $116,  649. 14 
Professors'  drawing  allow- 
ances   6,  564.  50 

Geologists'  assistants 13,  842.  78 

Museum 2.  979.  OS 

Transportation 3, 126.  44 

Miscellaneous 491.  38 

Original   drawings 8,360.71 

Steel  engravings 9,871.80 

Stone   engravings 16.818.00 


Wood  engravings $20.363.35 

Printing,  letterpress,  and 

binding 89,  072.  43 

Coloring 73,  212.  00 

Lettering 490.  00 

Printing  impressions  of 

plates 38.  582.  93 

Paper 25, 414. 20 


$425,  844.  74 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  337 

The  actual  amount  paid  out  by  Governors  Marcy  and  Sewaixl,  arid 
by  warrants  is  S^SjSTo.TG.1  The  probable  reason. for  the  difference 
($488.98)  is  shown  in  the  report. 

The  following  letters  relating  to  the  subject  are  of  sufficient  inter- 
est to  warrant  reproduction  entire : 

CAMBRIDGE,  July  22,  1SW. 

MY  DEAB  SIR:  I  understand  from  Doctor  Gould  tliut  you  [i.  e.  Hall]  have 
goon  to  report  progress  before  a  committee  of  the  house  upon  your  paleontology 
and  that  there  are  those  who  complain  of  the  slow  advance  you  make.  I  regret 
deeply  that  I  have  no  direct  connection  with  your  committee,  as  it  would  afford 
me  great  pleasure  to  explain  to  them  various  things  about  it.  Can  a  private  let- 
ter be  of  any  use  to  you  to  bring  this  before  them?  In  the  first  place,  let  me  re- 
mark in  a  general  manner  that  it  is  deeply  to  be  regretted  that  with  the  most  lib- 
eral dispositions  legislative  bodies  and  governments  scarcely  ever  understand  the 
wants  of  science;  and  having  no  opportunities  of  intercourse  with  men  of  sci- 
ence, I  do  not  mean  professional  men  in  scientific  professions,  but  men  of  origi- 
nal research,  they  can  not  understand  fully  how  science  can  be  promoted,  and 
make  often  the  greatest  blunders  with  the  best  intentions.  It  is  unpleasant  to 
say,  but  it  is  so,  and  unless  you  can  make  your  people  understand  that  no 
investigation  can  be  hurried,  you  will  never  have  independent  investigators  in 
this  country,  and  the  few  who  prefer  their  scientific  reputation  to  any  position 
In  society  will  be  left  to  struggle  with  never-ending  difficulties.  I  have  seen 
your  collections,  your  drawings,  your  preparatory  investigations,  and  I  must 
say  that  I  have  never  seen  more  labor  better  done  in  so  short  a  time.  Science  shall 
be  forever  indebted  to  your  State,  if  you  prevail  upon  your  legislature  to  grant 
you  time  and  time  and  time  to  accomplish  the  task  you  have  so  beautifully 
conducted  up  to  the  present  day.  Your  first  volume  is  valued  in  Europe  as  the 
largest  and  best  recent  contribution  to  geological  science,  and  it  is  a  pity  there 
is  no  scientific  tribunal  here  to  ackonwledge  it.  If  I  was  an  American  I  would 
appeal  to  my  country  to  shake  off  this  dependence  upon  European  authority 
for  appreciation  of  American  works,  and  I  only  mention  it  now  to  induce  your 
political  friends  to  rely  more  than  they  have  been  in  the  habit  of  doing  upon 
the  testimony  of  your  best  scientific  men. 

I  am  not  in  the  habit  of  appealing  to  authority,  but  I  say  &ono  auctori  sit 
auctorilas,  and  until  there  are  men  in  America  whose  authority  is  acknowledged 
in  matters  of  science  there  will  be  no  true  intellectual  independence  in  America, 
however  great  be  their  political  freedom.  Is  it  not  a  shame  for  instance,  that 
you,  you,  Professor  Hall,  should  feel  anxious  about  showing  that  you  could  not 
have  written  more  than  one  volume  in  two  years.  Come  forward  with 
Cuvier's  Ossemens  fossiles,  or  Goldfuss  Petrefacten,  or  any  other  work  of  the 
game  kind,  and  compare  them  with  your  own  volume,  and  point  with  legitimate 
pride  to  the  date  of  publication  of  the  successive  volumes  of  those  works,  and 
you  will  silence  every  remark.  If  your  engravers  are  troublesome  and  un- 
willing to  do  the  work  to  that  degree  of  perfection  which  is  now  required  in 
such  publications,  send  them  away  nnd  have  others  come  from  Europe.  They 
w*ll  be  happy  to  come  at  present,  under  the  disturbed  circumstances  that  have 
Interrupted  so  many  splendid  piihlfoations:  but  for  mercy  sake  for  the  dignity 
of  our  science,  do  not  allow  such  Individuals  to  boss  you.  If  you  want  him  I 

•This  sum   (?4?-r>.37~>.70>  does  not  Include  the  amount  paid  for  printing  the  geologists' 
annual   reports  from   1830  to  1841.  $10.ri30.no    (comptroller's  report  of  1844).   nor  the  ' 
value  of  the  lot  nnd  building  for  museum,  $25,000  (comptroller's  report  of  1847). 


338  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

will  fiiid  for  you  an  artist  who  will  engrave  your  fossils  from  nature,  almost 
without  an  original  drawing. 

If  you  have  d'Orbiguy's  Paleontology  franchise  at  hand,  you  can  tell  your  com- 
mittee that  the  lithographer,  Mr.  De  la  Rue,  never  had  other  original  drawings 
before  him  except  such  offhand  sketches  as  were  necessary  to  arrange  the  fig- 
ures of  a  plate,  and  nevertheless  how  beautiful  his  figures  are.  So  was  Hob6 
never  provided  with  more  than  simple  sketches  for  the  magnificent  work  of 
Goldfuss.  Let  that  be  known  and  repeated  everywhere,  and  you  will  soon  be 
left  quiet.  Is  it  not  a  pity  that  an  engraver  who  never  had  anything  to  do 
with  such  drawings  before  should  now  come  forward  and  stand  against  you 
with  his  pretenses?  Give  him  up  simply;  you  can  not  progress  with  one  who 
will  not  submit  to  your  directions. 

******* 
Your  sincere  friend, 

(Signed)  L.  AGASSIS. 

MARCH,  1849. 
Hon.  Mr.  BEACH. 

DEAB  SIB  :  At  your  request  have  prepared  a  statement  of  the  amount  of  en- 
graving necessary  to  complete  the  report  on  paleontology. 

I  wish,  however,  to  say  a  few  words  in  explanation  of  the  past  transactions 
in  regard  to  this  part  of  the  survey.  In  1843,  after  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
Conrad,  Governor  Bouck  had  decided  to  bring  the  survey  to  a  close  in  one  year 
and  required  that  this  part  should  be  done  hi  that  time.  I  signed  the  agree- 
ment, though  protesting  against  it  as  not  giving  time  to  prepare  a  proper  or 
authentic  work  on  this  subect.  In  the  course  of  that  year,  however,  I  did  pre- 
pare materials  for  a  single  volume,  but  as  the  specimens  were  obtained  from 
all  the  formations  nothing  had  been  thoroughly  done,  and  had  the  work  been 
completed  at  that  time  and  in  that  manner,  it  would  have  been  discreditable 
to  the  State  and  to  myself,  as  well  as  being  of  no  authority  in  the  science. 

Subsequently,  and  when  the  time  was  extended,  I  devoted  myself  to  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  lower  rocks,  and  from  them  I  have  obtained  all  the  species 
described  in  the  present  volume.  At  the  time  of  my  engagement  with  Gov- 
ernor Wright  I  sincerely  believed  that  the  work  could  be  completed  in  about 
two  years  and  the  number  of  plates  in  all  would  not  exceed  150.  At  this  time 
I  had  allotted  to  the  fossils  of  the  lower  rocks,  comprising  the  Potsdam  sand- 
stone, Calciferous  sandstone,  Chazy,  Birdseye,  Black  River,  and  Trenton  lime- 
stones, Utica  slate  and  Hudson  River  group,  about  50  plates.  The  result  of 
a  thorough  investigation  has  shown  that  very  nearly  100  plates  are  required 
properly  to  represent  these  fossils. 

I  conceived  it  to  be  the  object  of  the  State  in  this  matter  to  make  the  work 
as  perfect  as  it  can  be  made  under  existing  circumstances,  and  I  have  therefore 
examined  with  the  greatest  care  every  fossil  that  has  fallen  under  my  obser- 
vation. I  believe  I  have  made  the  volume  already  printed  as  perfect  and  com- 
plete in  every  part  as  this  one,  and  should  the  work  be  suspended  before  the 
whole  is  completed  in  this  manner  I  propose  that  as  far  as  I  do  go  to  work  up 
the  materials  from  each  rock  in  its  order  in  the  same  thorough  manner  that 
so  far  as  I  shall  have  gone  it  may  be  satisfactory  and  creditable  as  well  as  of 
sufficient  authority  to  be  cited  hereafter. 

I  have  already  made  myself  considerably  acquainted  with  the  fossils  of  the 
hipher  rocks  and  have  about  30  plates  already  engraved  in  wood  and  litho- 
graphy. I  have  carefully  gone  over  each  rock  and  estimated  the  number  of 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  339 

plates  which  will  be  required  to  finish  the  whole  in  the  manner  I  propose  and 
In  as  complete  a  manner  as  the  volume  already  printed  is  done.  I  find  this 
number  will  be  scarcely  less  than  250,  and  it  can  not  vary  10  plates  from  this 
number. 

This  amount  is  much  larger  thau  I  ever  anticipated,  but  you  can  readily 
understand  why  it  is  so.  Until  the  work  was  commenced  so  little  was  known 
of  the  matter  that  it  was  impossible  to  estimate  with  any  certainty  the  number 
of  plates  required.  The  increased  number  of  plates  arose  from  the  discovery 
of  a  great  number  of  species  of  fossils  before  unknown,  which  in  the  volume 
published  has  been  more  than  quadrupled  since  the  work  began.  For  the  same 
reason  the  time  originally  regarded  as  sufficient  has  been  extended  from  neces- 
sity, and  there  are  already  engraved  as  many  plates  as  it  was  supposed  origi- 
nally would  be  required  for  the  whole  work.  Hut  I  repeat  that  no  person  could 
have  anticipated  this  from  the  commencement  and  no  better  estimate  could  have 
been  given  at  the  time. 

In  regard  to  time  in  future,  I  shall  state  very  frankly  that,  if  this  work  is 
to  be  completed  as  I  propose  it  can  not  be  done  in  two  years.  Had  there  been 
no  legislative  action  at  this  session  I  proposed  to  complete  the  second  volume 
and  present  it  to  the  legislature  at  its  next  session,  showing  that  the  amount 
of  work  actually  done  was  more  than  originally  contemplated  for  the  whole. 

Under  present  circumstances  I  must  abide  the  decision  of  the  committee  In 
relation  to  the  subject. 

******* 

(Signed)  JAMES  HALL. 

ALBANY,  November  20,  1849. 
Hon.  NELSON  J.  BEACH. 

DEAR  SIR:  *  *  *  Since  you  may  not  be  aware  of  the  reasons  why  I  need 
more  room  than  I  have  at  present,  I  will  briefly  state  my  objects.  In  the  first 
place,  I  collect  from  different  and  distant  localities.  When  I  open  my  boxes 
and  arrange  the  specimens  it  is  not  sufficient  to  have  a  single  good  specimen 
from  any  one  locality,  but  I  wish  to  have  before  me  several  specimens  from 
different  localities  to  compare.  I  want,  in  fact,  a  geographical  collection  of 
the  species,  that  I  may  see  their  greater  or  less  importance  or  preponderance 
In  certain  localities,  their  condition  arising  from  the  conditions  of  the  ocean, 
and  the  variations  in  form,  size,  etc.,  as  indicating  more  or  less  favorable 
circumstances  for  their  growth.  I  wish  also  to  observe  whether  the  grouping 
or  congregating  of  certain  species  continues  through  wide  areas  or  not,  as 
well  as  numerous  other  facts,  only  to  be  ascertained  by  having  an  extensive 
collection  before  me.  It  is  acknowledged  on  all  hands  that  the  manner  in 
which  palaeontology  has  heretofore  been  studied  it  has  been  of  little  avail 
I  wish  to  have  the  palaeontology  of  New  York  take  a  higher  position  and  to  be 
in  some  sort  an  equivalent  of  the  liberality  of  the  State  government. 

I  can  not  forbear  at  this  time  to  call  your  attention  to  these  facts  in  other 
bearings.  The  State  of  New  York  is  publishing  a  work  on  the  natural  history 
of  her  territory  which  is  exciting  more  attention  at  home  and  abroad  than  all 
else  she  has  ever  done.  Already  is  the  work  sought  after  in  all  parts  of  Great 
Britain  and  from  Rome  to  St.  Petersburg  on  the  Continent  of  Europe — from  every 
State  in  the  Union  come  letters  expressing  the  strongest  desire  to  obtain  the 
work.  The  man  who  laid  the  foundation  of  this  work  has  earned  himself  a  repu- 
tation undying,  and  the  several  legislatures  of  the  State  have  with  exceeding 
liberality  carried  out  this  plan.  I  would  ask  you,  however,  if  there  are  not 


340  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

other  influences  in  operation  which,  though  they  can  not  materially  affect  the  work 
at  present,  will  nevertheless  subvert  much  of  the  good  results.  Instead  of  any 
endeavor  heing  made  to  enlist  those  engaged  in  the  work,  in  its  permanent, 
constant  and  future  advancement,  and  in  the  perfection  of  a  collection  which 
must  ever  remain  the  standard  one  for  the  country,  the  expressions  are  "  How 
soon  can  we  get  rid  of  you  and  why  con  you  not  complete  the  work  In  one 
year  as  well  as  a  longer  time?  "  The  interest  which  one  feels  is  alienated  by 
such  a  course,  and  the  constant  annoyance  from  petty  remarks,  joined  with 
a  conviction  that  as  soon  as  possible  we  shall  be  dismissed  from  the  work, 
renders  the  instinct  of  self-preservation  active  in  devising  ways  of  accomplish- 
ing its  objects  and  in  providing  against  future  contingencies. 

In  order  to  accomplish  such  a  work,  your  scientific  men  should  be  left  per- 
fectly quiet,  and  every  facility  afforded  for  their  progress.  If  their  own  interest 
In  the  subject,  and  a  proper  regard  for  their  scientific  reputation  will  not 
induce  them  *to  progress  with  the  work  as  rapidly  as  is  consistent  with  its 
perfection  or  utility,  rest  assured  that  no  other  measures,  however  annoying 
or  harassing  they  may  be,  will  ever  effect  the  objects. 

Of  course,  I  must  admit  that  those  persons  who  have  the  direction  of  these 
collections  know  what  objects  are  desirable  to  be  attained  nnd  will  take  the 
proper  measures  to  accomplish  the  end.  But  I  must  call  your  attention  to  the 
condition  of  the  several  sciences  embraced  in  this  work.  The  sciences  of 
zoology  and  botany  are  in  a  state  of  such  advancement  that  there  appears 
little  room  for  new  discoveries  or  great  progress  except  in  organic  analysis, 
which  is  the  province  of  chemistry.  On  the  other  hand,  in  geology  embracing 
both  mineralogy  and  paleontology,  there  is  far  more  room  for  discovery  and 
much  research  is  yet  required — on  the  one  hand,  among  the  metamorphlc 
rocks,  and  the  changes  which  all  strata  undergo  by  subsequent  influence,  and 
on  the  other  hand,  the  problem  of  the  development  and  the  successive  appear- 
ance of  races  on  our  planet — are  subjects  in  which  the  deepest  interest  is  felt, 
and  concerning  which  comparatively  little  is  yet  known. 

Without  going  into  further  detail,  I  wish  to  show  you  the  necessary  conse- 
quences of  alienating  the  feelings  and  interest  of  those  persons  engaged  in  the 
perfection  of  a  work  like  that  already  commenced.  The  moment  that  the  per- 
sons who  have  been  engaged  in  this  work  shall  cease  their  connection  with  it, 
and  the  charge  of  it  go  into  the  hands  of  curators  knowing  little  of  the  progress 
of  the  work  and  of  what  has  been  done  or  yet  remains  to  be  accomplished, 
your  collection  becomes,  if  I  may  use  the  expression,  a  dead  one.  It  will  no 
longer  possess  the  interest  it  now  does,  for  it  will  cease  to  advance,  and  in 
censing  to  advance  other  collections  and  other  individuals  will  soon  be  in  ad- 
vance of  you.  I  need  not  go  into  detail  of  all  the  reasons  and  facts  to  convince 
you  of  this.  Let  me  cite  a  single  case.  While  Professor  Agassiz  remained  at 
Neufchatel,  every  eye  was  directed  there  to  learn  from  him  as  the  master  what 
were  the  laws,  the  facts,  and  the  results  in  most  departments  of  zoology;  the 
collections  of  Neufchatel  bore  the  stamp  of  authority,  and  the  place,  though 
comparatively  an  obscure  one,  was  the  center  of  advancement  in  science. 
Professor  Agassiz  is  no  longer  at  Neufchatel  but  at  Harvard  University,  and 
where  now  does  the  world  look  for  the  advancing  of  natural  history  and  the 
promulgation  of  laws  before  unknown?  Not  to  Neufchatel,  but  to  Harvard 
University,  where  science  is  to  take  the  lead  of  the  world. 

Now,  sir,  New  York  has  made  progress  in  all  the  sciences,  but  in  geology 
she  stands  preeminent  and  her  localities  will  be  classic  ground  for  centuries 
to  come,  but  the  scepter  may  depart  and  I  say  unhesitatingly  that  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  STJRVFA'S.  S41 

course  likely  to  be  pursued  as  that  already  manifested,  will  prevent  any  further 
progress,  and  in  all  probability  New  York  will  be  in  50  years  hence  just  where 
she  now  stands,  while  science  will  have  made  mighty  strides,  and  the  vantage 
ground  she  now  holds  will  be  given  up,  indeed  thrown  away,  from  mere  igno- 
rance and  ill  nature. 

I  speak  without  any  selfish  motives  in  saying  what  I  have  done,  for  I  un- 
hestitatingly  aver  that  I  have  no  ulterior  objects  beyond  completing  the  work 
I  have  in  hand  in  a  creditable  and  satisfactory  manner.  I  wish  to  feel  a  lasting 
Interest  in  the  future  progress  and  the  continual  approximation  of  the  collection 
to  perfection,  but  as  I  before  said,  it  is  impossible  to  feel  any  interest  when  a 
desire  to  prove  that  interest  constantly  involves  me  in  difficulties,  and  I  am 
made  to  feel  that  I  am  only  wanted  for  a  little  time,  and  the  shorter  that  time 
and  the  more  annoyances  I  am  made  to  suffer,  the  more  perfectly  will  the  inter- 
ests of  the  State  be  served. 

I  commenced  the  work  with  all  the  zeal  of  a  devotee,  and  thus  pursued  It 
till  I  found  myself  compelled  to  look  to  self-preservation,  and  I  freely  confess 
that  it  is  impossible  to  keep  up  such  an  interest  without  a  slightly  corresponding 
interest  in  those  who  have  the  power  at  least  to  annoy  me. 

I  have  wandered  from  the  subject,  but  I  could  not  avoid  saying  what  I  have 
done,  and  I  might  say  much  more,  but  there  may  be  other  occasions. 

I  ask  your  advice  as  a  senator  of  the  State,  as  one  of  the  chief  officers  of 
the  public  works,  whether  I  shall  continue  to  work  here  under  the  disadvantages 
I  have  mentioned,  when  the  adjoining  room,  almost  wholly  unoccupied  and 
of  no  importance  to  anyone,  is  denied  me — or  whether  provision  is  to  be  made  at 
my  private  expense  for  the  necessary  accommodations  for  the  performance  of 
my  duties. 

T  am,  with  sentiments  of  esteem  and  respect, 
Very  sincerely,  yours, 

(Signed)     JAMES  HALL. 

The  six  following  acts  relate  only  to  the  distribution  of  the  reports 
of  the  survey : 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

In  Senate,  May  26,  1841. 

Resolved,  (if  the  Assembly  concur),  That  the  report  of  the  geological  survey 
of  this  State,  when  completed  shall  be  distributed  as  follows:  Five  copies  to  the 
governor;  five  copies  to  the  lieutenant  governor;  one  copy  to  each  member  of  the 
senate  and  assembly,  and  to  the  several  officers  of  the  same;  one  copy  to  each  of 
the  several  State  officers;  three  copies  to  the  State  library;  one  copy  to  each 
county  clerk's  office  in  this  State ;  one  copy  to  each  incorporated  college  in  this 
State:  and  that  the  remaining  copies  thereof  shall  be  deposited  in  the  office  of 
the  secretary  of  State,  to  be  distributed  in  such  manner  as  the  said  secretary 
may  deem  expedient  and  proper  or  as  the  legislature  may  hereafter  direct. 

By  order: 

SAML.  G.  ANDREWS,  Clerk. 

IN  ASSEMBLY,  May  26,  1841. 

Resolved,  That  the  assembly  do  concur  in  the  above  resolution. 
By  order: 

P.  B.  PBINDLE,  Clerk. 


342  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

An  act  in  relation  to  the  Natural  History  of  New  York,  passed  May  8,  1844,  by  K  two 

thirds  vote. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

1.  As  fast  as  the  several  volumes  of  the  Natural  History  of  New  York  are 
published   the  governor  and   secretary   of   state   are  thereby   authorized   and 
required  to  present  and  transmit  one  copy  of  the  same  with  colored  plates,  in- 
cluding a  copy  of  the  geological  map  of  the  State,  to  James  Wadsworth,  of 
Geneseo ;  one  like  copy  to  each  of  the  governors  of  the  several  States  of  the 
Union,  to  be  deposited  by  them  at  their  discretion  in  some  public  library  or 
literary  institution  within  their  respective  States;  one  like  copy  to  the  Library 
of  Congress;  and  100  like  copies  to  such  foreign  governments  and  foreign 
literary  or  scientific  institutions  as  the  governor  or  secretary  aforesaid  may 
select,  including  in  their  discretion  such  foreign  governments,  institutions,  cor- 
porations, or  persons  as  may  have  made  donations  to  the  State  library. 

2.  The  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  sell  to  such 
of  the  academies,   public   libraries,    and   literary   associations   in   this    State 
which  are  incorporated,  as  shall  make  application  therefor  within  six  months 
from  the  passage  of  this  act,  a  copy  of  the  Natural  History  of  this  State,  at 
the  price  of  $1  per  volume,  and  a  copy  of  the  geological  map  of  the  State  at  the 
price  of  $1  per  copy,   and  300  copies  of  said   volumes  and  map  shall  be 
reserved  for  that  purpose. 

3.  The  governor  and  secretary  of  state  are  authorized  to  make  a  distribu- 
tion of  the  remaining  copies  and  map  of  the  Natural  History,  not  otherwise 
appropriated  or  disposed  of,  among  the  several  counties  of  this  State  accord- 
ing to  the  ratio  or  population  by  the  last  census,  and  transmit  to  the  county 
treasurer  of  said  counties,  respectively,  the  number  of  copies  to  which  each 
county  shall  be  entitled  by  such  distribution.    The  said  treasurer  of  each  of  said 
counties  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  sold  at  the  price  of  $1  per  volume,  and  the 
map  for  $1  per  copy,  and  account  from  time  to  time  to  the  secretary  of  State 
for  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  thereof;  but  he  shall  not  sell  more  than  one  copy 
to  any  corporation,  association,  or  individual. 

4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

An  act  concerning  the  Natural  History  of  the  State  of  New   York,  passed  May  5,  1846. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

1.  The  secretary  of  State  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  sell  to  such  of 
the  academies,  public  libraries,  and  literary  associations  in  this  State  which 
are  now  incorporated,  as  shall  have  made  or  which  shall  make  application 
therefor,  a  copy  of  the  Natural  History  of  this  State,  at  the  price  of  $1  per 
volume,  and  a  copy  of  the  geological  map  of  the  State  at  the  price  of  $1  per 
copy,  out  of  the  remaining  300  copies  of  the  said  volumes  and  maps  reserved 
for  that  purpose  by  the  second  section  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act  in  relation 
to  the  Natural  History  of  New  York,"  passed  May  3, 1844 ;  but  no  sale  of  the  said 
volumes  and  map  shall  be  made  by'  the  secretary  of  State  after  the  expiration 
of  one  year  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  nor  a  second  copy  to  an  institution 
which  has  received  a  copy  of  the  said  work  under  the  provisions  of  chapter  254 
of  the  laws  of  1844. 

2.  Any  person,  corporation,  or  association  other  than  such  as  purchase  from 
the  several  county  treasurers  of  this  State,  under  the  act  entitled  "An  act  In 
relation  to  the  Natural  History  of  New  York,"  passed  May  3,  1844,  who  shall, 
within  one  year  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  prove  to  the  satisfaction  of 


GEOLOGICAL   AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  343 

the  governor  and  secretary  of  State  that  he,  she,  or  they  are  the  actual  and 
bona  fide  owners  of  the  first  volumes  or  of  any  of  the  consecutive  volumes,  be- 
ginning with  and  including  the  first  of  the  Natural  History  of  this  State,  shall 
be  entitled  to  purchase  from  said  secretary  the  remaining  volumes  necessary 
to  complete  such  imperfect  sets  of  said  Natural  History,  now  published  and 
which  shall  hereafter  be  published,  together  with  the  map  accompanying  the 
same,  at  the  price  of  $1  per  volume  and  $1  for  said  map;  but  no  person  who 
shall  become  such  owner  of  the  said  first  volume  or  of  any  of  the  said  consecu- 
tive volumes,  beginning  with  and  including  the  first  as  aforesaid,  under  the 
fifth  section  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act  relating  to  the  geological  survey  of  the 
State,"  passed  April  9,  1842,  shall  be  entitled  to  such  remaining  volumes,  except 
apon  payment  of  $1  per  volume  for  all  such  previous  volumes  of  which  he  shall 
become  the  owner  as  aforesaid. 

3.  If  the  booksellers  with  whom  contracts  for  the  sale  of  the  said  work  were 
heretofore  entered  into  shall  deliver  to  the  secretary  of  state  unsold  copies 
thereof  forming  complete  sets  of  the  same,  as  far  as  published,   the  said 
governor  and  secretary  are  hereby  authorized  to  sell  and  dispose  of  such  com- 
plete  sets  with  the  volumes  remaining  to  be  published  and  the  said  maps,  at 
the  price  of  $1  per  volume  and  $1  for  said  map. 

4.  The  governor  and  secretary  of  state  are  hereby  authorized  to  sell  the 
copyright  of  said  work  in  separate  portions  or  otherwise  as  soon  as  the  re- 
maining volumes  thereof  shall  be  published. 

5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  several  county  treasurers  of  this  State,  in  selling 
the  volumes  of  the  Natural  History  of  New  York,  in  pursuance  of  the  act 
entitled  "An  act  in  relation  to  the  Natural  History  of  New  York,"  passed  May 
8,  1S44,  to  sell  and  deliver  the  volumes  of  said  Natural  History,  first,  to  any 
such  person  or  association  as  shall  within  six  months  after  such  treasurer 
shall  have  received  hereafter  the  several  volumes  of  said  Natural  History, 
prove  to  the  satisfaction  of  said  treasurer,  that  he,   she,  or  they  are  the 
present  bona  fide  owners  of  the  preceding  volumes  of  said  Natural  History, 
sold  under  the  said  act  of  May  3,  1844,  by  the  treasurer  of  the  same  county 
to  whom  application  shall  be  made. 

6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

AD  act  in  relation  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,  passed  May  5,  1847. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Netv  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

1.  The  provisions  of  the  first  and  second  sections  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act 
concerning  the  Natural  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  passed  May  5, 
1846,  are  hereby  continued,  and  shall  be  in  force  for  the  term  of  one  year  from 
the  passage  of  this  act;  and  the  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  authorized  and 
directed  to  sell  to  such  of  the  institutions  named  in  the  first  section  of  the 
above-mentioned  act  which  now  are  or  hereafter  may  be  incorporated  during 
the  continuance  of  this  act,  copies  of  the  Natural  History  of  this  State,  upon 
the  conditions  and  subject  to  the  restrictions  therein  contained. 

2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

An  act  In  relation  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,  passed  April  16, 

1852. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  ennct  as  folloics: 

1.  The  provisions  of  the  first  and  second  sections  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act 
concerning  the  Natural  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  passed  May  5, 


344  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

1848  (see  p.  35),  are  hereby  continued,  and  shall  be  in  force  for  the  term  of 
two  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act;  and  the  secretary  of  state  is  hereby 
authorized  and  directed  to  sell  to  such  of  the  institutions  named  in  the  first 
section  of  the  above-mentioned  act  which  now  are  incorporated  during  the  con- 
tinuo.nce  of  this  act,  copies  of  the  Natural  History  of  this  State  upon  the  condi- 
tions and  subject  to  the  restrictions  therein  contained. 
2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

An  act  In  relation  to  the  Colonial  History  of  the  State  and  the  Natural  History  thereof, 
passed  April  10,  1859,  three-fifths  being  present. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Neic  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  folloics: 

******* 

SEC.  3.  The  volumes  of  the  Natural  History  of  the  State,  hereafter  to  be 
published,  shall,  when  sold,  be  disposed  of  at  not  less  than  $o  each,  instead  of 
the  price  now  fixed  by  law:  Provided  alicavs,  That  all  colleges,  academies^ 
scientific  institutions,  and  library  associations,  which  own  the  volumes  already 
published,  or  the  greater  part  of  them,  shall  have  the  right  to  complete  their 
sets  on  the  terms  heretofore  established  for  that  purpose. 

SEC.  4.  All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act 
are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Early  in  1850  an  act  was  passed  transferring  the  control  of  the 
survey  and  State  cabinet  into  the  care  of  the  secretary  of  state  and 
the  board  of  regents  of  the  State  university.  The  following  is  the 
text  of  this  act : 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  passed  April 

10,  1850. 

The  people  of  the  Stale  of  New  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

1.  The  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  take  charge  of 
all  the  matters  pertaining  to  the  prosecution  and  publication  of  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State. 

2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  and  the  secretary  of  the 
regents  of  the  university  to  examine  into  and  report  to  the  next  legislature 
upon  all  claims  that  may  be  made  upon  the  State  for  work  done  on  account  of 
the  geological  survey,  and  upon  all  contracts  that  may  exist  between  the  State 
and  individuals  for  work  yet  to  be  done  on  account  of  the  survey. 

3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  and  of  the  secretary  of  the 
regents  of  the  university  to  report  to  the  next  legislature  a  plan  for  the  final 
completion  of  said  survey,  and  to  submit  the  estimates  of  the  cost  of  eucb 
completion. 

4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Shortly  after  the  passage  of  this  act  the  secretary  of  the  board 
removed  Doctor  Emmons  from  the  curatorship  and  deprived  both  of 
the  geologists  of  their  quarters  in  the  old  State  house.  Expelled 
from  the  State  house,  writes  Stevenson,1  Hall  at  once  erected  a  build- 

» Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  of  America,  vol.  10,  1898,  p.  428. 


U.   S.    NATIONAL   MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  24 


JAMES  HALL 


STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  NEW   YORK,  1843  98; 
IOWA,    1855-58;  WISCONSIN     186062. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  345 

ing  adjoining  his  residence,  where  his  work  was  carried  on  until 
18-52,  when  he  removed  to  a  larger  house.  In  1857  he  erected  a  very 
commodious  brick  building  in  which  the  work  was  carried  on  until 
his  death. 

By  the  act  of  1850  the  legislators  cut  off  all  appropriations  for 
current  expenses  and  salaries,  according  to  J.  J.  Stevenson,  though 
for  some  reason,  which  is  not  apparent,  the  contract  for  engraving 
illustrations  for  the  reports  was  carried  on  and  small  appropriations 
made  for  drawings.  Although  the  State  thus  signified  its  intention 
to  abandon  the  work,  Hall  refused  to  give  up.1  Confident  that  it 
would  some  time  be  resumed,  he  retained  his  assistants  for  a  time 
and  continued  the  collecting  and  drawing  until  1855  at  his  own 
expense.  About  that  time,  despairing  of  any  assistance  from  the 
State,  he  accepted  a  proposition  made  years  before  by  Sir  William 
Logan  that  he  become  paleontologist  of  the  Canadian  survey.  This 
came  to  the  ears  of  the  Hon.  Elias  Leavenworth,  then  recently  elected 
secretary  of  state,  who  realized  that  to  abandon  the  work  in  its  in- 
complete condition  would  be  discreditable  to  the  State.  He  urged 
Professor  Hall  to  delay,  and  called  a  meeting,  which  was  attended 
by  J.  D.  Dana,  Louis  Agassiz,  W.  E.  Logan,  Mr.  Blatchford,  L.  C. 
Beck,  and  others,  to  consider  the  matter.  At  this  conference  a  plan 
for  continuing  the  work  was  prepared,  Professor  Hall  consenting  to 
remain  in  case  the  legislature  confirmed  the  agreement.  Through 
the  influence  of  Mr.  Leavenworth  such  agreement  was  reached,  and 
Professor  Hall  remained  to  carry  on  the  work  for  43  years  longer. 

With  the  apparent  purpose  of  showing  the  legislative  committee 
the  value  placed  upon  his  work  by  others  than  those  immediately 
interested.  Hall  in  1855  submitted  to  Sir  William  Logan,  of  the 
Canadian  survey,  a  series  of  questions  bearing  upon  the  subject. 
These,  together  with  their  answers,  are  given  below : 

1.  Have  you  been  acquainted  with  the  progress  of  the  paleontology  of  New 
York,  and  for  how  long  a  time? 

2.  What  is  your  opinion  of  the  value  and  usefulness  of  the  work  to  geologi- 
cal science  and  to  the  advancement  of  a  knowledge  of  the  geological  structure  of 
the  United  States? 

3.  Has  this  work,  as  far  as  published,  been  of  use  to  you  in  your  geological 
explorations  in  Canada? 

4.  At  the  commencement  of  the  investigations  of  the  paleontology  of  New 
York,  the  collections  of  the  geological  survey  contained  some  50  or  60  species 

1  In  the  report  of  the  assembly  committee  (Assembly  Doc.  No.  124,  Apr.  1,  1851)  ap- 
pointed to  take  cl-arge  of  the  publications  of  the  geological  reports.  April,  1851.  nn  esti- 
mate is  given  by  Professor  Hall  of  three  additional  volumes  on  paleontology.  These  it  is 
thought  would  cost  S1G.OOO  a  volume1,  exclusive  of  salaries  and  printing.  They  recom- 
ttended  that  the  work  be  completed  In  accordnnco  with  these  estimates,  and  that  for  the 
purpose  of  entering  this  the  sum  of  $2.500  be  paid  Professor  Hall  on  the  presentation  of 
the  manuscript  letterpress  of  each  volume  ready  for  the  printer,  together  with  the  foettlln 
described  therein.  Nothing  seems  to  have  come  from  this. 


846  BULLETIN   10S>,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

of  Lower  Silurian  fossils.  Do  you  think  it  would  have  been  judicious  or  de- 
sirable to  publish  a  work  upon  the  paleontology  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
in  which  only  this  number  of  Lower  Silurian  fossils  should  have  been  given? 

5.  There  were  less  than  50  species  in  the  same  collections  from  Medina  sand- 
stone, Clinton  group  and  Niagara  group,  being  in  each  instance  less  than 
one-sixth  of  the  number  published  from  these  formations  respectively  in  the 
first  and  second  volumes  of  the  paleontology  of  New  York.    The  same  condi- 
tion also  existed  in   relation  to  the  fossils  of  the  lower  Helderberg  period 
and  Oriskauy  sandstone,   which  are  comprised  in  the  third  volume,  now  in 
progress.    What,  in  your  opinion,  would  have  been  the  estimation  and  the  pres- 
ent opinion  of  that  portion  of  the  public  capable  of  judging  of  a  work  entitled 
the  "  Paleontology  of  New  York  "  which  would  have  given  some  50  or  GO  species 
from  each  of  the  periods  here  mentioned;  and  would  it  have  been  creditable 
to  either  the  author  or  to  the  State  under  whose  patronage  the  work  is  pub- 
lished? 

6.  In  the  volumes  of  this  work  already  published  a  few  species  of  fossils 
are  introduced  from  adjoining  States  into  which  the  same  geological  formations 
extended,  and  where  they  had  been  studied  by  the  author  with  a  view  to  bring 
them  into  harmony  with  the  system  and  nomenclature  adopted  in  New  York, 
What  is  your  opinion  of  the  propriety  and  importance  of  such  a  course,  and 
how  does  it  affect  the  value  of  these  publications? 

7.  Do  you  or  do  you  not  consider  that  New  York  has  by  this  publication  en- 
hanced or  sustained  her  claim  to  the  nomenclature  adopted  in  her  geological 
reports:  and  what  would  probably  have  been  the  result  in  reference  to  this 
nomeclature,  had  a  paleontology  been  published  in  that  work,  and  without  any 
reference  to  the  extension  of  the  same  formations,  into  other  States,  or  their 
identification  by  fossil  remains? 

8.  Have  you   any   means  of  knowing   the   opinion   of  other  geologists   or 
naturalists  in  this  country  or  in  Europe  in  reference  to  the  value  and  importance 
of  this  work  to  American  geology? 

9.  It  has  been  complained  of  that  too  many  illustrations  of  each  species 
are  given  in  the  plates  of  this  work.    Have  you  had  occasion  to  use  the  volumes 
for  the  comparison  of  your  species,  and  if  so,  have  you  often  found  superfluous 
figures  of  species? 

10.  Have  you  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  collections  which  have 
been  made  during  the  progress  of  the  work  on  the  paleontology  of  New  York, 
and  what  Is  your  opinion  of  the  same? 

11.  With  your  knowledge  and  experience  of  the  labor  and  expense  of  collect- 
ing specimens  for  such  a  work,  what  would  you  estimate  as  the  cost  of  making 
the  necessary  collections  for  each  volume  of  those  published,  or  upon  what  foot- 
ing would  you  consider  it  necessary  to  organize  such  a  department,  and  what 
time  would  be  required  with  that  organization  to  make  the  collections  from  the 
entire  areas  occupied  by  the  different  formations  embraced  therein;  and  to  com- 
plete a  volume  of  the  work  in  the  manner  already  done? 

12.  With  all  the  assistance  I  can  employ  in  making  collections,  and  with  the 
necessary  field  examinations  to  be  made  by  myself,  the  superiuteudence  of 
drawings,  engravings,  comparisons  of  species  with  others  described  in  similar 
works,  writing  descriptions,  and  superintending  the  printing  of  work.  I  have  esti- 
mated that  four  years  is  but  a  reasonable  time  to  be  allowed  for  each  volume. 
Will  you  express  an  opinion  on  this  point? 

13.  The   proposition   made  by   the   commissioners   having   direction   of   the 
department  is  that  I  shall  receive  $2,500  when  a  volume  is  completed,  and  (his 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  347 

sum  shall  include  the  fossils  described;  will  you  give  me  your  opinion  of  this 
proposition,  and  whether  it  is  such  a  one  as  any  man  competent  to  do  this  work 
would  accept  as  the  only  remuneration  for  his  services. 

14.  I  have  claimed  that  the  labor  and  expense  of  making  a  proper  collection 
for  the  preparation  of  the  work  on  the  paleontology  is  fully  equal  to,  or  even 
greater,  than  that  of  making  the  original  geological  surveys  and  collections  in 
the  same  districts  of  country  in  the  State  of  New  York.    What  is  your  opinion 
in  regard  to  this  point? 

15.  I  shall  be  further  under  obligations  to  yon  if  you  will  offer  any  suggestions 
as  to  the  proper  mode  of  organizing  this  department;  and  also  for  any  facts 
or  arguments  that  might  have  weight  with  the  authorities  in  New  York  having 
charge  of  this  work,  which  would  show  the  necessity  and  importance  of  carrying 
out  to  a  proper  degree  of  perfection  in  the  collections  the  results  of  the  survey 
of  New  York.    In  this  connection  I  would  consider  a  few  words  upon  the  plan 
and  ultimate  objects  of  your  geological  museum  of  great  importance. 

March  17,  1855. 

To  this  the  following  reply  was  received: 

GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OFFICE, 

Montreal,  March  17,  1855. 
To  Prof.  JAMES  HALL, 

Paleontologist  of  New  York. 

DEAR  SIB  :  In  reply  to  the  questions  you  have  proposed  to  me  on  the  subject 
of  the  publications  connected  with  the  paleontology  of  New  York  I  beg  to  send 
you  what  follows : 

1.  I  have  been  acquainted  with  the  progress  of  the  work  upon  the  paleon- 
tology of  New  York  ever  since  I  came  to  America  in  1843. 

2.  The  value  and  usefulness  of  the  work  to  geological  science  can  not  be  too 
highly  estimated.     It  constitutes  the  only  safe  guide  that  I  am  acquainted 
with  to  enable  us  to  understand  with  accuracy,  as  far  as  it  goes,  the  true  se- 
quence of  the  rocks  of  North  America  and  thus  to  follow  out  the  physical 
structure  of  the  continent. 

8.  After  undertaking  the  geological  survey  of  Canada  I  availed  myself  of  the 
first  opportunity  that  offered,  which  was,  I  believe,  in  the  beginning  of  1866, 
to  pay  a  visit  to  Albany  for  the  purpose  of  making  myself  acquainted,  as  far 
as  I  could,  with  what  was  known  of  the  paleontology  of  New  York.  The  first 
volume  of  your  work  was  not  then  published,  but  by  your  kindness  I  was  put 
in  advance  of  the  public  and  enabled  to  complete  a  tabular  list  comprehending 
every  fossil  known.  Many  of  these  were  not  then  specifically  named;  and  in 
addition  I  was  permitted  to  make  manuscript  copies  of  such  drawings  and 
plates  as  you  had,  representing  the  forms.  Without  this  I  should  have  been 
nrder  the  necessity  of  establishing  by  very  laborious  comparison  a  set  of 
paleontological  rules  for  myself.  But  with  it  I  was  at  once  enabled  to  enter 
upon  a  determination  in  detail  of  the  sequence  of  such  Canadian  rocks  as  came 
under  my  observation.  This  was,  however,  chiefly  in  regard  to  the  Lower  Silu- 
rian series.  But  even  in  regard  to  this  I  found  when  your  first  volume  came 
before  the  public  in  1866  that  you  had  added  greatly  to  the  number  of  species, 
and  this  volume  has  ever  since  been  a  most  valuable  guide.  Bulky  as  it  is, 
I  have  frequently  considered  it  expedient  to  take  it  to  the  field  with  me  when 
examining  Lower  Silurian  rocks  In  distant  localities.  In  the  list  I  obtained 
from  you  the  number  of  species  in  the  higher  rocks  were  so  much  fewer  that 
until  the  second  volume  came  out  the  want  of  equal  detail  from  undisturbed 
locality  rendered  the  determination  of  the  various  members  of  the  Upper  Silu- 


348  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUAl. 

rlan  and  Devonian  Series  of  Gasp6,  where  the  rocks  are  much  disturbed,  so 
very  difficult  a  problem  that  I  considered  it  would  be  a  saving  of  time  to 
wait  uutil  that  volume  should  appear  before  venturing  on  the  task;  and  your 
late  examination  of  our  collection  of  Gaspe,  fossils  will  have  shown  you  how 
lh;ble  I  should  have  been  to  commit  errors;  some  of  the  results  you  have  ob- 
tained indicating  the  propriety  of  a  reexainination  of  parts  to  ascertain  whether 
small  local  troughs  of  upper  rocks  are  not  placed  on  lower  ones,  when  mere 
mineral  evidence  would  lead  to  no  suspicion  of  the  fact.  It  will  be  readily 
seen  from  this  of  what  indispensable  use  your  paleontology  is  in  the  examina- 
tion of  Canada. 

4.  It  would  have  been  a  misfortune  to  the  geological  world  if  the  paleontol- 
ogy of  New  York  had  stopped  at  50  Lower  Silurian  species,  but  possibly  Canada 
In  that  case,  with  a  larger  number  of  unpublished  species  in  her  collection, 
might  the  sooner  have  been  tempted  to  figure  and  publish  them. 

5.  As  long  as  the  50  species  for  each  formation  were  considered  to  be  all  or 
nearly  all  that  were  to  be  found  after  diligent  search,  although  the  paucity  of 
species  might  have  surprised  naturalists,  and  have  led  to  wrong  conclusions 
in  respect  to  the  life  of  the  periods,  when  it  became  ultimately  known  that 
this  was  only  one-sixth  of  the  whole,  it  could  not  fail  to  be  considered  that 
in  giving  it  as  the  result  of  a  national  work,  the  State  had  been  lamentably 
deficent. 

6.  The  more  extended  the  comparison,  the  more  valuable  the  result;  and  in 
traveling  out  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  following  the  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  the  formations  which  compose  its  subsoil,  you  have  only  the  more  clearly 
shown  what  I  have  frequently  heard  Sir  Charles  Lyell  remark,  that  the  com- 
plete geology  of  New  York  is  the  key  to  that  of  all  North  America. 

7.  Until  some  other   State  in   the  Union   or  some  other  country   in  North 
America  shall  have  published  a  greater  number  than  New  York  of  the  fossil 
species  which  characterize  the  formations  common  to  both,  the  nomenclature 
of  New  York  will  remain  perfectly  secure.    Through  the  volumes  which  have 
been  published  on  the  paleontology  of  New  York  the  nomenclature  of  her  rocks 
has  become  classical  in  Europe  as  belonging  to  North  America.     If  New  York 
had  given  but  one-sixth  of  the  species  now  published,  it  seems  to  me  not  improb- 
able that  Canada  would  ultimately  have  a  fair  chance  (considering  the  unity 
of  design  with  which  the  investigation  of  the  geology  is  carried  on)  of  giving 
a  nomenclature  to  the  rocks  of  North  America.    In  regard  to  those  formations 
of  New  York  of  which  the  fossils  are  not  yet  published,  we  shall,  if  the  probable 
recommendations  of  the  present  geological  committee  of  our  legislature  assem- 
bly are  carried  out,  very  possibly  be  treading  on  your  heels.    It  would  only  be 
the  personal  consideration  due  to  one  who  had  done  so  much  as  you  have  for 
the  paleontology  of  North  America  and  so  materially  abridged  our  labor  by 
your  own  that  would  restrain  us  from  interfering. 

8.  In  1850  I  carried  to  England  upwards  of  50  boxes  of  Canadian  fossils, 
each  box  requiring  two  men  to  lift  it,  with  a  view  of  mnkinsr,  with  the  aid 
of  the  paleontologists  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  United  Kingdom,  a  com- 
parison between  American  and  European  tyi>es.    A  partial  examination  of  the 
collection  was  made  by  Mr.  Salter.    In  the  course  of  it  mnny  English  and  con- 
tinental European  authorities  in  paleontology  were  referred  to,  but  to  ascer- 
tain whether  the  fossils  were  new  to  America  the  only  reference  it  was  con- 
sidered necessary  to  make  was  to  your  publications.    This,  of  course,  regnrded 
Lower  Silurinn  species,  your  second  volume  not  being  then  published,  but  you 
can  judge  from  th's  the  estimation  in  which  the  first  volume  is  held  in  Eng- 
land as  an  American  authority. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  349 

9.  It  appears  to  me  it  can  be  only  those  who  have  not  the  task  of  comparison 
Imposed  on  them  that  can  complain  of  too  much  illustration.     In  working  out 
my  fossils  I  have  often  regretted  that  you  do  not  always  give  five  distinct  views 
of  each  bivalve  shell  to  make  it  understood  in  all  its  aspects.    In  regard  to  all 
shells  it  is  of  great  importance  when  you  light  upon  a  fertile  habitat  of  some 
one  species  to  gi\e  the  gradations  of  form  that  constitute  varieties,  often  show- 
Ing  such  diversities  in  the  extremes  as  without  the  gradations  might  be  taken 
for  different  species.    It  is  important  also  to  give  the  gradations  from  young 
to  old. 

10.  On  a  very  recent  occasion  I  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  collec- 
tion made  by  you  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  you  to  bring  out  in  the  best  man- 
ner the  paleontology  of  New  York.    In  my  opinion  it  is  a  most  valuable  and 
magnificent  one. 

To  the  remaining  questions  I  shall  endeavor  to  reply  on  a  future  occasion. 
I  am,  dear  sir, 

Very  truly,  yours, 

(Signed)  W.  E.  LOGAN. 

GEOLOGICAL  SUBVEY  OFFICE, 

Montreal,  March  20,  1855. 
To  Prof.  Js.  HALL, 

Paleontologist  of  New  York. 

DEAR  SIR  :  In  addition  to  the  replies  I  sent  you  yesterday  I  have  further  to 
state  in  answer  to  your  questions  11,  12.  13,  14,  and  15.  that  it  must  unavoidably 
require  a  very  considerable  time  to  make  such  a  collection  of  material  as  you 
exhibited  to  me  at  Albany.  Either  through  personal  observation  or  the  work  of 
persons  in  whose  skill  and  fidelity  you  can  place  implicit  reliance,  it  is  necessary 
to  ascertain  the  exact  locality  of  every  specimen,  not  merely  geographically 
but  geologically,  and  to  know  how  each  individual  bed  of  rock  from  which  a 
fossil  is  derived  is  related  to  all  the  rest.  Where  individual  species  are  largely 
developed  it  is  requisite  to  ascertain  what  conditions  in  the  deposit  accompany 
so  fruitful  a  habitat,  and  a  very  large  number  of  individuals  from  such  a 
locality  should  be  taken  in  order  to  determine  what  is  normal  and  what  ab- 
normal in  the  form.  The  variations  of  the  same  species  in  different  localities 
must  be  attended  to  and  the  differences  in  the  deposits  which  accompany  these 
variations.  When  exposures  of  great  thickness  in  any  formation  are  met  with, 
each  bed  should  be  observed  separately,  and  all  the  fossils  from  it  should  be 
kept  and  registered  separately  until  a  proper  comparison  of  the  contents  of  the 
bed  is  made  with  those  of  all  the  rest,  and  all  the  evidence  made  available 
for  n  history  of  the  accumulation  of  the  deposits  and  of  the  events  affecting  the 
life  of  the  period.  When  apparent  defalcations  occur  in  the  sequence  especial 
care  must  be  exercised  to  ascertain  whether  formations  supposed  to  be  absent 
may  not  be  represented  by  some  thin  layer  characterized  by  its  fossils.  Much 
confusion  and  dispute  has  occasionally  arisen  from  the  foss;ls  of  a  bed  of  this 
description  having  been  mingled  with  those  of  the  deposits  above  or  below. 
To  make  such  a  collection  as  you  have,  and  to  attend  in  so  doing  to  all  such 
details  as  are  here  enumerated,  over  a  great  area,  more  time,  labor  and  expense 
would  be  required  than  were  absorbed  in  the  original  geological  exploration  of 
New  York. 

It  appears  to  me  that  four  years  is  a  very  moderate  time  for  the  production 
of  such  an  original  and  valuable  volume  as  each  of  yours  on  the  paleontology 
of  New  York  and  $2,500  a  wholly  inadequate  remuneration  for  the  work 


350  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

of  a  pei-sou  capable  of  producing  it,  in  such  a  mariner  as  will  be  creditable  to 
himself  and  to  the  State.  In  the  estimate  which  I  have  given  to  our  geological 
committee  for  the  publication  of  fossils,  I  have  stated  that  for  a  decade  such 
as  those  published  by  the  government  geological  survey  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
comprehending  drawings  and  engravings  of  10  octavo  plates,  with  letterpress 
descriptions  and  the  printing  of  2,000  copies,  one  decade  to  be  put  forth  in  a 
year,  the  sum  of  £500  currency  or  $2,000  would  be  required.  But  this  of  course 
excludes  the  collection  of  the  fossils,  which  would  be  a  labor  to  be  paid  for 
separately.  At  present  the  collection  of  the  fossils  is  part  of  the  work  performed 
by  the  officers  of  the  survey  and  great  attention  is  devoted  to  making  the  col- 
lection as  copious  as  possible,  in  order  that  the  provincial  museum  may  contain 
as  full  evidence  as  can  be  obtained  to  prove  the  true  sequence  of  the  formations 
and  of  the  useful  materials  with  which  they  are  associated. 

The  arrangements  of  the  museum  are  intended  to  be  an  imitation  of  those 
of  the  museum  of  practical  geology  in  Ixmdon  connected  with  the  British  Gov- 
ernment survey.  The  objects  held  in  view  are  the  science  of  geology  and  its 
application  to  the  useful  purpose  of  life.  In  the  ordinary  arrangements  of  min- 
erals in  museums  they  are  exhibited  as  they  are  related  to  one  another  in 
crystalline  form,  chemical  composition  or  some  other  marks  of  individuality 
by  which  they  can  be  grouped.  Such  an  arrangement  teaches  mineralogy. 
They  may  be  shown  as  they  are  grouped  together  in  the  veins  or  beds  which 
contain  them,  with  the  character  and  attitude  of  the  beds  and  of  the  veins 
which  intersect  them.  If  to  these  particulars  be  added  the  sequence  of  the 
strata  and  the  fossils  which  mark  them,  the  arrangement  would  illustrate  the 
geological  relations  of  minerals.  Another  mode  of  displaying  them  might  com- 
prehend the  useful  purpose  to  which  they  can  be  devoted  and  it  is  in  this  ar- 
rangement perhaps  that  a  national  collection  of  mineral  substances  can  be 
made  most  available  for  the  instruction  of  the  public. 

Including  this  branch  of  the  subject  the  provincial  museum  is  intended  to 
display  by  specimens  the  mineral  and  mechanical  character  of  the  rocks  of  which 
the  country  is  composed;  by  geological  maps  and  sections,  their  geographical 
distribution  and  their  attitude;  by  fossils,  the  marks  and  brands  which  distin- 
guish them  in  their  sequence;  and  by  examples,  the  useful  purposes  to  which 
their  contents  can  be  applied.  In  a  new  country  just  beginning  to  ascertain 
Its  possession  of  useful  minerals,  one  of  the  most  difficult  things  is  to  intro- 
duce the  skill  required  to  make  them  available.  Descriptions  of  them  and  their 
applications  may  be  written  and  printed,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  get  the  descriptions 
read;  hut  it  requires  little  tuition  to  comprehend  the  objects  of  industrial  art 
when  they  are  addressed  to  the  eye,  and  imitative  skill  is  more  easily  excited 
by  the  sight  of  such  objects  than  by  written  descriptions,  even  where  they  are 
understood.  In  a  collection  of  such  objects  many  persons  to  whom  the  knowl- 
edge would  in  no  other  wny  come,  may  recognize  many  substances  wh'ch  they 
have  in  abundance  at  their  own  door,  but  of  which  they  know  not  the  use.  The 
examples  which  show  this  use  may  prompt  attempts  to  make  them  available; 
and  the  collection  thus  becoming  a  school  of  mineral  arts  might  be  the  means 
of  exciting  native  Industry. 

T  f>m,  dear  sir. 

Very  truly,  yours, 

(Signed)  W.  E.  LOGAN. 

Benefits. — According  to  Hall,  the  few  years'  field  work  of  the  gre.o- 
logical  survey  of  New  York  resulted  in  harmonizing:  the  conflicting 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  351 

views  before  entertained  regarding  the  relations  of  the  eastern  and 
western  parts  of  the  State;  they  had  traced  the  boundaries  of  the 
successive  geological  formations,  had  shown  the  extent  and  limits  of 
the  iron-bearing  strata,  and  had  rectified  the  erroneous  views  which 
had  been  held  until  sometime  after  the  commencement  of  the  survey, 
regarding  the  boundaries  and  distribution  of  the  salt-bearing  forma- 
tions of  the  State.  They  had  also  shown  the  extent  of  the  granitic 
formations  and  their  associated  mineral  products,  the  thickness  and 
extent  of  all  the  limestone,  sandstone,  and  shale  formations  of  the 
State,  and  had  definitely  settled  the  relations  of  the  rocks  of  New 
York  to  the  coal  measures  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  geological  for- 
mations of  the  Western  States. 

Their  labors  had  in  a  great  degree  quieted  the  feverish  anxiety 
regarding  the  discovery  of  coal  within  the  limits  of  New  York,  for 
which  frequent  explorations  had  been  made  in  the  black  slates  of 
Hudson  River  valley  and  elsewhere,  involving  the  expenditure  of 
much  money *  and  loss  of  time.  During  these  years  the  New  York 
geologists  had  accumulated  a  vast  amount  of  material  and  of  facts 
regarding  the  geological  formations  within  the  State,  proving  con- 
clusively that  they  could  not  be  paralleled  with  any  of  the  de- 
scribed and  well-determined  formations  of  Europe.  The  Silurian 
system  of  Murchison,  although  covering  a  portion  of  similar  ground, 
was  not  broad  enough  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  geology  of 
New  York.  Thus  failing  to  find  the  means  of  comparison  and 
identification,  the  term  "  New  York  system  "  was  proposed,  to  em- 
brace the  sedimentary  formations  from  the  Potsdam  sandstone  to 
the  base  of  the  Carboniferous  system;  or,  as  the  formations  were 
developed  in  New  York  and  southerly  into  Pennsylvania,  the  up- 
ward extension  of  this  system  reached  the  base  of  the  coal  measures. 
The  term,  then,  was  made  to  include  the  formations  ordinarily  em- 
braced in  the  names  of  Cambrian.  Silurian,  and  Devonian  of  Eng- 
land and  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  geological  series  of  New 
York  was  found  to  be  so  complete  that  the  succession  left  no  lines  or 
breaks  for  the  establishment  of  systems,  the  whole  being  but  a  single 
system,  and,  it  is  added,  had  the  older  rocks  of  the  globe  been  first 
studied  in  New  York  no  such  terms  or  subdivisions  would  ever  have 
found  their  way  into  geological  nomenclature.  There  being  no 
possibility  of  identifying  the  individual  rocks  and  groups  of  strata 
with  those  of  Europe  as  they  had  been  described,  the  New  York 
geologists  felt  compelled  to  give  names  to  the  different  members  of 
the  series,  and  since  the  sandstones,  limestones,  slates,  and  shales 

1  Dnrlne  the  r>0  ypars  preceding  1840  more  than  n  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  had 
been  thus  expended  In  the  Hudson  Valley  alone. 

136075—20 24 


352  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

were  so  similar  in  different  and  successive  groups,  it  was  impossible 
to  give  descriptive  names  which  would  discriminate  one  from  the 
other.  Local  names,  as  Potsdam  sandstone,  Trenton  limestone, 
Niagara  limestone,  etc.,  were  therefore  adopted. 

This  method  or  system  of  nomenclature  left  no  probability  of 
mistake  or  confusion  which  might  arise  from  a  different  appreciation 
of  descriptive  terms,  since  the  typical  locality  as  indicated  by  the 
name  always  remained  for  study  and  reference.  The  progress  of 
geological  science  in  the  country  had  been  under  great  indebtedness 
to  this  system  of  nomenclature. 

Referring  to  the  cost  of  the  survey,  Hall  says : 

The  value  of  the  results  is  sometimes  estimated  by  a  similar  standard — th»t 
is.  by  dollars— but  the  people  of  the  State  of  New  York  might  with  equal  pro- 
priety measure  the  value  of  the  common-school  system  by  the  commercial  value 
of  their  schoolhouses  and  grounds.  The  absurdity  would  be  equally  as  great  in 
the  one  as  in  the  other.  Like  the  system  of  public  education,  the  results  of  the 
geological  survey  have  penetrated  into  every  school  district  and  into  every  corner 
of  the  State,  and  these  results  are  not  to  be  measured  by  the  figures  representing 
dollars,  but  by  the  increased  intelligence  of  the  people  and  the  proud  satisfaction 
that  we  have  been  able  to  lay  broad  and  deep  foundations  of  geological  science 
In  the  soil  of  a  people  whose  motto  is  "  Excelsior." * 

State  museum. — In  his  report  for  1836  relating  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  survey,  the  secretary  of  state  called  attention  to  a  peti- 
tion by  the  Albany  Institute  in  1834  asking  State  aid  in  forming 
"a  grand  and  comprehensive  collection  of  the  natural  productions 
of  the  State  of  New  York  to  exhibit  at  one  view  and  under  one  roof 
its  animal  and  mineral  wealth."  He  did  not,  however,  recommend 
that  such  an  arrangement  be  entered  into  with  the  institute,  but 
rather  that  rooms  on  the  third  floor  of  the  capitol  building  be  pre- 
pared for  the  exhibition  of  the  collections.  This  arrangement,  how- 
ever, proved  inadequate,  and  in  his  message  to  the  legislature,  dated 
February  27,  1839,  Governor  Seward  wrote  as  follows : 

It  ought  to  be  known  to  the  legislature  that  the  collections  of  specimens  will 
far  exceed  in  number  and  value  the  expectations  indulged  at  the  time  of  the  pas- 
sage of  the  act  and  can  not  be  profitably  nor  conveniently  deposited  in  the  State 
Library  or  in  any  apartments  in  the  capitol  which  can  be  appropriated  for  that 
purpose.  The  whole  collection  will  form  a  museum  of  the  highest  scientific 
interest.  Unless  suitable  arrangements  are  made  for  its  preservation  and  ex- 
hibition the  benefits  of  the  survey  will  be  in  a  great  measure  lost. 

Later  (in  1840),  in  response  to  a  memorial  from  the  geologists 
urging  the  importance  of  providing  suitable  rooms  or  a  separate 
building  for  the  collections  made  during  the  survej',  Governor 
Seward  recommended  that  the  old  state  hall  be  thus  utilized.  This 
was  provided  for  by  the  act  of  April  12, 1842. 

'Popular  Science  Monthly,   vol.   22.   1882-83. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  353 

In  the  reports  of  the  survey,  dated  January,  18-12,  it  is  stated  that 
eight  suites  of  specimens  had  been  collected,  the  one  which  was  de- 
signed for  preservation  by  the  State  comprising  some  20,000  speci- 
mens. 

By  the  act  of  1843  (see  p.  332)  the  governor  was  authorized  to 
continue  the  services  of  one  or  both  of  the  geologists  who  were 
living  in  Albany,  Ebenezer  Emmons  and  James  Hall,  for  the  purpose 
of  completing  and  arranging  the  collections  of  specimens  in  the  old 
state  hall,  and  in  accordance  with  this  authority,  Doctor  Emmons 
was  for  a  time  charged  with  this  arrangement.  The  building  re- 
ferred to  as  the  old  state  hall  followed  on  the  same  site  the  original 
building  erected  for  State  offices  in  1797  during  the  governorship  of 
John  Jay,  and  which  was  made  over  in  1855  into  the  geological  hall. 

By  virtue  of  an  act  passed  May  10,  1845,  and  constituting  chapter 
179  of  the  laws  of  that  year,  the  regents  of  the  university,  to  whom 
was  committed  the  care  of  the  "  State  cabinet  of  natural  history," 
were  authorized  to  make  a  suitable  provision  for  the  safe-keeping  of 
the  collections  and  a  small  appropriation  ($800  annually)  was  made 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  custodianship.  Under  the  authority  thus 
vested  in  the  regents  of  the  university,  annual  reports  were  begun 
upon  the  condition  of  the  State  cabinet  of  natural  history,  the  first 
of  these  being  dated  April  11,  1848.  The  administration  of  the 
affairs  of  the  natural  history  collections  was  carried  on  as  an  inde- 
pendent charge  of  the  regents  for  many  years,  during  which  period 
the  scientific  investigations,  which  were  being  prosecuted  by  Prof. 
James  Hall  in  paleontology,  Dr.  Ebenezer  Emmons  in  agriculture 
and  geology,  and  by  Dr.  Asa  Fitch  in  entomology,  were  entirely 
independent  of  the  organization  of  the  State  cabinet. 

The  custodianship  of  the  collections  was  first  assigned  to  John 
Washington  Taylor,  who  was  succeeded  by  John  Gebhard,  jr.,  and 
he,  in  1859,  was  followed  by  Col.  Ezekiel  Jewett.  After  seven  years 
of  service  Colonel  Jewett  resigned,  and  in  I860  Professor  Hall  was 
made  curator  of  the  State  cabinet,  as  noted  later. 

Up  to  this  time  the  development  of  the  museum  along  truly  scien- 
tific lines  had  been  but  slight.  The  collections  had  failed  to  exem- 
plify the  progress  of  scientific  investigations  in  the  State,  and 
although  it  was  supposed  that  they  would  continue  to  be  the  deposi- 
tory of  the  scientific  work  still  in  progress,  this  did  not  altogether 
prove  to  be  the  case.  Provision  was  made  for  their  development  and 
increase  only  by  the  most  meager  annual  appropriations  and  the 
condition  aroused  the  solicitude  both  of  the  board  of  regents  and  of 
the  friends  of  science  throughout  the  State. 

Following  this  the  regents  of  the  university  addressed  a  letter  to 
numerous  scientific  men  throughout  the  country  asking  suggestions 


354  BUIJLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

as  to  the  best  mode  of  putting  in  force  the  objects  of  the  legislature 
as  expressed  in  the  resolution  referred  to.  The  following  is  a  literal 
transcription  of  this  letter : 

OFFICE  OF  THE  REGENTS  OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOSK, 

Albany,  June  1,  1865. 

SIK:  The  seriate  and  the  assembly  of  the  State  of  New  York,  on  the  24th  of 
April  last,  each  adopted  the  following  resolution : 

Whereas  the  collections  in  geology,  mineralogy,  and  other  departments  of 
natural  history,  made  by  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  were  committed  to 
the  charge  of  the  regents  of  the  university  by  act  of  the  legislature  in  1845, 
and  the  reports  published  before  and  since  that  period  as  the  results  of  the  sur- 
vey, have  conferred  great  credit  upon  the  State  of  New  York,  both  at  home  and 
abroad,  and  the  nomenclature  proposed  by  her  geologists  has  been  adopted  by 
other  States,  and  in  the  geological  survey  of  Canada,  and  is  well  known,  appre- 
ciated, and  recognized  by  the  scientific  men  of  Europe;  and 

Whereas  great  progress  has  been  made  since  that  period  in  geological  in- 
vestigations, both  here  and  abroad,  and  it  is  due  to  science,  as  well  as  a  suitnble 
recognition  of  the  great  credit  given  to  the  State  of  New  York,  that  her  pre- 
eminence be  sustained  by  keeping  up  the  character  and  authenticity  of  her  col- 
lections as  a  museum  of  practical  and  scientific  geology :  Therefore  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  regents  of  the  university  report  to  the  legislature  at  its 
next  session  what  means  may  be  necessary,  together  with  a  plan,  for  placing 
the  State  cabinet  of  natural  history  in  the  condition  required  by  the  present 
state  of  science,  and  to  maintain  it  in  full  efficiency  as  a  museum  of  scientific 
and  practical  geology  and  comparative  zoology;  and  whether  the  establishment 
of  a  system  of  free  lectures  in  connection  with  the  cabinet  is  desirable,  and  If 
so,  on  what  general  plan  the  same  should  be  founded. 

The  regents  of  the  university  have  committed  the  duty  of  preparing  their 
answer  to  this  resolution  to  their  standing  committee  on  the  State  cabinet  of 
natural  history. 

In  the  discharge  of  this  duty  the  committee  desire  to  avail  themselves  of  the 
aid  of  those  whose  special  studies  relate  to  the  subject  of  natural  history  in  any 
of  its  branches  and  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  increase  and  spread  of  knowl- 
edge. They  trust  that  the  general  scientific  and  economic  interests  to  be  sub- 
served by  the  action  contemplated  in  the  resolution  will  induce  cordial  coopera- 
tion with  them  on  the  part  of  those  to  whom  this  circular  letter  is  addressed. 

They  will  be  obliged  to  you  for  the  expression  of  your  views  and  suggestions 
npon  any  or  all  of  the  following  topics,  or  upon  any  branch  of  them : 

1st.  Plans  for  placing  the  State  cabinet  of  natural  history  in  the  condition  re- 
quired by  the  present  state  of  science  and  for  maintaining  it  in  full  efficiency  as 
a  museum  of  scientific  and  practical  geology  and  comparative  zoology. 

2d.  The  proper  organization  of  a  scientific  staff  to  carry  out  such  plans  and 
estimates  of  the  proper  compensation  thereof  and  of  the  other  expenditures, 
temporary  or  permanent,  requisite  to  the  attainment  of  the  ends  in  view. 

3d.  The  desirableness  of  a  system  of  free  lectures  in  connection  with  the  cabi- 
net, and  if  deemed  desirable,  a  general  plan  for  founding  such  a  system  of 
lectures. 

Answers  are  requested  as  early  at  least  as  the  1st  of  September  next,  to  be 
addressed  to  the  undersigned  at  Albany. 

I  hnve  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

S.  B.  WOOLWOBTH, 
Secretary  of  the  Regents,  on  behalf  of  the  Committee. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       355 

Replies  to  this  were  received  from  J.  D.  Dana,  W.  E.  Logan,  T. 
Sterry  Hunt,  Alexander  Winchell,  Oren  Root,  Alexander  Agassiz, 
F.  B.  Hough,  A.  A.  Gould,  and  J.  J.  Thomas.1  As  a  result,  the 
regents,  in  the  annual  report  for  this  year,  submitted  a  "plan  for 
placing  the  State  cabinet  of  natural  history  in  the  condition  re- 
quired by  the  present  state  of  science :  to  maintain  it  in  full  efficiency 
ns  a  museum  of  scientific  and  practical  geology  and  comparative 
zoology,"  communicating  therewith  the  replies  to  their  circular  letter 
from  the  various  scientific  men  of  eminence,  noted  above. 

In  1866,  again,  in  accordance  with  the  plan  and  resolutions,  James 
Hall  was  appointed  by  the  regents  to  take  the  position  of  curator  of 
the  State  cabinet  with  a  view  to  carrying  out  the  recommendations 
embraced  in  their  report.  During  1867,  1868,  and  1869  fruitless 
efforts  were  made  at  each  session  of  the  legislature  to  secure  the 
passage  of  a  suitable  law,  but  action  was  not  formally  taken  until 
1870,  when  a  law  was  passed  organizing  the  cabinet  as  the  "  State 
Museum  of  Natural  History."  and  appropriating  $10,000  annually 
to  provide  for  the  salary  of  the  director  and  his  assistants  and  for 
the  increase  and  preservation  of  the  collections.  At  this  time  also 
the  additional  sum  of  $1,500  was  appropriated  for  the  annual  salary 
of  the  botanist. 

Following  is  the  text  of  the  act : 

An  act  In  relation  to  the  State  Cabinet  of  Natural  History,  passed  May  2,  1870,  three- 
fifths  being  present. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  folloics: 

SECTION  1.  The  State  cabinet  of  natural  history  is  hereby  established  as  a 
museum  of  scientific  and  practical  geology  and  general  natural  history,  at  the 
capital  of  the  State,  under  the  care  and  custody  of  the  regents  of  the  university, 
to  be  known  hereafter  as  "  The  New  York  State  Museum  of  Natural  History." 

2.  The  museum  shall  be  organized  in  accordance  with  the  plan  recommended 
to  the  legislature  by  the  board  of  regents  in  their  report  of  1866,  and  the  present 
curator  shall  act  as  director  of  the  museum  and  shall  supervise  and  direct  all 
Its  scientific  and  practical  operations,  and  he  shall  appoint  such  assistants  or 
curators  of  departments  as  may  be  required  for  the  accomplishment  of  said 
plan,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  chancellor  of  the  board  of  regents  or  the  com- 
mittee of  the  same  having  charge  of  the  museum. 

3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  director  of  the  museum  and  the  chancellor  of 
the  board  of  regents  to  organize  a  plan  and  make  the  necessary  arrangements  to 
establish  an  annual  course  of  free  scientific  lectures  in  connection  with  the  mu- 
seum as  goon  as  practicable  and  within  two  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act. 

4.  For  the  salary  of  the  director  as  established  in  the  appropriation  bill  of 
1870,  for  three  assistants  as  now  employed  by  him,  and  for  the  increase  and 
preservation  of  the  collection,  the  sum  of  $10,000  annually  shall   be,  and  Is 
bereby,  appropriated,  and  all  expenditures  for  compensation  of  assistants  or  for 

1  Printed  in  full  in  the  Nineteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Natural  History  Survey, 
1866. 


356  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  increase  and  preservation  of  the  collections  shall  be  made  by  the  director 
with  the  approval  of  the  chancellor  of  the  board  of  regents. 

5.  The  botanical  department  as  now  organized  shall  be  continued,  as  originally 
contemplated,  for  three  years  from  the  end  of  the  present  year. 

6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  its  final  passage. 

This  was  supplemented  the  following  year  as  below : 

An  act  to  amend  an  act  entitled  "An  act  in  relation  to  the  State  Cabinet  of  NatnnU 
History,"  passed  May  2,  1870;  passed  April  25,  1871,  three-fifths  being  present. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  yew  York,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  assistants  and  curators  of  departments  provided  for  by  the 
second  section  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act  in  relation  to  the  State  Cabinet  of 
Natural  History,"  passed  May  2,  1870,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  director  of  the 
State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  board  of  regents 
of  the  university. 

2.  The  annual  course  of  free  scientific  lectures  authorized  by  the  third  section 
of  said  act  shall  be  organized  under  the  direction  of  the  board  of  regents  and 
the  director  of  the  State  museum. 

3.  The  moneys  appropriated  by  the  fourth  section  of  the  act  above  named  shall 
be  expended  by  the  director  of  the  State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  with  the 
approval  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  university. 

4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

For  James  Hall,  as  State  geologist,  for  the  use  of  working  rooms, 
fuel,  lights,  and  other  expenses  incurred,  for  the  preparation  of  the 
paleontology  of  New  York,  and  for  the  distribution  of  duplicate 
fossils,  as  provided  by  law.  to  the  1st  of  January,  1871,  there  was 
appropriated  $1,000. 

The  following  letter  illustrates  pretty  clearly  the  disadvantages 
under  which  Hall  had  been  laboring  and  the  necessity  for  such 
action : 

ATJ-.ANY,  March  27,  1871. 
Hon.  DE  WITT  C.  LITTLEJOHN. 

DEAB  SIB  :  I  send  you  with  my  sincere  regards  volume  4,  Paleontology  of  New 
York,  and  I  hope  I  may  have  the  pleasure  of  sending  you  the  succeeding  vol- 
umes, though  I  learn  that  the  committee  of  ways  and  means  at  its  last  session 
struck  out  the  appropriation  for  the  original  drawings  for  the  work. 

I  have  yet  to  come  before  the  committee  of  ways  and  means  to  ask  for  a  sum 
to  defray  in  part  the  expense  of  working  rooms  and  other  expenses  while  en- 
gaged in  this  work  and  I  bespeak  your  patience  and  forbearance.  For  all  my 
own  labor  upon  this  work  in  superintending  drawings  and  engravings  I  have 
received  nothing  since  1866.  Three  separate  laws  have  been  passed  requiring 
that  I  arrange  and  label  a  collection  of  duplicate  fossils  for  several  institutions. 
There  are  no  working  rooms  at  the  State  museum  adapted  for  this  work  and  I 
have  been  compelled  to  furnish  them.  In  order  to  have  greater  conveniences  T 
have  begun  and  nearly  completed  the  fitting  up  of  the  principal  part  of  an  entire 
building  of  30  by  45  feet,  two-thirds  of  the  basement  and  all  of  the  principal 
and  part  of  the  second  story  being  devoted  to  this  work.  Between  November  of 
last  year  and  the  month  of  May,  1871,  I  shall  have  expended  at  least  $1,500  to 
prepare  working  rooms,  drawers,  etc.,  required  for  this  work. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  357 

With  these  additional  duties,  as  also  that  imposed  by  a  resolution  of  the  legis- 
lature and  commissioners  of  the  land  office  requiring  me  to  be  on  duty  two  even 
ings  in  the  week,  I  shall  receive  no  extra  compensation,  and  I  hope  the  com 
mittee  may  feel  disposed  to  grant  a  part  of  the  money  I  have  found  it  necessary 
to  expend  hi  the  manner  specified. 

I  am  very  sincerely  and  respectfully,  yours, 

(Signed)  JAMES  HAU,. 

In  1883,  by  legislative  enactment,  the  work  of  the  State  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  of  the  State  paleontologist,  of  the  State  botanist, 
and  of  the  State  entomologist,  was  brought  together  under  the  charge 
of  the  regents  of  the  university,  each  becoming  a  department  of  the 
museum.  The  following  is  the  text  of  this  act : 

AD  act  to  regulate  the  State  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  publication  of  the  pale 
ontology  of  the  State,  passed  May  4,  1883,  three-fifths  being  present. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  yew  Yorfc,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follotcs: 

SECTION  1.  For  the  purpose  of  providing  sufficient  and  fireproof  accommoda- 
tions for  the  collections  of  natural  history  belonging  to  the  State  the  regents  of 
the  university,  as  trustees  of  the  State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  are  hereby 
directed,  in  pursuance  of  the  concurrent  resolution  of  the  legislature,  passed  on 
the  24th  day  of  March,  1SS1,  to  occupy  for  the  purposes  of  said  museum  the 
several  rooms  of  the  State  hall  as  they  may  be  vacated  by  the  present  occupants, 
and  said  trustees  are  hereby  directed  to  fit  up  and  prepare  said  rooms  in  a  suit- 
able manner  and  to  remove  thither  and  arrange  in  order  for  exhibition,  as  soon 
as  may  be,  the  collections  of  said  museum.  Said  trustees  shall  also  make  pro 
vision  for  and  remove  to  said  State  hall,  to  be  a  part  of  said  museum,  all  the 
fossils,  minerals,  and  other  property  of  the  State  now  in  the  charge  of  the  State 
geologist,  In  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  chapter  270  of  the  laws  of  1S82 ;  and 
the  sum  of  $20,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appro- 
priated for  the  expenses  of  fitting  up  and  removal  as  provided  in  this  section,  to 
be  paid  on  vouchers  approved  by  said  trustees. 

SEC.  2.  The  scientific  staff  of  the  museum,  to  be  appointed  by  said  trustees, 
shall  consist  of  a  director,  who  may  also  be  Stale  geologist,  ;\nd  whose  com- 
pensation shall  be  the  same  as  now  fixed  by  law,  and  of  three  assistants,  to- 
gether with  such  special  assistants  as  may  be  necessary,  whose  compensation 
shall  be  fixed  from  time  to  time  by  said  trustees,  together  with  the  State  geolo- 
gist and  State  entomologist  and  botanist,  as  these  officers!  are  now  defined  and 
provided  for  by  law;  and  all  the  collections  made  by  the  members  of  said  staff 
during  their  terms  of  service  shall  belong  to  and  form  a  part  of  the  collections  of 
the  museum;  and  the  trustees  of  said  museum  shall  be  authorized  to  publish 
each  year  the  scientific  contributions  of  said  staff  and  such  other  original 
scientific  contributions  as  they  may  deem  expedient,  which  publication  shall  be 
in  lieu  of  the  reports  now  required  by  law  from  the  State  geologist  and  State 
entomologist,  and  of  the  scientific  papers  communicated  each  year  to  the  legis- 
lature, along  with  the  annexed  report  of  said  trustees ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  said  trustees  to  distribute  from  the  duplicate  specimens  of  the  museum  to 
Institutions  of  learning  such  collections  as  may  be  available  and  suitable  for 
that  purpose,  as  directed  by  a  concurrent  resolution  of  the  legislature,  passed 
on  the  14th  day  of  March,  1881,  and  to  provide  facilities  in  the  museum  for  the 


358  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL    MUsLL'Al. 

study  of  its  collections,  and  by  means  of  printed  handiHiokH  de*<  i.i'HiL;  said  col- 
lections, and  in  such  other  ways  as  may  be  practicable  to  make  said  museum  ft 
means  of  instruction  to  the  citizens  of  the  State.  In  order  to  provide  for  the 
expense  of  printing  the  aforesaid  scientific  publications,  and  in  order  to  increase 
the  usefulness  and  efficiency  of  said  museum  as  aforesaid,  the  annual  appropria- 
tion to  be  made  for  its  maintenance  shall  be  $15,000,  to  be  paid  on  vouchers 
approved  by  said  trustees. 

SEC.  3.  The  trustees  of  the  State  Museum  of  Natural  History  are  hereby 
appointed  to  supervise  the  completion  of  the  pubM  cation  of  the  paleontology 
of  the  State,  to  contract  for  the  preparation  and  printing  thereof,  and  to 
audit  and  certify  to  the  expenditures  therefor;  and  it  is  hereby  provided  that 
one  volume  of  said  paleontology  shall  be  published  within  one  year  from  the 
execution  of  the  contract  for  its  prepa'ration,  that  a  second  volume  shall  be 
published  within  two  years,  and  that  the  entire  work  shall  not  extend  beyond 
five  bound  volumes  in  addition  to  those  already  issued,  all  of  which  shall  be 
published  within  five  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  shall  comprise 
the  following  subjects;  that  is  to  say,  the  Lamellibranchiata  (bivalve  shells) 
to  be  bound  in  two  volumes;  the  Bryozomis  (fossil  corals)  to  be  bound  in  two 
volumes;  the  Brachiopoda  (lamp  shells)  to  be  bound  in  one  volume;  and  the 
Crustacea,  etc.  (crabs,  etc.)  to  be  bound  in  one  volume;  and  the  sum  of 
$15,000  shall  be  appropriated  annually  for  five  years  for  the  purposes  of  this 
section,  p-iyable  on  vouchers  certified  by  said  trustees;  which  sum  of  $15,000  or 
BO  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  money 
in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for  the  purpose  of  said  publication 
for  the  current  year. 

SEC.  4.  The  volumes  of  the  natural  history  hereafter  to  be  published  and  the 
copies  still  remaining  of  the  volumes  already  published  shall  be  in  the  charge 
of  the  trustees  of  said  museum,  who  shall  distribute  and  sell  the  same  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  provisions  of  law  now  In  force  for  such  distribution  and  sale, 
and  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  said  trustees  shall  use  for  the  purpose  of  forming 
a  suitable  library  for  said  museum,  and  they  shall  have  authority  to  make  ex- 
changes with  such  portion  of  the  volumes  of  said  work  as  are  not  required  for 
distribution  or  sale  and  to  receive  donations  and  deposits  of  books  and  spec! 
mens  on  such  terms  as  they  shall  deem  advantageous  for  said  museum. 

Under  this  provision  a  scientific  staff  was  created,  subject  to 
appointment  by  the  trustees,  to  consist  of  a  director,  "  who  may  also 
be  State  geologist."  and  "  of  three  assistants,  together  with  such 
special  assistants  as  may  be  necessary,  whose  compensation  shall  be 
fixed  from  time  to  time  by  the  said  trustees,  together  with  the  State 
geologist,  State  entomologist,  and  botanist  as  these  officers  are  now 
defined  and  provided  for  by  law." 

With  this  incorporation  of  the  departments  into  the  general  or- 
ganization of  the  State  museum,  the  scientific  staff  became  in  ft 
certain  definite  sense  subsidiary  or  contributory  to  the  general  func- 
tions of  the  museum  as  a  depository  of  scientific  collections. 

The  same  law  recognized  the  fact  that  the  geological  hall  was  in- 
sufficient both  in  capacity  and  in  construction  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  greatly  increased  collections  of  the  State*  museum  and  the 
scientific  work  of  its  departments,  and  authorized  the  regents  of 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  359 

the  university  to  take  possession  of  the  present  State  hall,  as  its 
rooms  should  be  vacated  by  the  State  officers  who  were  to  be  accom- 
modated in  the  new  capitol.  In  pursuance  of  this  provision  several 
of  the  rooms  in  the  State  hall  were  in  1886  occupied  by  the  staff  of 
the  State  geologist  and  paleontologist  and  by  the  State  botanist, 
and  the  more  valuable  and  typical  portions  of  the  paleontologic  and 
botanic  collections  removed  thereto.  It  subsequently  proved  im- 
practicable to  acquire  full  possession  of  the  State  hall  on  account  of 
the  reluctance  of  its  occupants  to  remove  to  other  quarters,  but  the 
office  of  the  State  paleontologist  and  the  larger  part  of  the  collec- 
tions in  paleontology  have  been  in  this  building  from  that  date  to  the 
present. 

The  following  letter  from  Hall  to  Governor  Cleveland  is  self- 
explanatory  : 

ALBANY,  May  20,  1S84. 
His  Excellency  GEOVER  CLEVELAND, 

Governor  of  Neio  York. 

SIR  :  I  beg  leave  to  offer  you  the  explanation  I  had  proposed  to  give  when  I 
called  upon  your  excellency  in  regard  to  the  appropriation  of  $2,500  foi  the 
services  of  the  State  geologist,  the  expenses  of  working  rooms,  etc.,  and  to  do 
this  it  is  necessary  to  state  the  original  cause  of  this  agreement. 

In  1855  I  \vas  charged  with  the  duty  of  collecting  fossils  to  be  used  in  the 
preparation  of  the  paleontology  of  the  State,  At  that  time  and  previously  the 
wing  of  the  museum  building  (the  old  State  hall)  was  and  had  been  in  use  for 
working  rooms  and  laboratory.  This  building  was  demolished  and  the  pres- 
ent one  erected  in  1856  and  1857.  In  the  allotment  of  rooms  in  the  new 
building  the  entire  wing  was  awarded  to  the  agricultural  society,  leaving  no 
rooms  for  the  geological  work.  After  repeated  applications  to  the  proper  officers 
I  was  informed  that  there  were  no  rooms  to  be  had  in  the  museum  or  any  other 
public  building  and  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  procure  outside  quarters. 

The  collections,  packed  in  boxes  and  stored  in  a  cellar,  could  not  be  used  and 
were  of  no  value  for  the  object  intended.  In  1857  I  began  the  erection  of  a  brick 
building  on  my  own  ground,  and  in  the  following  year  completed  and  fitted  up 
the  same  with  drawers,  library,  and  other  facilities  for  carrying  on  the  work 
which  I  was  required  to  do.  As  the  collections  accumulated  more  room  was  re- 
quired, and  later  I  erected  another  building1  for  their  accommodation. 

During  subsequent  years  some  appropriations  were  made  to  cover  the  neces- 
sary expense,  but  these  were  irregular  and  uncertain.  In  1871  I  applied  for  the 
ase  and  expenses  of  these  buildings  and  for  my  own  services,  furnishing  a  memo- 
randum of  the  several  sources  of  expenditure.  The  subject  was  referred  to 
the  lieutenant  governor,  comptroller,  and  secretary  of  state,  who  recommended 
an  appropriation  of  $2,500  as  a  proper  compensation  for  the  duties  and  expenses 
therein  specified. 

A  copy  of  this  memorandum  with  the  recommendation  of  the  officers  is  h^ro- 
with  appended. 

The  appropriation  of  $2,500  has  been  annually  made  since  that  time.  In  the 
meantime  tlie  collections  have  continued  to  accumulate,  more  conveniences 

•The  brick  building  consists  of  a  main  part  30  by  42  feet  and  a  wing  for  working 
room  and  library  of  28  by  30  feet.  The  second  building  is  of  wood  30  by  45  feet.  The 
tost  of  erection  and  fitting  up  these  buildings  has  been  more  than  $10,000,  while  my 
private  library  necessary  for  use  in  this  work  is  worth  $6,000. 


360  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

for  working  rooms  and  for  the  arrangement  of  the  specimens  have  been  de- 
manded and  supplied,  and  the  expenses  have  constantly  increased.  At  tit* 
same  time  increased  duties  have  been  imposed  upon  the  State  geologist,  which 
he  has  endeavored  to  perform  to  the  best  of  his  ability. 

It  has  been  provided  in  the  item  of  appropriation  that  whenever  the  collec- 
tions shall  be  removed  no  further  rent  of  the  buildings  shall  be  paid,  and  anj 
unexpended  balance  shall  be  used  to  pay  for  the  removal.  The  collections  still 
occupy  the  buildings,  the  expenses  named  in  connection  with  their  custody  and 
safe-keeping  are  incurred.  The  other  duties  specified  in  the  memoranda,  at 
well  as  additional  ones,  especially  in  the  requirement  to  make  an  annual 
report  on  the  condition  of  the  work,  are  being  performed  as  may  be  shown  in 
part  by  the  recent  publication  of  a  volume  of  the  paleontology,  and  the  per- 
formance of  work  pertaining  to  the  other  volumes  can  be  shown  if  required. 

In  my  contract  with  the  trustees  of  the  State  museum  under  the  laws  of 
1883  for  the  authorship  of  the  paleontology,  it  is  provided  that  my  compensa- 
tion shall  be  from  this  appropriation  and  is  not  to  be  paid  from  the  appropria- 
tion for  the  publication  of  the  paleontology.  The  same  is  true  regarding  the 
payment  for  the  original  drawings  on  the  work. 

It  will  not  be  practicable  to  fit  up  rooms  in  the  State  hall  for  the  reception 
of  these  collections  during  the  present  year,  and  in  the  meantime  these  build- 
ings which  I  provided  must  remain  occupied  as  heretofore  and  the  necessary 
expenses  of  their  custody  be  incurred.  In  my  first  statement  of  the  costs  and 
expenses  pertaining  to  the  care  and  custody  of  these  collections,  and  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  work  upon  the  paleontology,  the  estimates  were  all  upon  the  most 
economical  scale,  and  I  am  quite  sure  that  the  collections  can  never  be  so  well 
and  so  economically  cared  for  in  any  public  building  as  they  have  been  while 
In  my  custody. 

In  this  arrangement  with  the  State  I  have  endeavored  to  perform  my  part 
of  the  contract  faithfully  and  conscientiously,  and  while  the  same  conditions 
and  requirements  continue  I  can  see  no  reason  why  the  State  should  annul  the 
existing  arrangement. 

I  have  here  endeavored  to  state,  as  concisely  as  possible,  the  principal  facts 
in  this  case.  I  shall  be  ready  to  give  any  further  information  which  may  b* 
required  and  I  would  feel  very  thankful  if  your  excellency  will  make  a  thorough 
inquiry  into  all  the  facts  connected  with  this  matter,  and  the  conditions  past 
and  present  under  which  these  collections  have  been  accumulated  and  th» 
work  carried  on  to  its  present  state. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant. 

(Signed)  JAMES  HAIX. 

In  1889  the  State  museum  was  made  an  integral  part  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  section  of  the  law  which 
specially  relates  to  the  affairs  of  the  museum  says : 

All  scientific  specimens  and  collections,  works  of  art,  objects  of  historic 
interest  and  similar  property  appropriate  to  a  general  museum  if  owned  by 
the  State  and  not  placed  in  other  custody  by  specific  law  shall  constitute  th» 
State  museum,  and  one  of  its  oflicers  shall  annually  inspect  all  such  property 
not.  kept  in  the  State  museum  rooms  and  the  annual  report  of  the  museum  tt> 
the  legislature  shall  Include  summaries  of  such  property  with  its  location  and 
any  needed  recommendation  as  to  its  safety  or  usefulness. 

Together  with  the  other  departments  of  the  university,  the  museum 
became  a  constitutional  body  in  1895,  and  in  the  revised  university 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS. 


361 


law  of  1896  the  functions  of  the  organization  are  defined  as  already 
given. 

In  1885  Dr.  John  C.  Smock  was  appointed  assistant  in  charge  of 
the  State  museum  under  the  directorship  of  Prof.  James  Hall. 
Professor  Hall  resigned  his  position  as  director  of  the  State  museum 
in  1894  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  F.  J.  H.  Merrill,  who  had  pre- 
viously held  the  position  of  assistant  director  from  1890.  Upon  the 
death  of  Professor  Hall  in  1898  Doctor  Merrill  was  also  appointed 
State  geologist.1 

Expenses. — The  following  statement  includes  the  annual  and  total 

expenses  of  the  museum  and  survey  from  the  beginning  in  1836  to 
1887: 

Paid  up  to  January,  1S50 $425,375.76 

Paid  up  to  January,  1850,  for  printing  annual  reports 19.  530.  30 

Appropriated  July  15,  1853,  for  arrearages,  publication 20,000.00 

Appropriated  July  15,  1853,  for  printing 10, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  14,  1855,  expenses 5,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  15,  1857,  James  Hall,  salary 2, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  15,  1857,  for  collecting 1, 000.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  19,  1859,  J.  Hall,  salary 2, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  19,  1859,  expenses 9, 642.  75 

Appropriated  Apr.  16,  I860,  J.  Hall,  salary 2,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  16,  I860,  collecting 1, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  13,  1861,  collecting 1, 000.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  13,  1861,  salary,  J.  Hall 2, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  16,  1861,  drawings 1, 000.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  23,  1862.  salary,  J.  Hall 2,  000.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  23,  1862,  collecting 1,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  23,  1862,  drawings 1,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  15,  1863,  three  items  as  above 4, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  22,  1864,  three  items  as  above 4, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  28,  1865,  J.  Hall,  rent  of  room,  fuel,  etc.,  for 

seven  years 3, 500. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  28,  1865,  J.  Hall,  for  collecting 1,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  21, 1866,  J.  Hall,  for  services 3, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  10,  1866,  drawings 2,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  22,  1867,  Hall,  services 2, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  22,  1867,  drawings 1, 500. 00 

Appropriated  May  8,  1868,  deficiencies 5,000.00 

Appropriated  May  10,  1869,  J.  Hall 3, 000. 00 

Appropriated  May  6,  1869,  drawings 2,500.00 

Appropriated  May  10,  1S69,  Hall,  compensation  as  curator,  etc 10, 000. 00 

Appropriated  Apr.  19,  1870,  Hall,  compensation  as  curator 3,  500.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  19,  1870,  Hall,  assistants 2,500.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  19,  1870,  drawings 2,500.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  19,  1870,  collections 1, 500.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  26,  1871,  Hall,  for  rooms,  fuel,  etc 1,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  26,  1871,  Hall,  for  distributing  duplicates 2,  500.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  26,  1871,  Hall,  for  drawings 2,  500.  00 

» Twenty-fourth  Rep.  State  Geol.  of  N.  Y.,  1904. 


862  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Appropriated  Apr.   26,  1871,  Hall,  for  salary  of  director,   three 

assistants,  increase  of  collections $10,000.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  14,  1877,  Hall,  as  in  1872-1875 2, 500. 00 

Appropriated  May  29,  1873,  Hall,  for  authorship  *nd  superintend- 
ence   2,  500.  00 

Appropriated  May  9, 1874,  Hall,  for  authorship  and  superintendence-  2,  500. 00 
Appropriated  May  17,  1875,  Hall,  for  authorship  and  superintend- 
ence   2,  500.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  29,  1876,  for  drawings 2,500.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  14,  1877,  Hall,  as  in  1872-1875 2,  500.  00 

Appropriated  Feb.  25,  1878,  Hall,  as  in  1872-1875 2,500.00 

Appropriated  Feb.  25,  1878,  drawings 1,  800.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  5,  1879,  same  as  in  1878 4,300.00 

Appropriated  Apr.  22, 1880,  same  as  in  1878 4, 300.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  21,  1881,  same  as  in  1878 4, 300.  00 

Appropriated  June  3,  1882,  same  as  in  1878 4,  300.  00 

Appropriated  June   16,   1883,   same   as   in   1878 4, 300. 00 

Appropriated  June  14,  1884,  same  as  in  1878 4,300.00 

Appropriated  June  14,  1884,  for  publication  and  reports 15,000.00 

Appropriated  May  8,  1885,  for  J.  Hall 2,  500.  00 

Appropriated  May  8,  1885,  for  drawings 1, 408.  00 

Appropriated  May  8,  1885,  for  publication 15,000.00 

Appropriated  May  18,  1886,  Hall 1,  200.  00 

Appropriated  May  18,  1886,  Hall,  for  rent  of  room 1.300.00 

Appropriated  May  18,  1886,  Hall,  drawings 1. 408.  00 

Appropriated  Apr.  23,  1887,  for  printing 15,000.00 


Total $670, 964.  81 

The  personnel  and  salaries  for  1888  were  as  follows : 

Museum  staff. 

James  Hall,  director '$3,  500 

Joseph  A.  Lintner,  entomologist l   2,000 

Charles  H.  Peck,  botanist *   1,500 

John  C.  Smock,  assistant  in  charge* 2,000 

William  B.  Marshall,  assistant  in  zoology 1,000 

Charles  E,  Beecher,  consulting  paleontologist* 600 

Jacob  Van  Deloo,  clerk  and  messenger 480 

Martin  Sheehy,  rock  cutting  and  general  help 780 

1  These  salaries  were  originally  fixed  by  act  of  legislature. 

•Mr.  Smock  was  appointed  assistant  in  charge  by  the  following  resolution  of  Jan 
uary  7,  1885: 

Kesolt-ed,  That  in  order  to  relieve  Director  Hall  from  the  details  of  labor  in  connection 
with  the  State  museum  and  enable  him  to  devote  his  time  to  the  preparation  of  the 
volumes  of  paleontology  yet  to  be  published,  the  position  of  assistant  in  charge  be  hereby 
Instituted,  and  that  the  person  appointed  thereto  be  charged  with  the  duty,  under  the 
control  and  supervision  of  the  director,  of  managing  the  affairs  of  the  museum  and  of 
preparing  for  and  conducting  the  removal  of  the  museum  to  the  old  State  hall. 

Resolved,  That  Prof.  John  C.  Smock  be  appointed  assistant  in  charge  of  the  State 
museum  at  a  salary  of  $2.000  per  annum,  to  commence  from  the  first  day  of  April.  1885, 
and  that  he  be  requested  to  perform  such  portion  of  his  duties  in  advance  of  that  date  as 
his  present  engagement  will  permit,  at  such  compensation  as  the  museum  cornmiftoe 
may  fix. 

•  The  duties  of  this  office  are  not  defined  and  results  not  recorded. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  25 


DENISON  OLMSTED 
GEOLOGIST  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  1824  25. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  363 

NORTH  CAROLINA.1 

As  early  as  1819  a  board  of  internal  improvements  was  organized 
by  an  act  of  the  general  assembly  for  the  purpose  of  taking  charge 
of  recently  inaugurated  public  works,  relating  mainly  to  the  im- 
provement of  internal  navigation.  During  the  period  from  1821- 
1843  surveys  were  made  of  all  rivers  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
during  that  time  and  subsequently  numerous  surveys  at  public  ex- 
pense were  made  for  railroads,  turnpikes,  and  canals.  The  field 
notes,  drawings,  and  plans  of  these  surveys  have  not  been  preserved, 
and  as  they  were  necessarily  crude  they  are  referred  to  here  as  of  only 
historical  interest.  Incidentally,  however,  the  board  was  directed 
to  make  surveys  of  the  numerous  swamp  areas  of  the  eastern  portion, 
owned  by  the  State,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  their  area,  prac- 
ticability, and  cost  of  drainage,  as  well  as  their  possible  value  for 
agricultural  purposes.  Some  800,000  acres  are  said*  to  have  been 
surveyed,  but  the  results  have  proved  to  be  of  slight  practical  value. 

The  first  attempt  at  a  survey  coming  properly  within  the  scope  of 
the  present  history  was  that  inaugurated  by  Prof.  Denison  Olmsted 
in  1824.  and  continued  by  him  and  Prof.  Elisha  Mitchell  until  1828. 
This  was  followed  in  1852-1864  by  a  survey  by  Ebenezer  Emmons, 
and  this  again  by  one  by  W.  C.  Kerr,  the  latter,  however,  being  in 
fact  a  renewal  of  the  Emmons  survey  after  the  death  of  Emmons 
and  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 

THE    OLMSTED-MITCHELL    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY,    1824-1828. 

In  a  letter  laid  before  the  board  of  public  improvements  in  North 
Carolina,  August  1,  1821,  Denison  Olmsted,  of  Connecticut,  at  that 
time  professor  of  chemistry,  geology,  and  mineralogy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill,  proposed  to  devote  his  vaca- 
tions to  the  making  of  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the 
State,  and  asked  for  merely  such  an  appropriation  as  might  be  neces- 
sary to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  undertaking,  naming  the  sum  of 
$100  a  year  as  sufficient  for  the  purpose.  The  following  is  the  full 
text  of  his  letter  as  given  in  the  minutes  of  the  Board  of  Internal 
Improvements  of  North  Carolina,  August  1,  1821  : 
To  the  Hon.  Board  of  Internal  Improvements: 

Among  the  objects  which  solicit  the  attention  of  the  board  for  developing 
and  extending  the  internal  resources  of  the  State,  I  beg  leave  to  present  to 
their  notice  the  advantages  that  would  result  from  investigating  its  geology. 
By  this,  as  connected  with  the  subject  of  internal  improvements,  I  mean  such 
an  investgation  as  would  furnish  to  the  board  and  the  public  an  account  of  the 
various  useful  productions  of  the  mineral  kingdom,  which  either  have  been 

1  Compiled  in  part  from  manuscript  by  J.  A.  Holmes. 

*  Report  on  Swamp  Lands  of  North  Carolina,  by  W.  C.  Kerr. 


364  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

discovered  already,  or  which  may,  from  certain  well-known  indications,  be 
reasonably  expected  to  be  found  hereafter.     Such  are  the  following: 

1.  Different  kinds  of  stone  made  use  of  in  buildings,  as  freestone,  slate,  lime- 
stone, and  soapstoue;  marble,  serpentine,  etc. 

2.  Beds  of  gypsum,  salt,  coal,  marl,  potters  clay,  and  other  fossils  used  in  agri- 
culture or  domestic  economy. 

3.  Beds  of  ocher,  bole,  reddle,  plumbago,  and  similar  substances  used  i* 
painting. 

4.  Metallic  ores,  as  iron,  lead,  antimony,  zinc,  etc. 

5.  Mineral  springs. 

It  is  superfluous  for  me  to  say,  that  these  substances  are  of  great  importance 
to  the  public  both  for  domestic  uses,  and,  under  favorable  circumstances,  an 
articles  of  commerce. 

That  they  are  also  very  intimately  connected  with  the  improvement  of  In- 
ternal navigation  will  be  obvious,  if  we  reflect,  that,  by  a  free  navigation, 
their  value  as  articles  of  exports  is,  like  that  of  the  productions  of  agriculture, 
greatly  enhanced ;  that  were  we  in  possession  of  marbles  equal  to  those  of  Greece 
and  Italy,  their  commercial  value  would  be  lost  by  the  difficulty  of  transporta- 
tion; while  with  a  free  navigation,  many  things  of  which  we  are  now  in  the 
actual  possession,  might  be  turned  to  much  more  profitable  account.  As,  there- 
fore, the  treasures  of  the  mineral  kingdom  (in  which  there  is  reason  to  think 
this  State  is  as  opulent  as  any  in  the  Union)  are  exhibited  to  the  view  of  the 
public,  the  necessity  and  advantages  of  internal  navigation  will  be  most  strik- 
ingly manifest. 

But  all  these  things  are  so  obvious  that  it  is  only  necessary  for  me  to  show, 
that  an  actual  examination  of  the  country,  conducted  with  the  requisite  knowl- 
edge of  the  geological  principles,  will  have  a  tendency  to  multiply  the  dis- 
coveries, an.1  extend  the  uses  of  these  valuable  substances. 

1.  Many   valuable   minerals   now   lie   neglected,   because   their  nature   and 
uses  are  not  generally  known. 

2.  Geology  furnishes  rules  for  discovering  useful  minerals  by  certain  known 
indications,  derived  from  other  minerals  in  the  neighborhood,  from  the  general 
structure  of  the  country,  and  so  on.    It  materially  aids  the  progress  of  discovery 
by  showing  whether  a  given  mineral,  as  gypsum,  for  instance,  is  to  be  looked 
for  in  a  particular  section  of  country,  or  not.     It  thus  limits  the  field  of  exami- 
nation and  prevents  fruitless  researches. 

3.  So  fully  have  the  advantages  resulting  from  such  investigations  been  ex- 
perienced in  Great  Britain  that  landed  proprietors  frequently  cause  them  to 
be  made  on  their  own  estates. 

4.  In  the  State  of  New  York  where  public  enterprise  is  directed  to  the  object* 
as  those  which  this  honorable  board  have  in  view,  the  geological  examination 
of  the  country,  through  which  their  operations  are  carried  on,  has  been  at- 
tended with  highly  important  and  beneficial  results,  as  will  be  seen  by  refer- 
ence to  the  late  speeches  of  his  excellency  the  governor  of  New  York,  to  the 
legislature  of  that  State. 

Should  the  honorable  board  be  of  opinion  that  the  objects  specified  in  this 
communication  are  worthy  of  their  attention  and  patronage,  I  hereby  offer 
them  my  services  during  such  seasons  of  leisure  as  can  be  spared  from  the 
exercise  of  my  official  duties  at  the  university,  and  ask  merely  such  an  ap- 
propriation as  shall  defray  the  expenses  of  the  undertaking. 

These  would  be  chiefly  such  as  would  accrue  from  the  hire  of  a  horse  and 
servant  and  the  charge  of  traveling,  consequently  they  could  not  be  great-  I 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  365 

would  beg  leave  respectfully  to  name  $100,  to  be  afterwards  renewed  or  not 
at  the  pleasure  of  the  board. 

The  time  occupied  in  these  researches,  would  generally  coincide  with  the 
college  vacations. 

The  acquisition  of  knowledge,  by  which  I  might  be  better  able  to  fulfill  the 
duties  of  my  profession  and  the  opportunity  of  furnishing  a  geological  descrip- 
tion of  this  hitherto  undescribed  country  to  the  American  Geological  Society, 
of  which  I  have  the  honor  to  be  a  member,  would  afford  all  the  recompense  1 
require;  and  the  collection  of  specimens  to  illustrate  my  lectures,  as  well  as 
an  increased  ability  to  impart  information  to  my  pupils  respecting  their  native 
State,  would  be  the  means  of  securing  some  advantages  to  the  university. 

My  objects,  then,  are  twofold;  so  far  as  respects  the  board,  they  would  be 
wholly  practical;  as  it  respects  myself  personally,  the  promotion  of  science,  by 
which  the  natural  history  of  the  State  may  be  better  known  and  appreciated, 
both  at  home  and  abroad,  is  a  great  object  though  not  at  all  at  variance  with 
the  other. 

In  accordance  with  these  views  in  reporting  to  the  board  the  results  of  my 
labors  I  should  expect  to  notice  such  topics  as  the  following,  together  with  such 
other  topics  as  they  should  particularly  prescribe: 

Stones  for  building. — Example,  freestone;  qualities  by  which  it  may  be  known; 
what  kinds  are  suitable  for  building;  what  kinds  unsuitable;  other  uses  to  which 
the  stone  is  or  may  be  applied.  Wherever  the  best  mode  of  quarrying  or  work- 
ing did  not  appear  to  be  understood,  that  mode  might  be  particularly  described. 
A  similar  plan  might  be  pursued  with  respect  to  ornamental  stones,  as  marbles, 
Jasper,  porphyry,  or  as  to  metallic  ores.  Other  things  of  practical  importance 
that  had  fallen  under  observation  might  be  particularly  specified;  the  limit  of 
rock  formations  pointed  out;  the  places  designated  which  lie  in  the  range  of 
known  quarries,  where  it  is  probable  they  may  be  found  to  appear  again. 

The  relative  value  of  such  substances  as  might  become  articles  of  commerce 
might  be  ascertained;  the  nature  of  mineral  springs  already  celebrated  might 
be  investigated  and  others  which  appear  to  be  valuable  made  known,  and  all 
similar  information  might  be  communicated  which  could  be  collected  on  such 
excursions. 

The  board  did  not  consider  itself  authorized  to  make  the  contract 
with  Mr.  Olmsted,  but  referred  the  matter  to  the  general  assembly, 
recommending  that  his  proposition  be  accepted. 

The  legislature  took  no  action  in  the  matter  at  that  time.  The 
proposition  was,  however,  renewed  by  Professor  Olmsted  in  1823, 
the  result  of  which  was  the  passage  of  an  act  authorizing  the  board 
of  agriculture  to  have  such  a  survey  made,  and  appropriating  for 
the  purpose  the  sum  of  $250  a  year  for  four  successive  years.  At  the 
end  of  that  time  (session  of  1827-28)  the  legislature  passed  an  act 
continuing  the  appropriation  for  another  year. 

The  following  is  a  transcript  of  this  act  : 

An  act  directing  a  geological  and  mineralogicnl  survey  to  be  made  of  the  State  of  North 

Carolina. 

I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina, 
and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  it  is  hereby  made 


366  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

the  duty  of  the  board  of  agriculture  of  North  Carolina  to  employ  some  person 
of  competent  skill  and  science,  to  commence  and  carry  on  a  geological  and 
mineralogical  survey  of  the  various  regions  of  this  State;  and  that  the  person 
or  persons  so  employed  shall,  at  stated  periods,  furnish  to  the  board  true  and 
correct  accounts  of  the  results  of  said  surveys  and  invest'gations,  which  shall 
annually  be  published  by  the  board  aforesaid,  for  the  benefit  of  the  public,  as 
provided  by  the  sixth  section  of  the  act  of  the  last  general  assembly,  entitled 
"An  act  to  promote  agriculture  and  family  domestic  manufactures  within  this 
State." 

II.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the  intention 
of  the  foregoing  section  into  effect,  a  sum  not  exceeding  $250  be,  and  the  same 
is  hereby,  annually  appropriated  for  four  successive  years,  out  of  the  unex- 
pended balance  of  the  agricultural  fund,  as  created  and  set  apart  by  the  above 
recited  act ;  and  that  the  treasurer  of  the  State  is  hereby  directed  to  pay  the 
same  to  the  order  of  the  board  of  agriculture  of  Norh  Carolina. 

The  above  law  stood  without  change  throughout  the  whole  period 
of  the  existence  of  the  survey. 

Connection  with  other  institutions. — The  survey,  if  such  it  can  be 
called,  had  no  immediate  connection  with  any  other  institution  than 
the  board  of  agriculture,  though  both  Olmsted  and  Mitchell  held 
professorships  in  the  State  university,  and  the  collections  made  be- 
came the  property  of  the  university. 

Administration. — Professor  Olmsted  was  appointed  by  the  board 
to  conduct  the  survey  and  prosecuted  the  work  during  portions  of 
the  years  1824  and  1825.  At  the  end  of  that  time  he  resigned,  both 
his  position  on  the  survey  and  his  professorship  in  the  university, 
and  Prof.  Elisha  Mitchell,  then  professor  of  mathematics  in  the 
university,  was  appointed  to  fill  the  positions  thus  left  vacant.  Pro- 
fessor Mitchell  appears  to  have  continued  the  work  during  his  college 
vacations  of  the  years  1826,  1827,  and  1828,  at  the  end  of  which  time 
the  work  was  permanently  discontinued. 

The  personnel  of  the  survey  was  as  follows :  1824  and  1825,  Denison 
Olmsted,  geologist ;  Charles  E.  Eothe,  assistant  geologist ;  1825-1828, 
Elisha  Mitchell,1  geologist. 

During  a  part  of  the  year  1825  Professor  Olmsted  employed,  with 
the  approbation  of  the  president  of  the  board  of  agriculture,  Charles 
E.  Eothe  (a  miner  and  mineralogist  recently  from  Saxony)  to  visit 
the  counties  of  Person,  Mecklenburg,  and  Anson  in  this  State  and 
examine  the  slate  formations  on  the  lines  of  Virginia  and  South 
Carolina.2 

1  In  a  communicntion  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  (vol.  16,  No.  1, 
1820)  Professor  Mitchell  writes  that  for  three  years,  beginning  with  the  latter  part  of 
1825.  Prof.  E.  A.  Andrews  (at  that  time  professor  of  languages  in  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  and  afterwards  well  known  as  a  grammarian  and  lexicographer)  was 
associated  along  with  himself  in  an  examination  into  the  geology  of  the  State;  but  no 
mention  has  been  found  of  Professor  Andrews  having  been  directly  connected  with  the 
work  of  the  survey.  He  may.  however,  have  assisted  Professor  Mitchell  in  that  work. 

'Olmsted,  Report  on  the  Geology  of  North  Carolina,  part  2,  1825,  pp.  105  and  106. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  367 

As  to  the  methods  adopted  in  the  prosecution  of  the  survey  little 
information  has  been  left  on  record.  They  were  unquestionably  of 
the  simplest  character.  Olmsted,  during  1824,  seems  to  have  devoted 
himself  mainly  to  the  middle  section  of  the  State,  searching  particu- 
larly for  minerals  of  economic  value,  but  with  little  regard  for  the 
geological  structure  as  a  whole.  The  same  may  be  said  of  Mitchell. 
Though  working  for  a  longer  period,  he  succeeded  in  gathering  up  a 
larger  and  more  systematic  series  of  data,  from  which  he  was  later 
enabled  to  compile  a  geological  map  of  the  State. 

Museum  or  cabinet. — There  was  nothing  in  connection  with  the 
survey  which  could  be  called  a  museum.  Professor  Mitchell  men- 
tions in  his  report 1  "  the  cabinet "  of  the  university,  where  a  rather 
complete  series  of  specimens  illustrative  of  the  geology  of  the  counties 
visited  had  been  assembled.  At  the  present  day,  however,  no  rem- 
nant of  this  collection  is  to  be  found. 

There  was  no  library  belonging  to  the  survey  and  no  "  exchanges  " 
to  be  disposed  of. 

Salaries  and  expenses. — Obviously,  neither  Olmsted  nor  Mitchell 
could  have  received  any  salary  for  their  work,  the  amount  appro- 
priated being  only  for  expenses,  nor  has  there  been  found  any  record 
of  any  payment  to  Mr.  Rothe,  No  record  of  the  detailed  expendi- 
tures of  the  survey  has  been  found.  The  report  of  the  State  auditor 
and  treasurer  (1824-1828)  reads  as  follows:  "Paid  D.  Olmsted  by 
State  treasurer  for  geological  survey  *  *  *  ,  etc." ;  and  in  case  of 
Professor  Mitchell.  "  To  Professor  Mitchell  for  his  services  and  ex- 
penses in  making  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,  agreeable  to  the 
direction  of  the  general  assembly,  on  warrant  from  the  president  of 
the  board  of  agriculture,  *  *  *  $250." 

The  total  expenditures  for  the  five  years  (excluding  cost  of  pub- 
lications) amounted  to  $1,250.  The  expenditures  for  printing  were 
paid  out  of  the  general  fund  of  the  State  treasury. 

Publications. — The  publications  of  the  survey  consisted  of  small 
annual  reports;  these,  four  in  number,  were  each  printed  as  a  part 
of  a  volume  of  reports  and  essays  published  annually  under  the 
direction  of  the  board  of  agriculture.  They  are  as  follows: 

Report  on  the  Geology  of  North  Carolina,  part  1.  By  Denison 
Olmsted.  (Raleigh)  1824.  12mo.  44  pp. 

Report  on  the  Geology  of  North  Carolina,  part  2.  By  Denison 
Olmsted.  (Raleigh)  1825.  12mo.  60  pp. 

Report  on  the  Geology  of  North  Carolina,  part  3.  By  Elisha 
Mitchell.  (To  which  is  added  a  paper  on  the  Gold  Mines  of  North 
Carolina,  by  C.  E.  Rothe,  reprinted  from  Silliman's  Journal  of  1828.) 
(Raleigh)  1827.  12mo.  42  pp. 

1  Geology  of  North  Carolina,  part  3,  pp.  5-17. 
136075-20 25 


368  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Geological  Report  of  Professor  Mitchell.  (Raleigh)  1829.  12mo. 
8pp. 

Of  the  reports  for  1824,  1825.  and  1827,  1,500  copies  each  were 
printed.  As  to  the  report  for  1829,  the  record  fails  to  indicate  the 
number  of  copies.  The  reports  were  distributed  free,  '•  by  means  of 
agricultural  societies,  to  the  people  of  the  State,"  and  there  is  no 
record  of  any  publications  having  been  sold. 

Benefits. — As  to  the  material  benefits  resulting  to  the  people  of  the 
State,  it  is  probable  that  mining  enterprises  and  investments  were 
in  a  small  measure  stimulated  and  directed,  and  an  interest  in  better 
methods  of  agriculture  awakened  and  strengthened. 

The  attention  of  the  people  of  the  eastern  section  of  the  State  was 
called  to  the  occurrence  and  use  of  marls  in  their  section,  but  there 
is  no  available  evidence  of  any  benefits  resulting  therefrom.  From 
an  educational  standpoint  the  survey  was  a  benefit,  in  that  the  people 
were  informed  through  the  reports  of  the  survey  as  to  the  general 
geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  State. 

After  the  discontinuance  of  the  survey  (1828),  Professor  Mitchell 
for  several  years  made  geological  explorations  to  different  portions 
of  the  State  at  his  own  expense.  The  general  results  of  these  he 
published  in  a  small  textbook.  Elements  of  Geology,  with  an  outline 
of  the  geology  of  North  Carolina,  1842  (12mo.  141  pp.),  with  a 
geological  map  of  the  State.  This  was  the  first  map  of  the  State 
published,  though  the  area  was  included  in  Miiclure's  maps  of  1809 
and  1817.  It  was  probably  an  outgrowth  of  one  begun  by  Pro- 
fessor Olmsted  in  1824,  which  received  corrections  and  additions  by 
Professor  Mitchell  during  the  succeeding  years  to  the  time  of  its 
publication.  No  official  geological  map  of  the  State  was  published 
from  that  date  (1842)  until  the  appearance  of  the  one  accompanying 
Kerr's  Report  in  1875  (Geology  of  North  Carolina,  vol.  1). 

SECOND   SURVEY   TTSTDER   EBENEZER   EMMONS,    1852-1864. 

No  work  in  the  direction  of  a  scientific  survey  of  the  State  was 
undertaken  from  the  discontinuance  of  the  Olmsted-Mitchell  survey 
in  1828  until  1852,  when  the  Emmons  survey  was  begun.  The  need 
of  a  survey  in  connection  with  the  mining  and  mineral  interests  of 
the  middle  and  western  section  of  the  State,  and  the  agriculture  and 
geology  of  the  entire  area  had,  however,  been  felt  for  many  years 
prior  to  this  date,  and  its  institution  advocated  by  leading  public 
men.  The  advantages  of  the  work  had  been  pointed  out  in  the. 
executive  messages  of  Governor  Dudley  in  1838,  Governor  Morehead 
in  1844,  Governor  Graham  in  1846  and  1848,  and  Governor  Manly 
in  1850-51. 


GEOLOGICAL   AIsTD  NATUKAL   HISTOBY  SURVEYS.  369 

At  its  session  of  1848-49  the  general  assembly  had  authorized  a 
corporation  under  the  name  of  the  "  Cape  Fear  &  Deep  River  Navi- 
gation Co."  to  make  said  river  navigable  above  Fayetteville,  to  and 
above  the  coal  fields  in  Chatham  County,  it  being  believed  at  that 
time  that  there  were  extensive  deposits  of  coal  and  iron  in  that 
region,  and  there  was  naturally  a  strong  desire  on  the  part  of  the 
corporation  and  the  people  owning  lands  in  the  region  for  a  system- 
atic survey  of  the  area.  For  several  years,  too,  considerable  excite- 
ment had  prevailed  in  the  western  section  of  the  State  in  connection 
with  mining  interests,  especially  those  relating  to  copper. 

At  its  session  of  1850-51  the  general  assembly  of  the  State,  acting 
presumably  under  the  recommendation  of  Governor  Manly,  passed 
an  act  authorizing  a  geological,  mineralogical,  botanical,  and  agri- 
cultural survey  to  be  made.  The  following  is  a  transcript  of  this 
act: 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  T>y  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the  governor 
shall,  as  soon  as  practical,  select  and  appoint  some  suitable  person  to  conduct, 
under  the  general  supervision  of  himself  and  the  literary  board,  a  geological, 
mineralogical,  botanical,  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State. 
.  SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  person  so  selected 
and  appointed  to  examine  and  survey  each  and  every  county  of  the  State;  to 
ascertain  the  different  geological  formations  of  each  county  and  section  of  the 
State;  the  nature,  character,  and  value  of  its  minerals;  the  nature  and  character 
of  its  soils  and  the  best  method  of  improving  the  same;  the  nature  and  kind  of 
its  productions  and  their  position  and  relative  value ;  its  facilities  for  manufac- 
tories ;  the  extent  and  value  of  its  water  power ;  the  character  and  value  of  its 
botanical  productions;  the  character  and  value  of  its  timber;  and  all  other  facts 
connected  with  the  subjects  of  geology,  mineralogy,  botany,  and  agriculture 
which  may  tend  to  a  full  development  of  the  resources  of  our  State ;  and  that  the 
said  person  so  selected  and  appointed  to  conduct  said  survey  shall  be  authorized 
to  employ  such  agents  and  assistants,  to  be  approved  of  by  the  governor,  as  may 
be  necessary  to  enable  him  speedily  and  successfuly  to  accomplish  the  objects 
committed  to  his  charge;  and  he  shall,  from  time  to  time,  communicate  to  the 
governor,  to  be  by  him  communicated  to  the  legislature,  a  report  or  reports,  in 
writing,  setting  forth  fully  the  results  of  his  survey,  which  reports  shall  be  pub- 
lished under  the  supervision  of  the  governor  and  literary  board. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  expenditures  incurred  by  said  survey 
shall  not  exceed  $5,000  per  annum,  to  be  paid  by  the  public  treasurer  upon  the 
warrant  of  the  governor,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise 
appropriated. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  person  making 
such  survey  to  deliver  lectures  upon  the  subjects  committed  to  his  charge  in 
the  villages  through  which  he  shall  pass :  Provided,  That  he  shall  not  thereby 
delay  his  other  duties. 

Ratified  January  24,  1851. 


370  BUfJJflTO   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

No  modifications  of  this  law  or  other  legal  measures  affecting  the 
survey  are  found  on  record  between  1851  and  its  discontinuance  in 
1864. 

Connection  with  other  institutions. — The  Emmons  survey  was  not 
officially  nor  directly  connected  with  any  other  institution  from  the 
time  of  its  organization  in  1852  to  its  suspension  (1864). 

Personnel. — Ebenezer  Emmons  was  State  geologist  from  1852- 
1863,  with  the  following  assistants :  E.  Emmons,  jr.,  assistant  geolo- 
gist, 1852-1864;  Spence  McClenahan,  assistant  geologist,  1852-1854; 
J.  F.  Tompkins,1  assistant  geologist,  1853-1854;  M.  B.  Conklin,  as- 
sistant geologist,  1857-1860;  C.  D.  Smith,  assistant  geologist,  1858- 
1860;  M.  A.  Curtis,  naturalist,  1859-1863;  and  R.  H.  Northrup,  as- 
sistant geologist,  1863-1864. 

Manner  of  appointment. — In  accordance  with  section  1  of  the  act 
of  1851  authorizing  the  survey,  the  chief  geologist  was  appointed  by 
the  governor  of  the  State.  In  accordance  with  section  2  of  the  same 
act  the  assistants  were  appointed  by  the  geologist,  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  governor.  So  far  as  the  record  shows  no  system  of 
promotion  was  adopted  in  connection  with  the  appointment  of  as- 
sistants to  positions  on  the  survey. 

Salaries. — The  salary  of  the  geologist,  as  fixed  by  agreement  be- 
tween himself  and  the  governor,  was  $2.500  a  year.  The  salaries  of 
the  assistants  were  as  follows:  E.  Emmons,  jr.  (1852-1864),  $1,500  a 
year;  Spence  McClenahaii  (1852-1854),  $1,200  a  year;  J.  F.  Tomp- 
kins (1853  or  1854),  $100  a  month;  M.  B.  Conklin  (1857-1860),  $600 
a  year;  C.  D.  Smith  (1858-60).  $50  a  month;  M.  A.  Curtis  (1859- 
1863),  $500  a  year. 

Administration. — Under  the  law  of  1851  Prof.  Ebenezer  Emmons, 
professor  of  geology  in  Williams  College,  Massachusetts,  was  ap- 
pointed State  geologist.  He  entered  upon  his  duties  in  January, 
1852,  and  gave  the  work  his  chief  attention,  though  nominally  re- 
taining his  position  at  Williams  College,  and  for  several  years 
delivering  a  course  of  lectures  at  that  institution. 

As  to  the  methods  of  operation  adopted  by  the  survey  under 
Emmons.  the  available  information  is  not  sufficient  to  warrant  the 
attempt  at  writing  even  a  brief  sketch.  Under  the  circumstances 
only  a  few  general  statements  can  be  made.  The  greater  part  of 
the  work  of  the  survey  in  the  field,  office,  and  laboratory  was  done 
by  Professor  Emmons  and  his  son,  E.  Emmons,  jr.,  who  was  the  only 
permanent  assistant,  other  assistants  having  been  usually  employed 
to  do  field  work  in  regions  of  the  State  with  which  they  were  familiar 
or  for  some  specific  work.  The  general  plan  of  operations  was  an 
outgrowth  of  this  fact,  together  with  the  nature  of  the  work  to  be 

1  Exact  date  of  his  connection  with  the  survey  uncertain. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  371 

done.  Doctor  Emmons  was  a  man  of  wide  training,  and  brought  all 
his  varied  knowledge  into  use.  He  was  geologist,  mineralogist, 
chemist,  agriculturist,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  paleontologist.  His 
assistants,  with  the  exception  of  the  botanist,  were  not  specialists 
along  any  lines,  but  simply  worked  under  his  immediate  direction. 
Naturally,  with  such  varied  duties,  the  general  work  of  the  survey 
suffered. 

No  topographical  work  was  attempted  except  that  in  making  one 
or  more  geological  sections  of  proportional  heights,  a  series  of  baro- 
metric observations  were  made  along  the  line  of  the  proposed  sec- 
tions, as  was  done  along  a  line  across  the  mountain  region  of  the  State, 
from  the  valley  of  the  Yadkin  to  the  Tennessee  line  on  the  route  of 
the  French  Broad  River.  No  work  in  botany  or  zoology  was  carried 
on  by  the  survey  except  that  done  by  Doctor  Curtis.  This  con- 
sisted mainly  in  writing  up  the  results  of  observations  previously 
made.  The  work  done  by  the  survey  in  both  the  field  and  office  was 
chiefly  in  connection  with  the  general  geology,  and  the  mining  and 
agricultural  interests  of  the  State.  In  the  field  work  each  of  these 
three  departments  was  kept  in  view  according  to  its  importance  in 
the  region  visited.  In  the  eastern  region  of  the  State,  where  there 
are  no  mines,  the  observations  related  mainly  to  the  agriculture 
and  paleontology;  in  the  middle  region,  to  the  agriculture,  mines, 
paleontology  (of  the  coal  fields)  and  general  geology;  and  in  the 
extreme  western  region,  the  same  excepting  the  paleontology. 

The  work  in  agriculture  included  the  making  of  observations  as  to 
the  nature  and  fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  crops  produced,  collect- 
ing specimens  of  soils  for  analysis,  etc.  These  specimens  were  sent  to 
the  laboratory  of  the  survey  at  Raleigh.  In  some  cases,  in  addition 
to  the  sample  of  soil,  specimens  of  the  plants  growing  thereon  were 
collected  and  both  subjected  to  chemical  analyses. 

The  examination  of  fossils,  identification  of  known  species  and  de- 
scription of  new  species  was  all  done  by  Professor  Emmons.  Draw- 
ings of  fossils,  maps,  and  geological  sections  were  made  by  E.  Em- 
mons, jr.  The  chemical  work  was  done  mainly  by  Professor  Emmons 
in  person,  as  already  noted,  in  a  private  laboratory  connected  with  his 
residence  in  Raleigh. 

During  the  latter  years  of  the  survey  (1861-1864)  the  attention  of 
the  geologist  and  his  assistants  was  turned  to  the  manufacture  of 
munitions  of  war,  especially  fulminate  of  mercury,  for  the  use  of 
the  State  military  forces.  This  fact  and  the  ill  health  of  Doctor 
Emmons  caused  the  proper  work  of  the  survey  to  be  practically 
given  up  during  this  time. 


372  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Museum  or  cabinet. — The  collections  made  during  the  prosecution 
of  the  field  work  of  the  survey  were  carried  to  Raleigh,  the  head- 
quarters of  the  survey,  and  deposited  in  a  room  set  apart  for  that 
purpose  in  the  capitol  building.  In  addition  to  these,  many  other 
specimens  were  sent  by  persons  living  in  different  parts  of  the  State, 
so  that  toward  the  close  of  the  survey  a  large  amount  of  material 
had  been  collected.  The  cabinet  thus  formed  was  considered  at 
the  time  (1858-1860)  one  of  considerable  value.  It  remained  in 
the  capitol  building  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  when  the 
remnant  was  by  act  of  the  general  assembly  transferred  to  the 
State  university  at  Chapel  Hill.  During  his  connection  with  the 
survey  Doctor  Emmons  also  made  a  large  private  collection  of  min- 
erals and  fossils,  which  was  sold  to  Williams  College.  Massachusetts. 

There  was  no  library  belonging  to  the  survey. 

Expenses. — The  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  survey  were  expended 
mainly  in  the  payment  of  the  salaries  of  the  geologist  and  his 
assistants  and  the  publication  of  reports.  It  included  also  the 
preparation  and  repairs  of  the  room  to  contain  the  cabinet  of  min- 
erals, and  a  few  other  items  of  less  importance. 

The  salaries  of  the  geologist  and  his  assistants  were  fixed  by  agree- 
ment between  the  governor  and  Professor  Emmons.  (See  p.  370.) 
Out  of  these  they  were  required  to  bear  the  expenses  of  the  field  work, 
the  analyses  of  soils,  and  the  outlay  for  chemicals.1 

The  expenditures  during  the  existence  of  the  survey  were  as  fol- 
lows: For  fiscal  years  ending  October  31,  from  1852  to  1856,  and 
September  30,  1857  to  1864,  inclusive:  1852,  $2,875;  1852-53.  $5,125; 
1853-54,  $4.763.57;  1854-55.  $4,203.27;  1855-56.  $5,749.42:  1856-57, 
$4,000;  1857-58,  $6,361.40 :  1858-59,  $5,458.30 :  1859-60,  $5,838.59; 
1860-61.  $4,546.67;  1861-62,  $4,500;  1862-63,  $4,138.88;  1863-64, 
$1,051.50. 

The  total  expenditures  of  the  survey  during  its  existence  (1852- 
1864)  amounted  to  $58,611.60.  This  includes  the  cost  of  engraving 
and  printing. 

As  noted,  the  survey  was  sustained  by  an  annual  appropriation  of 
$5,000  from  the  general  treasury  of  the  State,  which  was  continued 
until  otherwise  ordered. 

Pv'bUcations. — The  following  list  shows  the  size  of  the  editions 
and  cost  of  publication  of  the  various  reports,  so  far  as  obtainable. 
As  has  been  frequently  found  to  be  the  case,  the  cost  is  charged  up 
with  the  State  printing  fund  and  no  separate  account  rendered : 

1852.  Report  of  the  Survey;  181  pp.;  edition,  5.000  copies:  cost, 


Report  of  Geological  Survey  of  North  Carolina,  Leg.  Doc.,  Sess.  1854-55.  p. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  373 

1856.  Report  on  Geology  of  Midland  Counties;  edition  of  1,000 
copies;  cost,  $1,801.82. 

1858.  Report  on  Geology  of  Eastern  Counties;  314  pp.;  edition  of 
2,000  copies;  cost,  $1,322.12. 

1867.  Report  of  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey;  part  3; 
158  pp.;  edition  of  1,000  copies;  cost,  $402.90. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  and  during  several  years  previ- 
ous to  that  date  (1861)  Professor  Emmons  and  his  assistants  appear 
to  have  been  engaged  mainly  in  the  prosecution  of  the  chemical  and 
other  office  work  and  preparation  for  publication  of  a  series  of  final 
reports,  with  accompanying  maps,  embodying  the  results  of  the  sur- 
vey. Doctor  Curtis,  the  assistant  in  natural  history,  had  in  prepara- 
tion from  1860  to  1863  a  series  of  reports  on  the  botany  and  zoology 
of  the  State. 

Of  the  reports  in  preparation,  three  were  published  in  1860.  The 
publication  of  the  others  was  interrupted  by  the  excitement  attend- 
ing the  breaking  out  of  war. 

As  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  these  unpublished  reports  prepared 
by  himself,  Doctor  Emmons  says:1 

It  was  estimated  that  sufficient  matter  had  accumulated  to  make  about  1,200 
or  1,300  octavo  pages,  embracing  subjects  relating  to  the  agriculture  of  the  mid- 
land, western,  and  mountain  counties;  the  mining  resources  of  the  mountain 
counties  and  additional  facts  relative  to  the  mineral  resources  of  Deep  River 
and  the  midland  counties,  together  with  a  report  on  the  grape,  which  is  peculiar 
to  a  section  which  we  may  properly  call  the  wine  district  of  North  Carolina. 

The  manuscript  for  the  reports  mentioned  in  the  above  extract- 
appears  to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed  at  about  the  beginning  of  or 
during  the  war.  It  is  stated  that  Professor  Emmons  presented  a 
manuscript  report  for  publication  to  Governor  Ellis  in  1861,  and  that 
soon  after  the  report  had  been  deposited  in  the  executive  office  for 
publication  it  was  in  some  unexplained  way  lost  or  destroyed. 

To  accompany  the  above-mentioned  reports  of  Professor  Emmons, 
there  was  in  preparation  by  Mr.  E.  Emmons,  jr.,  a  geological  map  of 
the  State,  and  also  one  of  the  coal  fields.  The  latter  was  colored,  and 
ready  for  publication  in  1861,  but  the  geological  portion  was  in 
preparation  but  far  from  complete.  The  map  used  as  a  base  for 
the  geological  map  was  one  by  W.  D.  Cooke,  published  in  1857  (by 
Colton  &  Co.) ;  scale,  8  miles  to  the  inch.  These  maps  were  all  left 
in  Raleigh  and  are  supposed  to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed  during 
the  Civil  War. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  unpublished  reports  were 
prepared  under  the  auspices  of  the  survey : 

"Report  to  Governor  Ellis,  Leg.  Doc.  1860-61,  p.  5. 


374  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Report  of  a  geological  reconnoissance  of  that  portion  of  North 
Carolina  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  south  of  and  including  Buncombe 
County.  By  C.  D.  Smith.  1860. 

Reports  of  Dr.  M.  A.  Curtis,  including  a  Catalogue  of  Plants  of 
North  Carolina ; '  a  Description  of  the  Quadrupeds ;  a  Description  of 
the  Reptiles;  and  (in  preparation)  a  Description  of  the  Birds  of 
North  Carolina. 

Mr.  Smith's  report  was  made  and  presented  to  Professor  Emmons 
in  1860  and  incorporated  with  the  report  of  the  latter  presented 
to  Governor  Ellis  in  1861,  and  was  lost  or  destroyed  along  with 
that  report. 

Benefits. — It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  material  benefits  that 
have  resulted  to  the  people  of  the  State  from  the  prosecution  of  this 
survey.  At  the  time  the  results  should  have  fairly  begun  to  be 
realized  the  war  came  on,  and  public  enterprises  looking  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  natural  resources  of  the  State  were  stopped,  the 
influx  of  people  or  capital  for  several  years  thereafter  was  out  of  the 
question,  and  the  geological  survey  as  such  was  suspended. 

Professor  Emmons  himself  claimed 2  that  the  beneficial  results  were 
considerable  in  that  (1)  it  "discouraged  undertakings  which  would 
have  resulted  in  failure,"  and  thus  saved  large  sums  of  money  which 
would  have  been  lost,  and  it  stopped  those  works  where  money  was 
being  wasted  upon  hopeless  prospects;  and  (2)  by  making  careful 
examinations  of  mineral  properties  as  to  the  value  of  which  there 
were  favorable  indications,  and  publishing  the  results  of  such  exami- 
nations, enterprises  likely  to  prove  successful  were  encouraged. 
Proper  direction  was  given  to  the  investment  of  capital  at  home,  and 
capital  from  abroad  was  brought  into  the  State. 

Concerning  the  additions  to  science  made  by  this  survey,  it  may  be 
said  that  the  character  and  the  outlines  of  the  geological  formations 
of  the  State  were  described  more  fully  than  had  been  done  before. 
The  investigations  of  the  fossil  flora  of  the  Mesozoic  coal  deposits 
resulted  in  the  discovery,  according  to  recent  determination,  of  39 
species,  nine  of  which  appear  to  be  peculiar  to  North  Carolina.8  The 
investigations  in  connection  with  the  animal  remains  of  the  Tertiary 
and  Mesozoic  deposits  resulted  in  adding  to  science,  directly  or  in- 
directly, according  to  the  list  given  by  Cope,4  four  species  of  fossil 
fish,  one  batrachian.  eight  reptiles,  and  four  mammals. 

1  Published  In  1867. 

3  Report  of  Progress,  1855,  pp.  7-13.  Geology  of  Midland  Counties  of  North  Cant- 
Una.  1856,  p.  xix,  and  Report  of  Progress,  1860.  p.  2. 

•Fontaine,  Older  Mesozoic  of  Virginia,  pp.  122  and  123.  See  also  Emmons's  Geology 
of  Midland  Counties  of  North  Carolina,  1826 ;  and  American  Geology,  pt.  4. 

•Kerr's  Geology  of  North  Carolina,  1875.     Appendix  B. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  26 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  375 

Among  the  discoveries  in  paleontology  the  most  interesting  was  the 
insectivorous  mammal,  'DTomatherium  sylvestref  found  in  the  Trias- 
sic  (older  Mesozoic)  coal  measures  of  Chatham  County. 

THIRD  SURVEY  UNDER  W.  C.  KERR,  1804-1882. 

The  survey  under  W.  C.  Kerr  was  in  reality  a  continuation  of  that 
begun  under  Emmoiis  in  1852.  Doctor  Emmons  died  in  October, 
1863.  The  assistant  geologist,  E.  Emmons,  jr..  resigned  April  1, 1864, 
at  which  date  the  appropriations  for  the  expenses  of  the  survey  were 
discontinued. 

Organisation. — Kerr  was  appointed  State  geologist  in  1861  (exact 
date  not  known),  but  no  appropriation  was  made  for  the  expenses 
and  no  geological  work  was  undertaken.  His  time  was  fully  occu- 
pied in  advising  and  directing  in  connection  with  the  manufacture 
of  salt,  saltpeter,  copperas,  sulphur,  sulphuric  acid,  medicinal  ex- 
tracts from  plants,  and  various  other  substances  needed  for  purposes 
of  home  consumption  or  for  purposes  of  war.  After  tli •:•  close  of  the 
war  (April,  1865)  even  this  nominal  connection  appears  to  have 
been  given  up,  and  the  survey  discontinued  for  a  year. 

On  April  1,  1866,  Kerr  was  reappointed  State  geologist  by  Gov- 
ernor Worth,  and  the  survey  was  reorganized  under  the  same  law 
as  formerly.  From  this  date  the  work  continued  without  any  serious 
interruption  until  August,  1882,  when  Kerr  resigned  the  director- 
ship to  accept  a  position  as  geologist  on  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey.  From  the  latter  date  to  September,  1883,  the  active  work 
of  the  survey  was  suspended,  though  Mr.  \Vliliam  B.  Phillips  acted 
as  State  geologist  in  the  performance  of  office  duties.  In  September, 
1883,  Kerr,  owing  to  ill  health,  resigned  his  connection  with  the 
national  survey,  and  from  this  date  to  the  time  of  his  death  in 
August,  1885,  he  held  a  semiofficial  position  under  the  direction  of 
the  board  of  agriculture  of  North  Carolina,  and  devoted  such  time 
as  his  declining  health  would  permit  to  collecting  the  materials  for 
the  completion  of  his  final  report  (vol.  2,  Geology  of  North  Caro- 
lina). From  the  date  of  Kerr's  death  until  1891  the  geological  sur- 
vey had  not  even  a  nominal  existence.2 

Organized  under  the  same  law,  the  Kerr  survey  had  in  view  the 
same  general  functions  and  purposes  as  that  of  Emmons,  which 
had  preceded  it,  namely,  investigations  into  the  general  geology  and 
natural  history  and  the  natural  resources  of  the  State. 

1  See  American  Geology,  pt.  6,  p.  93. 

1  The  law  permitting  the  appointment  of  a  geologist  and  the  prosecution  of  geological 
work  under  the  direction  of  and  at  the  expense  of  the  board  of  agriculture  was  not 
abolished  until  1887,  but  nothing  was  undertaken  by  the  hoard  except  in  connection 
with  the  preparation  of  the  geological  report  (vol.  2). 


376  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

It  was  the  first  endeavor  of  Professor  Kerr  to  determine  what  of 
the  objects  of  the  survey  had  been  most  fully  accomplished  during 
the  administration  of  Doctor  Emmons.  It  was  found  that  his  un- 
published notes  had  been  lost  or  destroyed,  and  hence  that  it  would 
be  necessary  to  reexamine  in  large  part  the  field  covered  by  him,  as 
well  as  to  survey  the  large  western  area,  thus  far  almost  unexplored. 
However,  before  the  work  in  connection  with  the  general  geology 
could  be  completed,  or  indeed  prosecuted  to  any  great  advantage,  a 
topographic  map  was  necessary.  Concerning  the  middle  and  eastern 
divisions  of  the  State  it  was  found  that  data  for  this  could  be  col- 
lected from  previous  geographical  surveys  of  one  kind  or  another, 
but  in  the  western  division  much  original  topographical  work  would 
have  to  be  done. 

In  the  department  of  paleontology  much  more  work  remained  to 
be  done.  Concerning  this,  in  his  report  of  progress  for  1866,  paga 
20,  Kerr  says: 

Neither  the  Tertiary  fossils  of  the  eastern  counties  nor  the  Mesozoic  of  the 
Deep  River  and  Dan  River  coal  beds,  nor  yet  the  supposed  Azoic  (so-called 
Taconic)  organisms  of  the  middle  section  have  been  fully  and  satisfactorily 
studied  and  illustrated. 

It  was  a  part  of  the  plan  of  organization  to  form  a  museum  of 
specimens  illustrative  of  the  fossils,  rocks,  minerals  and  mining 
products,  soils  and  marls,  animals,  and  plants  of  the  State;  also,  in 
connection  with  the  agriculture,  to  make  additional  analyses  of  soils 
and  marls  and  undertake  any  other  investigation  which  the  interest 
of  the  people  might  demand  in  this  direction. 

It  was  also  a  part  of  the  plan  to  organize  meteorological  stations 
in  many  counties  for  the  purpose  of  determining  as  far  as  possible 
the  general  climatology  of  the  State,  and  to  investigate  the  water 
power  and  manufacturing  advantages. 

No  modifications  of  the  law  of  1851  were  enacted  from  the  date 
of  its  passage  in  1851  to  the  year  1877.  There  was,  however,  an  act 
passed  by  the  general  assembly  of  1871-72,  ratified  February  12, 
1872.  which  in  slight  measure  affected  the  duties  of  the  State  geolo- 
gist as  follows: 

An  act  to  prevent  fraud  in  the  sale  of  commercial  manures. 

SEC.  4.  That  any  person  or  persons  instituting  suit  against  any  such  manu- 
facturer for  such  damages  may  on  the  payment  of  $15  to  the  State  geologist 
cause  a  full  and  accurate  analysis  to  be  made  by  him,  a  certificate  of  which 
shall  be  presumptive  evidence  of  the  chemical  elements  and  ingredients  con- 
tained in  the  sample  of  fertilizer  so  analyzed  and  of  the  package  or  parcel  from 
which  the  sample  was  taken. 

The  above  was  amended  by  an  act  of  the  general  assembly  of  1873- 
74,  ratified  January  29.  1874,  as  follows:1 

1  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1S73-74.  ch.  Ixlx,  sec.  6,  p.  96. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  377 

SEC.  6.  That  the  State  geologist,  at  the  request  of  any  person  who  shall  pay 
him  the  sura  of  $15,  shall  sample  any  lot  of  fertilizer  held  or  offered  for  sale  in 
this  State,  and  analyze  or  cause  the  same  to  be  analyzed;  and  if  he  shall  find 
therein  evidence  of  a  failure  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  he  shall 
cause  the  same  to  be  published  in  some  agricultural  or  other  public  papers  in 
the  cities  of  Kaleigh  and  Baltimore. 

In  the  year  1877  an  act  was  passed  by  the  general  assembly  where- 
by the  geological  survey  was  made  a  cooperative  department  with 
the  department  of  agriculture,  organized  at  that  time.  So  much  of 
that  act  as  relates  to  the  geological  survey  is  as  follows : 

An  act  to  establish  a  department  of  agriculture,  Immigration,  and  statistics,  and  for  the 
encouragement  of  sheep  husbandry. 

SEC.  13.  The  geological  survey  is  hereby  made  and  constituted  a  cooperative 
department  with  the  department  of  agriculture,  and  the  geological  museum  and 
the  collections  therein  shall,  at  all  times,  be  accessible  to  the  said  department. 
The  geologist  shall,  as  far  as  practicable,  prepare  illustrations  of  the  agricul- 
tural industries,  products,  and  resources  of  the  State  and  arrange  "and  care  for 
such  collections  as  the  said  department  may  make  for  this  purpose.  He  shall 
also  prepare  abstracts  of  the  survey  from  time  to  time  as  may  be  required  for 
the  use  of  the  department  in  their  handbook,  and  circulars  for  publication,  in 
illustrations  of  the  advantages  of  this  State  and  in  promotion  of  the  general 
purposes  of  immigration. 

In  return  for  such  service  the  State  geologist  may  have  all  his  samples  of 
marls,  soils,  minerals,  and  other  products  analyzed  by  the  chemist  at  the  lab- 
oratory of  the  experiment  station,  free  of  charge. 

SEC.  14.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist,  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  university  to  devote  two  months  in 
each  year  at  the  seat  of  the  university  in  the  performance  of  such  duties  in 
instruction  as  the  faculty  may  direct,  and  while  employed  in  this  capacity  he 
shall  constitute  a  member  of  the  faculty. 

At  this  time  an  act  was  passed  by  the  general  assembly  repealing 
section  1  of  the  act  of  1851  for  the  appointment  of  the  geologist,  and 
section  3  providing  for  the  expenditures  of  and  authorizing  the  re- 
organization of  the  survey.  This  act  was  ratified  February  20,  1879, 
went  into  effect  immediately  and  continued  in  force  until  1887.  Pro- 
fessor Kerr  was  reappointed  State  geologist  under  the  new  law.  and 
was  continued  in  office  until  his  resignation  in  1882. 

In  1883  all  then  existing  laws  relating  to  the  survey  were  codified. 
The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  same  taken  from  volume  2  of  the  code : 

Law  governing  the  operation  of  the  survey,  1883-1887. 

SEC.  2198.  The  geological  survey  is  hereby  made  and  constituted  a  coopera- 
tive department  with  the  department  of  agriculture,  and  the  geological  museum 
and  the  collections  therein  shall  at  all  times  be  accessible  to  the  said  depart- 
ment. The  geologist  shall,  as  far  as  practicable,  prepare  illustrations  of  the 
agricultural  industries,  products,  and  resources  of  the  State,  and  arrange  and 
<-are  for  such  collections  ns  the  said  department  may  make  for  this  purpose. 


378  BULLETIN   10£,   UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

He  shall  also  prepare  abstracts  of  the  survey  from  time  to  time  us  may  be  re- 
quired for  the  use  of  the  department  in  their  handbook,  and  circulars  for  pub 
lication  in  illustration  of  the  advantages  of  this  State,  and  in  promotion  of  the 
general  purposes  of  immigration.  In  return  for  such  service  the  State  geologist 
may  have  all  his  marls,  soils,  minerals,  and  other  products  analyzed  by  the  chem- 
ist at  the  laboratory  of  the  departemnt  station,  free  of  charge,  and  the  board  of 
agriculture  is  hereby  authorized  to  pay  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  geological 
museum;  and  they  may  authorize  and  supervise  the  publication  by  the  public 
printer  of  the  second  volume  of  the  geology  of  North  Carolina,  as  soon  as  ready, 
and  may  furnish  the  necessary  maps  and  other  engravings  for  its  proper  illus- 
tration ;  and  in  like  manner  they  may  authorize  the  printing  by  the  public- 
printer,  hi  pamphlet  form,  for  free  distribution,  such  parts  of  volumes  1  and  2 
as  they  may  deem  advisable ;  and  they  may  furnish  copies  of  volume  2  to  State, 
college,  and  other  public  libraries,  to  geologists  and  other  scientific  men,  and  to 
every  newspaper  in  the  State;  and  shall  furnish  the  secretary  of  the  state  a 
copy  for  each  county,  to  be  forwarded  with  other  public  documents  to  the  clerk 
of  the  superior  court  and  to  other  persons  at  the  cost  of  paper  and  printing. 
The  State  geologist,  at  the  request  of  the  trustees  of  the  university,  shall,  when- 
ever the  board  of  agriculture  shall  deem  it  not  interfering  with  the  regular 
duties  of  his  office,  deliver  at  the  university  n  course  of  free  lectures  on  th'' 
geology  and  mineralogy  of  this  State. 

SEC.  2209.  The  governor  shall  appoint,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  senate, 
a  suitable  person  to  conduct,  under  the  supervision  of  the  department  of  agricul- 
ture, immigration,  and  statistics,  a  geological,  mineralogical,  botanical,  and  agri- 
cultural survey  of  the  State ;  such  officer  shall  hold  office  for  two  years :  Pro- 
vided, That  the  person  so  appointed  shall  be  liable  to  removal  at  any  time  by 
the  governor,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  board  of  agriculture,  immigration, 
and  statistics. 

SEC.  2210.  The  compensation  of  the  person  so  appointed  shall  be  fixed  by  the 
said  department  of  agriculture,  immigration,  and  statistics,  but  shall  never 
exceed  a  greater  rate  than  $2,000  per  annum. 

SEC.  2211.  The  expenditures  incurred  in  making  said  surveys  and  reports 
shall  be  defrayed  from  the  funds  provided  for  the  support  and  maintenance 
of  the  said  department  of  agriculture,  immigration,  and  statistics:  Provided, 
That  the  sum  hereby  authorized  to  be  used,  including  the  salary  or  compensa- 
tion of  the  person  appointed  to  make  said  surveys,  shall  not  exceed  the  sum 
of  $5,000  per  annum. 

SEC.  2212.  The  person  appointed  shall  examine  and  survey  each  and  every 
county  of  the  State  and  ascertain  the  different  geological  formations  of  eacli 
county  and  section  of  the  State;  the  nature,  character,  and  value  of  its  min- 
erals ;  the  nature  and  character  of  its  soils,  and  the  best  mode  of  improving  the 
same;  the  nature  and  kind  of  its  productions,  and  their  position  and  relative 
value;  its  facilities  for  manufactories;  the  extent  and  value  of  its  water 
power;  the  character  and  value  of  its  botanical  productions;  the  character 
and  value  of  its  timber;  and  all  other  facts  connected  with  the  subjects  of 
geology,  mineralogy,  botany,  and  agriculture  which  may  tend  to  a  full  develop- 
ment of  the  resources  of  the  State;  and  such  person  is  authorized  to  employ 
as  many  proper  agents  and  assistants,  to  be  approved  by  the  governor,  as  may 
be  necessary  to  enable  him  speedily  and  successfully  to  accomplish  the  objects 
committed  to  his  charge;  and  he  shall,  from  time  to  time,  communicate  to  the 
governor,  to  be  by  him  communicated  to  the  general  assembly,  a  report,  In 
writing,  setting  forth  fully  the  results  of  his  survey;  which  reports  shall  bf 
published  under  the  supervision  of  the  governor  and  board  of  education. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  379 

SEC.  2213.  The  person  making  such  survey  shall  deliver  lectures  upon  the  sub 
jects  committed  to  his  charge  in  the  villages  through  which  he  shall  pass :  Pro- 
vided, That  he  shall  not  thereby  delay  his  other  duties. 

The  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  abolishing  the 
survey  in  1887  is  as  follows : 

SEC.  10.  That  so  much  of  sections  219S,  2209,  2210,  2211,  2212,  and  2213  per- 
taining to  the  State  geologist  as  requires  the  department  of  agriculture  to  fix 
the  compensation,  regulate  the  expenditures,  or  pay  out  of  their  funds  the 
salary  and  expenses  of  the  State  geologist  shall  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby, 
repealed. 

From  its  reorganization  under  Kerr  in  1866  to  the  year  1877  the 
survey  was  in  no  sense  connected  with  other  institutions,  and  the 
State  geologist  held  no  other  official  or  professional  position.  At 
the  latter  date  a  department  of  agriculture  was  established,  the 
geological  survey  made  a  cooperative  department  thereof,  and  the 
State  geologist  was  made  a  member  of,  and  an  officer  under  the 
board  of  agriculture.  And  by  section  14  of  the  same  act  it  was 
made  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
the  board  of  trustees,  to  devote  two  months  of  each  year  to  giving 
instructions  to  classes  at  the  State  university,  and  while  employed 
in  this  capacity  he  was  considered  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the 
university. 

The  above-mentioned  act  of  1877  continued  in  force  for  two  years. 
In  1879  it  was  so  amended  that  the  State  geologist  was  no  longer  a 
member  of  the  board  of  agriculture,  and  though  he  was  still  required 
under  certain  conditions  to  deliver  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  State 
university,  he  was  not  at  such  times  to  be  considered  a  member  of 
the  faculty.  By  that  act,  however,  the  geological  survey  was  con- 
tinued a  cooperative  department  of  the  department  of  agriculture. 

The  survey  was  sustained  by  an  annual  appropriation.  From  the 
time  of  organization  (1866)  to  1877  this  appropriation  was  paid  out 
of  the  general  funds  of  the  treasury  as  authorized  by  act  of  the  gen- 
eral assembly  of  1850-51.  From  1877  to  1887  the  funds  for  the  ex- 
penses of  the  survey  were  appropriated  out  of  money  raised  for  the 
support  of  the  department  of  agriculture  by.  special  tax  on  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  commercial  fertilizers  within  the  State. 

Administration. — Upon  the  reorganization  of  the  survey  in  1866 
so  great  was  the  variety  of  the  work  to  be  undertaken  that,  with  a 
small  appropriation  at  its  disposal,  it  was  necessary  that  the  geolo- 
gist should  undertake  in  person  investigations  of  a  widely  different 
character.  This  was  especially  notable  in  connection  with  the  topo- 
graphical work.  There  was  no  accurate  geographical  nor  topograph- 
ical map  of  the  State,  as  already  noted,  upon  which  to  lay  down  the 
ecological  data. 


380  BULLETIN    109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  appropriation  for  the  maintenance  of  the  survey  was  too 
small  to  admit  of  a  separate  survey  being  made.  During  almost  the 
entire  period  of  the  existence  of  the  survey,  Professor  Kerr,  in  mak- 
ing his  excursions  over  the  State,  was,  therefore,  obliged  to  combine 
topographical  and  geological  work,  and  this  greatly  retarded  the 
geological  work. 

Again,  the  correspondence  of  the  survey  made  a  continuous  de- 
mand upon  the  time  of  the  geologist — a  demand  of  more  importance 
than  can  be  realized  by  those  unfamiliar  with  the  facts  in  the  case. 
This  correspondence  was  undertaken  by  the  geologist  in  person  and 
often  retarded  in  no  small  degree  the  progress  of  his  work  in  other- 
directions. 

During  the  years  1873,  1876,  and  1881,  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  work  of  the  survey  was  given  to  the  making  of  collective  ex- 
hibits, illustrative  of  the  State's  resources,  at  the  Vienna,  Centennial, 
and  Atlanta  expositions,  respectively.  Indeed,  so  great  was  the 
variety  of  work  expected  and  demanded  of  the  survey  in  connection 
with  the  economic  resources  of  the  State,  that  the  amount  of  purely 
scientific  work  accomplished  was  thereby  greatly  limited. 

Personnel. — The  personnel  of  the  survey  for  each  fiscal  year  ending 
September  30  is  given  below.  This  list  is  believed  to  include  the  name 
of  every  individual  who  has  been  engaged  upon  the  work.  There 
were  no  regular  or  permanent  assistants  connected  with  the  survey. 
Assistants  were  engaged  from  time  to  time  by  the  geologist  for  spe- 
cial professional  work  or  general  office  work  as  they  were  needed  or 
could  be  secured.  Some  of  these  had  only  a  nominal  connection, 
others  were  connected  with  it  at  intervals  during  several  years. 

1866,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  C.  J.  Curtis,  assistant  in  topography; 
N.  A.  Pratt,  assistant  in  chemistry.  1866-67,  W.  C.  Kerr.  geologist : 
William  Cain,  assistant  in  topography;  N.  A.  Pratt,  assistant  in 
chemistry.  1867-68,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  C.  J.  Curtis,  assistant 
in  topography.  1868-69,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  E.  D.  Cope,  assist- 
ant in  invertebrate  paleontology;  G.  B.  Hanna,  assistant  in  chem- 
istry. 1869-70,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  G.  B.  Hanna.  assistant  in 
chemistry;  T.  A.  Conrad,  assistant  in  invertebrate  paleontology; 
G.  C.  Jordan,  assistant  in  labeling  cabinets.  1870-71.  W.  C.  Kerr, 
geologist;  William  Cain,  assistant  in  topography:  T.  A.  Conrad,  as- 
sistant in  invertebrate  paleontology:  E.  H.  Bogardus,  assistant  in 
chemistry;  G.  B.  Hanna,  assistant  in  chemistry;  C.  F.  Chandler, 
special  assistant  in  chemistry;  F.  A.  Genth,  assistant  in  mineralogy. 
1871-72,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  William  Cain,  assistant  in  topog- 
raphy; G.  B.  Hanna,  assistant  in  chemistry;  E.  H.  Bogardus.  assist- 
ant in  chemistry;  F.  A.  Genth.  assistant  in  mineralogy:  Mrs.  C.  P. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  381 

Spencer,  assistant  in  office  work;  William  D.  Cooke,  assistant  in 
office  work.  1872-73,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist ;  G.  B.  Hanna,  assistant 
in  chemistry;  C.  D.  Smith,  assistant  in  geology;  William  D.  Cooke, 
assistant  in  office  work.  1873-74,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  C.  D.  Smith, 
assistant  in  geology;  G.  B.  Hanna,  assistant  in  chemistry;  E.  H. 
Bogardus,  assistant  in  chemistry;  William  Cain,  assistant  in  topog- 
raphy; William  D.  Cooke,  assistant  in  office  work.  1874-75,  W.  C. 
Kerr,  geologist;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  lithology;  G.  B.  Hanna, 
assistant  in  chemistry;  William  D.  Cooke,  assistant  in  office  work. 
1875-76,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist ;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  lithology ; 
J.  B.  Hanna,  assistant  in  chemistry.  1876-77,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist ; 
A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  lithology ;  G.  B.  Hanna,  assistant  in  chem- 
istry and  mining;  A.  B.  Ledoux,  chemist  ex  officio.  1877-78,  W.  C. 
Kerr,  geologist;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  geology;  A.  E.  Ledoux, 
chemist  ex  officw;  William  Cain,  assistant  in  topography;  T.  C. 
Harris,  curator  of  museum  and  assistant  in  engraving  and  general 
office  work.  1878-79,  W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant 
in  lithology;  A.  B.  Ledoux,  chemist  ex  officio;  A.  G.  Williamson, 
assistant  in  topography;  T.  C.  Harris,  curator  of  museum  and  as- 
sistant in  engraving  and  general  office  work.  1879-80,  W.  C.  Kerr, 
geologist;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  lithology;  F.  A.  Genth,  assist- 
ant in  mineralogy;  A.  E.  Ledoux,  chemist  ex  officio;  William  Cain, 
assistant  in  topography ;  A.  G.  Williamson,  assistant  in  topography ; 
T.  C.  Harris,  curator  of  museum  and  assistant  in  engraving  and  gen- 
eral office  work;  B.  G.  Thomas,  assistant  in  office  work.  1880-81, 
W.  C.  Kerr,  geologist;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  lithology;  C.  W. 
Dabney,  chemist  ex  officio;  T.  C.  Harris,  curator  of  museum  and  as- 
sistant in  engraving  and  general  office  work.  1881-82,  W.  C.  Kerr, 
geologist ;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  lithology ;  W.  B.  Phillips,  assist- 
ant in  geology;  C.  W.  Dabney,  jr.,  chemist  ex  officio;  T.  C.  Harris, 
curator,  etc.;  W.  H.  Kerr,  special  assistant  in  geology.  1882-83, 
W.  B.  Phillips,  acting  geologist;  A.  A.  Julien,  assistant  in  lithology; 
C.  W.  Dabney,  chemist  ex  officw;  T.  C.  Harris,  curator,  etc. 

The  geologist  of  the  survey  was  appointed  by  the  governor,  in 
accordance  with  the  act  of  January,  1851,  and  subsequently  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  act  of  1879.  The  assistants  employed  by  the  sur- 
vey were  appointed  by  the  geologist,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
governor,  and  no  principles  of  promotion  were  laid  down  so  far  as 
the  record  shows. 

Salaries. — The  salary  of  the  geologist  was  fixed  at  the  time  of  his 
appointment  in  1866  by  agreement  between  the  governor  of  the  State 
and  himself  at  $2,500  a  year.  By  act  of  the  general  assembly,  ratified 
February  20,  1879,  it  was  enacted  that  after  that  date  the  compensa- 
tion of  the  geologist  should  be  fixed  by  the  department  of  agricul- 


382  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

ture,  and  that  it  should  not  exceed  $2,000  a  year.  As  a  rule  the 
assistants  on  the  survey  were  not  paid  regular  salaries,  but  received 
such  compensation  for  their  work  as  was  agreed  upon  between  them- 
selves and  the  geologist.  No  official  record  of  the  sum  thus  ex- 
pended has  been  preserved. 

In  a  few  instances  assistance  was  given  without  remuneration,  as 
in  the  cases  of  Professors  Conrad  and  Cope  in  working  up  the  re- 
mains of  fossil  invertebrates  and  vertebrates  collected  by  the  survey. 
So  far  as  can  be  learned,  the  geologist  in  charge  of  the  survey  was 
not  paid  a  salary  by  any  other  institution  during  his  connection  with 
the  survey. 

With  a  few  unimportant  exceptions  the  assistants  employed  by 
the  survey  were  connected  with  other  institutions  and  gave  only  a 
portion  of  their  time  to  the  work.  In  such  cases,  so  far  as  can  be 
learned,  they  were  paid  salaries  by  the  other  institutions  with  which 
they  were  connected. 

Methods  in  geological  work. — In  general  geology,  including  here 
lithology  and  stratigraphy,  concerning  the  methods  adopted  for  the 
western  region  of  the  State  the  following  extract  is  given  from  Pro- 
fessor Kerr's  Report  of  Progress,  1866,  pages  19  and  20 : 

Since  the  general  geological  survey  must  necessarily  serve  as  the  basis  and 
groundwork  of  the  whole  this  comes  first  in  order.  It  was  necessary,  therefore, 
in  the  beginning  to  take  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  whole  field  of  operations,  to 
make  a  geological  reconnoissance,  in  order  to  catch  the  outlines  and  leading 
features  of  the  geological  structure  of  the  region  to  be  studied,  and  thus  to 
construct  a  skeleton  or  framework  in  which  all  the  future  details  of  the  work 
would  easily  and  intelligibly  arrange  themselves  as  they  should  be  developed. 
This  was  necessary  also  in  order  to  ascertain  the  character  and  amount  of  the 
work  to  be  done,  and  to  what  points  special  effort  and  attention  should  be 
directed.  This  could  be  accomplished  most  speedily  and  satisfactorily  by 
making  a  series  of  transverse  sections  across  the  upturned  edges  of  the  strata. 
In  this  State  the  direction  of  these  edges,  the  strike,  is  almost  universally  from 
Northeast  to  Southwest,  and  this  direction,  being  also  that  of  the  dominant 
mountain  chain,  the  rivers  in  seeking  the  line  of  quickest  descent,  necessarily 
take  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  the  strike ;  and  having  worn  for  themselves 
deep  channels  through  the  strata,  furnish  extensive  exposures  of  the  rocks  and 
so  give  the  readiest  means  of  obtaining  the  desired  sections,  although  one  is 
often  obliged  to  use  for  this  purpose  the  artificial  and  accidental  exposures 
along  the  tracks  of  railroads,  turnpikes,  and  even  common  roads. 

The  Ocvee,  Hiwassee,  Cheowah,  Nantehaleh.  Tennessee.  Tnckasege,  Pigeon, 
and  French  Broad,  with  the  Oconaluftee  and  Toxaway  Rivers,  furnished  me 
as  many  sections,  some  of  them  partial,  some  of  them  completely  across  the 
breadth  of  the  State.  These  sections  enabled  me  to  locate  beyond  the  possi- 
bility of  a  doubt  all  the  prominent  geological  features  of  the  region  and  furnish 
data  also  for  the  construction  of  a  geological  map  of  that  hitherto  unknown 
country. 

In  all  parts  of  the  State  where  such  advantages  existed  the  geolo- 
gist availed  himself  of  the  exposures  along  watercourses  and  rail- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  383 

roads,  and  where  these  did  not  exist  he  traveled  along  country  roads, 
usually  in  such  directions  as  (in  the  middle  and  western  regions  of 
the  State)  to  cross  the  upturned  edges  of  the  strata. 

The  mode  of  travel  varied  with  circumstances.  Along  the  line 
of  railroads  the  geologist  frequently  made  use  of  a  handcar.  In 
other  cases  he  traveled  by  private  conveyance  along  or  near  the  line 
of  railroad,  making  frequent  excursions  on  foot  for  the  purpose  of 
examining  the  exposures  of  rock  in  the  cuts.  In  hilly  and  mountain- 
ous regions,  he  traveled  on  horseback ;  along  river  courses,  especially 
in  the  eastern  section,  he  made  use  of  boats  when  practicable,  and 
was  thus  enabled  the  better  to  examine  the  exposures  along  the  banks 
of  the  streams. 

Of  the  lithological  collections  made,  one  set  of  specimens  was 
deposited  in  the  State  museum,  and  a  duplicate  set  (in  part)  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  lithologist  to  the  survey,  Dr.  A.  A.  Julien, 
of  New  York  City,  for  further  examination,  with  instructions  that 
the  specimens  be  carefully  examined  microscopically  and  chemically, 
if  this  latter  also  should  prove  to  be  necessary  in  determining  their 
mineral  composition  and  character.  In  addition,  Doctor  Julien 
himself,  under  the  direction  of  the  survey,  examined  in  the  field  the 
crystalline  rocks  of  the  middle  and  western  portions  of  the  State,  in 
order  that  he  might  the  more  intelligently  prosecute  his  investiga- 
tions in  the  laboratory. 

With  his  own  extensive  examinations  in  the  field  of  the  character 
and  stratigraphic  relations  of  the  crystalline  rocks,  and  with  the 
aid  of  Doctor  Julien's  investigations  in  the  microscopic  and  chem- 
ical characters  of  these  rocks,  Professor  Kerr  hoped  to  solve,  or  at 
least  to  throw  light  upon,  the  problem  as  to  the  age  of  the  crystalline 
rocks. 

In  connection  with  the  topographic  work,  Professor  Kerr  brought 
together  the  records  of  the  original  surveys  and  triangulations  of  the 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  of  Prof.  Arnold  Guyot, 
of  the  State  geologist  (himself),  and  of  the  United  States  Engi- 
neers; the  surveys  made  by  the  State  from  1820  to  1882  of  swamp 
lands,  railroads,  rivers,  canals,  and  turnpikes;  the  surveys  of  rail- 
road, plank  road,  and  other  corporations  to  date;  and  numerous 
county  and  land  surveys.  The  larger  part  of  these  were  reduced  to 
a  common  scale,  the  results  redrawn  and  incorporated  in  the  "  Map 
of  North  Carolina." 

Museum. — The  collections  of  the  survey  deposited  in  the  State 
museum  consisted  in  1887  of  the  following: 

A  collection  of  minerals  and  ores  of  between  6,000  and  7,000  speci- 
mens, in  general  so  arranged  as  to  illustrate  the  mineral  wealth  of 
the  several  counties  of  the  State. 
136075—20 26 


384  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

A  collection  of  something  more  than  3,000  lithological  specimen*. 

A  collection  of  building  stones,  consisting  of  100  specimens,  vary- 
ing in  size  from  cubes  1  foot  in  diameter  to  smaller,  taken  from  the 
quarries  and  other  exposures  of  granite,  gneiss,  sandstone,  marble, 
etc.,  in  different  parts  of  the  State. 

Soils  and  marls,  upward  of  200  specimens,  from  different  portions 
of  the  State,  collected  primarily  for  analysis. 

Woods,  upward  of  200  specimens,  consisting  of  boards  2  feet  long, 
1  to  2  inches  thick,  and  of  varying  widths,  polished,  illustrative  of 
the  native  woods  of  the  State. 

Fossil  shells,  a  collection  of  several  thousand  specimens,  including 
a  large  number  of  species,  mainly  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
deposits  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the  State. 

Shells  of  forms  now  living— of  marine,  a  small  collection;  of 
fresh -water  and  land  shells,  a  small  collection  of  each. 

A  few  zoological  specimens,  including  the  skeleton  of  a  whale 
(Balaena  mysticetus),  65  feet  long,  porpoise,  and  a  few  smaller 
animals. 

A  small  collection  of  agricultural  products  and  of  Indian 
antiquities. 

Library. — The  library  of  the  survey  contained  in  1887  about  300 
volumes,  which  include  general  and  special  treatises  on  general  and 
applied  geology,  mineralogy,  metallurgy,  chemistry,  agriculture,  and 
general  natural  history,  and  the  reports  of  the  geological  and  natural 
history  surveys  of  other  States. 

Expenses. — No  records  of  the  specific  expenditures  of  the  survey 
have  been  published  or  preserved  in  any  way,  so  far  as  discovered. 
It  may  be  stated,  however,  that  the  expenditure  of  the  funds  at  the 
disposal  of  the  survey  ($5,000  a  year)  included  the  payment  of 
salaries  of  officers  and  assistants,  all  the  running  expenses,  and.  at 
least,  in  part,  the  cost  of  engraving  of  maps  accompanying  the 
geological  reports. 

The  annual  expenditures  of  the  survey  from  its  organization  in  1866 
to  October,  1882,  the  fiscal  years  ending  September  30,  is  as  follows : 

1866 $3,000.00  1875-76 $6.000.00 

1866-67 4,000.00  1876-77 5,000.00 

1867-68 7,000.00  1877-78 4,000.00 

1868-69 5.004.69  1878-79 . 1 3,  246.  62 

1869-70 5,000.00  1879-80 4,786.00 

1870-71 3,  750.  00  i  1880-81 3,671.27 

1871-72 5,  750.  00  I  1881-82 4.  314.  84 

1872-73 6,  750.  00  j  1882-83 546.61 

1873-74 4,  000.  00 

1874-75 5, 000.  00  :  $80,820.03 

1  Taken  from  report  of  department  of  agriculture,  the  auditor's  report  shows  an  ex- 
penditure of  $1,870. 


GEOLOGICAL    AND    NATURAL    HISTORY   SURVEYS.  385 

The  geologist,  as  stated  above,  received  no  salary  from  other  in- 
stitutions than  the  survey.  The  chemist  after  1877  was  the  chemist 
and  director  of  the  North  Carolina  experiment  station  and  ex  officio 
chemist  to  the  geological  survey.  He  was  paid  no  salary  by  the 
survey,  but  as  chemist  and  director  of  the  station  received  an  annual 
salary  of  $2,000  until  1885,  when  it  was  increased  to  $2.500. 

The  cost  of  engraving  and  printing  connected  with  the  reports  of 
the  survey  was  paid  in  part  out  of  the  funds  of  the  survey,  in  part 
(prior  to  1877)  out  of  the  public  fund  of  the  State,  and  in  part 
(subsequent  to  1877,  when  the  department  of  agriculture,  etc.,  was 
established)  out  of  the  funds  of  the  department  of  agriculture. 

Benefits. — As  covering  that  period  of  the  survey's  existence  from 
1866  to  1875,  the  following  is  quoted  from  Professor  Kerr:1 

The  benefits  of  a  geological  survey  have  come  to  be  recognized  in  all  civilized 
communities.  They  are  twofold,  positive  and  negative.  In  this  State  they  are 
Been  in  the  discovery  and  development  of  mineral  wealth — coal,  iron,  copper, 
etc.;  in  preventing  or  diminishing  wasteful  and  ill-advised  and  ruinous  enter- 
prises. Several  single  mines  of  copper,  of  iron,  and  of  coal,  whose  development 
is  due  to  the  operations  of  the  survey,  have  brought  into  the  State  an  amount 
of  capital  many  times  greater  than  the  whole  cost  of  the  work.  More  than  a 
million  dollars,  for  example,  has  been  invested  in  four  or  five  such  mines  within 
the  last  three  or  four  years,  and  only  a  beginning  has  been  made.  And  I 
make  no  doubt  that  in  the  repression  and  prevention  of  mistaken  adventures 
the  pecuniary  value  of  the  work  has  been  still  more  important.  And  many  who 
live  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  State  will  readily  understand  that  the  most 
important  function  of  the  survey  is  found  in  the  direction  of  agriculture.  The 
saving  to  the  farmers  of  that  section  in  one  year  in  the  matter  of  commercial 
fertilizers  alone  is  counted  by  hundreds  of  thousands,  without  mentioning  the 
direct  benefits  from  the  analysis  of  marls,  peats,  etc.,  and  the  extension  and 
direction  of  their  use. 

Examined  in  the  light  of  subsequent  years  the  above  statement 
concerning  the  benefits  of  the  survey  may  be  considered  a  fair  one; 
and  this  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  a  few  of  the  mining  invest- 
ments in  the  State  alluded  to  were  unsuccessful.  And  in  many  ways 
the  survey  continued  for  nearly  another  decade  to  exert  its  beneficial 
effects. 

In  connection  with  the  mining  interests  it  has  encouraged  the  in- 
troduction of  capital  into  the  State,  and  a  more  judicious  investment 
of  home  capital.  In  a  negative  but  important  way  it  has  been  instru- 
mental in  preventing  numerous  investments  where  the  undertaking 
would  have  proved  a  failure  and  the  money  invested  lost. 

In  connection  with  the  agricultural  interests  the  beneficial  results 
of  the  survey  can  not  easily  be  estimated,  but  doubtless  these  have 
been  considerable  to  the  people  in  all  sections  of  the  State,  and  espe- 
cially to  those  of  the  eastern  and  middle  sections.  Agriculture,  dur- 
ing the  entire  existence  of  the  survey,  was  regarded  as  an  important 

» Geology  of  North  Carolina,  1875,  p.  rv. 


386  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

field  of  work.  Numerous  analyses  of  marls,  peats,  and  commercial 
fertilizers  were  made,  and  directions  looking  to  the  extension  and 
use  of  these  were  widely  disseminated.  Many  analyses  of  soils  were 
made,  and  the  people  of  the  State  were  informed  as  to  the  methods 
of  soil  improvement. 

From  1872  to  1877  the  survey  doubtless  saved  to  the  people  of  the 
eastern  and  middle  regions  of  the  State  many  thousands  of  dollars 
through  its  inspection  of  the  commercial  fertilizers  sold  and  used  in 
these  regions;  and  in  1877  the  State  geologist  was  largely  instru- 
mental in  the  establishment  and  organization  of  the  "  department  of 
agriculture,  immigration,  etc.,"  and  the  agricultural  experiment  sta- 
tion, which  since  that  time  has  been  of  great  value  to  the  people  of 
the  State  in  regulating  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  commercial  fer- 
tilizers, and  in  other  ways. 

Again,  the  survey  has  been  of  benefit  to  the  people  by  advertising 
the  natural  resources  of  the  State  in  this  and  in  other  countries. 
This  has  been  done  by  making  exhibits  of  specimens  of  minerals, 
eres,  woods,  etc.,  illustrative  of  the  resources  of  the  State,  and 
through  the  published  reports  of  the  survey  and  official  correspond- 
ence of  the  geologist  with  persons  in  our  own  and  other  countries. 
Such  exhibits  as  referred  to  were  made  by  the  survey  at  the  Vienna 
exhibition  (1874),  Philadelphia  (1876),  and  Atlanta  (1881). 

The  survey  inaugurated  the  movement  of  a  few  years  later  looking 
to  the  increase  in  supply  of  food  fishes  in  the  streams  of  the  State; 
and  (as  mentioned  already)  established  and  kept  in  existence  for  a 
time  a  series  of  meteorological  stations  in  different  portions  of  the 
State.  It  revived  the  silk-raising  movement  in  North  Carolina — a 
result  of  the  visit  of  the  geologist  to  the  Vienna  exposition.  It- 
measured  the  water  power  of  all  the  important  rivers  of  the  State. 
It  has  left  the  public  a  fairly  good  knowledge  of  the  physical  fea- 
tures and  climatology  of  North  Carolina. 

The  educational  feature  should  be  kept  in  mind  even  when  con- 
sidering the  material  benefits  resulting  from  the  work  of  the  survey. 
Through  occasional  public  lectures  by  the  State  geologist  at  places 
in  different  portions  of  the  State,  through  published  reports,  arti- 
cles in  newspapers,  and  private  correspondence,  the  people  of  the 
different  sections  were  informed,  as  far  as  was  practicable  under  the 
circumstances,  concerning  the  natural  resources  of  their  respective 
regions.  Such  information  is  of  material  benefit  in  that,  on  the  one 
hand,  it  encourages  investments  in  cases  where  there  is  reasonable 
ground  for  expecting  success;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  where  there 
is  no  such  ground,  the  attention  of  persons  interested  is  turned  to 
some  other  undertaking,  and  loss  of  both  time  and  capital  is  pre- 
vented. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  387 

Unfinished  ivork  of  the  survey. — Excepting  the  report  on  the  min- 
erals and  mineral  localities  (ch.  1  of  vol.  2  of  Geology  of  North  Caro- 
lina) brought  out  in  1881,  the  State  map  in  1882,  and  the  report  on 
the  Ores  of  North  Carolina  (ch.  2  of  vol.  2),  published  in  1887,  none 
of  the  results  of  the  work  of  this  survey  have  been  published  since 
1875. 

After  the  death,  in  1885,  of  Kerr,  nothing  more  was  done  until 
1891,  when  J.  A.  Holmes,  of  the  State  university,  was  appointed 
State  geologist  and  continued  to  hold  the  office  until  1904.  No 
systematic  work  was  carried  on  by  this  organization,  which  was  oc- 
cupied, as  opportunity  offered,  in  other  consideration  of  special  prob- 
lems relating  not  only  to  geology,  but  timber  resources  and  road 
construction  as  well.  In  1905  a  new  act  was  passed  establishing  the 
present  surveys.1 

OHIO.2 

The  geological  explorations  of  Ohio  were  begun  in  the  interest  of 
salt  manufacture.  The  difficulty  of  securing  this  article,  and  the 
high  price  which  it  bore  in  the  Ohio  Valley  all  through  the  early 
years  of  the  present  century,  seemed  to  the  pioneers  of  this  region 
the  most  serious  obstacle  to  their  success.  All  the  salt  that  they  used 
was  brought  across  the  Alleghanies  on  the  backs  of  pack  horses  or 
up  the  Mississippi  in  flatboats.  The  price  ranged  from  8  to  16  cents 
a  pound. 

The  early  settlers,  noting  that  certain  springs  of  water  slightly 
charged  with  salt  were  much  frequented  by  animals,  made  in  1798 
their  first  attempt  at  the  home  manufacture  of  salt  at  the  "  Old 
Scioto  salt  works."  To  prevent  monopoly  Congress,  in  1808,  re- 
served 6  miles  square  at  this  place  for  the  use  of  the  State  and  1 
square  mile  at  each  of  the  other  two  localities  where  salt  springs 
were  known  to  exist.  These  were  the  only  places  in  the  State  at 
which  this  substance  was  found. 

The  first  attempt  at  drilling  for  salt  was  made  a  few  miles  below 
Zanesville  in  1817.  Such  was  its  success  that  many  borings  were 
made  with  varied  results  until,  in  1826,  the  salt  reservations  were 
no  longer  considered  necessary  and  the  land  was  sold.  Through 
ignorance  of  the  formations  much  money  was  wasted  by  boring  for 
salt  where  none  could  exist.  The  invariable  presence  of  gas  in  salt 
wells  was  taken  as  a  guide  in  new  drillings.  Boring  was  often  be- 
gun where  the  presence  of  gas  was  noted,  but  all  other  indications 
of  salt  were  absent. 

»  £*e  Bull.  405,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

•Mainly  from  manuscript  notes  compiled  by  Miss  D.  M.  Scott  under  the  direction  of 
Prof.  Edward  Orton. 


388  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

It  happened  in  the  year  1819  that  a  certain  physician  interested 
in  geology  stopped  at  the  house  of  a  Mr.  Chandler,  the  owner  of  a 
salt  well  in  the  Muskingum  Valley.  During  the  course  of  the  evening 
the  doctor  asked  about  the  character  of  the  rock  bored  through. 
Mr.  Chandler  enumerated  the  rock  formations,  mentioning  in  par- 
ticular one  that  was  very  hard,  from  which  the  pump  brought  up 
nodules  of  a  very  malleable  metallic  substance.  The  two  searched 
about  the  well  the  next  morning  and  found  several  pieces  the  size 
of  wheat  grains.  Before  the  blowpipe  they  yielded  silver  of  the 
purity  of  a  Mexican  dollar.  A  company  was  at  once  formed  and 
incorporated  by  the  Ohio  legislature  under  the  name  of  "The  Mus- 
kingum Mining  Co."  For  the  privilege  of  working  in  a  reserved 
section  belonging  to  the  State  the  company  agreed  to  pay  to  the 
State  treasury  15  per  cent  of  all  profits.  Drilling  was  begun  near 
the  well  where  the  metal  had  been  found  and  was  prosecuted  with 
great  difficulty  owing  to  a  constant  influx  of  water.  Silver,  there  was 
none,  but  the  workmen  drilled  through  a  7-foot  seam  of  coal.  As 
coal  was  not  the  object  of  search,  its  presence  did  not  excite  much 
notice  at  the  time.  At  a  depth  of  140  feet  they  began  to  work  later- 
ally, extending  the  work  to  the  salt  well,  which  they  carefully 
plugged.  Their  next  attempt  was  to  work  up  15  feet  to  the  horizon 
of  the  silver  in  the  salt  well.  By  some  blow  or  concussion  the  plug 
was  knocked  out  and  the  miners  barely  escaped.  The  company  lost 
$11,000,  expenses  and  damages  for  the  ruin  of  the  salt  well.  The 
work  was  abandoned  and  the  shaft  filled  with  rubbish. 

Salt  and  iron  industries  were  not  all  that  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  people.  In  1818  Caleb  Atwater,  of  Circleville.  provoked  a 
discussion  by  an  article  on  the  Origin  of  the  Prairies  and  Barrens 
of  the  West.  From  the  depth  of  soil  he  inferred  that  the  whole 
region  was  once  under  water,  and  that  the  outlet  of  the  Great  Lakes 
was  through  the  Ohio.  This  brought  forth  various  opinions  as  to 
the  probable  origin  of  prairies  and  barrens. 

The  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  was  the  chosen  medium 
for  communication  of  facts  and  opinions  of  those  interested  in  the 
resources  of  the  State.  Articles  concerning  the  formations  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  State,  the  useful  products,  and  the  industries  are 
numerous.  The  finding  of  fossil  bones,  even  those  of  human  beings, 
is  recorded;  also  that  of  vegetable  impressions  connected  with  the 
coal  formations,  and  of  fossil  trees  in  the  sandstone  formations. 
The  presence  of  the  drift  is  noted  and  its  southern  boundary  ap- 
proximated. All  the  contributors  of  that  day  agree  in  ascribing 
its  presence  to  water  as  the  transporting  agent. 

In  1830  Judge  Tappan  contributed  the  discovery  of  caimel  coal 
1£  miles  west  of  Cambridge.  Guernsey  County,  near  Grummon'a 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  389 

Tavern.  It  is  described  as  a  coal  of  very  fine  quality,  especially 
noticeable  for  its  high  specific  gravity  (1.6),  that  being  higher  than 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  English  cannels  or  the  Americali  anthra- 
cites ;  exhibiting  a  conchoidal  fracture  and  resinous  luster,  and  burn- 
ing with  bright  flame  and  less  residuum  than  our  common  coals. 

During  the  year  1831  the  legislature  chartered  the  Historical  and 
Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio.  In  an  address  delivered  before  this 
body  by  the  Hon.  Benjamin  Tappan  on  December  22,  1832,  he  says: 

I  am  aware  that  a  society  like  this,  without  funds  and  without  many  scientific 
associations  of  wealth  and  leisure,  can  not  promise  itself  to  obtain  a  geological 
survey  of  a  whole  or  even  of  any  very  considerable  part  of  the  State  in  many 
years;  but  this  society  may  commence  the  work,  and  when  we  shall  have 
proved  that  we  have  at  hand  the  necessary  science  to  complete  it  we  need  not 
doubt  but  that  Ohio  will  follow  the  example  of  Massachusetts  and  Tennessee 
and  take  under  her  munificent  patronage  the  completion  of  the  work. 

By  far  the  most  valuable  contributions  to  the  American  Journal 
of  Science  and  Arts  were  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  S.  P.  Hildreth,  of 
Marietta.  He  was  specially  interested  in  geology,  and  was  one  of 
the  best  paleontologists  in  the  State.  From  time  to  time  he  sent  in 
communications  with  regard  to  the  topography  and  geology  of  his 
own  county  and  that  of  the  valley  of  the  Muskingum,  giving  de- 
tailed descriptions  of  the  rock  formations  with  sections.  His  con- 
tribution of  1836  excited  widespread  interest.  An  abstract  of  it  is 
to  be  found  in  the  London  and  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Magazine. 
The  paper  is  the  result  of  his  observations  on  the  bituminous  coal 
deposits  of  the  Ohio  Valley  and  the  accompanying  strata.  These 
observations  extended  over  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  and  all  of  the  valley  of  the 
Kanawha,  covering  a  territory  measured  approximately  by  5°  longi- 
tude and  5°  latitude.  The  topography  of  the  county  is  minutely  de- 
tailed; the  geology  given  at  length  with  illustrating  sections;  also 
the  character,  quality,  and  value  of  the  limestones,  sandstones,  and 
clays ;  the  location  of  coal  beds  and  the  quality  of  coal  with  the  thick- 
ness of  the  seams ;  the  character,  quality,  and  mode  of  occurrence  of 
iron  ore;  the  depth  of  the  rock  salt,  the  general  location  of  the  wells, 
the  density  of  the  salt  water,  its  analysis,  and  yield  of  salt ;  descrip- 
tions of  the  various  fossils  found,  with  accompanying  plates;  and 
notices  ot  relics  of  ancient  life,  animal  and  vegetable. 

Private  interest  was  thus  generally  excited  before  the  State,  as 
such,  evinced  any  concern.  After  the  expenditure  of  a  considerable 
sum  of  money,  without  return,  in  digging  for  coal  at  Cincinnati, 
silver  in  the  Muskingum  Valley  and  salt  where  none  could  be  found, 
public  interest  was  first  manifested  in  the  annual  message  of  Gov. 
Robert  Lucas,  on  December  8,  1835.  The  following  is  an  extract: 


390  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

I  am  impressed  with  the  importance  of  calling  the  attention  of  the  general 
assembly  to  the  subject  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State.  For  want  of  a 
correct  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the  State  large  sums  have  been  at  various 
periods  expended  in  useless  searches  after  coal,  iron.  salt,  gypsum,  marble,  and 
various  other  minerals.  It  is  known  that  our  country  abounds  in  all  the 
minerals  above  mentioned,  with  many  others  of  great  value.  I  would  therefore 
respectfully  submit  to  your  consideration  and  solicit  your  inquiry  into  the 
Importance  of  authorizing  a  general  scientific  geological  survey  of  the  State. 
Such  a  survey  could  not  fail  to  furnish  the  State  with  a  mass  of  information 
of  the  highest  importance.  Surveys  of  this  character  have  been  made  under 
the  State  authorities  in  some  of  the  Eastern  States.  Massachusetts  has  caused 
such  a  survey  to  be  made,  and  obtained  and  published  under  her  authority  a 
scientific  report  of  the  geology,  mineralogy,  botany,  and  zoology  of  that  entire 
State.  *  *  * 

I  therefore  respectfully  solicit  your  inquiry  into  the  expediency  and  utility 
of  authorizing  a  general  geological  survey  of  the  State,  by  a  scientific,  practical 
geologist  to  be  employed  by  the  State  for  that  purpose,  whose  duty  it  should 
be  to  make  an  accurate  and  detailed  report  to  the  general  assembly  of  his 
geological  and  mineralogical  observations. 

The  house  committee  to  which  this  portion  of  the  governor's  mes- 
sage was  referred  made  through  its  chairman  Mr.  Creed  the  fol- 
lowing report  concurring  in  the  opinion  of  the  governor : 

The  subject  is  deserving  of  legislative  action  in  that  the  survey  will  show 
the  extent  of  deposits  of  useful  products,  it  will  reveal  new  localities  and  per- 
haps new  minerals,  thus  causing  great  advancement  in  the  industries  of  the 
State ;  it  will  reveal  the  probability  of  the  existence  of  other  valuable  deposits 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  certain  places;  it  will  prevent  useless  waste 
of  capital;  it  is  of  great  importance  to  the  agricultural  industries  of  the  State 
fn  revealing  the  nature  and  durability  of  the  soils  and  their  best  fertilizers; 
it  will  diffuse  correct  information  among  all  citizens,  preventing  the  errors  pre- 
vailing where  no  such  examination  has  been  made ;  it  will  acquaint  every  man 
not  only  with  the  agricultural  value  of  his  own  soil  but  also  with  its  hidden 
mineral  wealth. 

This  survey  will  be  greatly  facilitated  by  the  original  survey  of  the  territory 
by  the  General  Government  into  small  rectangular  tracts  which  will  enable 
the  geologist  without  further  horizontal  admeasurements  to  make  a  map  accu- 
rately designating  the  extent  and  limit  of  the  various  rock  formations  and  the 
precise  locality  of  every  valuable  mineral  deposit.  The  extensive  vertical  ad- 
measurements made  by  the  canal  engineers  have  shown  the  general  elevation 
of  the  State  above  the  sea  and  lake  and  the  relative  height  of  different  parts. 
The  committee  append  as  evidence  of  the  confidence  which  may  be  placed  in  the 
order  of  strata  a  report  from  England  by  Featherstonhaugh ;  also  an  essay  on 
geology  by  Lapham,  noting  in  particular  the  stratified  appearance  and  regular 
order  to  be  observed  in  rocks,  and  an  extract  from  the  address  of  the  Hon. 
Judge  Tappan  before  the  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio  relative 
to  the  importance  of  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  composition  of  soils,  durability 
of  building  stone,  and  to  the  importance  of  geological  maps  of  every  county 
correctly  delineating  the  extent  and  quality  of  every  rock  formation,  the  loca- 
tion of  mineral  deposits  and  coal  beds,  and  the  number  and  thickness  of  sucb 
beds.  The  committee  advise  the  appointment  nf  one  or  two  practical  geologists 
by  the  general  assembly  to  make  a  preliminary  report  to  the  next  legislature. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  391 

A  sniull  appropriation  will  be  necessary  to  meet  their  contingent  expenses,  or 
they  may  be  paid  from  the  governor's  contingent  fund. 

A  senate  committe  also  considered  this  portion  of  the  governor's 
message  and  reported  a  resolution  through  their  chairman,  Mr. 
Price,  early  in  the  following  year  (Mar.  14,  1836),  appointing  Sam- 
uel P.  Hildreth,  of  Marietta;  John  Locke  and  John  S.  Eiddell,  of 
Cincinnati;  and  I.  A.  Lapham,  of  Columbus,  to  report  to  the  next 
legislature  the  best  method  of  obtaining  a  complete  geological  sur- 
vey of  the  State,  and  an  estimate  of  the  probable  cost  of  the  same," 
which  was  agreed  to,  ordered  to  the  house  for  concurrence,  and 
passed  by  both  branches  the  same  day. 

The  following  is  the  text  of  this  resolution : 

Appointing  a  committee  to  make  certain  geological  observations  aud  estimates  of   thl* 

State. 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That  Samuel  P.  Hil- 
dreth, of  Marietta;  John  Locke  and  John  L.  Riddell,  of  Cincinnati;  and  I.  A. 
Lapham,  of  Columbus,  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  appointed  a  committee  to  report 
to  the  next  legislature  the  best  method  of  obtaining  a  complete  geological 
survey  of  the  State,  and  an  estimate  of  the  probable  cost  of  the  same. 

March  14,  1836. 

The  committee  as  above  constituted  made  a  lengthy  report  to  Gov- 
ernor Lucas,  who  transmitted  it  to  the  house  with  his  annual  mes- 
sage. In  communicating  the  report  he  expressed  his  entire  concur- 
rence in  the  views  of  the  committee,  earnestly  recommended  the 
adoption  of  the  measures  proposed,  and  gave  it  as  his  conviction 
that  by  constituting  a  geological  board  for  the  general  survey  of  the 
State  greater  benefit  would  be  conferred  upon  the  State  and  the 
people  than  could  be  derived  from  an  equal  expenditure  of  money 
in  any  other  enterprise. 

"As  to  the  best  method  of  conducting  the  survey  the  committee 
advise  that  a  geological  board  of  three  members  be  appointed,  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  direct  the  manner  of  procedure,  employ  suitable 
geologists,  etc.,  with  power  to  draw  upon  the  treasurer  for  the  an- 
nual appropriations  for  the  purpose.  Otherwise  the  board  of  public 
works  may  have  charge  of  the  survey. 

"As  to  cost,  $12,000  for  four  years  would  secure  a  regular  scientific 
survey,  requiring  the  service  of  one  principal  geologist,  five  assist- 
ants, one  draftsman,  and  one  naturalist.  Their  salaries,  traveling 
and  incidental  expenses  would  amount  to  that  sum.  The  survey,  to 
be  complete,  ought  to  include  not  only  geology  but  topography, 
botany,  and  zoology,  and  a  regular  survey  and  description  of  all 
ancient  works  by  drawings  and  descriptions  of  all  such  as  can  be 
distinctly  traced.  The  surveyors  ought  to  make  collections  of  all 
ancient  relics  to  be  placed  in  a  cabinet  in  State  library  hall  with 


392  BULLETIN   10!),   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

specimens  of  all  rocks,  minerals,  fossils,  etc..  in  regular  geological 
series  not  only  for  the  State  but  a  suite  for  each  of  the  colleges. 
These  will  be  of  immense  value  to  students  of  geology  and  mineral- 
ogy, to  the  miner  and  to  the  future  historian  of  the  State. 

"  Much  more  might  be  said,  hut  this  is  sufficient  to  make  the  survey 
an  object  of  deep  importance  to  the  welfare  of  the  citizens.  The 
increased  value  of  real  estate  or  the  additional  revenues  from  canals 
and  railroads  would  in  one  year  more  than  pay  the  cost  of  the  sur- 
vey. Several  of  the  Eastern  States  are  making  such  surveys  with 
great  profit  to  themselves.  Let  Ohio  also  engage  in  the  work." 

The  expenses  of  the  committee  ($400)  were  met  from  the  gover- 
nor's contingent  fund.  Accompanying  the  message  there  was  also  a 
joint  resolution  on  the  subject  of  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of 
Indiana,  authorizing  the  governor  of  that  State  to  correspond  with 
the  governors  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky  relative  to  the  survey  of  the 
territory  of  the  three  States,  and  to  ascertain  whether  and  upon  what 
terms  Ohio  and  Kentucky  would  join  Indiana  in  that  object. 

So  far  as  could  be  learned  no  action  was  ever  taken  upon  this 
communication. 

The  general  assembly  ordered  that  5,000  copies  of  the  governor's 
message  and  accompanying  documents  be  printed,  also  5,000  extra 
copies  of  the  report  of  the  geological  board.  Three  thousand  copies 
of  the  message  and  accompanying  documents  were  ordered  printed 
in  German.  Within  a  few  days  it  was  ordered  that  3.000  additional 
copies  of  that  portion  of  the  documents  accompanying  the  governor's 
message  that  constitutes  the  report  of  the  geological  board  be  printed, 
300  of  which  should  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  said  board ;  50  to  be 
deposited  in  the  State  library;  and  the  remainder  to  be  distributed 
among  the  seminaries  of  the  States  with  the  accompanying  maps  and 
plates. 

That  portion  of  the  report  contributed  by  J.  S.  Riddell  was  not 
sent  to  the  governor  until  March  9.  1837.  This  paper  is  relative  to 
the  limestone  region  of  the  State.  The  different  limestones  are  de- 
scribed, the  blue  limestone  and  cliff  limestone  being  especially  em- 
phasized. The  report  was  read  before  the  general  assembly  and  1,000 
copies  were  ordered  printed  for  their  use. 

Meanwhile  the  general  assembly  had  entered  earnestly  upon  the 
work,  and  after  bills  from  both  houses,  resolutions,  amendments,  and 
counter  amendments,  finally  passed  on  March  27,  1837.  an  act  of 
which  the  following  is  a  transcript : 

An  act  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  other  purposes. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
the  governor  of  this  State  is  hereby  requested,  as  speedily  as  may  be,  to  cause 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  393 

a  complete  and  detailed  geological  survey  of  the  entire  territory  of  this  State 
to  be  made  and  executed,  and  a  careful  and  accurate  chemical  examination 
and  analysis  of  the  various  soils  which  may  be  found  in  different  parts  thereof, 
as  also  of  the  principal  ores,  marls,  salines,  and  other  mineral  waters  within 
the  said  State. 

SEC.  2.  That  for  the  purpose  of  making  such  survey  and  analysis  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  the  said  governor  to  employ  a  competent  and  skillful  geologist,  with 
two  or  more  assistant  geologists,  if  need  be,  provided  said  assistants  do  not 
exceed  four  in  number;  and  may,  if  requisite,  also  engage  the  services  of  or 
employ  a  topographical  surveyor,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make  such  observa- 
tions and  admeasurements  as  may  be  found  necessary  in  the  preparation  and 
construction  of  the  geological  map  of  the  State,  hereinafter  provided  for,  and 
to  perform  such  other  labors  connected  with  the  general  purposes  hereby  in- 
tended as  the  geologist  may  from  time  (to  time)  prescribe  and  direct.  In 
addition  to  the  duties  before  mentioned  to  be  performed  the  geologist  who  may 
be  employed  by  virtue  of  this  act  shall  also  ascertain  by  accurate  barometrical 
observations  the  height  of  the  principal  mountains  in  this  State,  and  in  the 
progress  and  examinations  hereby  directed  shall  collect  and  preserve  all  such 
specimens  of  rock,  fossils,  ores,  mineral  compounds,  and  organic  remains  as 
shall  tend  to  exemplify  the  general  geological  structure  of  the  State  or  be  in 
anywise  useful  or  interesting;  the  specimens,  so  far  as  practicable,  may  be 
collected  in  sufficient  number  to  authorize  the  distribution  of  a  suite  thereof 
to  the  principal  institutions  of  learning  of  this  State,  if  it  shall  hereafter  be 
found  expedient  to  make  such  a  distribution. 

SEC.  o.  That  the  said  geologist  shall  annually  and  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of 
February  in  each  year  (during  the  survey)  make  a  full  report  to  the  governor 
of  this  State  of  his  progress  in  the  work  hereby  authorized  and  required, 
accompanying  said  reports  with  such  profiles  and  maps,  together  with  such  a 
glossary  of  scientific  or  technical  terms,  as  may  be  useful  in  illustrating  the 
same,  which  reports,  profiles,  and  maps  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to 
lay  before  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  4.  That  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expenses  which  may  be  incurred 
under  this  act  a  sum  not  exceeding  $12,000  be,  and  Is  hereby,  appropriated,  to 
be  employed  in  such  manner  as  the  governor  shall  deem  advisable,  to  be  paid 
on  his  certificate,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated, upon  the  warrant  of  the  auditor  of  State. 

SEC.  5.  That  when  the  entire  work  hereby  contemplated  and  provided  for 
shall  have  been  fully  completed  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  geologist  in  charge 
thereof  to  make  a  general  and  final  report  thereon,  embracing  in  the  said 
required  report  the  result  of  all  the  surveys,  examinations,  and  discoveries 
which  shall  have  been  made,  whether  geological,  chemical,  topographical,  or 
otherwise,  together  with  all  other  matters  connected  therewith  which  may  be 
considered  by  him  as  likely  to  be  in  any  manner  useful  to  the  public  or 
interesting  to  science.  He  shall  also  construct  and  prepare  for  engraving  a 
complete  geological  map  of  this  State,  showing  not  only  the  general  geological 
structure  thereof,  but  plainly  and  accurately  delineating  the  stratification  of 
its  principal  rocks  and  position  and  boundary  of  all  the  mineral  deposits  which 
may  be  now  known  or  be  hereafter  ascertained  by  the  investigations  which 
shall  have  been  made,  accompanying  the  said  map  with  such  a  series  of  sections 
er  profiles  as  may  be  necessary  to  a  proper  exhibition  of  the  geology  of  the 
region  to  which  they  may  relate.  The  final  report,  together  with  the  map  and 
the  accompanying  sections  and  profiles,  shall  be  communicated  by  the  governor 


394  BULLETIN   100,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

to  the  general  assembly  as  soon  us  may  be,  to  be  printed,  engraved,  published, 
and  disposed  of  in  such  manner  as  to  the  said  general  assembly  shall  seem 
proper. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  mineral  materials  and  other  specimens  which  may  be  col- 
lected during  the  operations  of  the  geologist  and  others  who  may  be  engaged 
with  him  shall  be  carefully  preserved  in  some  convenient  apartment  under 
the  care  of  the  librarian  until  otherwise  provided  for.  A  complete  catalogue 
of  such  specimens  and  materials  shall  be  made  out  by  said  geologist  and  pre- 
served in  the  same  apartment,  showing  the  name,  locality,  general  properties, 
and  value  of  each  as  ascertained  by  the  analysis  to  which  it  may  have  been 
subjected,  and  referring  to  the  corresponding  number  which  shall  be  affixed  to 
the  specimen  itself. 

March  27,  1837. 

Subsequently  the  following  resolutions  were  passed  bearing  upon 
publications  and  the  disposition  of  survey  property : 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  Thnt  Samuel  Medary 
be  authorized  to  procure  the  engraving  and  printing  of  such  diagrams,  maps, 
and  profiles  as  may  be  necessary  to  illustrate  the  reports  on  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State,  and  the  copperplate  shall,  after  use,  be  deposited  in  the 
geological  survey  office. 

January  10,  1838. 

Resolved  by  the  general  assembly,  That  all  books,  papers,  instruments,  appa- 
ratus, and  collections  of  any  kind  and  description  whatever  now  In  the  pos- 
session of  the  members  of  the  late  geological  corps  of  the  State  and  belonging 
to  the  State  be  deposited  for  safe-keeping  with  the  Ohio  Historical  Society,  and 
that  the  same  shall  remain  In  the  possession  of  said  society  until  called  for  by 
the  State. 

March  18,  1839. 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  WILLIAM  W.  MATHER.  1837-1830. 

Administration. — In  his  annual  message  on  December  5, 1837,  Gov- 
ernor Vance  reported  that,  in  compliance  with  the  foregoing  act,  he 
had  appointed  W.  W.  Mather,  of  New  York,  as  principal  geologist, 
and  Doctors  Hildreth,  Kirtland,  and  Locke,  of  Ohio,  and  Professor 
Briggs,  of  New  York,  as  assistants,  and  Charles  Whittlesey,  of  Ohio, 
topographical  surveyor  and  draftsman.  In  the  absence  of  Doctor 
Locke  his  place  had  been  supplied  by  Mr.  Foster,  who  had  been  in  ac- 
tive duty  with  Professor  Briggs  in  making  examinations  of  the  south- 
ern portions  of  the  State.  Owing  to  previous  engagements  the  chief 
had  been  unable  to  give  his  entire  attention  to  the  survey,  but  had 
directed  the  assistants  and  purchased  such  apparatus,  etc.,  as  would 
enable  the  corps  to  prosecute  the  work  during  the  next  season  with 
vigor  and  effect.  The  governor  wished  Doctors  Hildreth  and  Kirt- 
land to  take  charge  of  the  survey,  but  they  declined  the  honor,  and 
it  was  upon  their  advice  that  he  had  appointed  Doctor  Mather. 
Both  gentlemen,  however,  continued  in  the  service  of  the  State  until 
December  30,  when  Doctor  Hildreth  retired  because  of  ill  health. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  395 

The  delay  in  organizing  the  first  geological  corps  was  great,  and 
its  members  did  not  begin  field  work  until  the  summer  of  1837  was 
half  over.  What  was  accomplished  during  the  year  was  mainly  in 
the  way  of  reconnoissance  and  in  preparation  for  more  efficient  work 
during  the  coming  season. 

January  17,  1838,  Governor  Vance  received  the  first  annual  report 
of  the  geological  corps  and  transmitted  the  same  to  the  general  as- 
sembly. By  resolution  it  was  agreed  that  5,000  copies  should  be 
printed  for  the  use  of  the  general  assembly,  and  that  1,000  be  put 
into  the  hands  of  the  geologists  for  distribution  to  scientific  societies 
and  gentlemen  in  various  parts  of  the  country;  and  that  1,000  copies 
extra  of  the  geological  queries,  which  have  for  their  object  to  elicit 
the  local  knowledge  of  individuals,  be  published  for  distribution  to 
the  people  by  the  geologists  when  engaged  in  field  duty. 

The  report  is  a  small  octavo  volume  of  134  pages,  with  map  and 
sections.  It  embraces  reports  of  Doctors  Mather,  Hildreth,  and 
Kirtland,  Professor  Briggs,  and  Colonel  Whittlesey;  geological 
queries  addressed  to  those  interested;  a  glossary  of  terms  used;  and 
a  table  of  contents.  The  report  reflects  great  credit  upon  the  corps, 
shadowing  forth  as  a  beginning  the  greater  results  to  come. 

The  work  of  the  year  was  limited  to  the  eastern  and  southeastern 
parts  of  the  State,  and  extended  but  little  beyond  the  coal  measures 
at  any  point.  To  accomplish  the  work  rapidly  and  efficiently,  dis- 
tinct departments  were  created.  Doctor  Hildreth  had  charge  of  the 
paleontological  department;  Doctor  Kirtland,  of  the  Ohio  Medical 
College  at  Cincinnati,  of  botany  and  zoology ;  Professor  Briggs  and 
Mr.  Foster  of  the  field  work  between  the  Scioto  and  Hockhocking 
Rivers;  Colonel  Whittlesey  of  the  topographical  department. 

To  facilitate  the  progress  of  the  survey  certain  querries  were  pro- 
pounded to  the  people  of  the  State,  with  the  hope  that  every  one 
interested  would  contribute  such  aid  as  lay  within  his  power,  inas- 
much as  the  local  knowledge  of  individuals  may  expedite  the  work  of 
the  board. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  year  1838  a  resolution  was  passed  requir- 
ing the  geological  board  to  report  to  the  house  whether  any  member 
of  the  corps  had  purchased  land  in  consequence  of  information  de- 
rived from  examinations  made  under  State  authority;  also  whether 
others  had  located  such  lands  upon  their  advice,  with  the  amount  and 
location  of  these  lands  in  each  case.  Doctor  Mather  replied  that 
700  acres  in  the  aggregate  had  been  purchased.  He  himself  had  be- 
come owner  of  500  acres  in  Jackson  County,  as  a  residence,  but  its 
mineral  resources  had  not  been  developed  by  the  survey  so  far  as 
known.  Furthermore,  when  anything  of  value  was  found  upon  land, 


396  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

it  had  been  the  policy  of  the  board  to  communicate  the  fact  to  the 
owners. 

Expenses. — The  expenses  of  the  survey  during  the  year  1837 
amounted  to  $2,089.57.  The  financial  panic  of  that  year  induced  the 
State  legislators  to  advocate  retrenchment.  Such  an  enterprise  as  the 
survey  was  certain  to  be  one  of  the  first  objects  to  which  an  appro- 
priation would  be  denied,  and  the  appropriation  for  the  work  of  the 
year  1838  failed.  In  consequence  there  existed  a  rumor  that  the  sur- 
vey would  not  be  continued.  Work  was  resumed,  however,  on  the 
unexpended  balance  of  the  first  appropriation,  although  it  was  in- 
sufficient to  keep  the  entire  working  force  in  the  field.  The  expenses 
for  the  year  1838  aggregated  $9,648.80.  The  corps  worked  well,  but 
was  much  restricted  in  efficiency  for  want  of  means. 

On  December  4,  1838,  Governor  Vance  reported  that  the  appro- 
priation for  the  support  of  the  geological  corps  before  the  last  as 
sembly  had  failed;  that  a  portion  of  the  force  had  been  kept  at  work 
by  the  unexpended  balance  of  the  former  appropriation;  and  urged 
the  importance  of  continuing  the  work  in  accordance  with  the  or- 
iginal design. 

The  chairman  of  the  committee  to  whom  this  portion  of  the  gover- 
nor's message  was  referred  strongly  advised  that  the  work  be  con- 
tinued, inasmuch  as  the  action  of  the  legislature  in  authorizing  the 
survey  had  met  with  the  approbation  of  the  citizens  generally  and 
results  had  been  obtained  which  would  justify  its  completion.  The 
expenses  were  necessarily  greater  for  the  first  years  of  the  survey 
than  they  would  be  when  the  work  was  well  underway.  The  work 
scarcely  begun  would,  if  carried  on  develop  additional  treasures  and 
greatly  improve  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  State.  All  would 
tend  to  expedite  the  sale  of  the  public  domain  and  extend  the  list 
of  taxable  lands.  The  report  closed  with  a  resolution  to  the  effect 
that  the  survey  be  continued  and  that  an  appropriation  of  $12,000 
be  made  for  that  purpose.  The  matter  was  tabled. 

Shortly  after,  Governor  Shannon  transmitted  to  the  general  as- 
sembly the  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey.  This 
was  uniform  with  the  first  report  and  contains  274  pages.  The  board 
consisted  of  W.  W.  Mather,  principal  geologist,  and  Charles  Whit- 
tlesey,  Col.  J.  W.  Foster,  C.  Briggs.  jr.,  J.  P.  Kirtland,  and  John 
Locke,  his  assistants. 

As  complaints  had  been  preferred  that  the  former  year's  work  of 
the  survey  benefited  only  the  coal  and  iron  region,  the  work  was 
extended  beyond  that  portion  of  the  State,  revealing  useful  materials 
for  the  arts  and  for  building,  but  from  lack  of  easy  and  inexpensive 
transportation  it  was  doubtful  whether  these  would  ever  become 
of  more  than  local  value. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  397 

The  average  expense  of  the  survey  of  each  county  had  thus  far 
been  about  $1,000,  while  the  benefit  resulting  to  a  single  one  of  these, 
arising  from  the  increased  valuation  of  real  estate  incident  to  the 
developments  of  mineral  wealth,  was  estimated  to  be  at  least  $100,000, 
and  by  some  as  $500,000.  So  it  was  with  other  counties  as  their 
resources  were  made  known  and  were  appreciated. 

Although  the  matter  of  continuing  the  survey  was  of  such  grave 
importance  to  the  best  interests  of  the  State,  a  change  of  political 
control  was  allowed  to  interrupt  the  work,  and  as  time  passed  the 
chance  of  resuming  it  seemed  to  grow  more  and  more  distant. 

The  legislature  ordered  that  5,000  copies  of  the  report  of  the 
geological  board  be  printed.  For  payment  of  arrearages  for  services 
of  the  corps  and  for  procuring  engravings  a  sum  not  exceeding  $4,000 
was  appropriated  by  law  March  18,  1839. 

The  legislature  directed  that  all  books,  papers,  instruments,  ap- 
paratus, and  collections  of  any  kind  in  possession  of  the  members  of 
the  late  corps  be  deposited  with  the  Ohio  Historical  Society  for  safe- 
keeping, there  to  remain  until  called  for  by  the  State. 

By  act  of  the  legislature  in  March,  1841,  there  was  appropriated 
for  paying  the  expenses  of  labeling  and  arranging  specimens  col- 
lected by  the  geological  board,  and  distributing  such  portions  as  were 
intended  by  law  for  the  literary  institutions  of  this  State,  a  sum 
not  exceeding  $300,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the 
governor. 

Governor  Corwin,  in  his  message  of  December  7,  1841,  reported 
that  the  collections  resulting  from  the  survey  had  remained  until  a 
late  day  without  classication ;  that  in  view  of  the  small  appropriation 
made  during  the  last  session  for  labeling  and  arranging  specimens 
for  preservation  here,  and  for  distribution  to  the  literary  institutions 
of  the  State,  he  had  procured  the  services  of  W.  W.  Mather,  whose 
work  would  be  completed  by  January  1, 1842 ;  and  he  earnestly  recom- 
mends a  continuance  of  the  survey  on  a  limited  and  economical  scale 
especially  in  reference  to  the  agricultural  interest. 

If  by  the  labors  of  a  geologist  so  appointed  1  bushel  of  wheat  to  the  acre 
extra  should  be  raised  it  would  pay  the  salary  of  such  an  officer  twice  told  for 
many  years  to  come. 

Collections. — Early  in  1842  Doctor  Mather  reported  to  Governor 
Corwin  that  the  specimens,  nine  suites  in  all,  were  labeled.  Two 
suites  were  reserved  for  the  State ;  the  rest  were  boxed  and  ready  for 
distribution.  One  suite  belonging  to  the  State  was  arranged  by  coun- 
ties, and,  being  duly  catalogued,  was  on  exhibition  in  glazed  cases. 
The  other  suite  was  still  in  boxes  from  lack  of  cases.  A  different  ar- 
rangement was  contemplated.  To  arrange  them  in  a  manner  uniform 


398  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

with  the  other  specimens  would  require  an  expenditure  of  from  $120 
to  $150  for  cases,  and  three  or  four  weeks'  labor.  After  reporting 
that  many  specimens  had  been  brought  in  for  analysis,  he  added  that 
a  geological  office  might  be  kept  open,  analyses  made,  and  the  survey 
be  continued  on  a  moderate  scale  at  a  cost  of  $3,000  a  year,  including 
all  expenses. 

In  1844  an  attempt  was  made  by  Governor  Bartley  to  revive  the 
interest  of  the  legislature  in  the  survey,  recommending  that  the  work 
be  allowed  to  progress  on  a  limited  scale.  Nothing  was  done  in  the 
premises.  For  a  decade  all  that  was  accomplished  was  in  the  nature 
of  private  enterprise. 

A  resolution  of  1845  authorized  Colonel  Mather  to  take  charge  of 
the  chemical  apparatus  belonging  to  the  State  until  the  next  meeting 
of  the  general  assembly,  on  condition  that  he  give  assurances  to  the 
governor  for  the  safe  return  of  the  same  at  the  time  specified. 

The  resolution  (March  18,  1839)  giving  the  historical  society  con- 
trol of  the  effects  of  the  former  geological  corps  was  rescinded  in 
1852.  All  was  then  placed  under  control  of  the  Ohio  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  subject  to  the  order  of  the  legislature. 

After  this  several  attempts  were  made  by  the  legislature  to  have  the 
survey  resume  work.  Some  little  attention  was  given  to  the  subject 
in  1851,  and  in  1854  a  great  effort  was  made  by  the  house  to  pass  a 
bill  for  its  continuance.  The  committee  to  which  the  house  bill  was 
referred  made  a  lengthy  report  through  Chairman  J.  H.  L.  Scott, 
urging  the  importance  of  a  thorough  and  efficient  geological  sur- 
vey as  a  means  of  insuring  the  advancement  of  the  pecuniary  inter- 
ests of  the  State,  the  advancement  and  perfecting  of  science,  agri- 
culture, and  the  full  and  proper  development  of  its  rich  mineral  re- 
sources. The  example  of  other  States  was  cited,  and  the  advantages 
reaped  from  the  former  survey,  incomplete  as  it  was,  were  demon- 
strated. The  relation  of  the  sciences  to  agriculture  was  pointed  out, 
and  the  agricultural  importance  of  the  survey  particularly  dwelt 
upon.  The  bill,  besides  providing  liberally  for  the  geological  survey, 
provided  for  the  establishment  of  an  agricultural  college.  The  house 
thought  best  to  postpone  the  matter  until  1856.  At  that  time  the  sub- 
ject was  revived  in  another  bill  from  Dr.  M.  Jewett.  which  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  postponed  until  the  following  year. 

Meantime  a  committee  was  appointed  to  report  as  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  papers,  documents,  etc.,  belonging  to  the  first  survey,  and 
the  probable  cost  of  compiling  and  procuring  the  publication  of  facts 
then  ascertained,  together  with  an  estimate  of  the  expense  of  complet- 
ing the  work.  The  committee  reported  the  progress  made  during 
the  survey,  that  valuable  articles  of  Dr.  S.  P.  Hildreth  were  to  be 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  399 

found  in  Silliman's  Journal,  and  that  in  the  possession  of  private 
individuals  and  corporations  were  many  valuable  articles,  the  prod- 
uct of  private  explorations  and  observations,  which  would  be  of 
great  value  if  properly  brought  before  the  public,  but  would  not  do 
justice  to  many  portions  of  the  State.  Taking  into  consideration 
the  desirability  of  continuing  the  survey  and  the  probability  that 
such  a  publication  would  only  postpone  it,  the  committee  reported 
against  it  and  recommended  the  early  continuation  of  the  survey. 
In  the  same  year  the  senate  committee  to  which  the  matter  had  been 
referred,  reported  the  bill  of  Mr.  Canfield,  which,  after  a  great  deal 
of  discussion,  was  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 

Gov.  S.  P.  Chase,  in  his  annual  message  of  1857,  in  view  of  the 
valuable  results  of  the  former  survey,  respectfully  submitted  to  the 
consideration  of  the  general  assembly  the  questions,  "  whether  the 
time  has  not  arrived  for  the  resumption  of  that  work,  and  whether 
there  should  not  be  combined  with  it  such  an  agricultural  examina- 
tion as  will  fully  ascertain  and  disclose  the  productive  capacity  of 
the  different  soils  which  compose  the  surface  of  the  State,  and  the 
physical  laws  and  influences  by  which  that  productive  capacity  is 
determined."  In  accordance  with  this  recommendation  a  bill  was 
introduced  in  the  house  by  Mr.  M.  Jewett  and  reported  upon  by 
committee.  The  bill  was  lost  upon  its  final  passage. 

In  1860  Governor  Chase  asked  in  connection  with  furthering  the 
agricultural  interest,  "  May  I  not  add  that  the  resumption  and  com- 
pletion of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  with  special  reference 
to  agriculture  and  mining,  could  not  fail  to  benefit  all  interests  con- 
nected with  *hesoil?" 

Governor  Dennison,  in  his  inaugural  of  the  same  year,  said : 

Every  other  State  in  the  Union  except  Florida  has  completed  or  has  in 
progress  a  geological  survey  of  her  territory,  and  I  would  recommend  to  your 
early  consideration  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of  this  State,  which 
has  been  too  long  suspended.  I  doubt  not  its  importance  to  the  agricultural 
and  mining  interests  of  the  State  and  to  the  advancement  of  science  will  fully 
justify  an  appropriation  for  its  vigorous  prosecution. 

Although  the  survey  was  so  persistently  advocated  by  the  governors, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  legislature  had  been  for  years  re- 
ceiving petitions  from  citizens  in  various  parts  of  the  State  praying 
that  the  survey  be  continued,  and  although  the  receipt  of  15  such  peti- 
tions is  recorded  in  the  journals  of  1860  alone,  yet  the  legislature  did 
nothing  conclusive  during  that  year.  A  bill  to  provide  for  the  con- 
ciliation of  the  survey  was  introduced  in  the  senate  by  James  A.  Gar- 
field,  only  to  be  postponed  until  the  following  year.  The  senate 
committee  on  the  geological  survey  was  requested  "to  ascertain,  if 
136075—20 27 


400  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

possible,  the  entire  cost  of  the  geological  surveys  of  New  York,  in- 
cluding all  printing  and  all  other  incidental  expense  connected  there- 
with, also  the  cost  which  has  been  hitherto  incurred  by  Ohio  in  such 
surveys,  including  printing  and  other  incidental  expenses,  and  report 
the  same  as  early  as  practicable  to  the  senate." 

It  is  not  recorded  that  the  committee  ever  made  a  full  report  as  re- 
quested. 

The  committee  to  which  had  been  referred  that  portion  of  the  gov- 
ernor's message  of  1860  relating  to  the  survey  made  an  elaborate  report 
through  Chairman  Garfield.  The  events  leading  to  the  establishment 
of  the  geological  corps  were  detailed  and  a  brief  sketch  of  the  work 
done  was  embodied.  Keference  was  made  to  the  benefits  of  the  survey 
through  that  most  powerful  medium — statistics.  For  the  eight  coun- 
ties most  thoroughly  explored  by  the  corps  the  value  of  taxable  lands 
was  given  for  the  years  1835  and  1841 ;  that  is.  before  and  after  the 
survey : 


1835 

1841 

! 

,--  - 
1835 

1S41 

861  391 

8196  795 

Scioto 

|      3658,212 

$811  620 

Meigs  

135,558 

373,358 

1  Coshocton  

730,071 

3.  733,  784 

Muskinsum  

1,921,474 

2,9«6,111 

Athens  

j        282,948 

'867;  322 

1  614  023 

2  197  618 

Total 

1  $5  506  361 

$11  373  281 

Thus,  in  so  short  a  time  the  increase  was  greater  than  100  per  cent, 
while  the  entire  outlay  upon  the  survey  amounted  to  about  $25,000. 
So  great  an  increase  of  wealth  from  such  a  small  outlay,  was  cer- 
tainly a  most  powerful  argument  for  the  continuation  of  the  survey. 
The  report  was  esteemed  of  sufficient  value  to  justify  the  printing  of 
1,000  extra  copies  for  the  use  of  the  general  assembly. 

SECOND   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY   UNDER    NEWBERRY    AND   ORTON,    1869-1886. 

The  whole  matter  of  a  geological  survey  of  Ohio  was  dropped  until 
the  year  1865,  the  attention  of  the  legislature  being  given  to  matters 
more  pressing  in  their  nature.  The  subject  was  then  resumed  by  the 
senate  in  a  bill  to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  a  State  geologist. 
The  committee  reported  the  bill  back  with  one  amendment.  The 
amendment  annulled  the  bill  and  provided  for  the  resumption  of 
the  survey.  This  was,  in  turn,  amended  in  such  a  way  as  to  annul 
it,  and  provision  was  made  for  the  establishment  of  a  geological 
bureau  in  connection  with  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  the  secre- 
tary of  the  board  to  be  State  geologist  ex  officio;  for  the  appoint- 
ment by  the  county  commissioners  of  one  practical  geologist  in  each 
county  to  make  a  surve}r  of  that  county,  expenses  to  be  paid  from 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  27 


JOHN  STRONG  NEWBERRY 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  OHIO, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  401 

the  county  treasury.  As  an  alternative,  several  counties  might  join 
hands  in  the  work,  all  to  make  annual  reports  to  the  State  geologist. 
The  bill  as  amended  passed  the  senate,  but  the  attempt  to  make  the 
geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Ohio  other  than  a  State  matter  was 
deservedly  frustrated  by  the  refusal  of  the  house  to  accede  to  this 
bill  "to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  a  State  and  county  geolo- 
gist." 

From  financial  considerations  no  attempt  was  made  to  renew  the 
effort  to  have  the  survey  recommenced  until  1868.  Then  Gov.  J.  D. 
Cox,  in  his  annual  message,  advised  the  completion  of  the  survey  of 
the  State  in  detail,  "  showing  not  simply  the  large  general  features 
which  are  already  pretty  well  known,  but  the  minutest  facts  of  its 
geological  and  natural  history,"  feeling  sure  that  the  citizens  would 
be  amply  repaid  by  resources  developed  and  by  the  attraction  of  de- 
sirable newcomers.  Added  to  that,  a  horticultural  society  had  called 
attention  to  the  necessity  of  a  full  investigation  into  the  nature  and 
habits  of  certain  injurious  insects,  representing  reasonably  enough  that 
such  investigation  could  not  be  undertaken  by  individuals,  but  that 
public  advantages  required  that  it  be  done  at  public  cost. 

As  part  of  the  complete  survey  of  the  geology  and  natural  history  of  the 
State  the  topic  is  worthy  of  your  attention,  and  I  am  persuaded  that  such  a 
work  carefully  performed  would  be  a  most  profitable  investment  of  the  cost  by 
encouragement  and  assistance  which  would  be  thereby  rendered  to  the  great 
producing  interests  of  the  State. 

This  portion  of  the  governor's  message  was  by  resolution  referred 
to  a  select  committee  of  the  house.  The  committee  reported  by  bill 
which,  after  its  second  readings,  was  referred  to  the  committee  on 
finance.  That  committee  reported  by  a  joint  resolution  authorizing 
the  governor  to  inquire  into  the  practicability  of  securing  the  serv- 
ices of  a  competent  and  skillful  geologist  for  the  purpose  of  making 
a  geological  survey  of  Ohio.  The  bill,  report  of  committee,  and  reso- 
lution were  referred  to  the  committee  on  judiciary  and  there  engulfed. 

During  the  30  years  that  had  now  elapsed  since  the  suspension  of 
the  first  survey  the  resources  of  the  State  had  been  slowly  developing. 
Investigations  into  the  geology  and  economic  value  of  certain  districts 
of  the  State  were  entirely  the  work  of  private  parties,  and  as  such 
lacked  the  unity  essential  to  rapid  progress.  Without  doubt  more 
money  was  expended  during  this  interval  upon  surveys  of  mining 
properties,  analyses  of  coal,  iron,  etc.,  made  at  private  cost,  than 
would  have  sufficed  to  complete  the  first  survey.  Information  gained 
from  private  experience  was  monopolized  by  those  who  paid  for  it. 
Instead  of  being  used  to  inform  the  landowner  as  to  the  mineral 
wealth  underlying  his  possessions,  such  knowledge  was  made  sub- 
servient to  the  speculator  and  enabled  him  to  buy  up  such  land  at  a 


402  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

nominal  price  based  upon  its  agricultural  value.  Experience  proved 
that  no  farmer  would  have  the  mineral  wealth  of  his  property  inves- 
tigated at  his  own  cost.  Capitalists  invested  their  wealth  in  other 
States  whose  resources  were  better  known. 

For  20  years  the  legislature  had  thoroughly  appreciated  and  con- 
stantly kept  in  view  the  advantages  which  would  certainly  accrue 
from  the  work,  and  had  had  many  admonitions  of  the  necessity  of 
completing  it  from  the  different  governors;  but  every  bill  had  been 
defeated  for  one  reason  or  another,  usually  a  financial  one.  The 
poorest  economy  that  could  be  practiced  was  that  which  strangled 
the  best  interests  of  the  State  while  trying  with  rare  shortsighted- 
ness to  further  them. 

It  was  thought  that  no  better  method  could  be  found  to  fill  the 
State  treasury  depleted  by  the  war  expenses  than  by  developing  the 
long-neglected  resources  of  the  State.  Accordingly  Gov.  E.  B.  Hayes 
in  his  annual  message  of  November  23,  1868.  wrote : 

I  submit  to  your  consideration  the  importance  of  providing  for  a  thorough 
and  comprehensive  geological  survey  of  the  State.  Many  years  ago  a  partial 
survey  was  prosecuted  umler  many  difficulties  and  embarrassments,  which  was 
fruitful  of  valuable  results.  It  is  beyond  doubt  such  that  a  work  as  it  is  now 
practicable  to  carry  out  will  by  making  known  the  mining,  manufacturing,  and 
agricultural  resources  of  the  State  lead  to  their  development  to  an  extent 
which  will  within  a  few  years  amply  reimburse  the  State  for  its  cost. 

A  resolution  was  offered  by  Capt.  Alfred  E.  Lee,  member  from 
Delaware  County,  to  refer  this  portion  of  the  message  to  a  committee 
of  five. 

A  short  glance  at  the  political  situation  will  reveal  what  chance 
there  was  for  enacting  any  measure  to  promote  the  survey.  The 
governor  was  Republican,  the  legislature  Democratic.  The  com- 
mittee had  to  face  these  considerations,  and  to  work  against  20 
years  of  constant  failure,  although  the  cause  had  been  championed 
by  such  men  as  Doctor  Jewett  and  General  Garfield.  Chairman  Lee 
corresponded  with  many  influential  people  throughout  the  State,  but 
received  no  encouragement.  Col.  Charles  Whittlesey,  E.  B.  Andrews, 
J.  H.  Klippart,  and  others  all  agreed  as  to  the  importance  of  the 
survey  and  to  the  impossibility  of  successfully  introducing  any 
measure  to  complete  it.  Nevertheless.  Captain  Lee  drafted  a  bill 
which  he  presented  with  the  report  of  the  committee. 

The  report  set  forth  the  advantages  reaped  from  the  former  sur- 
vey, meager  as  it  was,  the  benefits  derived  by  other  States  from  their 
surveys  in  attracting  capital  and  a  good  class  of  immigrants,  and  the 
fact  that  in  addition  to  losing  a  share  of  such  benefits,  the  best  citi- 
zens were  constantly  emigrating  to  the  fertile  lands  of  the  West. 

As  the  various  geological  reports  have  been  extensively  used  by  our  Govern- 
ment agents  and  railroad  men  in  negotiating  foreign  loans,  and  are  carefully 


GEOLOGICAL  A2sTD   NATUUAL   HISTORY   sL'KVEYS.  403 

consulted  abroad  by  those  wlio  wish  to  invest  their  capital  or  fix  their  homes 
in  America ;  and,  furthermore,  as  these  reports  are  considered  the  only  authentic 
and  thoroughly  reliable  exposition  of  the  agricultural  and  mineral  resources  of 
a  particular  section,  it  is  easy  to  see  how  important  it  is  that  Ohio,  one  of  the 
first  States  of  the  Union,  should  no  longer  delay  in  giving  to  the  world  adequate 
scientific  information  of  the  vast  elements  of  wealth  that  lie  treasured  in  her 
bosom. 

There  is,  furthermore,  a  scientific  necessity  for  this  in  the  fact  that  the 
elaborate  surveys  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  in  the  East  and  Kentucky, 
Michigan,  Illinois,  and  other  Western  States  make  Ohio  a  needed  keystone  in 
the  geological  arch,  an  invaluable  member,  without  which  the  symmetry  and 
connection  of  the  whole  can  never  be  obtained. 

The  practical  advantages  to  agriculture  and  mining,  the  interests 
which  "  underlie  all  others  and  constitute  the  groundwork  of  our  pros- 
perity," were  thoroughly  emphasized. 

Ohio's  rapid  growth  iii  population  and  its  sequence — the  increasing  reduction 
in  her  agricultural  export — create  an  additional  necessity  from  year  to  year 
for  the  development  of  her  mining  and  manufacturing  interests.  By  this  means 
a  better  home  market  will  be  provided  for  the  products  of  her  soil,  while  at 
the  same  time  there  will  come  with  new  sources  of  wealth  new  demands  for 
labor  which  would  give  employment  for  any  surplus  population.  The  agri- 
cultural resources  of  Ohio,  great  as  they  are,  scarcely  equal  those  which  lie 
beneath  her  surface  and  which  promise  an  exhaustive  field  to  her  genius,  labor, 
and  capital. 

To  a  new  and  complete  survey  of  Ohio  the  old  partial  one  would  serve  a 
valuable  purpose  as  a  preliminary  reconnoissance,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
labors  of  the  geological  corps  would  be  greatly  facilitated  by  the  elaborate 
surveys  of  adjacent  States.  These  considerations  should  be  taken  into  account 
in  estimating  the  cost  of  a  new  survey. 

The  cost  of  one  or  two  other  State  surveys  was  given,  together  with 
some  estimates  of  the  survey  of  Ohio.  In  conclusion : 

From  the  best  information  they  can  gather  your  committee  believe  that  a 
good  survey  of  Ohio  can  be  completed  on  the  plan  presented  within  three  years 
at  an  expense,  including  that  of  publishing  reports,  of  not  exceeding  $50,000. 

The  importance  of  the  report  procured  the  printing  of  500  addi- 
tional copies  for  the  use  of  the  members. 

Accompanying  the  report  was  a  bill  providing  for  the  survey.  In- 
asmuch as  it  supplied  the  missing  keystone,  it  is  given  in  full : 

An  act  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of  Ohio. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
the  governor  is  hereby  required  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  senate,  a  chief  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of  known  integrity  and 
competent,  practical,  and  scientific  knowledge  of  the  sciences  of  geology  and 
mineralogy;  and  upon  consultation  with  said  chief  geologist,  and  the  like 
concurrence  of  the  senate,  the  governor  shall  appoint  one  or  more  suitable 
assistants,  not  exceeding  three  in  number,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  skillful  ana- 
lytical and  agricultural  chemist;  the  said  chief  geologist  and  assistants  to 
constitute  a  geological  corps,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make  a  complete  and 


404  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

thorough  geological,  agricultural,  and  miueralogical  survey  of  each  and  every 
county  in  the  State. 

SEC. 2.  The  said  survey  shall  have  for  its  objects: 

1.  An  examination  of  the  geological  structure  of  the  State,  including  the 
dip,  magnitude,  number,  order,  and  relative  position  of  the  several  strata,  their 
richness  in  coals,  clays,  ores,  mineral  waters  and  manures,  building  stone,  and 
other  useful  materials,  the  value  of  such  materials  for  economical  purposes, 
and  their  accessibility  for  mining  or  manufacture. 

2.  An  accurate  chemical  analysis  and  classification  of  the  various  soils  of  the 
State,  with  the  view  of  discovering  the  best  means  of  preserving  and  improving 
their  fertility,  and  of  pointing  out  the  most  beneficial  and  profitable  modes  of 
cultivation.    Also  a  careful  analysis  of  the  different  ores,  rocks,  peats,  marls, 
days,  salines,  and  all  mineral  waters  within  the  State. 

3.  To  ascertain  by  meteorological  observations  the  local  causes  which  produce 
variations  of  climate  in  the  different  sections  of  the  State.    Also  to  determine 
by  strict  barometrical  observations  the  relative  elevation  and  depression  of  the 
different  parts  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  chief  geologist,  in  the  progress  of  the 
examination  hereby  directed,  to  collect  such  specimens  of  rocks,  ores,  soilSi 
fossils,  organic  remains,  and  mineral  compounds  as  will  exemplify  the  geology, 
mineralogy,  and  agronomy  of  the  State,  and  shall  deposit  said  specimens,  accu- 
rately labeled  and  classified,  in  a  room  provided  by  the  State  board  of  agricul- 
ture, to  be  carefully  preserved  under  the  supervision  of  s;ud  board. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chief  geologist  on  or  before  the  first  Mon- 
day in  January  of  each  year  during  the  time  occupied  in  said  survey  to  make  a 
report  to  the  governor  of  the  results  and  progress  of  the  survey,  accompanied 
by  such  maps,  profiles,  and  drawings  as  may  be  necessary  to  exemplify  the 
same,  which  reports  the  governor  shall  lay  before  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  5.  When  the  said  survey  shall  be  fully  completed  the  chief  geologist 
shall  make  to  the  governor  a  final  report,  including  the  results  of  the  entire 
survey,  accompanied  by  such  drawings  and  topographical  maps  as  may  be 
necessary  to  illustrate  the  same,  and  by  a  single  geological  map  showing  by 
colors  and  other  appropriate  means  the  stratification  of  the  rocks,  the  character 
of  the  soil,  the  localities  of  the  beds  of  mineral  deposits,  and  the  character 
and  extent  of  the  different  geological  formations. 

SEC.  6.  The  annual  appropriations  which  may  be  made  by  the  general  assem- 
bly for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  expended,  under  the 
direction  of  the  governor,  upon  the  certificate  of  the  chief  geologist,  approved 
by  the  governor,  and  the  warrant  of  the  auditor  of  State,  as  follows:  For 
salary  of  chief  geologist,  $3,000;  for  salaries  of  assistants,  not  more  than 
$1,800  each;  for  chemicals,  $500;  for  contingent  expenses  of  the  survey,  in- 
cluding actual  traveling  expenses  of  geological  corps  and  hire  of  local  assistants, 
$500. 

SEC.  7.  No  money  shall  be  paid  for  the  purposes  of  said  survey  until  the 
chief  geologist  and  his  assistants  shall  have  entered  upon  the  discharge  of 
their  duties  as  prescribed  by  this  act 

SEC.  8.  The  survey  shall  be  commenced  by  the  1st  of  June  next,  or  as  soon 
thereafter  as  practicable,  and  shall  be  completed  within  three  years  from  and 
after  the  time  of  its  commencement. 

SEC.  9.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage- 

The  bill  as  read  was  ably  supported  by  Messrs.  L«e  and  Lewton 
of  the  committee  and  by  Mr.  Leete,  the  Democratic  member  from 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  405 

Ironton.  So  forcibly  was  its  passage  urged,  so  great  was  the  in- 
terest created  in  its  favor,  that  party  lines  were  ignored.  The  bill 
passed  the  house  by  a  handsome  majority,  was  referred  to  the  senate, 
was  passed  by  that  body  without  amendment,  and  became  a  law  on 
April  3,  1869! 

The  matter  of  publication  and  distribution  of  the  reports  was 
provided  for  by  the  following: 

Joint  resolution  relative  to  printing  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Geological  Corps  of  Ohio 
for  the  year  1869. 

Whereas  the  engraving  of  the  plates,  which  accompany  the  geological  report, 
will  delay  the  publication  of  that  report  for  several  months,  and  there  are 
some  portions  of  the  report  that  should  be  given  to  the  public  at  as  early  a 
date  as  possible:  Therefore 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That  so  much  of 
Professor  Newberry's  report  as  will  serve  to  form  a  report  of  progress  of  the 
geological  survey  of  Ohio  for  I860 ;  Professor  Andrews's  report  on  the  geology 
of  southeastern  Ohio;  Professor  Orton's  report  on  the  geology  of  Montgomery 
County,  with  such  maps  and  sections  as  are  prepared  to  illustrate  each  of 
these  reports,  be  printed  at  once  in  pamphlet  form  as  the  annual  report  of 
the  geological  corps  of  Ohio  for  the  year  1869,  to  the  number  of  2,500  copies; 
500  copies  for  the  geological  corps  and  2,000  copies  for  the  general  assembly,  to 
be  divided  equally  among  the  members,  and  sent  by  the  secretary  of  state  as 
provided  for  the  distribution  of  the  agricultural  report  to  the  auditor  of  each 
county  of  each  member  as  soon  as  printed;  and  that  the  publication  of  the 
remainder  of  the  manuscripts  submitted  by  the  geological  corps  be  deferred 
until  the  plates  shall  be  engraved. 

Adopted  April  14,  1870. 

Three  years  later  the  bill  of  1869  was  supplemented  by  the  fol- 
lowing : 

An  act  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Ohio. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
the  governor,  State  school  commissioner,  and  the  treasurer  of  State  are  hereby 
constituted  a  geological  board,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  exercise  supervision 
and  control  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SBC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  geological  board  to  ascertain  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  work  already  performed  under  the  present  law  pro- 
viding for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,  which  expires  May  31,  1872,  and  to 
determine  the  best  methods  of  securing  a  thorough  and  scientific  completion  of 
the  survey. 

SEC.  3.  The  geological  board  shall  have  power  to  assign  all  unfinished  work 
of  the  survey  to  a  geological  corps  consisting  of  a  chief  geologist  and  two 
assistant  geologists,  men  of  capacity  and  geological  knowledge,  to  which  num- 
ber shall  be  added  a  chemist  of  approved  skill,  which  persons  shall  be  appointed 
by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  seur.te,  their  ap- 
pointments to  take  effect  on  the  1st  day  of  June,  1872. 

SEC.  4.  The  geological  board  shall  have  power  to  make  such  a  division  of  the 
territory  of  the  State  between  the  several  geologists  as  shall  secure  the  most 
thorough  and  harmonious  investigation  of  the  geology  of  the  whole  State,  in- 
cluding its  minerals,  soils,  and  fossils. 


406  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  geological  board  to  direct,  iu  regard  to  all 
expenditures  of  money  which  may  be  appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  carry 
ing  on  said  survey,  and  to  secure  an  equitable  apportionment  of  such  money  to 
the  several  districts  of  the  State;  also  to  determine  the  number  of  assistants 
to  be  employed  by  the  geologist  and  the  chemist  and  the  amount  of  their 
compensation. 

SEC.  6.  The  geological  board,  after  an  immediate  investigation  of  the  work  of 
the  present  geological  corps,  already  reported  on  and  published  by  the  State, 
shall  direct  in  regard  to  the  preparation  of  all  other  and  future  reports,  and 
recommend  to  the  legislature  for  publication  the  reports  thus  prepared. 

SEC.  7.  The  geological  board  shall  see  that  the  minerals,  soils,  and  fossils  of 
tie  State  collected  during  the  survey  be  properly  classified  and  labeled  by  the 
geologist  or  such  paleontologists  as  may  be  employed,  and  give  to  the  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College  of  Ohio,  and  duplicates,  as  far  as  practicable,  to 
each  other  college  in  the  State  authorized  by  its  charter  to  confer  degrees  and 
possessing  a  geological  department  and  employing  a  professor  of  geology. 

SEC.  8.  The  geological  board  shall  require  that  all  maps,  drawings,  sections, 
notebooks,  reports  or  partial  reports,  records  and  data,  and  materials  of  what 
over  kind  not  yet  incorporated  in  reports  already  published  which  have  ac- 
cumulated in  the  hands  of  the  present  geological  corps  and  their  local  as- 
sistants; also  all  minerals  and  fossils  of  every  kind  which  have  been  gathered 
by  the  corps  and  assistants,  be  delivered  to  the  said  geological  board  by  the 
members  of  said  corps  on  or  before  the  31st  day  of  May,  1872. 

SEC.  9.  The  annual  appropriations  which  may  be  made  by  the  legislature  for 
carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  upon 
the  certificates  of  the  several  geologists  and  chemists,  approved  by  the  governor 
and  the  warrant  of  the  auditor,  as  follows:  For  the  salary  of  the  chief  geolo- 
gist, $2,500;  of  the  assistant  geologist,  $2,000;  for  the  salary  of  the  chemist. 
$1,500 ;  and  for  the  contingent,  including  the  traveling  expenses  of  the  geological 
corps  and  assistants,  the  pay  of  the  assistants:  and  the  cost  of  the  needed 
chemicals  and  apparatus,  $5,000. 

SEC.  10.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  passage  and  continue 
in  force  until  the  1st  day  of  June,  1873. 

Passed  April  29,  1872. 

Administration. — In  accordance  with  the  act  of  1869  the  governor 
appointed  John  S.  Newberry  chief  geologist  and  E.  B.  Andrews,  Ed- 
ward Orton,  and  John  H.  Klippart  assistant  geologists.  These  nomi- 
nations were  afterward  confirmed  by  the  senate.  In  addition  the 
following-named  persons  were  employed  as  local  assistants :  Rev.  H. 
Hertzer,  M.  C.  Read,  Frederick  Prime,  jr.,  TV.  P.  Ballantine,  G.  K. 
Gilbert.  Andrew  Sherwood.  R.  D.  Irving,  TV.  A.  Hooker,  TV.  B.  Pot- 
ter, Henry  Newton,  and  H.  A.  Whiting.  Rev.  H.  Hertzer  was  paid 
from  the  chief's  salary  as  compensation  for  the  reason  that  his  time 
was  but  partially  devoted  to  the  work.  Messrs.  Read,  Prime,  and  Bal- 
lantine received  small  salaries  during  the  working  season,  while  the 
rest  of  the  gentlemen  served  for  their  expenses.  The  corps  organized 
and  was  ready  for  work  by  June  1.  Mr.  Klippart,  for  many  years 
secretary  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  had  charge  of  the  agricul- 
tural department,  and  Prof.  T.  G.  Wormley,  one  of  the  ablest  analyti- 
cal chemists  in  the  country,  of  the  purely  chemical  work. 


GKOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  407 

To  gain  a  general  knowledge  of  the  geological  system  of  the  State 
the  field  was  divided  into  four  districts,  cornering  at  Columbus.  Pro- 
fessor Newberry  had  immediate  supervision  of  the  work  in  the  north- 
eastern quarter,  Professor  Andrews  the  southeastern,  Professor  Orton 
the  southwestern,  and  Messrs.  Hertzer  and  Gilbert  the  northwestern. 
It  was  the  aim  of  the  corps  to  perform  the  work  so  thoroughly  that  it 
would  never  be  necessary  to  go  over  the  ground  a  second  time.  To 
this  end  explicit  directions  were  given  each  member  for  making 
observations  and  collections. 

Expenses  for  1869. — The  disbursements  to  the  account  of  the  geo- 
logical survey  for  the  year  1869  amounted  to  $8,066.01. 

Publication  of  First  Annual  Report. — Early  in  the  year  1870  the 
senate  received  a  message  from  Governor  Hays  transmitting  the  first 
annual  report  (second  series)  on  the  geology  of  Ohio,  with  accom- 
panying letter  of  J.  S.  Newberry ;  also  a  message  transmitting  a  letter 
from  Prof.  E.  B.  Andrews  in  relation  to  the  coal  fields  extending  from 
the  vicinity  of  Nelsonville,  Athens  County,  to  the  northeast  through 
the  southern  part  of  Perry  County. 

The  committee  on  public  printing,  to  whom  was  referred  the  Re- 
port of  the  Geological  Corps  for  1869,  recommended  the  adoption  of 
the  following  joint  resolution : 

Whereas  the  engraving  of  plates  which  accompany  the  geological  report  will 
delay  the  publication  of  that  report  several  months,  and  there  are  some  por- 
tions of  the  report  that  should  bo  given  to  the  public  at  as  early  a  day  as 
possible,  be  it 

Resolved  by  the  general  assembly,  That  so  much  of  Professor  Newberry's 
report  as  will  serve  to  form  a  report  of  progress  of  the  geological  survey  of 
Ohio  for  1889 :  Professor  Anclrews's  report  of  the  geology  of  southeastern  Ohio : 
Professor  Orton's  report  of  the  geology  of  Montgomery  County,  with  such  maps 
and  sections  as  are  prepared  to  illustrate  each  of  these  reports,  be  printed  at 
once,  in  pamphlet  form  as  the  annual  report  of  the  geological  corps  of  Ohio 
for  the  year  1869  to  the  number  of  2,500  copies;  500  copies  for  the  geological 
corps  aud  2,000  copies  for  the  general  assembly,  to  be  divided  equally  among 
the  members  and  sent  to  the  auditor  for  the  county  of  each  member  as  soon 
as  printed;  and  that  the  publication  of  the  remainder  of  the  manuscripts  be 
deferred  until  the  plates  be  engraved. 

This  was  adopted  and  became  a  law  April  14,  1870.  In  compliance 
with  the  resolution  the  portions  of  the  report  mentioned  were  em- 
bodied for  immediate  publication. 

A  resolution  was  shortly  proposed  by  a  member  of  the  house  di- 
recting the  supervisor  of  public  printing  to  procure  the  printing  of 
the  report  of  1869,  in  the  best  style,  in  pica  type,  in  large  octavo 
form,  on  heavy  white  or  tinted  paper,  and  bound  in  muslin.  This 
resolution  did  not  come  up  for  final  passage.  The  supervisor,  acting 
upon  the  supposition  that  it  had,  proceeded  with  the  work  as  it 


408  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

directed.  It  was  therefore  found  necessary  to  push  the  resolution 
through  early  in  the  next  session,  with  the  saving  clause,  however, 
that  nothing  in  the  resolution  should  be  construed  to  direct  "anj 
other  or  further  printing  than  the  edition  of  said  report  hitherto 
caused  by  said  supervisor  to  be  printed  and  bound  in  muslin  under 
the  supposition  that  this  resolution  had  been  passed  at  the  first  session 
of  the  general  assembly." 

Within  three  weeks  from  the  settlement  of  this  question  by  law 
another  joint  resolution  was  adopted  to  procure  the  printing,  bind- 
ing, and  distribution  of  10,000  copies  additional  of  the  report  of 
1869,  and  2,000  copies  in  German,  with  the  same  illustrations  as  the 
English  edition ;  50  copies  for  the  governor,  50  for  the  Ohio  State 
library,  and  the  remainder  for  the  use  of  the  general  assembly.  It 
was  afterwards  voted  that  300  copies  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
corps — 100  to  the  chief  and  50  each  to  the  four  next  in  rank. 

In  1870  the  house  adopted  a  resolution  instructing  the  committee 
on  retrenchment  to  inquire  into  the  expenditures  of  the  survey  and 
to  investigate  everything  connected  with  it,  empowering  that  com- 
mittee to  send  for  persons  and  papers,  and  requiring  a  report  at  as 
early  a  day  as  possible.  The  committee  was  not  heard  from  until 
the  following  year,  when  both  majority  and  minority  reports  were 
sent  in.  The  majority  report  criticized  the  appointment  of  T.  G. 
Wormley  as  chemist,  when  the  law  specified  that  one  of  the  assistants 
should  be  a  "skillful  agricultural  and  analytical  chemist." 

After  giving  the  sum  total  of  all  expenses  of  the  corps,  the  com- 
mittee recommended  that  the  State  be  divided  into  three  districts, 
each  one  to  be  in  charge  of  those  best  fitted  for  the  work,  implying 
undivided  personal  attention,  and  that  a  competent  chemist  be 
centrally  located;  each  of  the  four  appointees  to  receive  $2,000  a 
year.  Then  followed  the  replies  of  Colonel  Whittlesey,  E.  B.  An- 
drews, and  Leo  Lesquereux,  as  to  the  purpose  of  the  survey,  the 
best  method  of  conducting  it,  whether  the  existing  appropriations 
were  adequate,  etc.,  from  which  it  is  possible  to  gather  much  interest- 
ing information.  The  minority  report  recommended  that  the  work 
be  continued  under  the  corps  as  organized  in  accordance  with  the 
plan  pursued  to  date. 

Museum. — A  law  of  1870  imposed  upon  the  chief  geologist  the 
duty  of  collecting  a  full  set  of  specimens  for  the  benefit  of  the  Ohio 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  then  in  its  infancy. 

Expense  during  1870.— During  the  same  year  an  appropriation  of 
$17,250  was  made  for  continuing  the  survey,  itemized  as  follows: 
Salaries  of  chief  and  three  assistants,  not  exceeding  $5.950;  con- 
tingent expenses,  $11,300,  of  which  $1,500  was  specially  appropriated 
for  chemicals  and  apparatus.  For  the  year  1870  the  disbursements 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  409 

amounted  to  $19,815.80  for  salaries,  chemicals,  traveling,  and  other 
expenses. 

Governor  Hayes,  in  his  annual  message  of  1871,  called  attention  to 
the  fact  that  the  future  wealth  and  population  of  the  State  would 
depend  largely  upon  the  mining  and  manufacturing  interests.  While 
not  questioning  the  benefits  to  accrue  to  agriculture  from  the  survey, 
he  emphasized  the  truth  that  the  tendency  was  to  encourage  the 
employment  of  labor  and  capital  in  mining  and  manufacturing 
enterprises,  and  recommended  that  the  work  be  continued  and  sus- 
tained by  ample  appropriations.  In  response  an  appropriation  of 
$20.900  was  made  later  in  the  session. 

Publication  of  Second  Annual  Report. — The  annual  report  of  1870 
was  transmitted  to  the  general  assembly  March,  1871.  The  governor 
reported  that  he  had  been  advised  that  the  first  volume  of  the  final 
report  was  nearly  ready  for  publication  and  would  be  sent  to  the 
legislature  during  that  session.  He  suggested  that  measures  be 
immediately  taken  for  printing  it. 

By  joint  resolution  it  was  decided  that  the  report  for  1870,  by  J.S. 
Newberry,  chief,  including  reports  of  E.  B.  Andrews,  Edward  Orton, 
and  J.  H.  Klippart,  assistants:  T.  G.  Wormley,  chemist;  and  G.  K. 
Gilbert,  M.  C.  Read,  Henry  Newton,  and  W.  B.  Potter,  local  assist- 
ants, be  printed  at  once  as  the  annual  report  for  1870,  in  the  same 
form  and  style  as  the  annual  report  of  1869,  to  the  number  of  2,500 
copies ;  and  provision  was  made  for  their  distribution. 

The  character  of  the  work,  replete  with  statistics  as  it  was,  did 
not  gain  for  it  the  wide  popularity  the  report  of  1869  had  enjoyed. 
For  the  same  reason  its  greater  intrinsic  worth  can  not  be  questioned. 
Two  thousand  copies  of  this  report  were  ordered  printed  in  German. 

No  pains  was  spared  to  secure  the  proper  distribution  of  the  re- 
port. The  supervisor  of  public  printing  was  directed  to  deliver  to 
the  governor  150  copies  for  distribution  to  the  American,  English, 
French,  and  German  magazines  and  papers  devoted  to  mining  and 
science;  to  the  principal  libraries  of  the  United  States,  England, 
France,  and  Germany ;  and  to  the  libraries  of  each  State  and  Terri- 
tory. Further,  the  librarian  of  the  Ohio  State  library  was  required 
to  accommodate  inquiries  for  the  work  from  literary  institutions, 
historical  societies,  colleges,  and  similar  organizations  from  200 
copies  granted  for  the  purpose.  One  thousand  copies  of  the  report 
were  lost  in  some  manner,  and  measures  were  taken  to  prevent  the 
recurrence  of  such  loss. 

Work  of  1871. — Throughout  the  year  1871  the  work  of  the  corps 
progressed  rapidly  and  satisfactorily.  Quite  a  number  of  additions 
was  made  to  the  local  working  force,  several  of  these  being  unpaid 
volunteers.  Four  parties  were  constantly  in  the  field  engaged  mainly 


410        BI:LLKTIN  w\  L^XITLD  STATLIS  NATIONAL  MCSKUJI. 

on  county  surveys.    By  the  close  of  the  season  about  three-fourths 
of  the  area  of  the  State  had  been  examined  in  detail. 

A  sketch  of  the  progress  of  the  survey  during  the  year  was  made 
to  the  legislature  of  1872.  This  is  a  pamphlet  of  eight  pages  consist- 
ing of  a  business  report  of  progress  and  prospects  of  the  survey. 
It  was  made  brief  that  its  publication  might  be  immediate  and  that 
it  might  become  the  basis  for  legislative  action.  The  preceding  an- 
nual reports  had  failed  to  meet  the  demand  of  the  legislature  for 
fresh  information  through  the  necessary  delay  caused  by  printing, 
etc.  The  publication  of  such  voluminous  annual  reports  greatly  de- 
layed the  final  report  and  it  was  decided  not  to  continue  the  practice. 

Expenses  during  1871. — The  disbursements  for  salaries  and  con- 
tingent expenses  for  the  year  amounted  to  $21,843. 19. 

Renewal  act  of  1871. — The  time  originally  specified  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  survey  having  expired,  leaving  the  work  far  from  com- 
plete, there  was  passed,  April  29, 1872.  the  act  to  complete  the  survey, 
a  transcript  of  which  is  given  on  pages  405-6.  By  this  act  the  gover- 
nor, school  commissioner,  and  treasurer  were  constituted  a  geological 
board  to  exercise  supervision  and  control.  Their  duties  were  to  as- 
certain the  nature  and  extent  of  the  work  already  performed  under 
the  present  law ;  to  determine  the  best  method  for  securing  a  thorough 
and  scientific  completion  of  the  survey;  to  make  a  division  of  terri- 
tory and  assign  work  to  be  done  by  the  corps;  to  direct  the  expendi- 
ture of  money  for  geological  purposes ;  to  determine  the  number  of 
assistants  to  each  geologist  and  the  chemist,  and  the  compensation  of 
the  same;  to  investigate  the  work  of  the  present  corps  already  re- 
ported and  published;  to  give  directions  for  the  preparation  of  fu 
ture  reports  for  publication;  and  to  provide  for  the  preservation  and 
distribution  of  all  specimens  collected:  all  maps  and  drawings  to 
be  delivered  to  the  board  before  the  first  of  June  following;  corps 
to  consist  of  a  chief,  two  assistants,  and  a  chemist;  the  governor  to 
appoint  members  of  the  corps,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate; 
appointment  to  take  effect  June  1,  1872.  Salaries:  Chief,  $2,500; 
assistants,  $2,000 :  chemist,  $1,500 ;  other  expenses,  $5,000.  The  man- 
ner of  drawing  appropriations  was  also  specified  by  law. 

The  act  was  to  continue  in  force  for  one  year.  The  same  day  pro- 
vision was  made  for  publishing  20.000  copies  of  "the  first  volume  of 
the  final  report,  with  illustrating  maps,  plates,  and  sections,  for  print- 
ing it  in  best  style,  on  good  paper,  royal  octavo,  for  binding  in  muslin, 
and  for  distributing  the  work  when  finished.  Two  thousand  copias 
were  ordered  printed  in  German.  The  chief  geologist  believed  that 
an  edition  of  5,000  copies  would  be  adequate  to  meet  all  demands,  but 
inasmuch  as  the  reports  of  1869  and  1870  had  been  so  eagerly  taken  up 
the  legislature  made  provision  for  a  larger  edition. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  4.1.1 

This  work  had  previously  been  transmitted  to  the  senate  by  Gov- 
ernor Noyes.  together  with  letters  from  Professor  Henry,  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  and  F.  B.  Meek,  paleontologist  with  the 
United  States  Survey  of  the  Western  Territories ;  also  a  communica- 
tion from  Hon.  James  A.  Garfield,  recommending  the  necessary  meas- 
ures to  be  adopted  for  the  printing  of  volume  1. 

Administration. — In  obedience  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  April 
29  the  governor,  recognizing  the  expediency  of  continuing  the  survey 
under  the  existing  corps  so  far  as  practicable,  appointed  J.  S.  New- 
berry,  chief:  E.  B.  Andrews  and  Edward  Orton,  assistants,  and  T.  G. 
Wormley.  chemist. 

In  the  annual  message  of  January  2,  1873,  Gov.  Edward  F.  Noyes 
made  the  following  report  and  recommendations  regarding  the  survey : 

The  geological  survey  of  the  State  has  progressed  satisfactorily  during  the 
past  year.  The  first  volume  of  the  final  report  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the 
printer  and  will  be  ready  for  distribution  at  the  present  session  of  the  general 
assembly.  Material  for  another  volume  is  now  nearly  ready,  and  it  is  hoped 
provision  will  be  made  for  its  early  publication.  To  perfect  the  work  of  the 
survey  according  to  the  original  design  and  in  harmony  with  what  has  already 
been  completed  will  require  one  year  more,  and  it  is  recommended  that  the 
time  of  the  geological  corps  be  extended  accordingly,  and  that  such  appro- 
priation be  made  therefor  as  may  be  necessary. 

Five  maps  upon  a  somewhat  extended  scale  have  been  prepared  by  Professor 
Andrews,  representing  the  coal  region  in  the  district  assigned  to  him.  The 
funds  heretofore  appropriated  for  engraving  and  printing  were  not  sufficient 
to  warrant  the  board  of  control  in  ordering  as  many  copies  of  these  maps  as 
there  \vill  be  volumes  in  the  edition  to  be  published.  If  it  should  be  considered 
desirable  that  an  oqual  number  should  be  printed  an  additional  appropriation 
will  be  required. 

The  geological  survey  is  a  very  important  work  in  an  economic  point  of 
view,  to  say  nothing  of  its  scientific  interest.  It  has  already  added  largely  to 
the  value  of  real  property  in  the  State,  while  its  developments  and  disclosures 
are  Inviting  labor  and  capital  from  abroad.  To  make  a  satisfactory  and 
creditable  survey  necessarily  consumes  considerable  time  and  costs  large  sums 
of  money.  It  is,  however,  believed  that  our  work  is  being  well  and  faithfully 
done,  and  at  the  same  time  more  expeditiously  and  cheaper  than  similar  work 
has  ever  been  performed  in  other  States. 

You  are  requested  to  provide  for  the  necessities  of  the  survey  by  such  appro- 
priations as  careful  estimates  shall  call  for  and  your  judgment  shall  approve. 

Provision  was  made  for  paying  for  the  flyleaves  of  volume  1  and 
the  paper  used  in  printing  the  second  part  of  the  volume  from  the 
appropriation  for  stationery  and  blank  books.  It  had  been  the  in- 
tention to  print  the  final  report  upon  finer  and  larger  paper  than 
was  used  for  other  State  printing.  Such  provision  was  indeed  made, 
but  it  was  found  that  no  one  had  been  authorized  to  make  the  pur- 
chase. Before  the  legislature  convened  again  part  1  had  been  com- 
pleted. As  soon  as  that  body  met  it  thus  authorized  the  purchase  of 


412  BULLKT1S    109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

the  finer  paper  in  time  for  the  printing  of  part  2.  It  has  always 
been  a  matter  of  regret  to  all  that  the  books  are  not  uniform  in  size 
and  quality  of  workmanship. 

Appropriations  for  1872-1874- — In  accordance  with  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  governor  the  time  when  the  act  of  1872  should  con- 
tinue in  force  was  extended  until  February  15,  1874,  by  which  time 
the  survey  was  to  be  completed.  An  appropriation  of  $20,214.17  was 
made  for  continuing  the  work. 

Publication  of  volume  1  of  final  report. — During  the  year  the  long- 
expected  volume  1  of  the  final  report  made  its  appearance.  This  is 
in  two  parts,  known  as  parts  1  and  2,  or  as  volume  1,  Geology,  and 
volume  2,  Paleontology. 

Volume  1,  Geology,  consists  of  680  pages.  Section  1  treats  of  the 
general  geological  relations  and  structure  of  Ohio.  Section  2  deals 
with  local  geology.  Section  1  embraces  a  brief  history  of  the  sur- 
vey up  to  the  date  of  the  final  report,  the  physical  geography  of  the 
State,  the  geological  relations  of  the  Ohio  series,  the  structure  in 
detail,  including  mention  of  the  more  important  fossils  of  each  great 
formation.  The  section  on  local  geology  includes  reports  of  the 
geology  of  23  counties  described  by  townships,  with  geological  maps 
of  13  of  the  number,  besides  a  paper  on  the  surface  geology  of  the 
Maumee  Valley  with  map,  a  report  of  the  geology  of  the  West  Sister 
Island,  and  an  important  report  of  the  geology  of  the  Cincinnati 
group,  by  Edward  Orton.  with  map  and  tables  of  fossils  of  the  group. 
Appendix  A  contains  10  tables  of  temperature  and  rainfall  at  various 
points.  Appendix  B  gives  the  profiles  of  all  of  the  most  important 
railroad  and  canal  lines.  There  is  only  a  partial  list  of  the  railroad 
profiles  given. 

Volume  1,  Paleontology,  or  part  2  of  the  final  report,  is  the  first 
illustrated  memoir  ever  published  on  the  fossils  of  the  State.  It  is 
printed  on  larger  and  heavier  paper  than  part  1  and  contains  399 
pages  and  48  fine  lithographic  plates  as  illustrations.  The  Ohio  series 
is  of  such  great  range  that  there  are  few  finer  fields  for  paleontolog- 
ical  work  in  the  world.  To  produce  such  a  creditable  work  as  part  2 
it  was  necessary  to  employ  specialists.  By  the  work  of  the  paleon- 
tologist many  of  the  vexed  questions  in  regard  to  the  Ohio  series 
were  settled.  The  knowledge  gathered  from  the  fossils  was  of  in- 
estimable service  in  the  acquisition  of  the  information  conveyed  in 
the  geological  reports.  Section  1  of  the  volume,  the  work  of  F.  B. 
Meek,  is  a  description  of  the  invertebrate  fossils  of  the  Silurian  and 
Devonian  systems.  The  descriptions  of  fossil  fishes  and  of  the  fossil 
plants  of  the  coal  measures  contained  in  sections  2  and  3  are  the  work 
of  J.  S.  Newberry. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTOEY  SURVEYS.  413 

The  field  work  of  the  corps  continued  throughout  the  season  of 
1873. 

Publication  of  Third  Annual  Report  and  volume  %  of  the  -final 
report. — The  annual  message  of  1874  announced  that  the  field  work 
of  the  survey  had  been  completed,  and  a  large  amount  of  material 
collected  for  future  volumes.  With  the  utmost  industry  it  was  found 
impossible  to  finish  the  text  for  publication.  Material  for  two  vol- 
umes would  be  ready  by  the  expiration  of  the  time  for  which  the 
geological  corps  was  appointed.  Inasmuch  as  the  original  plan  con- 
templated two  additional  volumes — one  on  economic  geology  and  the 
other  devoted  to  zoology,  botany,  and  agriculture,  and  as  a  general 
geological  map  should  accompany  the  printed  volumes,  two  years 
more  time  at  an  expense  of  $10,000  a  year  would  be  required  to  com- 
plete the  whole  in  a  commendable  manner.  The  governor  therefore 
recommended  that  an  appropriation  be  made  for  the  immediate  pub- 
lication of  two  volumes,  and  that  $10,000  be  added  for  the  continu- 
ation of  the  work  another  year,  and  urged  that  in  view  of  its  im- 
portance and  the  widespread  commendation  it  had  elicited,  it  would 
be  an  unwarrantable  waste  of  time  and  money  if  the  material  already 
prepared  should  not  be  utilized. 

The  general  assembly  responded  by  appropriating  $60,000  for  the 
publication  of  volume  2  of  the  Final  Report  and  $1,000  for  deficiencies 
in  the  salaries.  That  body  further  gave  control  of  all  maps,  plates, 
and  charts  used  in  any  report  of  the  survey  to  the  secretary  of  state. 
At  the  same  time  the  fossils  and  minerals  in  charge  of  the  State  libra- 
rian were  handed  over  to  the  Ohio  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College. 

Provision  was  made  for  the  publication  of  20,000  copies  of  volume 
2,  with  all  accompanying  maps,  plates,  and  sections,  and  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  work.  The  number  of  copies  to  be  printed  in  German 
was  left  to  be  decided  by  those  concerned  in  the  distribution  of  the 
volumes.  Care  was  taken  that  the  mistakes  of  the  first  volume  should 
not  be  repeated.  The  secretary  of  state  was  empowered  to  purchase 
good  paper,  but  when  it  was  delivered  it  was  found  to  be  far  inferior 
to  the  samples  and  was  rejected.  The  authorities  had  to  choose  be- 
tween a  delay  of  several  months  and  the  use  of  the  inferior  paper  for 
part  1  on  geology.  They  chose  the  latter  course.  The  result  is  that 
part  1  of  volume  2  is  uniform  in  size  and  style  with  part  1  of  volume 
1,  while  part  2  of  both  volumes  correspond  in  style  and  in  size. 

Expenses. — The  expenses  of  the  survey  during  1874  were  $16,976.14. 

Publication  of  volume  3  of  final  report. — In  the  year  1875  an  ap- 
propriation of  $7,000  was  made  for  preparing  volume  3,  Geology,  for 
publication  under  the  direction  of  the  former  chief  geologist,  J.  S. 
Newberry;  and  for  printing,  binding,  and  publishing  20,000  copies 


414  BULLETIN    1(K>,    UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

of  the  same,  an  additional  appropriation  of  $15,000  was  made. 
Provision  was  also  made  for  distribution,  but  as  some  time  elapsed 
before  the  volume  was  given  to  the  printer,  the  law  was  rescinded. 
The  disbursements  for  1875  were  $37,276.75,  the  whole  amount  being 
paid  for  preparating  and  printing  volume  2.  In  1876  an  additional 
appropriation  of  $2,784.49  was  found  necessary  for  paying  the  ex- 
penses of  volume  2.  The  entire  cost  of  the  survey  during  the  year 
was  $23.201.22. 

Progress  during  1877— -In  January.  1877,  Governor  Hayes  reported 
that  the  first  part  of  volume  3  was  going  through  the  press,  the  second 
part  nearly  complete,  and  the  material  for  the  other  two  volumes 
contemplated  in  the  original  plan  were  almost  ready.  It  had  been 
thought  advisable  to  add  to  the  general  geological  map  of  the 
State,  detailed  maps  of  the  most  important  mining  districts  on  so 
large  a  scale  as  to  admit  of  the  clear  representation  of  all  mines, 
mining  properties,  furnaces,  and  rolling  mills.  As  no  provision  had 
been  made  for  the  work  beyond  volume  3.  Geology,  be  recommended 
another  appropriation. 

The  great  delay  in  publishing  this  volume  was  due  to  work  of  re- 
vision, the  preparation  of  a  review  of  the  geological  structure  of  the 
State,  and  the  work  on  the  geological  map  and  six  maps  of  the  mining 
districts. 

Expenditures  during  1877. — The  appropriation  of  the  year  was 
$2,500.  The  expenditures,  mainly  for  volume  3,  were  $8,199.52. 

The  general  assembly  finally  provided  for  "the  printing,  bind- 
ing, and  distribution  of  20.000  copies  of  the  book  in  1878,  in  order 
that  the  present  assembly  might  enjoy  that  honor." 

Volume  3  is  uniform  in  size  with  both  the  other  volumes  on 
geology,  and  contains  958  pages.  This  volume  completed  the  series 
on  geology.  No  provision  was  made  for  the  publication  of  part  2 
of  the  volume,  and  the  paleontological  series  was  thus  left  incomplete. 
Appropriation*  for  1878.— For  the  year  1878  the  sum  of  $22.400 
was  appropriated  for  the  survey;  $11,750  for  the  publication  of  map 
to  accompany  volume  3  of  the  survey:  $2,000  to  complete  volume  3, 
part  2,  Paleontology;  $650  to  prepare  reports  for  publication;  and 
$8,000  for  publishing  20,000  copies  of  volume  4,  Zoology  and  Botany. 
Proceedings  during  1879.— The  beginning  of  the  year  1879  is 
marked  by  a  call  from  Governor  Bishop  for  legislative  investigation 
into  the  cause  for  the  delay  in  finishing  the  work  originally  con- 
templated by  the  survey,  alleging  that  additional  appropriations  were 
continually  called  for  while  the  expense  already  far  exceeded  the  origi- 
nal estimate.  The  matter  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  the  geo- 
logical survey.  Both  majority  and  minority  reports  were  forth- 
coming on  the  last  day  of  the  session.  The  majority  regarded  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  415 

course  pursued  with  high  disfavor,  and  complained  that  too  great 
prominence  had  been  given  to  paleontology.  The  minority  held  a 
contrary  opinion. 

Governor  Bishop's  next  annual  message  condemned  the  practice 
of  the  legislature  in  voting  large  editions,  maintaining  that  the 
money  could  have  been  much  better  expended  on  field  work,  and 
urged  the  resumption  of  field  work  with  a  view  to  the  development 
of  the  economic  features  of  the  State. 

Expenditures  in  1879. — The  appropriation  for  1879  was  but  $2,800, 
while  the  expenses  were  $12,463.34. 

Publication  of  atlas. — In  1880  provision  was  made  for  the  distri- 
bution of  the  edition  of  5,000  copies  of  the  geological  atlas  printed. 
For  work  on  the  survey  no  appropriation  was  made  that  year,  though 
a  bill  was  introduced  providing  for  a  more  complete  survey. 

Expenditures  during  1880. — The  expenses  amounted  to  $7.448.39. 

The  next  year  Governor  Foster  invited  the  attention  of  the  legisla- 
tors to  the  unfinished  publications  of  the  survey.  The  copy  for  the 
second  part  of  volume  3  was  by  that  time  ready  for  the  printer.  The 
time  and  mode  of  publication  were  in  the  hands  of  the  legislature. 
The  plates  for  illustration,  necessarily  expensive,  and  the  large  edi- 
tion needed  to  match  the  part  already  published,  would  require  a  large 
appropriation.  The  volume  on  natural  history,  volume  4,  of  the  series 
required  by  law  was  reported  in  the  hands  of  the  printer,  while"  volume 
5,  economic  geology,  justly  viewed  as  the  most  important  member  of 
the  series,  was  still  forthcoming.  As  the  bill  for  a  more  complete  sur- 
vey of  the  State,  with  special  reference  to  economic  features,  which 
was  before  the  legislature  the  last  session,  did  not  reach  a  vote,  the 
sentiment  regarding  it  was  not  yet  formally  expressed : 

In  view  of  the  probability  that  this  measure  will  be  further  urged  during 
the  present  session,  I  bespeak  your  careful  consideration  of  the  subject  in- 
volved. It  is  beyond  dispute  that  the  last  survey  has  done  a  great  deal  for 
the  development  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State.  Its  publications  have 
been  eagerly  sought  for  at  home  and  abroad,  and  its  official  and  uncolored 
testimony  has  encouraged  the  investment  of  large  amounts  of  capital  from 
within  and  from  without  the  State  in  our  coals  and  ores.  But,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  is  equally  beyond  dispute  that  the  reports  as  they  now  stand  are 
incomplete  and  inadequate  for  almost  every  district  of  the  State.  They  have 
been  rendered  so  in  part  by  the  very  development  which  they  have  fostered. 
The  10  years  that  have  passed  since  many  of  these  mineral  belts  were  explored 
have  been  marked  by  -much  activity  and  enterprise.  The  knowledge  of  the 
field  has  been  greatly  increased,  so  much  so  that  the  statements  of  the  reports 
are  no  longer  valuable  as  guides  to  exploration  in  many  cases.  There  is  also 
a  widespread  conviction  that  a  greater  degree  of  certainty  in  regard  to  the 
continuity  and  character  of  our  mineral  deposits  is  attainable  than  we  now 
ss. 

136075—20 28 


416  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

If,  in  view  of  such  considerations,  you  snail  decide  to  continue  in  some 
form  the  work  of  the  survey,  it  will  be  possible  for  you  to  avail  yourselves  of  a 
large  amount  of  experience,  both  in  this  and  neighboring  States,  as  to  dangers 
to  be  avoided  and  advantages  to  be  gained. 

Publication  of  -volume  4  of  final  report.— Tho  delay  in  the  publi- 
cation of  volume  4  became  a  subject  for  legislative  investigation. 
From  the  report  made  by  its  editor,  Dr.  J.  M.  Wheaton,  it  was  found 
that  the  delay  resulted  from  press  of  other  State  printing,  lack  of 
paper,  etc.,  and  that  if  the  work  was  uninterrupted,  it  might  be  fin- 
ished in  six  months.  An  appropriation  (lapsed)  amounting  to 
$2,894.96  was  consequently  restored;  $1,143.53  was  expended  upon 
the  volume  during  the  year. 

The  following  year  provision  was  made  for  the  speedy  binding  and 
distribution  of  the  long-delayed  addition  to  the  series.  The  work  as 
it  stands  is  uniform  with  the  volumes  on  geology  and  numbers  1,020 
pages.  It  is  wholly  devoted  to  zoolog}7,  and  includes  a  report  on  the 
Mammals  of  Ohio,  by  Prof.  A.  M.  Brayton;  Birds,  by  Dr.  J.  M. 
Wheaton;  Reptiles  and  Amphibians,  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Smith:  and 
Fishes,  by  Dr.  David  S.  Jordan.  The  report  is  full  and  complete 
and  abundantly  compensates  for  its  delay.  The  report  on  Mol- 
lusks  by  Dr.  R.  M.  Byrnes,  and  the  catalogue  of  the  plants  of  the 
State  would  have  increased  the  volume  to  undesirable  dimensions, 
so  they  were  left  to  form,  with  such  additions  as  might  be  made  to 
the  material  already  prepared,  a  second  part  to  the  volume.  It  was 
hoped  that  by  the  preparations  on  economic  botany  and  economic 
entomology  which  ought  to  be  included,  a  second  part  of  great  prac- 
tical value  might  be  added  in  a  short  time. 

Professor  Newberry  in  his  preface  writes : 

Some  impatience  has  been  expressed  at  the  slow  progress  of  the  preparation 
of  the  volume  on  zoology  and  botany,  and  the  late  appearance  of  the  part  now 
issued.  But  it  should  be  remembered  that  all  time  and  thought  which  have  been 
expend'ed  on  these  thorough  and  voluminous  reports  destined  to  be  so  creditable 
and  useful  to  the  State  have  been  gratuitously  bestowed.  Not  a  dollar  has 
been  paid  to  the  authors  for  the  years  they  have  spent  in  this  work,  and  jus- 
tice as  well  as  courtesy  demands  that  the  invaluable  gifts  now  made  to  the 
people  of  Ohio  by  the  eminent  naturalists  who  have  prepared  these  reports 
should  be  gratefully  acknowledged.  Probably  nowhere  in  the  history  of 
scientific  publication  can  be  found  more  honorable  examples  of  the  gratuitous 
consecration  of  time  and  learning  by  men  of  science  to  the  higher  interests  of 
the  public. 

The  value  and  importance  of  the  volume  are  rendered  greater 
since,  with  the  exception  of  isolated  newspaper  and  magazine  articles, 
nothing  had  been  published  in  regard  to  the  zoology  of  the  State 
since  the  catalogue  prepared  by  Dr.  J.  P.  Kirtland  and  issued  with 
the  second  annual  report  (first  series)  in  1838.  No  compensation 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       417 

was  ever  voted  to  the  authors  of  volume  4;  that  still  remains  one  of 
the  great  unrecorded  State  debts. 

In  view  of  the  delay  of  the  volume  on  economic  geology,  which 
ought  to  have  been  expected  as  no  appropriation  had  ever  been  made 
for  its  publication,  although  it  had  been  repeatedly  requested,  a 
bill  was  introduced  early  in  the  session  of  1882  to  provide  for  the 
completion  of  volume  5,  Geology  of  Ohio.  The  act  became  a  law 
April  17,  1882.  The  following  is  the  wording  of  this  act  and  a  sup- 
plementary act  of  April  19,  1883 : 

To  provide  for  the  completion  of  volume  5,  Geology  of  Ohio. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
the  governor  is  hereby  required  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  senate,  a  competent  geologist,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  revise  and 
prepare  for  publication  the  materials  already  accumulated  for  a  volume  on 
the  economic  geology  of  Ohio  by  the  chief  of  the  recent  State  geological  survey 
and  designated  in  the  schedule  of  reports  of  said  survey  as  "  Geology  of  Ohio," 
volume  5.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  to  supplement  and 
extend  the  investigations  already  made  as  to  the  order  of  arrangement,  extent, 
composition,  and  useful  applications  of  the  leading  mineral  products  of  the 
State,  and  especially  of  the  economic  products  of  the  coal  measures,  so  that  said 
volume  shall  contain  at  the  date  of  its  issue  an  accurate  statement  of  the  gen- 
eral facts  as  to  those  subjects  so  far  as  known. 

SEC.  2.  The  said  geologist  shall  have  power  to  employ  assistants,  who  shall 
work  under  his  direction  in  the  investigation  of  the  several  subjects  to  be 
reported  upon. 

SEC.  3.  The  said  geologist  shall  receive  while  in  the  actual  discharge  of  his 
duties  a  monthly  salary  of  $200,  to  be  paid  upon  vouchers  signed  by  the 
governor,  and  the  assistants  shall  receive  monthly  salaries,  in  no  case  to  exceed 
$120,  to  be  paid  upon  vouchers  signed  by  the  governor  and  the  geologist  in 
charge. 

SEC.  4.  All  necessary  traveling  and  incidental  expenses  incurred  by  the  geolo- 
gist and  his  assistants  in  the  prosecution  of  their  work  shall  be  paid  from  the 
treasury  of  the  State  upon  vouchers  signed  by  the  governor  and  the  geologist 
in  charge. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  geologist  shall  enter  upon  his  work  as  soon  after  his  appoint- 
ment as  practicable,  and  shall  complete  the  revision  and  preparation  of  the 
volume  by  or  before  the  first  Monday  of  March,  1SS3. 

SEC.  6.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  from  the  general  revenue  fund  a  sum  of 
$5,000  that  may  be  used  for  the  purpose  named  above,  but  no  money  shall  be 
drawn  from  the  treasury  until  the  work  shall  have  been  entered  upon. 

This  act  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Passed  April  17,  1SS2. 

An  act  Bupplemenlary  to  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  completion  of  volume  5,  Geology  of 
Ohio,"  passed  April  17,  3882. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
the  time  for  the  completion,  revision,  and  preparation  of  volume  5,  Geology  of 
Ohio,  provided  for  in  the  act  to  which  this  is  supplementary,  be  extended  to 
September  16,  1883,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chief  geologist,  after  the 


418  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

completion  of  suid  volume,  to  superintend  the  printing  and  proof  reading  of  the 
same. 

SEC.  2.  There  shall  be  printed  of  said  volume  5,  under  the  contract  for  said 
printing,  10,000  copies,  including  maps  and  illustrations,  as  shall  be  directed  by 
the  chief  geologist,  and  these  copies  shall  be  bound  in  the  same  style  as  the 
volumes  of  the  series  already  published. 

SEC.  3.  Of  tho  copies  of  volume  5  that  ;<re  published  tlie  following  distribution 
shall  be  made,  viz:  To  the  State  library,  500  copies;  to  the  chief  geologist  and 
his  assistants,  200  copies ;  to  each  State  officer  and  to  each  State  institution,  5 
copy;  to  be  deposited  with  the  secretary  of  state,  to  be  sold  at  the  cost  of 
publication,  under  such  regulations  as  he  may  establish,  1,000  copies;  the 
remainder  to  be  equally  divided  among  the  members  of  the  sixty-fifth  general 
assembly. 

SF.C.  4.  For  the  completion  of  the  field  and  chemical  work  of  the  survey,  for 
the  revision  and  preparation  of  the  manuscript  for  said  volume  5,  for  the 
engraving  and  printing  of  suitable  maps  and  illustrations,  and  for  superintend- 
ing the  publication  and  proof  reading  of  said  volume  there  is  hereby  appro- 
priated from  the  general  revenue  fund  the  sum  of  $9,500;  for  paper,  the  sum 
of  $2,000;  for  printing,  the  sum  of  $1,200;  and  for  binding,  the  sum  of  $2,000. 

SEC.  5.  Upon  the  publication  of  said  volume  5  the  geological  survey  of  Ohio 
is  hereby  declared  to  be  completed. 

SEC.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  on  its  passage. 

Passed  April  19,  1SS3. 

This  act  was  supplemented  in  1884  by  the  following: 

Supplementary  to  an  act  passed  April  19,  1883,  entitled  "An  net  supplementary  to  'An 
act  to  provide  for  the  completion  of  volume  5,  Geology  of  Ohio,'  passed  April  17,  1882  " 
(0.  L.,  vol.  80,  pp.  199  and  200). 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
the  appropriation  made  "  for  the  completion  of  the  field  and  chemical  work  of 
the  survey,  for  the  revision  and  preparation  of  the  manuscript  of  said  volume  5, 
for  the  engraving  and  printing  of  suitable  maps  and  illustrations,  and  for 
superintending  the  publication  and  proof  reading  of  said  volume,"  shall  also  be 
available  for  the  purchase  of  paper  and  in  payment  for  printing,  in  addition 
to  what  has  already  been  appropriated  for  these  several  purposes,  specifying 
as  the  needs  of  said  volume  may  require. 

SEC.  2.  The  State  geologist  is  hereby  instructed  to  use,  as  far  as  practicable, 
any  and  all  balances  remaining  from  the  several  appropriations  above  named 
In  the  publication  of  such  descriptions  and  figures  of  fossils  as  have  been 
already  prepared  for  publication  at  the  expense  of  the  State,  and  to  include 
said  descriptions  and  figures  in  said  volume  5. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Passed  March  18,  1884. 

This  act  was  in  turn  amended,  as  follows : 

To  amend  an  act  entitled  "An  act  supplementary  to  'An  act  to  provide  for  the  comple- 
tion of  volume  5,  Geolojry  of  Ohio,'  passed  April  17,  1882,"  passed  April  19.  1883  (O.  T,.. 
vol.  80,  pp.  199  and  200), 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
section  3  of  the  above-recited  act  be  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

SECTION  3.  Of  the  copies  of  volume  5  that  are  published  the  following  dis- 
tribution shall  be  made,  viz:  To  the  State  library.  500  copies,  to  be  used  In 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  28 


EDWARD  ORTON 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  OHIO     1882- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  419 

exchange  with  public  libraries  of  other  States,  and  to  be  furnished  to  public 
libraries  of  this  State;  a  sufficient  number  to  be  retained  for  the  use  of  the 
State  library,  and  the  remainder,  if  any,  to  be  sold  at  the  cost  of  publication, 
under  the  direction  of  the  commissioners  of  the  library ;  to  the  chief  geologist 
and  his  assistants,  200  copies ;  to  each  State  officer  and  to  each  State  institution, 
1  copy ;  to  be  deposited  with  the  secretary  of  state,  to  be  sold  at  cost  of  publica- 
tion, under  such  regulations  as  he  may  establish,  1,000  copies;  the  remainder  to 
be  equally  divided  among  the  members  of  the  sixty-sixth  general  assembly. 

SEC.  2.  That  said  original  section  3  of  the  act  supplementary  be,  and  the  same 
is  hereby,  repealed. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Passed  March  15,  1884. 

Administration. — In  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  of 

1882  Gov.  Charles  Foster  appointed  Edward  Orton  State  geolo- 
gist.    The  work  was  at  once  entered  upon  and  vigorously  pushed, 
but  it  proved  to  be  a  task  of  such  magnitude  that  it  was  found 
necessary  to  ask  for  an  extension  of  time.     The  $5,000  appropriation 
was  thought  sufficient  for  the  year's  work.     The  expenses  on  the  two 
volumes,  4  and  5,  aggregated  $5,171.92. 

The  act  of  April  19,  1883,  extended  the  time  for  completing  volume 
5  to  the  1st  of  September  and  required  the  State  geologist  to  superin- 
tend its  printing  and  proof  reading.  The  number  of  copies  was  fixed 
at  10,000  and  uniform  with  the  rest  of  the  series,  and  provision  was 
made  for  their  distribution.  A  new  feature  in  the  proviso  was  the 
item,  "  1,000  copies  to  be  deposited  with  the  secretary  of  state  and  sold 
at  cost  of  publication.''  An  appropriation  of  $15,300  was  made  for 
completing  the  field  and  chemical  work,  revising  and  preparing  the 
manuscript,  engraving  and  printing  suitable  maps  and  illustrations, 
superintending  the  publication,  and  proof  reading,  and  for  paper, 
printing,  and  binding  volume  5.  On  publication  of  this  volume  the 
survey  was  declared  complete. 

The  legislature  provided  for  the  smaller  edition  and  for  the  sale  of 
a  small  portion  of  it  upon  the  advice  of  the  State  geologist.  The  work 
was  completed  and  prepared  for  the  printer  with  all  possible  speed, 
so  that  the  volume  was  issued  during  the  year  1884.  The  expenses  for 

1883  were  $8,377.95. 

Provision  had  been  made  for  distribution  to  the  members  of  the 
sixty-fifth  general  assembly.  The  sixty-sixth  assembly  proved  itself 
unwilling  to  see  the  experiment  of  selling  a  portion  of  the  books  at 
cost  ($1.02  a  volume)  thoroughly  tried.  Early  in  the  year  1885  ti 
joint  resolution  was  passed  giving  the  800  copies  remaining  unsold  to 
the  members,  thus  disappointing  those  who  would  have  been  glad  to 
avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  to  make  their  series  complete. 

From  lack  of  time  to  prepare,  much  valuable  matter  was  omitted  in 
regard  to  the  coals,  only  those  of  the  lower  measures  having  been  noted, 


420  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

and  in  regard  to  lime  production,  cement  manufacture,  the  production 
of  gypsum,  salt,  bromine,  petroleum,  and  inflammable  gas. 

No  appropriation  was  made  for  the  work  during  the  year  1884. 
The  expenses  were  $8,754.16.  By  a  law  previously  enacted  the  sum 
of  $10,000  was  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  survey. 

On  the  issue  of  this  volume  it  was  at  once  seen  that  the  continu- 
ance of  the  work  in  this  field  was  an  object  to  be  desired.  Accord- 
ingly, Governor  Hoadley  reported  that  much  material  still  remained 
hi  possession  of  the  State  geologist,  consisting  in  the  discussion  of 
the  upper  coal  measures,  cements,  limestones,  salt,  petroleum,  and  gas 
wells  of  the  State.  It  was  thought  that  with  six  months'  further  field 
work  sufficient  material  for  another  volume  would  be  at  hand,  since 
the  accidental  discovery  of  gas  wells  in  Wood  County  and  elsewhere 
indicated  that  "  the  knowledge  of  our  resources  was  still  far  from 
complete." 

As  a  result  there  was  enacted  a  law  which  required  the  governor 
to  appoint  a  geologist  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  extend  and  complete 
the  account  of  economic  geology  begun  in  volume  5,  treating  in  par- 
ticular those  portions  of  the  Ohio  coal  fields  not  yet  reported  upon, 
also  salt  and  bromine,  the  composition,  structure,  strength,  and 
durability  of  the  building  stones  of  the  State,  the  production  of 
lime,  natural  cements,  marls,  and  land  plaster,  and  all  other  sub- 
stances produced  in  the  State  that  come  under  the  head  of  economic 
geology;  empowered  the  geologist  to  employ  assistants;  fixed  the 
salaries  and  provided  for  contingents;  required  the  geologist  to  enter 
upon  his  duties  as  soon  as  practicable  and  fixed  one  year  as  the  limit 
for  the  whole  work;  appropriated  $4,500  for  all  purposes;  and  pro- 
vided that  the  chapter  on  inflammable  gas  should  be  prepared  for 
publication  in  advance  of  the  rest  of  the  volume,  and  that  the  copy 
be  delivered  to  the  supervisor  of  public  printing  by  October  1,  1885. 

The  following  is  the  full  text  of  this  act,  and  its  supplement,  passed 
a  month  later : 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  extension  of  the  geological  survey  of  Ohio. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  That 
the  governor  is  hereby  required  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  senate,  a  competent  geologist,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  extend  and 
complete  the  account  of  the  economic  geology  of  the  State  that  is  begun  in 
volume  5,  Geology  of  Ohio.  He  shall  treat,  in  particular,  of  those  portions  of 
the  Ohio  coal  fields  that  have  not  yet  been  reported  upon;  of  the  production 
of  petroleum  and  inflammable  gas  in  the  State,  and  also  of  salt  and  bromine; 
the  composition,  structure,  strength,  and  durability  of  the  various  building 
stones  of  the  State:  of  the  production  of  lime,  natural  cements,  marls,  and  land 
plaster;  and  of  all  other  substances  produced  in  the  State  that  come  under 
the  head  of  economic  geology. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  421 

SEC.  2.  The  said  geologist  shall  have  power  to  employ  assistants,  who  shall 
work  under  his  direction  in  the  investigation  of  the  several  subjects  to  be 
reported  upon. 

SEC.  3.  The  said  geologist  shall  receive,  while  in  the  actual  discharge  of  his 
duties,  a  monthy  salary  of  $200,  to  be  paid  upon  vouchers  signed  by  the 
governor,  and  the  assistants  shall  receive  monthly  salaries,  in  no  case  to  exceed 
$125,  to  be  paid  upon  vouchers  signed  by  the  governor  and  the  chief  geologist. 

SEC.  4.  All  necessary  traveling  and  incidental  expenses  incurred  by  the  geolo- 
gist and  his  assistants  in  the  prosecution  of  this  work  shall  be  paid  from  the 
State  treasury  upon  vouchers  signed  by  the  governor  and  the  chief  geologist. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  geologist  shall  enter  upon  his  work  as  soon  after  his  appoint- 
ment as  practicable. 

SEC.  6.  The  chapter  on  petroleum  and  inflammable  gas  shall  be  prepared  for 
publication  in  advance  of  the  volume  to  which  it  belongs,  and  copy  for  the 
same  shall  be  delivered  by  the  State  geologist  to  the  supervisor  of  public  print- 
ing on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  October,  1885;  then  shall  be  printed  2,500 
copies  of  this  chapter  under  the  contract  for  State  printing,  but  the  paper, 
maps,  and  illustrations  shall  be  provided  by  the  State  geologist  from  the  ap- 
propriation hereinafter  named;  the  distribution  of  the  copies  published  shall 
be  made  upon  the  same  basis  as  that  by  which  volume  5,  Geology  of  Ohio, 
was  distributed,  except  that  500  copies  shall  be  left  with  the  secretary  of  state 
to  be  sold  at  cost  of  publication. 

SEC.  7.  The  said  geologist  shall  enter  upon  his  work  as  soon  after  his  appoint- 
ment as  practicable,  but  said  work  shall  be  completed  within  a  year. 

SEC.  8.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  from  the  general  revenue  fund  the 
sum  of  .$4,500,  that  may  be  used  for  the  several  purposes  named  above,  but  no 
money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  until  the  work  of  the  survey  shall 
have  been  entered  upon. 

SEC.  9.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Passed  May  1,  1885. 

An  act  supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  extension  of  tlie  geo- 
logical survey  of  Ohio,"  passed  May  1,  1885. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio, 
That  the  time  for  the  preparation  and  completion  of  the  second  volume  of  the 
economic  geology  of  Ohio  is  hereby  extended  to  February  1,  1887,  at  which 
date  the  State  geologist  shall  furnish  to  the  governor  for  the  Igislature,  the 
manuscript,  maps,  and  illustrations  for  said  volume  in  proper  form  for  publi- 
cation, and  sufficient  to  make  a  volume  of  the  same  size  and  general  character 
as  the  other  volumes  of  the  geological  survey  report,  and  when  published  shall 
be  termed  "  Economic  Geology  No.  6."  The  volume  shall  treat  in  particular 
of  those  portions  of  the  Ohio  coal  field  that  were  not  reported  on  in  volume  5; 
of  the  production  of  petroleum  and  inflammable  gas  in  the  State;  of  salt  and 
bromine:  of  the  composition,  structure,  strength,  and  durability  of  the  various 
building  stones  of  the  State;  of  the  production  of  lime,  natural  cements,  and 
land  plaster;  and  of  other  substances  produced  in  the  State  that  come  under 
the  head  of  economic  geology. 

SEC.  2.  In  place  of  the  chapter  on  petroleum  and  natural  gas,  which  was  to 
be  presented  for  publication  October  1,  1885,  the  State  geologist  shall  furnish 
to  the  supervisor  of  public  printing,  on  or  before  June  15,  1886,  an  abstract  of 
the  results  of  his  investigations  on  these  subjects  during  the  last  year,  of 
which  abstract  there  shall  be  printed  under  the  contract  for  State  printing 
2,500  copies,  but  the  paper,  maps,  and  illustrations  for  said  abstract  shall  be 


422  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

provided  by  the  State  geologist  from  the  appropriation  made  on  May  1,  1885. 
A  statement  of  the  results  of  the  chemical  work  of  the  survey  for  the  last 
year  may  also  be  appended  to  this  abstract.  Of  the  2,500  copies  of  said 
abstract  printed  there  shall  be  made  the  following  distribution :  To  the  State 
library.  50  copies;  to  the  State  geologist,  150  copies;  the  remainder  to  be 
equally  divided  among  the  members  of  the  sixty-seventh  general  assembly. 

SEC.  3.  The  further  work  of  the  survey  shall  be  prosecuted  under  the  system 
and  by  the  regulations  established  in  the  act  to  which  this  is  supplementary. 

SEC*  4.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  from  the  general  revenue  fund  $3,000 
for  the  purposes  named  above. 

SEC.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  In  force  on  and  after 
May  17,  1886. 


Under  these  acts  Professor  Orton  was  again  appointed  State  geolo- 
gist, and  work  promptly  begun  on  volume  6  of  the  reports. 

Governor  Hoadley  in  the  message  of  1886,  advised  the  continuance 
of  the  survey  as  part  of  the  duties  of  the  professor  of  geology  in  the 
State  university  in  order  that  great  profit  might  accrue  from  small 
expenditure.  He  reported  the  material  for  volume  6  as  nearly  ready 
but  that  the  geologist  advised  that  it  be  issued  in  parts,  and  that  the 
publication  of  the  volume  complete  be  deferred  until  the  year  fol- 
lowing. 

The  time  was  therefore  extended  until  February  1,  1887,  by  act  of 
the  general  assembly;  already  given  (p.  421).  In  place  of  the  chap- 
ter on  petroleum  and  natural  gas,  which  was  to  have  been  furnished 
October  1,  1885,  the  geologist  was  required  to  furnish  by  June  15, 
1886,  an  abstract  of  the  results  of  his  investigations  on  these  subjects 
during  the  year ;  provision  was  made  for  the  printing  and  distribu- 
tion of  2,500  copies  of  the  abstract;  the  law  established  that  the  sur- 
vey be  prosecuted  under  the  provisions  of  the  law  of  May  1,  1885 ; 
and  appropriated  $3,000  for  all  expenses. 

"  Since  the  passage  of  this  law  (May  17,  1886)  the  work  has  been 
progressing  steadily  and  satisfactorily.  Professor  Orton  has  been 
successfully  prosecuting  his  investigations  on  the  subject  of  natural 
gas  for  the  past  year.  In  view  of  the  great  number  of  wells  in  con- 
struction throughout  this  section  of  the  State,  it  is  believed  that  the 
results  of  these  investigations  will  have  more  than  a  passing  interest 
and  value." 

The  expenses  of  the  survey  up  to  July  13  amounted  to  $2,599.98. 

"  Looking  at  the  great  development  of  the  mining  and  manufactur- 
ing interests  since  1869,  all  of  which  is  distinctly  traceable  to  the 
work  of  the  geological  survey,  it  becomes  evident  that  the  work  is 
not  done  yet ;  that  there  still  remains  a  practically  limitless  field  of 
work.  Volume  6.  it  is  hoped,  will  not  terminate  the  series  of  valu- 
able books  which  embody  the  researches  of  the  faithful  and  efficient 
corps.  At  present,  events  seem  to  bp  shaping  themselves  for  a  small 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS. 


423 


annual  addition  to  this  great  treasure  house.  Such  has  been  the 
successful  policy  of  some  of  the  States  whose  experience  has  been 
longer  than  ours;  such  will  probably  be  our  policy  in  the  future. 

"  It  is  a  matter  of  great  regret  that  the  work  of  the  legislature  upon 
the  survey  has  to  be  reported  as  incomplete.  The  manuscript  of 
volume  3,  paleontology,  in  still  in  possession  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  awaiting  the  decree  for  printing.  It  ought  not  to  be  allowed 
to  remain  there  much  longer.  The  reports  on  paleontology  are  in- 
dispensable to  a  trustworthy  knowledge  of  geology.  Ohio  should 
follow  the  example  of  New  York  and  give  reports  on  paleontology 
to  the  world  embodying  the  results  of  the  explorations  in  this  great 
field.  Volume  4  also  stands  on  the  shelf  companionless,  deceiving 
the  uninitiated  with  its  illusory  back.  The  early  completion  of  this 
volume  is  to  be  earnestly  desired,  for  the  plants  of  Ohio  certainly 
deserve  some  recognition." 

The  whole  series,  incomplete  though  it  be,  stands  a  living  monument  to  the 
scientific  acquirements,  the  fidelity  and  efficiency  of  the  geological  corps  of 
Ohio,  whose  work  will  hold  them  in  lasting  remembrance.  The  State  has 
reason  for  pride  and  self-gratulation  upon  the  possession  of  such  a  valuable 
set  of  books. 

Expenses. — The  following  tables,  compiled  under  Professor  Orton's 
direction,  show  the  expenses  of  the  various  surveys  from  1836  to 
1886,  inclusive : 

Expenses  of  Ohio  State  Survey,  1836-1886. 


Year 

i'urposes. 

Appropria- 
tions. 

Total. 

Disburse- 
ment. 

Tota! 

1836 

$400  00 

1837 

$12  000  00 

2  089  57 

1838 

do 

9  648  SO 

1839 

do  

4  000  00 

4  261  63 

1841 

300  00 

300  CO 



Total  expense  of  first  survey  

S  16,  300  00 

$16,700.00 

1869 

Salary  of  chief 

13  ooo  00 

Salaries  of  three  assistants  ($1,800)       

5,  400.  00 

Chemicals           ..         .... 

500.00 

5  000  00 



1870 

Salaries,  chief  and  three  assistants  .  .  . 

5.  950.  00 

$8  675  00 

Chemicals  

1,500  00 

1  506  33 

1871 

Contingent  expenses  and  local  assistants  
Salaries 

9,800.00 
8  40C>  00 

17,250.00 

9,574.47 

19,815.80 

Chemicals  

'soo  oo 

'500  oo 

12  000  00 

13  168  19 

91    OlS   1Q 

1872 

Contingent  expenses  

2  950.00 

2  9'  9  88 

'W 

Salaries  

2  450.00 

4  775  00 

Chemicals 

100  00 

100  00 

34  000  00 

Continuing  the  survey    

15  000.00 

10'948  64 

1«73 

Salarias       .  . 

9  604  17 

12  437  00 

Contingent  expenses  

1,810.00 

i'635  70 

Zoological  and  botanical  catalogues      

1  000  00 

500  00 

Paleoatolo'ical  work             .  .  . 

1  500  00 

384  05 

6  001}  00 

6  000  00 

Chemicals 

300  00 

Plates  for  volume  1.... 

25.019  .47 

424  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Expenses  of  Ohio  State  Survey,  1836-1886-- Continued. 


Year 

Purposes. 

\ppropna 
lions. 

$1,000.00 
60,000.00 

Total. 

Disburse- 
ment. 

Total. 

1874 

1875 

1876 
1877 
1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 
1881 

1883 

1884 
1885 

1880 

Salaries                

$61  000  00 

$2,218.23 
12,  616.  71 
204.72 
400.00 
420.53 
1,115.95 

$18,970.14 

37,276.75 
23,201.29 
8,199.59 

8,172.5* 

12,463.S4 

7,448.39 
1,143.53 

S,171.M 

8.377.W 
8,754.16 

2,490.79 
2,599.98 

Poleonto'o^ical  work                                         ' 

22,000.00 
2,784.49 
14,250.00 

10,650.00 
2,800.00 

2,894.96 
5,000.00 

15,690.02 
4,500.00 

37,276.75 

15,000.00 
7,000.00 

Preparing  for  publication  under  J.  S.  New- 
berry  



2,784.49 

12,885.29 
4,987.24 
5,328.69 

Preparin<»  and  printing  volumes  

Publication  under  J  S  Newberry           



4,028.21 
4,171.31 

Preparing  report  under  J.  S.  Newberry  

2,500  00 
11,750.00 

Preparing  geological  atlas  

650  00 
2.000  00 
8,000.00 

6-iO.OO 
1,  537.  79 

""oTa&i'ss" 

Completing  volume  3  PaIeontolo<Tv  

Publishing  volume  4,  Zoology  and  Botany  

Geological  atlas  

7,914.23 
3,094.69 
1,454.42 

Preparing  and  printing  volume  3 

2,800.00 

Publishing  volume  4 

Geological  atlas  

3,  777.  77 
3,670.62 

1,143.53 

Zoology  and  botany 

Zoology  and  botany  (restored).  ..;  

* 

2,894.96 

Zoolosrv  and  botany 

1,495  80 
3,676.12 

Completion  of  volume  5  

5,000.00 

ZooloTv  and  Botanv.  .  . 

255.63 
7,732  30 
390.02 

Completion  of  volume.  5  

13.300  00 
390.02 

Printing  volume  4  in  German     

Completion  of  volume  5  

8,754.16 

Completion  of  volume  5  

111.50 
2,379.29 

Preparation  of  volume  6 

4,500.00 

Preparation  of  volume  6  (to  July  13)  .  . 

3,000.00 

2,599.98 

Second  survey:  » 
From  appropriation  for  State  printing... 

K71,333.64 



265,580.77 
21,723.34 
8,512.00 
295,816.11 

i6,;oo  oo 

$312,516.11 

From  appropriation  for  stationery  and 
envelopes  

First  survey;  total  cost  of  survey  

>Thea 
Field  a 
Public 

Add  a{ 

nd^nSwwk1*  SeC°nd  Sumy  tO  1879  W6re  given  by  Dr"  J'  S"  NewV>erry  as  follows: 

$98,914.1! 
206.7R8.7S 

>propriations  since  made.  .     . 

305,702.9ft 

2s.ieo.oa 

GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  425 

Received  under  section  181,  O.  L.  77-241 $10,000.00 

Transferred  or  lapsed  appropriations: 

1875,  zoological  and  botanical  catalogue 100. 00 

1S77,  preparing  and  printing  volume  2 5.  74 

1880,  geological  altas 58.  00 

18SO,  completing  volume  3 167.  52 

1880,  zoology  and  botany 2,874.96 

1885,  completing  volume  5 135.  92 


$3,  342. 14 
Salaries  and  contingent  expenses: 

1869 8, 066.  01 

1870 19,  815.  80 

1871 21,  843. 19 

1872 18,  743.  52 

1873 14,  372.  70 

1874__.  2, 422. 95 


$85,  264. 17 

1873,  paleontology i__. 384. 05 

1874,  paleontology 1,115.95 


$86,  764. 17 
Paid  for  survey  from  appropriation  for  State  printing : 

1870,  printing  and  engraving 391. 13 

1871,  printing,  engraving,  maps,  German  printing 5,006.03 

1872,  printing,  engraving,  maps,  translating,  etc 10,  475.  26 

1873,  printing  English  and  German 3,  741.  77 

1874,  printing   German 1,  048.  75 

1876,  geological  report  in  German 1, 060. 40 


$21,  723.  34 
Paid  from  appropriations  for  stationery  and  envelopes 8, 512. 00 

Number  of  copies  printed  (first  series)  : 

1837,  Hildreth's  preliminary  report 16,000 

1837,  Riddell's  preliminary  report 1,  000 

1838,  first  annual  report 5,000 

1838,  queries  from  first  annual 1, 000 

1839,  second  annual  report 5,000 

Eight  thousand  copies  of  Hildreth's  Report  were  printed  in  con- 
nection with  the  governor's  message,  and  8,000  were  printed  sepa- 
rately. 

There  is  no  means  of  finding  the  cost  of  printing  or  paper  of  any 
of  these  documents.  An  estimate  of  the  total  cost  of  the  first  survey 
($25,000)  would  place  the  cost  of  printing,  etc.,  at  $8,300. 


LETIK     M  :,    TNiTKU    ST 

v«»?fter  </«d  co*<  of  copies  printer}   (s 

[From  supervisor's  report.] 


Year. 

Documents. 

Number 
of  copies. 

Cost  of 
printing. 

Cost  of 
paper. 

Total  cost. 

1870 

Report  of  1869                

2,500 

$204.  10 

$246.74 

$450.84 

1,  102.  25 

1  102  25 

Report  of  1869  (2d  edition)                     

10,000 

1,950.56 

1,406.45 

3,  357.  01 

Report  of  1869,  German  

2,000 

619.20 

294.74 

913.94 

Report  of  1869  (totals)  

14,500 

33,876.11 

$1,947.93 

$5,824.04 

12,500 

1,  252.  89 

5,  845.  94 

7,098.83 

87,500 

6.  732.  50 

6  732.50 

Wnnri  pnpravinp'for  rpnnrt 

250.00 

250  00 

12,500 

538.66 

538.66 

1872 

300 

38-40 

6.  69 

45.09 

1872 

Report  of  1870,  German  

2,000 

1,214.47 

782.04 

1,996.51 

Report  of  1870  (totals)  

14,500 

$10,026.92 

$6,634.67 

$16,661.59 

1872 

Report  of  progress  of  1871  

300 

8.06 

4.99 

13.05 

1873 

18  000 

4  390.54 

7  683.97 

12  074.51 

Volume  1,  final  report,  German  

2'  ooo 

845.55 

853.77 

1,699.33 

Volume  1.  part  2,  paleontology  

18,000 

3,312.77 

8,  012.  00 

11,  824.  77 

362.27 

362.  27 

Report  of  1871  (totals)  

38,000 

88,911.13 

$17,049.74 

$25,960.87 

The  binding  was  done  from  the  appropriation  for  State  binding. 
The  records  do  not  show  what  amount  was  paid  for  any  volume,  so 
that  the  cost  of  binding  these  reports  can  only  be  estimated.  All  the 
expenses  for  the  remaining  volumes  were  provided  for  in  the  appro- 
priation for  the  geological  survey.  According  to  Newberry,  the  cost 
was  as  follows: 

Final  report :  volume  1,  $69,381.94,  or  $3.47  a  copy ;  volume  2,  $62,- 
778.75,  or  $3.14  a  copy ;  volume  3,  $27,782.48,  or  $1.39  a  copy ;  geo- 
logical atlas  (5,000  copies),  $11,692,  or  $2.34  a  copy;  volume  4.  $8, 
410.02,  or  $0.42  a  copy ;  volume  5,  $10,237.79,  or  $1.02  a  copy. 

In  1889  appropriations  for  the  renewal  of  the  survey  were  made,  in 
accordance  with  the  following : 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  extension  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Stnte  of  Ohio,  That 
the  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  a  State  geologist,  whose  duty  it 
shall  be  to  continue  and  extend  the  investigations  already  n:ade  into  the  geologi- 
cal structure  and  resources  of  the  State.  Said  State  geologist  shall  be  appointed 
for  a  term  of  three  years,  but  he  may  be  removed  for  cause  at  any  time,  and  a 
successor  appointed  in  his  stead ;  and  the  governor  is  authorized  to  fill  any  va- 
cancy which  may  occur  from  any  cause,  at  any  time.  The  compensation  of  said 
State  geologist  shall  be  at  the  rate  of  $200  per  mouth,  for  the  time  actually  em- 
ployed ;  and  said  geologist  shall  have  power  to  employ  such  assistants  as  he 
may  need ;  but  in  no  event  shall  the  salary  of  the  geologist,  pay  of  assistants, 
and  expense  of  the  department  exceed  the  amount  of  the  expenditure  authorized 
by  the  general  assembly. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  427 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  to  study,  and  determine  as  nearly 
as  possible,  the  number  and  extent  of  the  various  formations  of  the  State; 
to  represent  the  same,  from  time  to  time,  upon  properly  constructed  maps  and 
diagrams ;  to  study  the  modes  of  occurrence  and  the  distribution  of  the  useful 
minerals  and  products  of  these  formations;  to  determine  the  chemical  com- 
position and  structure  of  the  same;  to  investigate  the  soils  and  water  supply 
of  the  State;  and  to  give  attention  to  the  discoveries  of  coal,  building  stone, 
natural  cement,  petroleum,  gas,  and  other  natural  substances  of  use  and  value 
to  the  State.  He  may  also  collect  and  describe  the  fossils  of  the  various 
geological  formations  of  the  State;  but  no  expenditure  shall  be  incurred 
under  this  head  that  is  not  expressly  ordered  and  provided  for  by  the  general 
assembly. 

SEC.  3.  The  said  geologist  shall  make,  on  or  before  the  first  day  in  February 
of  each  year,  a  report  to  the  governor,  covering  the  work  of  the  preceding  year, 
and  the  report  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  general  assembly,  to  be  printed  in 
the  same  manner  as  other  public  documents,  or  as  shall  be  otherwise  ordered. 

SEC.  4.  The  salaries  of  the  State  geologist  and  the  assistants  employed  by 
him,  together  with  the  traveling  and  incidental  expenses,  shall  be  paid  monthly, 
on  presentation  of  properly  itemized  vouchers,  signed  by  the 'governor,  out  of 
the  State  treasury,  from  the  appropriation  made  for  such  purpose. 

SEC.  5.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  from  the  general  revenue  fund  the  sum 
of  $1,000,  annually,  for  the  purpose  above  named. 

SEC.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Passed  April  12,  1889. 

Under  this  law,  which  may  be  considered  as  establishing  the  third 
organization  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  geological  survey  of  the 
State,  Doctor  Orton  was  again  appointed  State  geologist,  and  con- 
tinued to  hold  the  office  until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  took  place 
in  October,  1899.  From  1893  until  this  latter  elate,  however,  all 
work  was  practically  suspended.  Doctor  Orton  still  held  the  position 
but  no  appropriations  were  made  and  the  little  work  done  was  volun- 
tary on  his  part.1 

Under  the  organization  above  authorized,  Prof.  N.  W.  Lord,  of  the 
State  university,  served  as  chemist,  and  Prof.  S.  W.  Robinson,  also 
of  the  State  university,  as  special  assistant  in  the  measurement  of 
gas  wells  and  pipe  lines. 

The  first  annual  report  under  this  organization 'bears  the  date  of 
1890,  and  is  given  up  mainly  to  a  consideration  of  the  subjects  of 
oil  and  gas. 

After  Doctor  Orton's  death  the  subject  of  the  survey  was  taken 
up  once  more,  and  in  1900  a  bill  was  passed  appropriating  $2,500 
for  the  current  year  and  $3,500  for  the  year  1901.  Edward  Orton,  jr., 
became  State  geologist.  The  work  of  this  survey,  however,  passes 
beyond  the  limit  set  for  the  present  history. 

1  See  Bulletin  No.  1,  series  4,  Geological  Survey  of  Ohio,  1903. 


428  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

PENNSYLVANIA.1 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  HENRY  D.  ROGERS,    1836-1842. 

Organization.— In  1834  there  was  organized  a  geological  society 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  objects  of  which  were  declared  to  be : 

To  ascertain  as  far  as  possible  the  nature  and  structure  of  the  rock  forma- 
tions of  the  State;  their  connection  or  comparison  with  the  other  formations 
in  the  United  States  and  of  the  rest  of  the  world ;  the  fossils  they  contain  and 
their  nature  and  positions  and  associations,  and  particularly  the  uses  to  which 
they  can  be  applied  in  the  arts,  and  their  subserviency  to  the  comforts  and  con- 
veniences of  men. 

This  society  continued  in  existence  but  four  years  and  left  a  single 
volume  of  transactions  as  tangible  evidence  of  its  career.  It  was, 
however,  doubtless  largely  through  the  interest  aroused  by  this 
society  that  there  was  established  in  1836  a  State  geological  survey. 
The  following  is  the  text  of  the  original  and  supplementary  acts : 

An  act  to  provide  for  n  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  in  general  assembly  met,  and  it  is  hereby 
enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized 
and  required,  within  30  days  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  appoint  a  State 
geologist  of  talents,  integrity,  and  suitable,  scientific,  and  practical  knowledge 
of  his  profession,  who  shall  appoint  as  his  assistants  two  geologists,  also  of 
integrity  and  competent  skill,  one  of  whom  shall  also  be  a  scientific  and  prac- 
tical mineralogist,  and  the  said  State  geologist  shall  also  appoint  a  competent, 
practical,  analytical  chemist  to  assist  him  in  his  duties. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  and  his  assistants  imme- 
diately to  commence  and  to  carry  on  with  as  much  expedition  and  dispatch  as 
may  be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  accuracy,  and  in  accordance  with  a 
plan  previously  submitted  to  the  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  a  geological 
and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State,  with  a  view  to  determine  the  order,  sue- 
cession,  arrangement,  relative  position,  and  the  clip  or  inclination,  and  also  the 
comparative  magnitude  of  the  several  strata  or  geological  formations  within 
the  State,  and  to  discover  and  examine  all  beds  and  deposits  of  ores,  coals, 
clays,  marls,  and  such  other  mineral  substances  as  mayjbe  deemed  useful  or 
valuable,  together  with  such  other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full 
and  complete  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist,  on  or  before 
the  1st  day  of  January  in  each  and  every  year,  during  the  time  necessarily 
occupied  by  said  survey,  to  make  an  annual  report  of  the  progress  of  said 
survey,  accompanied  with  such  maps,  drawings,  and  specimens  as  may  be 
necessary  and  proper  to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same  to  the  secretary  of 
the  Commonwealth,  who  shall  immediately  lay  such  report  before  the  legis- 
lature. 

SEC.  4.  The  said  State  geologist  is  further  required  to  en  use  to  be  represented 
on  the  map  of  this  Commonwealth,  by  colors  and  other  appropriate  means,  the 
various  areas  occupied  by  the  different  geological  formations  in  the  State, 

1  Compiled  in  part  from  manuscript  notes  by  J.  P.  Lesley  In  1886. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    103     PL.  23 


HENRY  DARWIN  ROGERS 


STATE    GEOLOGIST    OF    NEW    JERSEY,     1835-40,    AND    OF 
PENNSYLVANIA,  1846  52, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       429 

and  to  mark  thereon  the  localities  of  the  respective  beds  or  deposits  of  the 
various  mineral  substances  discovered,  and  on  the  completion  of  the  survey  to 
compile  a  memoir  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State,  comprising  a 
complete  account  of  the  leading  subjects  and  discoveries  which  have  been 
embraced  in  the  survey. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  State  geologist  shall  also  send  to  the  secretary  of  the  Com- 
monwealth such  specimens  of  the  rocks,  ores,  coals,  soils,  fossils,  and  mineral 
products  discovered,  as  he  may  deem  necessary  and  proper,  in  order  to  form  a 
complete  cabinet  collection  of  specimens  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the 
State,  and  the  said  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  shall  cause  them  to  be  de- 
posited in  proper  order,  in  some  convenient  room  in  the  State  capitol,  there  to 
be  preserved  for  public  inspection.  The  said  geologist  is  further  required  to 
furnish  similar  specimens  of  geology  and  mineralogy  of  each  county  in  the 
State  to  the  commissioners  of  said  county,  who  shall  cause  the  same  to  be 
properly  deposited  and  arranged  for  public  inspection  in  a  room  in  the  county 
courthouse,  or  some  other  convenient  place  in  the  county. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chemist  appointed  as  aforesaid  to  make 
full  and  complete  examinations,  assays  and  analyses  of  all  such  rocks,  ores, 
soils,  mineral  substances,  and  mineral  waters  as  may  be  submitted  to  him  by 
the  State  geologist,  and  to  furnish  him  with  a  detailed  and  complete  account  of 
the  results  so  obtained. 

SEC.  7.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  and  completing  the  said  geological 
and  mineralogiacl  survey,  the  sum  of  $6,400  is  hereby  annually  appropriated 
for  five  year;?,  to  be  expended  as  follows:  For  the  annual  salary  of  the  State 
geologist,  $2,000;  for  that  of  each  of  the  assistant  geologists,  $1,200;  and  for 
the  annual  compensation  of  the  chemist,  in  full  for  all  services  performed  and 
expenses  incurred  by  him,  $1,000;  the  remaining  $1,000,  if  necessary,  to  be 
appropriated  to  the  incidental  expenses  of  the  geologists,  incurred  in  the  prose- 
cution of  the  survey,  and  the  duties  enjoined  on  them  by  this  act:  Provided, 
That  the  said  salaries  shall  not  commence  until  the  said  geologists  and  chemist 
shall  have  entered  upon  the  execution  of  their  duties,  and  that  on  the  com- 
pletion of  said  survey  and  the  duties  connected  with  it  they  shall  wholly 
cease  and  determine. 

Approved  March  29,  1836. 

A  supplement  to  the  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  a  jreolo.sical  and  mineraloglcal 
survey  of  the  State,"   passed  March  29,   1836. 

SECTON  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  General  Assembly  met,  and  is  liereby  en- 
acted by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the  State  geologist  be,  and  he  is  here- 
by, authorized  to  appoint  two  additional  assistant  geologists,  who  shall  possess 
the  same  qualifications,  and  receive  the  same  salary  as  those  appointed  under 
the  act  to  which  this  is  a  supplement,  and  that  the  annual  report  of  the  said 
State  geologist  shall  be  made  to  the  legislature  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of 
February  in  each  year. 

SEC.  2.  For  the  payment  of  the  said  additional  assistant  geologists,  and  such 
expenses  as  may  be  incurred  in  the  formation  of  the  State  and  county  cabinet 
collections  of  mineral  specimens,  with  other  incidental  expenses,  incurred  in 
the  prosecution  of  the  survey,  the  sum  of  $3,000  is  hereby  added  to  the  future 
annual  appropriation  mentioned  in  the  seventh  section  of  the  act  to  which 
this  is  a  supplement. 

SEC.  3.  So  much  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  a  supplement,  as  is  hereby  altered 
nr  supplied,  shall  be.  and  the  same  is  hereby,  repealed. 


430  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

SEC.  4.  The  governor  of  this  Commonwealth  is  hereby  authorized  to  draw 
his  warrant  upon  the  State  treasurer,  on  the  1st  day  of  April  next,  in  favor 
of  the  treasurer  of  the  "  Franklin  Institute  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
the  promotion  of  the  mechanic  arts,"  for  the  sum  of  $2,000;  and  for  the  further 
sum  of  $1,000,  on  the  1st  day  of  April  for  each  of  the  two  years  next  ensu- 
ing, for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  improvement  of  meteorological  science, 
and  the  furnishing  of  each  county  of  this  Commonwealth  with  the  necessary 
instruments  for  the  observation  of  such  atmospheric  changes  and  phenomena 
ns  may  be  useful  for  the  promotion  of  knowledge  in  the  science  of  meteorology 

Approved  March  21,  1837. 

An  act  of  1838  provided : 

SEC.  12.  That  in  order  to  complete  the  geological  and  mifeera logical  simey  of 
the  State  more  rapidly,  and  to  secure  to  the  people  the  benefits  thereof,  as  nearly 
as  practicable  at  the  same  time,  the  sum  of  $6,000  is  hereby  added  to  the  future 
annual  appropriations  mentioned  in  the  seventh  section  of  the  act  passed  March 
26,  1836,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey 
of  the  State,"  to  be  expended  by  the  State  geologist,  with  the  approbation  of 
the  governor,  in  the  employment  of  such  additional  subassistant  geologists  and 
a  draftsman,  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  the  rapid  completion  of  the 
survey:  Provided,  That  the  salaries  of  the  said  assistant  geologists  shall  not 
exceed  $<SOO  per  annum  each,  and  the  salary  of  the  draftsman  shall  be  $1,200 
per  annum:  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist,  in  addition  to  the 
duties  now  imposed  upon  him  by  law,  to  make  such  inquiries  and  examinations 
into  the  present  methods  of  mining  coal  and  manufacturing  iron  as  the  gover- 
nor shall  deem  expedient  and  proper,  to  increase  the  products  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  State,  and  when  the  said  inquiries  and  examinations  are 
completed,  the  said  State  geologist  shall  compile  a  complete  and  detailed  report 
thereof,  and  present  the  same  to  the  legislature  as  soon  as  practicable. 

Approved  April  13,  1838. 

Again,  in  1840  it  was  provided : 

That  the  sum  of  $10,200  shall  be,  and  the  8;:me  is  hereby,  appropriated  for 
the  completion  of  the  geological  and  nriueralogical  survey,  to  be  applied  as« 
follows:  Two  thousand  dollars  for  the  payment  of  one  year's  salary  to  the 
State  geologist;  $6,000  to  the  payment  of  one  year's  salary  of  six  assistants, 
including  the  chemist,  at  the  rate  of  $1,000  each;  and  the  remaining  sum  of 
$2,200  to  be  paid  to  and  applied  by  the  said  geologist  to  the  payment  of  the 
incidental  expenses  of  said  survey,  including  the  preparation  of  three  com- 
plete collections  or  cabinets  of  geological  and  mineralogical  specimens,  for  the 
use  of  the  State,  and  for  the  compiling  and  preparing  for  publication  the  final 
report  in  relation  to  said  survey,  together  with  the  maps  and  drawings  to  ac- 
company the  same,  which  said  sum  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  as  full  com 
pensation  therefor. 

Section  17  of  the  act  of  1844  provided : 

For  the  completion  of  geological  survey,  $2,200  to  be  applied  to  the  payment 
of  the  incidental  expenses  of  the  geological  survey,  including  the  preparation 
of  the  general  cabinet  collections  of  geological  and  mineralogical  specimens 
nnd  the  maps  and  drawings  assigned  to  accompany  and  elucidate  the  final 
report  of  the  State  geologist;  and  the  governor  is  hereby  further  authorized 
to  take  such  other  measures  ns  in  his  opinion  the  public  interest  may  re- 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  431 

quire  in  relation  to  the  reception  and  protection  of  said  final  reports,  maps, 
drawings,  and  cabinet  collections;  which  sum  shall  be  deemed  and  taken 
as  full  and  final  compensation  for  completing  the  same  as  per  act  of  May, 
^41.  For  continuing  the  meteorological  observations  in  the  several  coun- 
lies  of  this  Commonwealth,  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  fourth  sec- 
tion of  the  act  of  March  21,  1837,  $300:  Provided,  That  the  State  geologist 
shall  give  bond  with  sufficient  sureties,  to  be  approved  by  the  governor,  con- 
ditioned for  the  completion  of  the  work  according  to  existing  laws. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  approved  March  29,  1836,  Prof. 
Henry  D.  Rogers  was  appointed  State  geologist,  retaining  the  office 
until  the  final  abolition  of  the  survey  and  the  publication  of  the  re- 
port in  1858.  He  was  assisted  from  time  to  time  as  follows :  In  1836, 
by  John  F.  Frazer  and  James  C.  Booth;  in  1837,  Messrs.  S.  S. 
Haldeman,  A.  McKinley,  C.  B.  Trego,  and  J.  D.  Whelpley.  with  Dr. 
R.  E.  Rogers  as  chemist  In  1838.  Messrs.  H.  D.  Holl,  J.'  T.  Hodge, 
R.  M.  Jackson,  J.  C.  McKinney,  P.  W.  Schaeffer,  T.  Ward,  and  M.  H. 
Boye  were  added  to  the  force.  In  1839  J.  Peter  Lesley  and  Doctor 
Henderson  were  added  in  place  of  Messrs.  Whelpley  and  McKinney, 
who  resigned.  In  1840  the  personnel  was  essentially  the  same.  In 
1841  it  was  reduced  to  Messrs.  McKinley,  Holl,  Jackson,  Lesley,  Boye. 
and  Doctor  Rogers.  In  1851  the  geological  assistants  were  Prof.  E. 
Desor  and  W.  B.  Rogers,  jr..  Peter  Lesley  and  A.  A.  Dalson  serving 
as  topographers. 

The  salaries  of  these  assistants,  as  noted,  were  fixed  by  law.  That 
of  the  State  geologist,  by  the  act  of  1836,  was  fixed  at  $2,000  a  year, 
and  those  of  the  assistant  geologists  and  chemist  at  $1,200  and  $1,000, 
respectively.  By  the  act  of  1838  the  salaries  of  a  draftsman  and 
subassistant  geologists  were  fixed  at  $1.200  and  $800,  respectively. 
Under  the  act  of  1840  the  salaries  of  the  six  assistants,  including  the 
chemist,  were  made  $1,000  each. 

During  the  first  year  of  the  survey  (according  to  J.  P.  Lesley)  the 
general  order  and  character  of  the  13  Paleozoic  formations  were 
obtained  and  the  foundation  laid  for  Paleozoic  geology  in  America, 
requiring  no  essential  change  from  that  time  to  the  present,  at  least 
along  the  Appalachian  belt.  After  the  first  year  the  State  was  di- 
'vicled  into  general  geological  districts,  to  the  particular  study  of 
which  the  several  assistant  geologists  were  from  year  to  year  as- 
signed. Their  reports  were  embodied  in  the  first  five  of  the  annual 
reports  of  the  State  geologist  to  the  legislature. 

The  work  of  the  first  six  years  was  of  the  nature  of  a  geological 
reconnoissance  of  a  very  thorough  character,  covering  the  ^ntire 
area  of  the  State,  amply  sufficient  at  that  time  for  the  information  of 
its  citizens,  largely  contributing  to  the  creation  of  the  science  of 
geology,  establishing  new  principles  of  structure,  and  mediating 
136075—20 29 


432  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

sufficiently  between  the  paleontological  differentiations  of  the  New 
York  and  Canadian  outcrops  to  the  north  and  the  geological  surveys 
of  Booth  in  Delaware,  Ducatel  in  Maryland,  William  B.  Rogers  in 
Virginia,  Emmons  in  North  Carolina,  Tuomey  in  South  Carolina, 
Troost  and  Safford  in  Tennessee,  D.  D.  Owen  in  Kentucky,  and  other 
geologists  in  the  Western  States  and  Territories. 

As  a  reconnoissance  it  was  a  brilliant  success.  The  accuracy  of 
its  determinations  on  a  large  scale  have  never  been  impugned.  None 
of  its  important  data  have  been  falsified  by  subsequent  examinations. 
The  mistakes  it  made  were  without  exception  errors  of  detail,  mainly 
due  to  the  then  wild  and  unsettled  condition  of  large  districts  of  the 
State  and  the  slight  development  of  its  mineral  beds,  but  largely 
also  to  the  slender  fund  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  State  geologist 
annually,  which  prevented  him  from  undertaking  the  necessary  in- 
strumental work  for  the  accurate  measurement  of  sections  and  loca- 
tion of  lines  of  outcrop  on  the  map.  The  geodetic  determination  of 
geographical  data  was  impossible. 

This  lack  of  precision,  while  it  did  not  affect  practically  the  value 
of  the  geological  knowledge  obtained  and  published  provisionally  in 
the  annual  reports,  was  destined  to  be  severely  felt  when  the  final 
report  came  to  be  written  and  a  geological  State  map  prepared.  It 
gave,  as  it  was  sure  to  give,  to  the  whole  final  report  a  general  tone 
of  uncertainty  respecting  the  actual  thickness  of  formations  and  in 
many  cases  to  the  identification  of  beds  and  groups  of  beds  at  places 
distant  from  each  other,  especially  in  the  coal  regions.  Had  money 
been  at  command  for  instrumental  work,  many  of  the  great  prob- 
lems in  the  anthracite  region,  which  have  since  been  settled,  would 
have  been  settled  then,  and  large  sums  of  money  would  have  been 
saved  to  the  anthracite  industry.  The  same  was  true  respecting  the 
iron  industry.  But  50  years  ago  [i.  e.  about  1836]  the  practical  im- 
portance of  accurate  scientific  geological  surveys  was  not  appreciated, 
and  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  permitted  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State  to  pursue  its  course  under  the  most  onerous  disabilities  and 
to  stop  at  precisely  the  point  where  its  utility  was  becoming  real.  At 
this  point  the  work  was  resumed  in  1874,  after  an  interval  of  33 
years,  since  which  the  State  survey  has  simply  been  a  practical  con- 
summation of  the  earlier  preparatory  work. 

The  lack  of  precise  instrumental  work  was  most  severely  felt  in 
the  preparation  of  the  geological  map,  for  which  there  was  no  sound 
basis  whatever  and  in  which  every  geographical  error  on  Melish's 
old  State  map  and  on  the  few  county  maps  which  existed  was  neces- 
sarily either  reproduced  or  modified  into  some  equally  objectionable 
form.  So  great  was  the  confusion  of  errors  on  the  maps  at  the 
command  of  the  geological  survey  that  an  aggregate  error  in  longi- 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  433 

tude  of  more  than  3  miles  was  concentrated  from  east  and  west  along 
the  line  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  was  then  redistributed  east- 
ward and  westward  toward  the  New  Jersey  and  Ohio  State  lines. 
Had  it  not  been  for  the  small  scale  on  which  the  State  map  was 
drawn  (5  miles  to  the  inch)  the  distortion  of  the  geological  out- 
crops, colored  to  represent  the  formations,  would  have  been  flagrant. 

Museums. — Section  5  of  the  act  of  1836  directed  the  State  geologist 
to  make  collections  of  rocks,  ores,  coals,  soils,  fossils,  and  mineral 
products  in  order  to  form  a  complete  cabinet  of  specimens,  which  the 
secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  should  cause  to  be  deposited  in  proper 
order  in  some  convenient  room  in  the  State  capitol.  He  was  further 
directed  to  furnish  similar  specimens  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy 
of  each  county  in  the  State  to  the  commissioners  of  said  county,  who 
should  cause  the  same  to  be  properly  deposited  in  a  room  of  the 
county  courthouse  or  some  convenient  place  for  public  inspection. 
The  act  of  1840  authorized  the  preparation  of  three  complete  col- 
lections "  for  the  use  of  the  State."  An  act  of  1848  provided : 

That  on  application  to  that  effect  the  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  be 
directed  to  deposit  with  the  Western  Pennsylvania  University  of  the  city  of 
Pittsburgh,  the  fourth  collection  of  geological  and  mineralogical  specimens  now 
in  Philadelphia,  which  said  fourth  collection  as  made  by  Professor  Rogers 
from  the  principal  collections  originally  deposited  in  Harrisburg  and  Philadel- 
phia shall  in  no  manner  be  disturbed  or  impaired  by  such  deposit  at  Pitts- 
burgh. 

Resolved,  That  the  collection  of  geological  and  mineralogical  specimens  col- 
lected by  Professor  Rogers  to  be  deposited  in  Philadephpia,  and  which  is  now 
stored  in  that  city  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  presented  to  the  corporation  of 
the  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  condition  that  the  said  corporation  shall,  within 
one  year,  deposit  the  same  in  some  public  building  or  public  institution  in 
Philadelphia,  where  it  shall  be  duly  arranged  in  scientific  order,  and  marked 
as  the  collection  made  by  the  State,  and  be  kept  open  at  all  proper  times  for 
public  inspection,  free  of  charge. 

Expenses. — The  total  appropriations  for  the  survey,  including  those 
of  the  supplementary  acts  for  its  completion,  amounted  to  $66,000, 
exclusive  of  the  cost  of  preparation  of  manuscript  and  the  publication 
of  the  final  report. 

Publications. — During  the  period  of  its  existence  the  survey  issued 
six  annual  reports,  the  first  bearing  date  of  1836  and  the  last  1842. 
These  were  small  octavo  volumes,  destitute  of  illustration,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  outline  sections,  and  of  100  to  250  pages  each. 

The  survey,  as  noted,  came  to  an  untimely  end  in  1842.  Rogers, 
however,  being  unwilling  to  relinquish  the  work  in  its  unfinished  con- 
dition, continued  at  his  own  expense  until  he  was  able,  in  1847,  to 
make  his  final  report  to  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  the  Common- 
wealth. Here  the  manuscript  was  allowed  to  lie  until,  in  the  spring 
of  1851,  appropriations,  which  were  continued  until  1855,  were  made 


434  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

for  revising  it  and  bringing  it  up  to  elate.  The  total  cost  of  publica- 
tion of  this  final  report,  two  large  quarto  volumes  of  1631  pages,  2S 
full-page  plates,  18  folded  sheets  of  sections,  and  778  figures  in  text, 
was  $16,000,  and  the  edition  limited  to  1,000  copies.  The  following 
is  the  text  of  the  law  under  which  this  final  report  was  ultimately 
published : 

An  act  supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  Incorporate  the  Byberry  &  Poqueseu 
Turnpike  Road  Co.,  and  relative  to  the  publication  of  the  final  report  on  the  geological 
survey  of  the  State,"  approved  April  14,  1851. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  General  Assembly  met,  and  it  is  hereby 
enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That,  in  addition  to  the  persons  here- 
tofore provided  for  hi  said  act,  the  members  and  the  principal  and  assistant 
clerks  of  each  house  of  the  general  assembly,  for  the  year  1855,  shall  be  en- 
titled to  receive  one  copy  of  the  State  geological  survey,  and  one  copy  shall 
also  be  sent  to  each  State  government,  to  the  Congressional  Library,  and  to 
each  public  library  of  this  Commonwealth:  Provided,  That  no  individual 
member,  clerk,  or  library  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  more  than  one  copy  of 
said  work. 

SEC.  2.  Tliat  the  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  be,  arid  he  is  hereby,  directed 
to  contract  with  Prof.  Henry  D.  Rogers  for  the  publication  of  the  final 
geological  report  of  the  survey  made  by  him  on  behalf  of  the  State,  with  the 
accompanying  maps,  plates,  cuts,  and  engravings,  and  the  furnishing  to  the 
State  of  1,000  copies  thereof,  according  to  the  proposals,  specifications,  and 
contract  adopted  and  entered  into  between  the  Commonwealth  and  liogan  & 
Thompson  in  the  year  1851:  Provided,  That  the  said  contract  shall  stipulate 
for  the  complete  publication  and  delivery  of  said  work,  within  three  years 
from  the  1st  day  of  April,  1855;  and  the  said  Henry  D.  Rogers  shall  enter  into 
a  bond,  with  sufficient  security,  for  the  faithful  performance  thereof. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  is  further  authorized  to 
stipulate  in  said  contract  for  the  publication  of  the  large  State  map,  accom- 
panying said  report,  upon  twice  its  present  scale:  Provided,  That  the  addi- 
tional cost  of  said  enlargement  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  .$2,000. 

SKC.  4.  That  the  sum  of  $19,000  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  purposes  afore- 
said, to  be  paid  on  the  warrants  of  the  governor,  as  follows,  to  wit:  Three 
thousand  dollars  on  the  1st  day  of  October  next;  $3,000  on  the  1st  day  of  April, 
1856;  $7,000  on  the  1st  day  of  April,  1857;  and  the  last  installment  as  soon  as 
1,000  copies  of  said  work  are  delivered,  according  to  the  said  contract:  but 
before  the  payment  of  either  of  these  installments  the  secretary  of  the  Com- 
monwealth shall  be  satisfied  of  the  due  progress  of  said  work;  ami  all  former 
appropriations  to  said  objects  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

Approved  May  3,  1855. 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  UNDER  J.  P.   LESLEY.   1874-1888. T 

In  1851,  10  years  after  the  close  of  field  work  in  1841,  the  legis- 
lature voted  an  appropriation  for  publishing  a  final  report  of  the 
first  survey.  The  State  geologist  then  revisited  portions  of  the  State, 
especially  the  anthracite  region,  with  the  help  of  Messrs.  P.  W.  and 

1  Compiled  almost  wholly  from  a  manuscript  by  J.  P.  Lesley,  written  in  1886. 


U.  S.    NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  30 


J.  PETER  LESLEY 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  1874-1903. 


GEOLOGICAL,   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  4-','.") 

John  Sheaf er,  E.  Desor,  Leo  Lesquereux,  J.  P.  Lesley,  A.  A.  Dalson, 
W.  B.  Rogers,  jr.,  and  Mr.  Poole,  and  published  the  Geology  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1858,  as  already  noted. 

In  the  interval  of  13  years  between  1841,  when  the  first  survey 
stopped,  and  1854,  when  all  official  field  work  practically  ceased,  a 
great  development  of  the  coal  and  iron  industries  of  the  State  took 
place.  Hundreds  of  mines  had  been  opened ;  many  new  mineral  dis- 
tricts had  been  prospected  and  more  or  less  occupied;  railroad  cut- 
tings had  exposed  a  multitude  of  measurable  outcrops;  the  state- 
ments of  the  first  survey  had  been  criticized  and  verified,  and  a  large 
body  of  fresh  data  added. 

Tn  the  next  interval  of  20  years,  between  1854  and  1874,  a  far 
greater  change  took  place.  The  discovery  of  rock  oil  in  1859  con- 
verted in  a  few  years  the  silent  forests  of  northwestern  Pennsylvania 
into  an  open  region,  crowded  with  villages,  towns,  and  cities,  ani- 
mated with  a  geological  fury  for  investigation,  and  penetrated  to  a 
depth  of  2,000  feet  by  many  thousand  bore  holes ;  so  that  no  part  of 
the  earth's  crust  ever  was  or  is  ever  likely  to  be  again  so  completely 
and  minutely  explored;  nor  was  ever  so  vast  an  accumulation  of 
stratigraphical  data  thrown  together  in  a  heap  at  the  feet  of  the 
science. 

Then  came  the  war  of  secession  and  an  unprecedented  demand  for 
iron,  and  for  coal  to  smelt  iron.  One-half  the  annual  product  of 
both  iron  and  coal  in  the  United  States  has  always  come  from  Penn- 
sylvania. Abandoned  mines  were  reworked,  new  ones  opened,  fur- 
naces enlarged,  collieries  deepened  and  extended.  Every  outcrop  of 
iron  ore,  good  and  bad  alike,  was  traced  and  tried ;  every  outcrop  of 
black  slate  exposed  to  eager  inquisition.  A  multitude  of  private 
surveys  took  place  in  all  parts  of  the  State,  and  a  world  of  fresh 
data,  of  a  specially  precise  kind,  was  accumulated,  which  appealed  to 
a  largely  increased  geological  intelligence  in  the  public  mind. 

The  invention  of  Bessemer  iron  when  introduced  into  Pennsylva- 
nia in  1867  not  only  intensified  the  critical  search  for  ore,  but  multi- 
plied the  number  and  improved  the  quality  of  metallurgical  experts, 
and  thus  exercised  an  important  influence  upon  the  sentiment  of  the 
Commonwealth  toward  geology  as  an  applied  science.  There  was  a 
continually  louder  call  for  geological  facts.  But  there  was  no  State 
bureau  of  geology  nor  any  officer  of  the  Commonwealth  from  whom 
such  could  be  obtained.  All  surveys  were  private;  all  reports  confi- 
dential. Business  refused  to  give  away  its  valuable  secrets.  The 
publications  of  the  first  State  survey  were  out  of  print  and  out  of 
date;  would  not  answer  questions  if  they  could,  and  could  not  if  they 
would ;  for  the  lifetime  of  a  generation  had  elapsed  and  a  new  survey 
of  the  State  was  needed,  under  better  auspices  and  with  vastly  greater 


436  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

advantages ;  a  survey  not  so  much  for  the  discovery  of  the  unknow* 
as  for  making  known  to  the  public  discoveries  which  in  a  multitude  of 
private  hands  awaited  publication ;  a  survey  not  so  much  for  the  mere 
publication  of  this  vast  concealed  store  of  facts  as  for  the  critical  ex- 
amination and  discussion  of  them,  putting  them  into  true  relationship 
to  each  other,  getting  from  such  discussion  intelligent  comprehension 
of  what  was  known  and  what  still  remained  unknown,  and  clear  indi- 
cations of  how  the  investigation  of  the  geology  of  the  State  should  be 
pursued. 

Such,  then,  was  the  animus  which  inspired  a  limited  number  of  the 
most  intelligent  citizens  of  the  State  to  obtain,  in  1873,  an  act  of  the 
legislature  for  the  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  immediate  motive  for  the  survey  was  probably  the  clamor  of 
the  oil  men  in  1873  for  a  survey  of  the  oil  regions,  for  in  that  year 
the  annual  production  of  petroleum  suddenly  advanced  from 
6,000,000  to  10,000,000  barrels,  while  the  price  of  a  barrel  sank  from 
$4  to  $2,  throwing  western  Pennsylvania  into  a  state  of  the  highest 
excitement,  reflected  by  the  stock  exchanges  in  every  city,  and  rivet- 
ing the  attention  of  merchants  at  European  ports.  Every  one  was 
asking:  How  long  will  the  flow  of  oil  last?  What  is  its  original 
source?  Where  are  the  limits  of  its  reservoirs?  Who  can  give  us 
a  rule  to  locate  a  well  ?  How  many  oil  sands  are  there  ?  Can  geology 
teach  us  anything?  Why  does  the  State  legislature  not  provide  for 
a  scientific  examination  of  the  phenomenon  ? 

The  three  other  great  mineral  industries  of  the  State — iron,  anthra- 
cite, and  coking  coal — thought  that  they  knew  their  geologies  suffi- 
ciently well,  and  one  of  them  at  least,  the  anthracite,  had  special 
business  reasons  for  not  pressing  its  claims  to  a  resurvey;  for  the 
railroad  companies  were  acquiring  and  consolidating  the  collieries, 
and  desired  no  interference ;  the  bituminous  coal  measures  were  well 
understood  in  the  local  districts  which  produced  most ;  and  the  iron- 
works had  their  own  geological  advisers. 

But  when  the  demand  for  a  State  survey  was  made  by  the  oil 
interest  it  was  supported  by  intelligent  men  from  all  parts  of  the 
State,  each  district  hoping  for  discoveries  valuable  to  itself,  and  the 
poorer  counties  believing  that  their  mineral  poverty  was  merely  a 
mistake  or  oversight  chargeable  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  old  survey. 

The  legislative  act  instituting  the  survey  was  couched  in  the  fol- 
lowing terms : 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  the  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  senate  shall,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  ap- 
point 10  suitable  commissioners  from  different  sections  of  the  State,  who, 
with  the  governor  as  chairman  ex  offlcio,  shall  constitute  a  board  to  prosecute 
the  work  contemplated  in  this  act;  the  persons  so  appointed  shall  hold  office 
during  the  continuance  of  the  work,  and  any  vacancies  in  their  number  caused 


GEOLOGICAL   AND    NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  437 

by  death  or  resignation  shall  be  filled  by  the  governor  with  the  consent  of  the 
senate. 

SEC.  2.  The  commissioners  before  entering  on  their  duties,  shall  respectively 
take  and  subscribe  the  path  required  of  other  State  officers,  which  shall  be 
filed  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  who  is  hereby  author- 
ized and  directed  to  administer  said  oath. 

SEC.  3.  The  said  board  is  hereby  authorized  to  rent  rooms  in  Harrisburg  at  a 
moderate  and  usual  rent,  to  use  for  the  purposes  of  the  survey  created  by  this 
act,  and  shall  therein  also  hold  its  regular  meetings;  such  meetings  shall  be 
held  at  least  once  in  every  three  months  and  as  much  oftener  as  required  by 
the  exigencies  of  its  affairs,  and  the  due  furtherance  of  the  survey;  the  time 
for  the  regular  meetings  shall  be  fixed  at  the  time  of  its  organization. 

SEC.  4.  The  commissioners  shall  receive  no  compensation  for  services  but 
their  actual  traveling  and  other  necessary  expenses,  which  shall  be  paid  by 
the  State  treasurer  on  the  certificate  of  the  auditor  general;  and  no  commis- 
sioner or  officer  under  this  act  shall  derive  pecuniary  profit  from  the  appro- 
priation made  by  this  act,  other  than  is  specified. 

SEC.  5.  The  board  shall  be  convened  by  the  governor  as  soon  as  practicable, 
and  it  shall  have  power  to  make  such  regulations  for  the  management  of  its 
business  as  it  may  deem  expedient,  and  may,  if  necessary,  employ  a  clerk. 

SEC.  6.  The  board  created  by  this  act  shall,  on  its  organization,  take  charge 
of  and  conduct  as  it  may  deem  to  the  best  interests  of  the  State,  the  business 
of  organizing  a  thorough  and  extended  geological  survey  of  the  State.  The 
purpose  of  the  said  survey  shall  be  to  make  such  investigations  as  may  be 
required  to  thoroughly  elucidate  the  geology  of  the  State  and  put  the  result 
of  this  and  previous  work  of  individuals  or  surveys  into  a  convenient  form 
for  reference;  and  further,  to  make  such  full  chemical  examination  of  ores, 
coals,  oils,  clays,  soils,  fertilizing,  and  other  useful  minerals  and  waters  as 
shall  be  required  to  afford  the  agricultural,  mining,  metallurgical,  and  other 
Interests  of  the  State  a  clear  insight  into  the  character  of  its  resources.  The 
said  board  shall  also  cause  to  be  collected  such  specimens  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  form  a  complete  cabinet  collection  of  specimens  of  the  geology  and 
mineral  resources  of  the  State. 

SEC.  7.  To  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  act  the  board  is  hereby  authorized 
and  required  to  appoint  a  State  geologist  of  ability  and  experience,  who  shall 
control  the  execution  of  the  details  of  the  survey ;  and  the  said  geologist  shall 
appoint  such  competent  assistants  as  may  be  required  to  carry  out  the  pur- 
poses of  the  survey,  none  of  whom  shall  be  members  of  the  board.  All 
salaries  shall  be  fixed  by  the  board,  which  is  hereby  required  to  make  yearly 
agreements  with  the  geologist  and  his  assistants  as  to  their  salaries.  It  shall 
also  fix  the  rates  at  which  the  geologist  may  employ  such  temporary  assistants 
as  he  may  require.  The  work  of  the  survey  shall  be  done  on  such  plan  as 
shall  be  approved  by  the  board.  On  the  adoption  of  the  plan,  the  geologist 
shall  immediately  and  thereafter  as  often  as  may  be  required,  make  out  esti- 
mates for  all  necessary  implements  and  materials  for  the  work,  and  for  all 
necessary  expenses,  and  these  estimates  shall  be  submitted  to  and  be  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  board.  The  said  State  geologist,  with  his  assistants, 
shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  board,  but  after  the  approval  of  the  plan 
submitted  by  the  geologists  his  assistants  shall  be  responsible  to  him  for  the 
proper  execution  of  their  work.  The  State  geologist  shall  be  present  at  the 
meeting*  of  the  board  and  take  part  in  its  discussions. 

SEC.  8.  The  said  board  shall  collect  copies  of  the  surveys  of  this  and  other 
States  ttnii  counties',  and  shall  digest  the  information  therein  contained  to  the 


438  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

end  that  the  survey  created  by  this  act  may  be  made  as  thorough,  practical, 
and  convenient  as  is  possible.  All  works  so  collected  shall  be  the  property  of  the 
State.  It  shall  further  be  the  duty  of  the  members  of  the  board,  in  addition 
to  those  already  specified,  to  furnish,  from  time  to  time,  to  the  State  geologist, 
any  and  all  information  which  will  contribute  to  the  development  of  the  facts 
relating  to  the  mining,  agricultural,  and  other  pursuits  of  the  State. 

SEC.  9.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  all  persons  employed  by  the  geological  survey 
created  by  this  act  to  enter,  without  molestation,  into  and  upon  all  lands  and 
localities  in  this  State  which  it  may  be  necessary  to  examine  for  the  purposes 
of  this  survey.  The  board  shall  avail  itself,  as  fully  as  possible,  of  the  informa- 
tion, maps  and  surveys  possessed  by  citizens  and  corporations  in  this  State  relat- 
ing to  the  geology  and  topography  of  the  State.  All  the  facts,  of  whatever  nature. 
obtained  by  the  survey  shall  be  considered  public  property,  and  any  conceal- 
ment or  speculative  use  of  the  same  is  strictly  prohibited.  All  publications  of 
the  board  shall  be  copyrighted  by  it  in  the  name  of  the  State. 

SEC.  10.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geoolgist  annually,  before  the 
15th  day  of  February  in  each  year,  to  prepare  a  detailed  report  of  the  oper- 
ations of  the  year,  and  the  facts  obtained  by  the  survey;  he  shall  submit  the 
same  to  the  board,  which  is  hereby  authorized  to  print  and  publish  the  said 
reports  in  a  suitable  and  convenient  form,  adapted  to  modern  requirements. 
Copies  of  the  reports,  with  all  maps  and  supplements,  shall  be  donated  to  all 
public  libraries,  universities,  and  colleges  in  the  State,  and  shall  be  furnished 
at  cost  of  publication  to  all  other  applicants  for  them. 

SEC.  11.  To  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  act,  the  sum  of  $35,000  is  hereby 
annually  appropriated  for  three  years.  All  expenditures  made  in  carrying 
out  this  work  shall  be,  after  the  approval  of  the  board,  certified  by  the  same, 
upon  proper  vouchers,  to  the  auditor  general,  who  shall  draw  his  warrant  upon 
the  State  treasurer  for  the  amount :  Provided,  That  no  salaries  or  other  ex- 
penditures under  this  act  shall  commence  until  the  officers  herein  named  have 
entered  upon  the  execution  of  their  respctive  duties. 

Approved  May  14,  1874. 

Acts  granting  appropriations  and  supplementing  or  modifying  the 
original  act,  from  time  to  time,  were  as  follows: 

Act  of  May  13,  1876. 

Be  it  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  continuing  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State  the  sum  of  $15,000  be  appropriated  for  the  year  1876,  and  the  sum  of 
$50,000  for  the  year  1877 ;  and  said  sum  shall  be  expended  in  conformity  with 
the  act  approved  May  14,  1874,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  sur- 
vey of  the  State." 

Act  of  April  18.  1877. 

Be  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $10,000  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  expended 
according  to  the  provisions  of  an  act,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  a  geo- 
logical survey  of  the  State,"  approved  May  14,  1874,  $50,000  for  the  work  of 
the  year  1878,  and  $50.000  for  the  work  of  the  year  1879. 

Act  of  June  11,  JS7!>. 

lie  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $50,000  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  expended 
according  to  the  provisions  of  an  act,  entitled  "  An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological 
survey  of  the  State,"  approved  May  14.  1874,  for  the  work  of  the  vear  1880. 


GEOLOGICAL    AND    NATUltAL    HLSTO1IV    .SURVEYS.  439 

Act  of  May  26,  1881. 

lie  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $125,000  be,  mid  the  same  is  hereby,  ap- 
propriated, to  be  expended  according  to  the  provisions  of  an  act,  entitled  "An 
act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,"  approved  May  14,  1874: 
Provided,  That  not  more  than  $50,000  shall  be  expended  in  any  one  year: 
And  provided  further,  That  the  said  survey  shall  be  completed,  so  far  as  the 
field  work  is  concerned,  by  the  end  of  the  calendar  year  1S8P». 

Act  of  June  28,  188H. 

He  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $50,000  is  hereby  specially  appropriated  for 
the  continuance  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  anthracite  coal  region  of  the 
State,  to  be  expended  accordiug  to  the  provisions  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act 
to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,"  approved  May  14,  1874:  Pro- 
vided, That  any  expenditure  for  said  anthracite  survey  which  shall  have  been 
paid  out  of  the  appropriation  for  the  general  survey  of  the  State,  after  the  first 
day  of  January,  1883,  and  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act,  may  be  reimbursed 
10  s.-nM  general  appropriation  out  of  the  special  appropriation  hereby  made. 

Act  of  July  :;,  1885. 

Ue  •/.'  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $50.000  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  appropri- 
ated to  be  expended,  according  to  the  provisions  of  an  act,  entitled  "An  act  to  pro- 
vide for  a  geological  survey  of  State,"  approved  May  14,  1874 :  Provided,  That 
not  more  than  $19,000  be  expended  annually  to  continue  the  anthracite  survey, 
and  not  more  than  $2,000  be  expended  annually  to  extend  the  oil  and  gas 
region  survey;  and  not  more  than  $4,000  shall  be  expended  annually  to  extend 
the  survey  in  the  bituminous  regions  of  the  Monongahela  Valley  and  Pittsburgh 
coal  regions,  and  continue  unfinished  surveys  in  the  iron-ore  regions. 

Acts  respecting  the  publications  of  the  survey,  etc. : 

Joint  resolution  of  March  18,  1875. 

Resolved,  That  5,000  copies  be  printed  of  the  report  on  the  mineralogy  of 
Pennsylvania,  by  F.  A.  Geuth,  and  the  special  report  on  petroleum,  by  Henry 
K.  Wrigley,  with  accompanying  maps  and  charts,  reported  by  the  board  of 
commissioners  of  the  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania,  1.000  copies  for  the 
use  of  the  senate  and  4,000  copies  for  the  use  of  the  house  of  representatives. 

Act  of  April   18,   1877. 

SECTION  1.  He  it  enacted,  That  the  board  of  commissioners  of  the  second 
geological  survey  of  the  State  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  authorized  to  donate  a 
copy  of  each  report  and  map  published  by  them  to  every  member  of  the  geo- 
logical corps,  and  to  each  author  of  a  report  20  copies  of  such  report,  and  to 
distribute  gratuitously  50  copies  of  each  report;  and  to  sell  copies  of  the  re- 
ports to  booksellers  at  a  reasonable  discount  on  their  value. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  commissioners  of  the  second  geological  survey  shall  furnish 
to  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  for  distribution  among  the  people 
of  the  State,  10,000  copies  of  the  reports  now  on  hand  in  their  department, 
as  they  may  select;  3,000  for  the  use  of  the  senate  and  7,000  for  the  house; 
and  they  shall  also  furnish  in  the  same  ratio  1,500  copies  of  each  of  the  forth- 
coming reports  designated,  respectively,  O  and  HH:  Provided,  That  nothing 
in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  authorize  the  reprinting  of  any  of  the  reports 
aforesaid. 


440  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

SEC.  3.  That  1,000  copies  of  each  of  the  reports  in  the  hands  of  said  com- 
missioners be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  executive  department  of  the  Stat« 
for  distribution  to  other  States  and  counties  and  public  institutions. 

Act  of  March  15,  1878. 

Be  it  enacted,  That  the  commissioners  of  the  geological  survey  shall  furnish 
the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  for  distribution  to  the  people,  1,000 
bound  copies  of  each  of  the  volumes  marked,  respectively,  HUH  and  II,  and 
also  a  like  number  of  bound  copies  of  each  of  the  forthcoming  reports  of  the 
survey,  350  of  each  for  the  use  of  the  senate  and  650  for  the  use  of  the  house. 
They  shall  also  furnish  to  the  executive  department  100  bound  copies  of  each 
of  the  reports  as  above  for  distribution  to  other  States  and  public  institutions. 

Joint  resolution  of  May  3,  1878. 

Resolved,  That  there  be  printed  for  the  present  year  for  the  use  of  the 
senate  and  house  of  representatives  3,500  copies  of  each  volume  of  the  geological 
survey  reports  heretofore  issued,  and  a  like  number  of  each  volume  of  the 
reports  of  said  survey  which  are  now  in  process  of  publication;  1,000  copied 
of  each  volume  for  the  use  of  the  senate  and  2,500  for  the  use  of  the  house  of 
representatives. 

Joint  resolution  of  March  28,  1879. 

Whereas  with  one  or  two  unimportant  exceptions,  all  the  known  accessible 
anthracite  coal  in  the  world  is  found  within  the  limits  of  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania; and 

Whereas  by  various  enactments  of  former  legislatures  of  this  Common- 
wealth, the  care  and  management  of  these  precious  deposits  of  fuel,  which 
are  very  limited  in  extent,  have  been  committed  to  bodies  corporate  with  almost 
unlimited  powers  and  with  consequent  responsibilities;  and 

Whereas  the  anthracite  coal  fields,  the  seat  of  the  most  important  mineral 
interest  in  the  State,  is  rapidly  becoming  exhausted  under  the  present  wasteful 
and  unprofitable  system  of  mining  and  selling  the  same,  which  is  returning  no 
just  recompense  to  the  land  owner,  the  operator,  the  miner :  Therefore 

Be  it  resolved,  That  the  board  of  commissioners  of  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State  be  requested  to  cause  a  survey  and  examination  of  the  anthracite 
coal  region  to  be  made,  paying  special  attention  to  the  question  of  the  rapid 
exhaustion  of  this  most  valuable  deposit,  more  economy  in  the  methods  of  min- 
ing, and  the  avoidance  of  the  great  waste  and  overproduction  now  threatening 
ruin  to  all  interested  in  the  trade,  and  to  make  a  special  report  with  reference 
to  these  subjects,  and  suggesting  if  possible  a  remedy  for  the  evils  a!*>re  recited. 

Act  of  June  12,  1879. 

Whereas  the  commissioners  of  the  second  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania 
have  had  printed,  and  now  hold  in  reserve,  2,500  copies  of  the  larger  maps  and 
other  illustrations  accompanying  the  several  reports  of  said  survey,  and  as  said 
reports  are  required  by  the  citizens  of  this  Commonwealth:  Therefore 

Be  it  enacted,  That  there  be  printed  for  the  present  year  2,500  copies  of  each 
volume  of  the  geological  survey  reports  heretofore  and  hereafter  to  be  issued; 
600  copies  of  each  volume  for  the  use  of  the  senate,  and  1,900  of  each  volume 
for  the  use  of  the  house  of  reperesentatives :  and  the  commissioners  of  the 
geological  survey  are  hereby  directed  to  deliver  to  the  superintendent  of  public 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  441 

printing  and  binding  the  maps  and  illustrations  already  printed  and  in  their 
possession,  in  order  that  they  may  be  bound  in  the  volumes  directed  to  be  fur- 
nished by  this  net :  Provided,  That  the  maps  and  illustrations  already  printed, 
and  the  stereotype  plates  used  In  printing  the  edition  now  called  for  shall  not 
be  charged  a  second  time  by  the  State  printer. 

Act  of  April  4,   1883. 

Whereas  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  a  society  founded 
m  1812,  and  lawfully  incorporated  in  1817,  for  the  encouragement  and  cul- 
tivation of  the  sciences,  and  devoted  entirely  to  the  advancement  of  useful  learn- 
ing, has  signified  its  willingness  to  assume  the  custody  of  the  collections  of 
specimens  made  by  the  second  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to  freely 
exhibit  the  same,  without  rental  or  other  charge  to  the  State :  Therefore 

Be  it  enacted,  That  the  commissioners  in  charge  of  the  second  geological 
survey  of  Pennsylvania  be,  and  are  hereby,  authorized  and  directed  to  deliver 
free  of  expense  to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  the  speci- 
mens collected  during  the  survey,  which  specimens  are  to  remain  in  the  custody 
of  the  Academy  until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  as  the  property  of  the  State,  to 
be  exhibited  without  fee  to  those  persons  who  may  desire  to  view  or  study  the 
same  at  such  times  and  under  such  rules  as  may  be  prescribed  by  said  academy 
from  time  to  time. 

Act  of  July  3,  1885. 

Whereas  by  section  10  of  an  act  approved  May  14,  1874,  entitled  "An  act  to 
provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,"  it  is  provided  as  follows: 
"  Copies  of  the  reports  with  all  maps  and  supplements  shall  be  donated  to  all 
public  libraries,  universities,  and  colleges  in  the  State,  and  shall  be  furnished 
at  cost  of  publication  to  all  other  applicants  for  them  " ;  and 

Whereas  the  sale  of  these  reports  has  almost  ceased  by  reason  of  the 
gratuitous  distribution  thereof  under  subsequent  acts  of  assembly,  authorizing 
the  printing  of  copies  of  the  said  reports  for  the  use  of  members  of  the  legisla- 
ture: and 

Whereas  there  remain  in  the  custody  of  the  board  of  commissioners  of 
the  geological  survey  large  numbers  of  these  reports,  which,  for  the  reason 
above  mentioned,  can  not  be  sold,  and  which,  under  existing  laws,  can  not  be 
otherwise  distributed  :  Therefore,  • 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  board  of  commissioners  of  the  geological 
survey  are  hereby  authorized  to  retain  100  copies  of  each  report  heretofore  pub- 
lished, and  the  said  board  are  directed  to  distribute  the  remaining  copies  of 
said  reports  as  follows:  Fifty  copies  of  each  report  to  the  State  librarian  for 
distribution  and  exchange  with  other  States  and  Territories,  and  of  the  balance 
an  equal  number  of  volumes  to  each  member  of  the  present  senate  and  house 
of  representatives,  making  the  sets  complete  as  far  as  practicable. 

SEC.  2.  That  of  each  report  hereafter  published,  3,500  copies  shall  be  printed, 
which  shall  be  distributed  by  the  board  of  commissioners  as  follows :  Five  hun- 
dred copies  to  the  senate,  2,000  copies  to  the  house  of  representatives,  150 
copies  to  the  State  geologist,  out  of  which  he  shall  donate  copies  to  authors 
and  to  members  of  survey  corps  as  heretofore  granted,  600  copies  to  the 
board  of  commissioners  for  distribution  to  public  libraries,  universities,  and 
colleges  in  the  State,  to  parties  rendering  material  assistance  to  the  survey, 
and  for  exchange  with  foreign  societies  and  geologists;  and  50  copies  thereof 
to  the  members  of  the  board ;  100  copies  to  the  secretary  of  internal  affairs  for 
distribution  by  him;  100  copies  to  the  governor  for  distribution  by  him;  and 


442  BULLETIN    10!',    UNITED    STATUS    NATIONAL    Ml'SKUM". 

TK)  copies  to  the  State  librarian  for  distribution  and  exchange  with  other  States 
and  Territories. 

SEC.  3.  That  so  much  of  the  act  of  May  14,  1874,  recited  In  the  preamble,  as 
requires  the  reports  to  be  sold,  and  all  other  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent 
herewith,  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

Administration. — In  accordance  with  the  act  of  assembly  Gov. 
John  F.  Hartranft  appointed  10  citizens  of  the  State  to  act  as  a  board 
of  commissioners  to  execute  the  survey :  Ario  Pardee,  of  Hazleton ; 
William  A.  Inghara.  of  Philadelphia ;  Henry  S.  Eckert,  of  Reading; 
Henry  McCormick,  of  Harrisburg ;  James  Macf arlane,  of  Towanda : 
John  B.  Pearse,  of  Philadelphia ;  Robert  V.  Wilson,  M.  D.,  of  Clear- 
field  ;  Hon.  D.  J.  Morrell,  of  Johnstown ;  Henry  W.  Oliver,  of  Pitts- 
burgh; and  Samuel  Q.  Brown,  of  Pleasant  ville,  as  representing  all 
parts  and  important  interests  of  the  State.  Governor  Hartranft  wa- 
himself  chairman  and  Mr.  Pearse  secretary  of  the  board.  In  1878 
Doctor  Wilson  died,  and  Charles  A.  Miner,  of  Wilkes-Bai  re,  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  place.  In  1879  Mr.  Pearse  removed  to  Boston  and 
Joseph  Miner,  of  Luzerne  County,  was  appointed.  In  1879  Mr.  Oli- 
ver, then  candidate  for  United  States  Senator,  resigned,  and  Lewis 
W.  Hall,  of  Harrisburg,  was  appointed.  In  1885  Senator  Morrell 
died,  and  Charles  H.  Noyes,  of  Warren,  was  appointed.  In  1885  Mr. 
Macfarlane  died,  and  Jacob  Turner,  of  Greensburg,  was  appointed. 

In  June,  1874,  the  board  met,  organized,  and  appointed  J.  P.  Les- 
ley, professor  of  geology  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  State 
geologist.  The  State  geologist,  in  obedience  to  the  terms  of  the  law. 
submitted  to  the  board  a  plan  of  survey,  which  was  accepted  and  put 
at  once  into  execution  July  1,  1874.  He  appointed  five  assistant  ge- 
ologists, to  commence  work  in  as  many  districts  of  the  State,  each  with 
one  or  more  aids  for  instrumental  work;  one  topographer  at  head- 
quarters, who  acted  also  as  clerk  and  accountant;  one  chemist,  with 
a  laboratory  at  Harrisburg,  and  a  mineralogist. 

At  the  end  of  the  year,  when  the  collections  had  come  in,  a  museum 
was  established  and  a  paleontological  curator  appointed. 

In  1875  two  more  assistant  geologists  were  appointed  to  commence 
work  in  two  other  districts,  making  seven  in  all.  and  also  a  paleo- 
botanist.  This  completed  the  plan  of  the  survey,  which  remained 
practically  unchanged  for  five  years,  being  modified  only  by  the  pro- 
motion of  aids  to  take  the  place  of  assistants  who  resigned,  by  the 
detail  of  the  curator  of  the  museum  to  a  special  geological  district, 
by  the  appointment  of  new  aids  as  they  were  wanted,  and  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  young  volunteers,  who  served  for  their  expenses  and  the 
knowledge  they  acquired. 

At  each  quarterly  meeting  of  the  board  the  State  geologist  reported 
the  progress  of  the  survey,  his  plans  for  the  ensuing  three  months. 


GEOLOGICAL   ASD    ZS  ATl'llAL    HISTOUY    SUliVEY^. 

an}'  new  appointments  he  might  have  made,  any  advance  of  salary 
to  any  aid  or  assistant,  and  his  estimate  of  expenses  for  the  quarter 
in  advance ;  all  of  which  was  discussed  and  acted  upon  by  the  board 
at  their  pleasure.  The  regular  quarterly  meetings  were  held  at 
Harrisburg;  special  meetings,  on  occasion,  either  there  or  in  Phila- 
delphia. No  business  could  be  transacted  unless  five  commissioners 
were  present.  Usually  eight  or  nine  and  sometimes  the  whole  board 
assembled.  On  emergencies  copies  of  needful  acts  were  sent  by 
mail  to  each  commissioner's  home  in  advance  of  a  meeting,  and  to 
absentees  after  the  meeting,  to  secure  unanimity  of  action ;  the  policy 
of  the  board  being,  to  postpone  consideration  of  all  plans  not  unani- 
mously approved,  which  accounts  for  the  success  of  the  survey. 

Both  assistant  geologists  and  aids  were  expected  to  devote  them- 
selves exclusively  to  the  survey,  and  to  have  no  private  professional 
business  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  Eleven  months  of  their  time 
each  year  were  due  to  the  survey  for  field  and  office  work;  the  re- 
maining month  was  their  own,  as  a  vacation,  salary  paid  as  usual, 
but  no  expenses.  This  they  might  and  sometimes  did  employ,  out- 
side the  State,  in  some  professionally  profitable  way.  No  charge  was 
ever  made  to  any  citizen  of  the  State  for  any  geological,  miner  - 
alogical,  or  chemical  information  which  the  survey  could  communi- 
cate; nor  was  anj*  verbal  information  withheld  from  any  citizen 
until  publication;  but  all  written  information  capable  of  being  used 
for  trade  purposes  was  forbidden.  No  fee  was  ever  accepted  from 
any  capitalist  or  company  for  taking  up  one  line  of  survey  in  pref- 
erence to  another  or  out  of  its  proper  order. 

The  survey  had  no  connection,  officially  or  unofficially,  directly  or 
indirectly,  with  other  institutions  in  the  State,  except  in  the  one 
particular  that  the  State  geologist  was  also  the  official  geologist  of 
the  State  board  of  agriculture. 

In  two  cases  the  assistant  geologist  was  a  college  professor,  and 
only  served  the  survey  during  the  field  season,  preparing  his  report 
in  the  winter.  Another  assistant  geologist  was  elected  in  1876  pro- 
fessor in  another  college,  and  accepted  the  chair  on  condition  that 
he  should  have  the  freedom  of  the  field  season.  The  mineralogist  of 
the  survey  was  a  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  performed  his  duties  to  the  survey  in  the  laboratories 
of  the  university,  and  was  allowed  (after  1875)  an  aid  in  said  work. 
The  State  geologist  was  himself  professor  of  geology  in  the  univer- 
sity until  1878.  when  he  resigned  his  chair  to  devote  himself  exclu- 
-ively  to  the  survey.  A  number  of  the  aids  were  graduates  of  his 
department,  and  three  of  them  became  assistant  geologists  on  the 
survey.  To  this  fact  is  partly  ascribnble  its  always  excellent  esprit 
du  corps. 


444  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Salaries.— The  scale  of  salaries  proposed  by  the  State  geologist 
and  adopted  by  the  board  ranged  from  $3,000  for  the  State  geologist, 
$2,500  for  the  chemist,  $2,000  and  $1,600  for  assistant  geologists, 
down  to  $1,200,  $900,  $720,  $600,  and  $480  for  the  aids,  a  year;  in  all 
cases  exclusive  of  traveling  and  other  necessary  expenses.  Instru- 
ments and  stationery,  expressage,  and  postage  were  provided  by  the 
survey.  All  salaries  and  bills  of  expense  were  settled,  to  the  last 
day  of  each  month,  by  drafts  of  the  State  geologist  on  the  treasurer 
of  the  board,  audited  by  a  committee  of  the  board  at  each  quarterly 
meeting.  Duplicate  vouchers  were  filed  in  the  office  of  the  auditor 
general  of  the  State. 

Appropriations. — The  survey  was  sustained  by  specific  appropria- 
tions made  by  the  legislature  at  its  biennial  session,  as  follows :  By 
the  act  approved  May  14,  1874,  $105,000;  May  13,  1876,  $65,000; 
April  18,  1877,  $100,000;  June  11,  1879,  $50,000;  May  26,  1881, 
$125,000 ;  June  28,  1883,  $50,000;  July  3, 1885,  $50,000;  1887,  $88,000; 
1891,  $10.000;  total,  $643,000.  Of  this  amount  $495,000  was  ex- 
pended between  May,  1874,  and  July,  1885 ;  or  an  average  of  $45,000 
a  year  for  11  years. 

The  amounts  proposed  to  be  disbursed  by  the  State  geologist  were 
submitted  in  estimate  at  the  quarterly  meetings  of  the  board  of 
commissioners,  and  approved  or  modified.  The  amounts  actually 
disbursed  were  reported  to  the  board,  the  vouchers  audited  by  a 
committee  and  deposited  in  duplicate  with  the  auditor  general  of  the 
State. 

Personnel. — The  personnel  of  the  survey  from  1836  to  1854  has 
been  described  and  published  in  report  A,  first  part,  197  pages,  octavo. 
1876,  entitled  "Historical  Sketch,  etc." 

From  1874  to  1886  the  personnel  of  the  survey  was  as  follows, 
the  X  under  the  several  dates  showing  the  years  or  parts  of  years 
during  which  the  persons  named  (in  alphabetical  order)  were  em- 
ployed on  the  survey  in  various  capacities  and  districts : 


1874 

1875 

1876 

1877  1  1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1888 

Adachi  Jinzoo.... 

x 

x 

x 

Aquirre,  A.  A  >... 

x 

"x"  

Albrieht.C.  E. 

*    |  

Albricht,  H  F 

Allen,  Charles*.... 

x 

x 

x 

X         X 

* 

x 

Ames,  C.  W  

Ashburner,   Charles 
A.*  

x 

x 

Beecher,  C.  E.s  

Berlin,  A.  P  

x 

x 

ttillin.C.  E  

Branner,  J.  C. 

x 

x 

carii.j.fr*  ;; 

Chance,  H.  M.*  

X 
X 

X 
X 

x 

X 

X         X 
X          X 

x 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

Special  draftsman  for  parts  of  two  years.  *  Special  draftsman  for  part  of  a  year  (fossils). 

*  Authors  of  reports. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTOKY  SURVEYS. 


445 


1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

Clark,  Ellis,  jr  

X 

x 

X 

Claypole,  E.  W.*  

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

Carralier,  M  

x 

x 

x 

x 

V 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Christian,  G.  H  

X 

X 

Dagor,  J.  H  

X 



Dewees,  J.  H.*  
A'Inviiliera  E  V* 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x 

x 

x 

...... 

Eakins,  L.  G  

V 

" 

Edwards,  J.  W  

X 

X 

X 

.... 

Fa^en,  H.  J  

x 

x 

A 

.... 

Fellows,  W  A 

x 

x 

Flick,  W.J.... 

x 

Ford,  S.  A  

x 



Forman,  F.  W  

Frazer,  Persilor*  

X 

x 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

:::::: 

Genth,  F.  A.*  

Griffith,  William  

x 

x 

X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

' 

Halberstadt,  B  
Haldeman,  B  F  .  .  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Hale,  A 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Hall,C.  E  .*.... 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Harden,  E.  B.*  

Harden  O  B 

X 

x 
x 

x 
x 

x 
x 

x 
x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

x 
x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

x 
x 

x 

x 

Hartshorne,  J  

x 

x 

x 

Hill,  F.  A.*... 

X 

X 



x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Hunt,  T.  S.*2  

X 

Lehman,  A.  E  

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

.... 

x 

Lesley,  J.  P.*  

x 

X 

x 

x 
x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

Lewis  H  C* 

x 

x 

Lyman.B.  S.4  





X 

Mansfield,  I.  F.»  
McCreath  AS* 

x 

x 

x 

0 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

McCrcath  D 

x 

x 

Merkle  J'F 

Miner  Charles 

x 

Morris,  G  

x 

X 

Moyer,  H.I  

Nettleton  E  S  • 

x 



X 

x 

X 

x 

Parrish  H  E 

x 

x 

X  ' 

Platt  Franklin  * 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Platt  W  G  * 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Prime,  F  ,  jr  * 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

V 

x 

Randall  F  A  ' 

x 

Sadtler  S  P  * 

x 

x 

x 

Sanders  R  H  * 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Scott  C  B 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Sheafer  AW* 

x 

x 

V 

x 

Sherwood,  A.*  

X 

X 

X 

X 




Sims  H  N 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Smeaiey  J  H  ' 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Stinson  J  M 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Stockton,  k.  A  

X 

Wall,  J.  S.*  
Wells  Bard 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

White  1C*.. 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Williams  T  J 

x 

x 

Winslow  A 

x 

x 

x 

Wright  G  F  *"° 

x 

Wrigley  HE" 

x 

x 

X 

1  Special  report  on  fossils  of  Center  County. 

« Special  report  E. 

*  Special  assistance  in  indexing. 

<  Special  survey  along  the  Connodogwinit  Creek. 

••>  Special  collection  of  coal  plants. 

8  Snocial  oil-well  records. 


'  Special  report  on  Warren  section  and  fossils. 
8  Special  draftsman  (fossils). 

•  Special  notes  on  serpentine  localities. 

»« Special  survey  of  parts  of  the  Glacial  Moraine. 
11  Special  report  J. 

*  Authors  of  reports. 


446  BULLETIN   109,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Progress. — In  1874  the  survey  was  begun  in  Venango  and  Butler, 
in  Clearfield  and  Jefferson,  in  Mitflin  and  Huntingdon,  in  York  and 
Adams,  and  in  Lehigh  Counties 

In  1875  it  was  continued  in  those  counties  and  was  begun  in  Greene, 
Washington,  and  Allegheny,  in  Cambria  and  Blair,  and  in  Tioga  and 
Bradford.  A  special  survey  of  parts  of  Clinton  was  also  made. 

In  1876  the  survey  of  the  oil  region  was  made  to  include  parts  of 
Warren  and  Crawford,  Clarion  and  Armstrong.  The  rest  of  Alle- 
gheny was  surveyed,  half  of  Westmoreland  and  Fayette,  all  Beaver, 
half  of  Butler,  all  Somerset,  Potter,  and  part  of  Snyder,  and  the  sur- 
vey of  McKean  was  begun.  The  Lehigh  work  was  extended  into 
Northampton  and  Berks,  the  York  and  Adams  work  into  Franklin 
and  Cumberland. 

In  1877  the  survey  of  the  oil  region  and  that  of  McKean  were  con- 
tinued; Westmoreland,  Fayette,  and  Butler  were  finished;  Lawrence, 
Indiana.  Lycoming,  and  Sullivan  surveyed;  the  Blair  County  topo- 
graphical survey  extended ;  the  South  Mountain  topographical  survey 
continued;  the  Northampton  mountain  and  valley  topographical  sur- 
vey extended  into  Berks;  the  survey  of  Juniata  begun;  the  topo- 
graphical survey  of  the  Seven  Mountains  in  Snyder  begun;  the  sur- 
vey of  Elk,  Cameron,  and  Lancaster  counties  begun ;  and  the  outcrops 
of  southern  Bucks  and  Montgomery  mapped  and  specimens  collected. 

In  1878  the  survey  of  the  oil  region  was  continued ;  Mercer,  Clarion, 
and  Armstrong  surveyed ;  McKean  completed ;  Potter  revised ;  Juniata 
revised  and  Perry  surveyed;  mapping  in  Blair  finished;  mapping  of 
the  Seven  Mountains  continued;  mapping  of  the  South  Mountains 
continued ;  mapping  of  the  Reading  mountains  continued ;  Lancaster 
completed;  southern  Bucks  and  Montgomery  mapped;  and  the  mu- 
seum arranged  and  catalogued. 

In  1879  the  survey  of  the  oil  regions  was  continued;  Crawford, 
Erie,  Jefferson,  and  Clinton  were  surveyed;  the  Elk  and  Cameron 
survey  was  extended  into  Forest,  and  the  work  in  all  three  counties 
completed;  the  Franklin  County  valley  was  surveyed;  the  South 
Mountain  topography  continued;  the  Reading  Mountain  survey  ex- 
tended westward;  the  survey  of  the  Philadelphia  belt  extended  into 
Delaware  County ;  and  Chester  County  surveyed. 

In  1880  the  survey  of  the  oil  region  was  continued ;  the  Coal  Flora 
(collected,  studied,  described,  and  figured  by  Mr.  Lesquereux  since 
1874)  was  published;  the  descriptions  of  the  coal  plants  of  Greene 
County  were  published;  the  subject  of  waste  in  anthracite  coal  was 
studied ;  Susquehanna  and  Wayne  Counties  were  surveyed ;  the  South 
Mountain  topography  was  continued ;  the  Cumberland  County  valley 
was  surveyed ;  and  the  study  of  anthracite  geology  and  mining  meth- 
ods begun. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  447 

In  1881  the  survey  of  the  oil  region  was  continued;  Warren  was 
surveyed;  Pike,  and  Monroe,  and  part  of  Carbon  were  surveyed;  a 
special  paleontological  survey  of  Perry  and  Juniata  was  begun ;  and 
a  systematic  mine  and  surface  survey  of  all  the  anthracite  coal  fields 
was  organized. 

In  1882  the  anthracite  survey  was  carried  forward;  Center, 
Dauphin,  Lebanon,  Luzerne,  Lackawanna,  Columbia,  Montour,  and 
Northumberland  counties  were  surveyed;  the  Perry  County  paleon- 
tology continued ;  the  third  and  last  volume  of  the  Coal  Flora  pub- 
lished; the  Report  on  Methods  of  Coal  Mining  completed;  and  the 
first  sheets  of  the  Anthracite  Survey  published.  A  special  survey 
along  the  Lehigh  River  was  begun. 

In  1883  a  special  survey  of  the  Monongahela  River  collieries  was 
made;  the  Clearfield  Count}'  coal  fields  were  resurveyed;  Hunting- 
don County  was  finished;  the  roofing-slate  belt  in  Northampton, 
Lehigh,  and  Berks  was  surveyed;  the  glacial  moraine  was  traced 
across  the  State;  the  survey  of  the  anthracite  fields  was  continued, 
additional  sheets  published,  and  a  special  topographical  survey  of  the 
Wyoming  coal  field  commenced.  The  hand  atlas  of  counties  was 
prepared  for  publication. 

In  1884  the  anthracite  surveys  were  continued,  and  some  unfinished 
work  in  other  parts  of  the  State  undertaken. 

In  1885  there  remained  still  unaccomplished  a  necessary  revision 
of  parts  of  Forest.  Tioga,  Bradford.  Union,  and  Snyder,  and  of  the 
whole  of  Juniata:  a  survey  of  the  Pinegrove-Orwigsburg  Valley; 
some  special  local  surveys  in  Cumberland,  Dauphin,  Lebanon,  and 
Bucks;  a  systematic  survey  of  the  Mesozoic  country  in  Berks,  Mont- 
gomery, and  Bucks,  and  some  important  local  surveys  in  Chester 
and  Delaware,  before  the  final  preparation  of  the  remaining  volumes 
of  county  reports  could  be  published. 

As  the  appropriation  of  1885  was  reduced  to  about  one-half,  and 
as  a  new  survey  of  the  oil,  gas,  and  bituminous  coal  region  of  the 
western  counties  was  called  for  by  the  act,  the  things  above  mentioned 
had  to  be  postponed  and  a  new  disposition  of  the  force  of  the  survey 
made.  The  operations  of  the  anthracite  work  had  to  be  restricted 
within  narrower  limits  and  several  of  the  assistants  resigned. 

In  1886  the  anthracite  survey  was  continued;  the  gas  wells  were 
studied ;  a  more  detailed  survey  of  the  anticlinal  and  synclinal  struc- 
ture of  the  Pittsburgh  coal  fields  made ;  special  features  of  the  Cum- 
berland Valley  studied;  the  maps  of  the  water  department  of  Phila- 
delphia used  for  differentiating  the  Trias  across  the  interval  between 
the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  Rivers;  collections  made  from  the  Silu 
rian  limestone  beds  on  the  Schuylkill  for  microscopic  examination ; 
136075—20 30 


448  BULLETIN   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

a  section  along  the  Lehigh  River  finished ;  and  a  study  made  of  the 
collection  of  invertebrate  fossils. 

Several  large  maps  of  the  eastern  and  western  counties  Avere  pub- 
lished this  year,  and  a  considerable  number  of  new  mine  sheets,  cross 
section,  and  columnar  sheets  of  the  anthracite  field. 

Publications, — The  publications  of  the  survey  have  been  as  follows. 
all  in  octavo : 

1875,  six  volumes,  B,  D,  H,  I,  J,  M;  1876,  four  volumes,  A,  C, 
K,  L,  and  a  pamphlet  B1:  1877,  five  volumes,  C,  IT,  H1,  I',  K'; 
1878,  nine  volumes,  D2,  E,  F,  G,  H4,  Ks,  N,  O,  Q;  1879,  three  volumes, 
M1,  Q*,  V;  1880,  12  volumes,  C',  G',  G1,  G4,  H5,  I3,  O2,  Pi,  ii,  P1,  Q!, 
R,  V;  1881,  six  volumes,  A1,  G',  H*.  M',  Q4,  T;  1882,  three  volumes, 
C*,  G',  T,  and  atlas  (AA)1;  1883,  seven  volumes,  A  A,  AC,  C4,  D' 
(1),  D1  (2i),  G7,  r,  and  atlas  D5;  1884,  six  volumes,  HT,  K4,  Piii,  F, 
T4,  Z,  and  atlas  (AA)2;  1885,  six  volumes,  AA'i,  C5,  F*,  R1,  T,  X, 
and  atlases  (AA)3  (AA)4.  In  11  years  the  survey  has  published 
67  volumes,  octavo  and  one  pamphlet,  4  anthracite  atlases,  and  nine 
other  atlases  to  volumes  AC,  C1,  Ds,  D",  I',  P.  R,  Rs,  and  T. 

It  has  published  colored  geological  maps  of  57  out  of  the  67 
counties:  colored  maps  of  Cambria,  Somerset,  Juniata,  Minim, 
Snyder,  Union,  Schuylkill,  Berks,  Montgomery,  and  Bucks  being 
still  unpublished;  but  uncolored  geological  maps  of  Cambria  and 
Somerset  are  included  in  their  volumes;  and  colored  maps  of  the 
eastern  half  of  Berks  and  of  the  southern  parts  of  Montgomery 
and  Bucks  have  been  published  in  advance.  All  the  county  maps 
are  on  the  scale  of  two  miles  to  the  inch  except  McKean  County  and 
Philadelphia,  which  are  on  a  scale  of  one  and  one-half  miles  to  the 
inch.  Colored  geological  maps  of  all  the  counties,  on  a  scale  of  six 
miles  to  the  inch,  prepared  by  the  State 'geologist  at  various  stages 
of  the  survey,  will  bo  found  in  the  hand  atlas  (X)  published  in 
1885. 

All  the  volumes  of  reports,  with  three  or  four  exceptions,  are 
illustrated  with  diagrams,  sections  (columnar  and  horizontal), 
sketches  made  hi  the  field,  local  maps,  and  photographic  views  of 
such  important  outcrops  as  could  not  otherwise  be  described  with 
requisite  accuracy,  amounting  in  all  to  several  thousand. 

There  was  published  in  1886  one  volume  octavo  and  an  atlas;  the 
annual  report  for  1885;  the  first  of  its  kind,  including  all  the  re- 
ports of  assistants  presented  for  that  year.  A  similar  annual  report 
for  1886,  went  to  press  in  time  for  distribution  early  in  1C 87. 

The  distributions  of  the  publications  of  the  survey  by  the  board 
of  commissioners  was  regulated  for  10  years— that  is,  from  1875 
to  1885— by  section  10  of  the  act  of  May  14,  1874,  which  ordered  that 
copies  should  be  donated  to  all  public  libraries,  universities,  and 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  449 

colleges  in  the  State,  and  should  be  furnished  at  cost  of  publication 
to  other  applicants;  the  money  received  therefor  being  covered  back 
into  the  State  treasury. 

It  was  supposed  that,  by  this  proviso  of  the  act,  every  citizen  of  the 
State  who  really  valued  a  report  would  be  easily  able  to  obtain  a 
copy,  while  no  copies  would  be  wasted,  as  by  a  free  distribution. 
But,  in  point  of  fact,  there  was  little  or  no  sale,  because  citizens  of 
the  State  were  accustomed  to  obtain  from  their  representatives  and 
senators,  without  cost,  all  other  State  documents. 

Consequently,  when,  in  1875,  Report  B,  on  the  Mineralogy  of  the 
State,  and  Report  J,  on  Petroleum,  appeared,  and  a  popular  demand 
for  copies  of  them  was  made  on  the  members  of  the  legislature,  who 
could  not  furnish  to  their  constituents  what  they  had  to  purchase  for 
themselves,  an  act  was  passed  providing  for  a  special  edition  of 
5,000  copies  of  each  one  of  these  reports,  for  the  use  of  the  senate 
and  house  of  representatives.  Similar  acts  were  subsequently  passed 
by  the  legislatures  of  1877.  1878,  and  1879,  respecting  all  the  reports. 

Under  these  acts,  425,931  copies  of  geological  reports  were  printed 
for  members  of  the  legislature  and  distributed  by  them  among  their 
constituency.  In  addition  to  this,  and  under  the  organic  law  of  the 
survey,  the  board  published  110,569  copies,  part  of  which  were  dis- 
tributed to  public  libraries,  universities,  and  colleges  in  the  State,  and 
the  remainder  held  at  sale  at  cost.  But  the  sale  of  reports  was  almost 
wholly  stopped  by  the  free  distribution  of  the  special  legislative 
editions;  so  that  in  1885  there  still  remained  unsold  43,118  copies. 

In  view  of  this  fact  an  act  was  passed  and  approved  by  the  gov- 
ernor, July  3,  1885,  the  first  section  of  which  enacted: 

That  the  board  of  commissioners  of  the  geological  survey  are  hereby  author- 
ized and  directed  to  distribute  the  remaining  copies  of  said  reports  as  follows : 
Fifty  copies  of  each  report  to  the  State  librarian  for  distribution  and  exchange 
with  other  States  and  Territories,  and  of  the  balance  an  equal  number  of  vol- 
umes to  each  member  of  the  present  senate  and  house  of  representatives, 
making  the  sets  complete,  as  far  as  practicable. 

The  board,  before  acting  under  this  law.  submitted  the  same  to 
the  attorney  general  of  the  State,  and  in  accordance  with  the  in- 
terpretation of  the  act  received  from  the  department,  the  stock  of 
reports  was  distributed  as  follows: 
Copies   retained  for  distribution  to  public  libraries,   universities,   and 

colleges  in  the  State,  under  the  act  of  May  14, 1874 6, 132 

Copies  (50  sets)  delivered  to  the  State  librarian 3,600 

Copies  delivered  to  the  senate  librarian  for  distribution  to  the  senate___  7, 040 
Copies  delivered  to  the  resident  clerk  of  the  honse  of  representatives, 

for  distribution  to  the  members  of  the  house 26,162 

Copies  mislaid  and  discovered  after  distribution  had  been  made 61 

Copies  damaged 123 


450  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  publication  of  the  later  reports  was  regulated  by  section  2 
of  the  act  of  July  3, 1885,  which  reads  as  follows : 

That  of  each  report  hereafter  published,  3,500  copies  shall  be  printed,  which 
shall  be  distributed  by  the  board  of  commissioners  as  follows:  Five  hundred 
copies  to  the  senate ;  2,000  copies  to  the  house  of  representatives ;  150  copies  to 
the  State  geologist,  out  of  which  he  shall  donate  copies  to  authors  and  to  mem- 
bers of  survey  corps  as  heretofore  granted;  600  copies  to  the  board  of  com- 
missioners for  distribution  to  public  libraries,  universities,  and  colleges  in  the 
State,  to  parties  rendering  material  assistance  to  the  survey,  and  for  exchange 
with  foreign  societies  and  geologists;  and  50  copies  thereof  to  the  members  of 
the  board;  100  copies  to  the  secretary  of  internal  affairs,  for  distribution  by 
him ;  100  copies  to  the  governor,  for  distribution  by  him :  and  50  copies  to  the 
State  librarian,  for  distribution  and  exchange  with  other  States  and  Territories. 

The  edition  of  the  hand  atlas  was  limited  to  1,000  copies. 

Benefits  and  results. — A  special  character  has  been  impressed 
upon  the  Pennsylvania  survey  by  several  facts  of  dominant  im- 
portance : 

1.  The  Paleozoic  formations  reach  their  maximum  thickness  in 
this   State:    and   consequently   admit   of   a  .greater   differentiation 
than  elsewhere  into  special  groups  of  beds. 

2.  The  middle  region  of  the  State  is  magnificiently  plicated  and 
eroded,  exposing  innumerable  outcrops,  connected  in  zigzags,  and 
of  immense  length. 

3.  No  unconformable  later  deposits  cover  and  conceal  these  out- 
crops, so  that  there  is  an  unexampled  opportunity  for  the  study  of 
variable  thicknesses  and  changes  of  type. 

4.  The  topographical  features  are  so  dependent  upon  the  lithology 
and  structure  that  any  geological  survey  of  the  region  must  be  vir- 
tually a  topographical  survey. 

5.  The  geological  areas  are  of  great  size  and  so  clearly  defined 
and  so  distinct  in  character  that  they  naturally  claimed  and  received 
each  one  a  survey  of  its  own.    These  areas  are:  1,  the  bituminous 
coal  field  of  the  west  and  north;  2,  the  anthracite  coal  fields  in  the 
east;  3,  the  middle  belt  of  Devonian  and  Silurian  formations;  4, 
the  Mesozoic  belt  of  the  south  and  east:  5,  the  South  Mountain  azoic; 
6,  the  Philadelphia  belt  of  azoic  rock:  and  7.  the  region  of  glacial 
drift. 

6.  The  natural  section  of  the  bituminous  coal  measures,  down  the 
Mdnongahela  and  up  the  Allegheny  Rivers,  relieved  the  study  of 
that  part  of  the  Paleozoic  system  of  all  ambiguity. 

7.  The  great  amount  of  mining  done  in  the  anthracite  fields  made 
that  part  of  the  survey  peculiarly  exact  and  correct. 

8.  The  great  size  and  number  of  the  brown  hematite  mines  fur- 
nished unusual  opportunities  for  the  study  of  that  kind  of  mineral. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  451 

9.  The  great  size  and  number  of  limestone  quarries,  exploited  for 
the  manufacture  of  iron,  and  for  fertilizing  farms,  opened  to  view 
every  part  of  the  great  Siluro-Cambrian  formation,  the  whole  of 
the  Lower  Helderburg,  all  the  Devonian  and  most  of  the  Carbonif- 
erous limestone  beds. 

10.  On  the  other  hand,  Pennsylvania  is  singularly  destitute  of 
workable  veins  of  the  precious  metals.    Its  poverty  in  gold,  silver, 
copper,  and  lead  is  extreme.     It  has  but  one  important  zinc  deposit 
and  but  one  nickel  mine.    In  fact,  its  azoic  regions  as  a  whole  are 
barren  country,  containing  but  a  few  small  magnetic  iron  ore  beds, 
in  strong  contrast  to  the  adjoining  azoic  region  of  northern  New 
Jersey.    What  little  white  marble  it  possesses  makes  a  narrow  out- 
crop for  a  few  miles  along  a  single  line.     Some  serpentine  rock,  a 
little  chrome  iron,  one  large  soapstone  quarry,  and  some  kaolin  de- 
posits, conclude  the  list  of  its  azoic  minerals. 

Practically  viewed,  the  geology  of  Pennsylvania  is  wholly  Paleo- 
zoic, on  the  most  magnificent  scale,  with  an  unexampled  wealth  of 
anthracite  and  bituminous  coal,  brown  hematite  iron  ore,  limestone, 
rock  oil  and  rock  gas;  and  to  the  study  and  description  of  these  its 
geological  survey  has  from  first  to  last  been  devoted. 

Little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  lithological  study  of  the 
building  stones  of  the  State,  or  to  their  economic  description.  The 
entire  State  is  a  rock  quarry.  Every  known  building  stone  from  the 
granites,  gneisses,  quartzites,  and  traps,  to  hearthstones,  flagstones, 
brownstone,  and  limestone  can  be  got  with  ease,  and  in  infinite 
abundance  on  lines  of  transportation.  All  the  principal  outcrops 
of  these  building  stone  formations  have  been  located  and  their  places 
in  the  Paleozoic  series  defined  in  the  reports,  with  sufficiently  pre- 
cise descriptions  of  their  qualities  and  uses;  but  beyond  this  the 
survey  could  not  go. 

The  paleontology  of  Pennsylvania  was  almost  entirely  neglected 
by  the  survey  of  1835-1841,  and  that  of  1851-1854.  A  considerable 
collection  of  fossils  was  made  during  the  first  term,  but  they  were 
not  studied:  with  the  exception  of  the  coal  plants,  resulting  in 
the  important  report  of  Leo  Lesquereux,  embodied  in  Prof.  H.  D. 
Rogers's  final  report  of  1858.  The  text  of  this  report1  was  illus- 
trated by  23  quarto  plates  of  figures. 

The  absolutely  practical  spirit  of  the  Pennsylvania  survey  is 
manifested  by  the  fact  that  the  study  of  these  vegetable  forms  was 
prompted  by  the  hope  of  making  them  useful  as  characteristic 
features  of  the  separate  coal  beds,  enabling  the  coal  men  to  identify 
their  favorite  beds  at  different  collieries  and  in  different  basins. 
This  hope  proved  fallacious;  but  when  the  survey  was  resumed  in 

1  Geology  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  2,  pp.  835  to  884. 


452  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

1874  Leo.  Lesquereux  was  commissioned  to  repeat  and  extend  this 
investigation  from  year  to  year.  In  1880  the  first  and  second  parts, 
and  in  1884  the  third  and  last  part  of  his  Coal  Flora  were  published, 
in  980  pages,  octavo,  of  text  and  111  double-page  plates  of  figures. 

In  the  final  report  of  1858,  Professor  Rogers  gave  20  quarto 
pages  (vol.  2,  pp.  815  to  834)  to  a  chapter  on  organic  remains  of  the 
Paleozoic  strata  of  Pennsylvania,  with  90  good  woodcut  figures  of 
algae  and  mollusks,  characteristic  of  the  13  formations;  an  average 
of  seven  species  to  each  formation.  The  contrast  between  this  and 
the  numerous  volumes  of  text  and  plates  published  by  the  New  York 
Geological  Survey  was  sufficiently  striking,  and  produced  a  general 
impression  upon  the  minds  of  paleontologists  that  while  the  thin 
northern  outcrops  of  Silurian  and  Devonian  rocks  in  New  York  and 
Canada  were  extraordinarily  rich  in  organic  forms,  their  vastly 
thicker  southern  outcrops  in  middle  Pennsylvania  were  extraordi- 
narily barren  of  remains.  But  in  fact  all  the  energies  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania survey  were  insufficient  to  cope  with  its  structural  and  eco- 
nomical problems;  and  it  was  with  the  sincerest  satisfaction  and 
without  a  trace  of  jealousy  that  the  Pennsylvania  geologists  saw 
themselves  in  good  measure  exonerated  from  the  additional  task  of 
paleontological  field  work,  feeling  how  completely  it  was  being 
done  for  them  by  the  able  geologists  and  the  great  paleontologist  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  whose  volumes  were  as  available  as  if  they 
had  been  based  on  collections  made  in  Pennsylvania. 

In  a  purely  scientific  sense  this  tacit  mutual  arrangement  is  now 
seen  to  have  been  a  little  unfortunate,  as  it  fixed  on  American 
paleontology  certain  dogmatic  determinations  of  time-order,  which 
a  thorough  scrutiny  of  the  southern  outcrop  belt  carried  on  pari 
pof.su  with  that  of  the  northern  outcrops,  would  have  modified.  But, 
after  all,  no  real  harm  was  done;  and  at  all  events  no  other  course 
was  left  open  to  the  earlier  surveys  of  Pennsylvania.  Even  when 
the  survey  was  reorganized  in  1874,  and  for  some  years  afterwards 
the  same  arrangement  had  to  be  renewed;  although  an  attempt 
was  made  to  handle  the  collections  as  they  came  in  to  headquarters, 
and  a  paleontological  assistant  was  commissioned  as  curator  of  the 
museum.  But  his  attention  was  soon  diverted  to  the  urgent  study 
of  the  mysterious  azoic  belt  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  State : 
while  the  whole  force  of  the  survey  had  to  be  expended  upon  a  re- 
vision of  the  structure  and  economics  of  the  counties.  The  survey, 
if  not  practical,  would  not  have  been  continued  by  successive  legis- 
latures. Paleontology  was  again  sacrificed  to  structural  and  chemi- 
cal geology,  to  mapping  and  sectioning,  and  outcrop  tracing. 

The  only  paleontological  work  done  from  1875  to  1880  was  that  of 
Prof.  J.  J.  Stevenson  and  Prof.  I.  C.  White  along  the  West  Virginia, 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL,  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  453 

Ohio,  and  New  York  borders.  But  in  1881, 1882,  and  1883,  Professor 
White  paid  especial  attention  to  the  fossils  of  the  middle  belt  of 
counties  on  the  Delaware,  on  the  Susquehanna,  and  on  the  upper 
Juniata  Rivers,  his  results  being  embodied  (without  figures)  in  his 
reports;  Professor  Stevenson  did  the  same  on  the  Maryland  border; 
and  Professor  Claypole  was  commissioned  in  the  same  three  years 
to  prepare  a  special  report  of  all  the  forms  discoverable  in  the  rich 
district  of  the  lower  Juniata.  A  slight  sketch  of  his  results  is  given 
in  the  preface  and  sufficiently  full  descriptions  of  the  fossil  horizons 
in  the  text  of  his  report  F-2  on  Perry  County.  Generic  and  specific 
descriptions  and  figures  have  not  been  published.  Enough  has  been 
done,  however,  to  make  the  published  paleontology  of  New  York 
available  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  great  want  of  the  survey  is  a  proper  habitation,  where  its 
large  collections,  now  stored  in  the  cellar  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  can  be  handled,  discussed,  and  placed  on  exhibition  for  the 
instruction  of  the  public,  and  especially  of  the  teachers  of  public 
schools  and  academies  during  their  summer  vacations.  In  such  a 
building  the  models  of  surface  relief  and  of  underground  structure 
made  by  the  survey,  as  well  as  the  contoured  and  colored  topo- 
graphical and  geological  maps  would  be  on  permanent  exhibition; 
while  many  others  might  be  added  to  the  collection. 

Several  of  these  models  deserve  mention,  or  are  unique  of  their 
kind.  One  exhibits  the  plicated  structure  of  the  southern  anthra- 
cite coal  basin  from  the  Little  Schuylkill  at  Tamaqua  to  the  Lehigh 
River  at  Mauch  Chunk.  Another  like  it  exposed  to  view  the  under- 
ground structure  of  the  mammoth  coal  bed  of  the  western  middle 
anthracite  field,  east  and  west  of  Mahanoy  City. 

These  models  are  not  mere  rough  illustrations  of  the  way  in  which 
the  coal  measures  of  eastern  Pennsylvania  are  folded,  faulted,  and 
overturned,  and  of  the  kind  of  difficulties  characterizing  colliery 
practice.  They  are  accurate  exhibitions  of  the  precise  height,  length, 
breadth,  and  shape  of  the  anticlinals  and  synclinal  crimples  which 
together  make  up  the  coal  basins  studied  by  the  survey.  They  were 
constructed  from  parallel  cross-sections  through  all  the  collieries, 
on  the  same  scale  vertical  and  horizontal  to  avoid  distortion;  and 
they  carry  the  purveyed  structure  from  colliery  to  colliery,  through 
intervals  of  unworked  ground  sufficiently  small  to  make  important 
errors  practically  impossible.  Consequently  the  structure  ahead  of 
the  workings  can  be  predicted  with  a  fair  approach  to  nicety;  and 
such  measurements  may  be  made  to  changes  of  dip,  overturns,  faults 
and  other  troubles,  as  may  advantageously  modify  the  plans  of 
superintendents  in  advance.  If  the  survey  is  continued  every  basin 
of  the  anthracite  region  will  be  not  only  mapped  but  modeled  in  this 


454  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

manner  for  the  use  of  miners.  The  floor  of  the  principal  bed  worked 
in  each  district  is  taken  for  the  surface  of  the  model. 

The  purely  scientific  value  of  these  models  and  of  the  underground 
contour-line  maps  which  accompany  them  is  considerable;  for  until 
they  were  made  very  crude  and  incorrect  views  of  the  complicated 
structure  of  each  basin  were  entertained  even  by  those  best  ac- 
quainted with  it:  and  a  large  step  has  been  thus  made  in  the  theory 
of  plication. 

To  carry  the  theory  one  stage  further  a  large  model  (2  feet  by 
4  feet)  has  been  made  of  the  uncovered  surface  of  the  Medina  forma- 
tion, No.  4,  over  an  area  of  about  40,000  square  miles ;  that  is,  from 
the  Maryland  and  West  Virginia  State  line  to  southern  New  York 
and  northern  New  Jersey;  in  other  words,  from  the  Blue  Ridge- 
South  Mountain  range,  across  the  plicated  middle  belt  of  the  State, 
into  the  slightly  waved  country  north  and  west  of  the  Allegheny 
Mountain.  The  scale  adopted,  vertical  and  horizontal  the  same,  is 
3,000  feet  to  1  inch.  The  surface  of  the  Medina  Sandstone  where 
erosion  has  spared  it  is  laid  bare;  and  where  erosion  has  gone 
deeper  into  the  lower  Silurian  formations,  the  Cambrian  and  Arch- 
ean  rocks,  a  restoration  of  all  up  to  the  top  of  the  Medina  has  been 
made,  based  upon  the  graphic  projection  of  the  curves  over  the 
grand  anticlinals.  This  model  was  made  in  1884,  but  has  not  been 
published,  because  its  southeastern  border  was  not  satisfactory ;  but 
the  light  which  it  has  thrown  on  Appalachian  structure  at  large  is 
extraordinary;  especially  as  to  the  kind,  direction,  and  degree  of 
the  sidethrust  northwestward,  and  the  relationship  of  the  anthracite 
region  to  the  South  Mountain  masses. 

Recently  a  local  and  more  accurate  model  has  been  made  of  the 
district  of  the  Seven  Mountains  near  the  center  of  the  State,  to  show 
the  hunching  of  one  of  the  great  synclinals  at  one  stage  of  its  course 
across  the  State.  The  scale  of  this  model  (vertical  and  horizontal) 
is  3,200  feet  to  1  inch. 

Similar  models  of  the  bituminous  coal  basins  of  the  Pittsburgh 
district  and  of  the  oil-sand  group  of  the  western  counties,  will  show 
by  the  uncovered  surfaces  of  the  Pittsburgh  bed  and  the  first  oil 
sand,  the  general  slope  to  the  southwest,  and  their  rise  and  fall  over 
the  anticlinals. 

The  topographical  maps  of  the  survey  are  large  and  elaborate, 
and  embody  the  results  of  years  of  instrumental  work.  The  field 
work  was  plotted  on  a  scale  of  400  feet  to  1  inch,  and  reduced  for 
publication  to  1,600  feet  and  3,200  feet.  The  first  accomplished  was 
a  map  of  the  limonite-bearing  lower  Silurian  region  of  Blair  and 
Huntingdon  Counties,  extended  to  the  coal  measures  at  the  crest 
of  the  Allegheny  Mountain.  The  second  finished  and  published 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  455 

map  embraces  the  South  Mountains  of  Berks,  Lehigh,  and  North- 
ampton counties  from  the  Schuylkill  to  the  Delaware,  and  includes 
the  border  of  the  Trias  on  the  south,  and  the  limestone  region  of  the 
great  valley  on  the  north,  with  all  its  iron  ore  mines.  The  third, 
partly  published  and  nearly  finished,  covers  the  South  Mountain 
region  from  Harrisburg  to  the  Maryland  line;  but  its  geology  is 
still  to  be  worked  out. 

Numerous  local  maps  of  the  same  character,  instrumentally  sur- 
veyed, in  various  parts  of  the  State,  will  contribute  their  quota  to 
a  future  complete  relief  map  of  the  State.  An  important  and 
largo  addition  of  these  data  has  been  made  by  the  water  depart- 
ment of  Philadelphia,  under  Colonel  Ludlow.  It  is  an  extension 
of  the  survey  map  of  the  South  Mountains,  southward  over  the 
Trias  region  of  Bucks  and  Montgomery,  toward  Philadelphia.  With 
this  map  in  hand  the  survej7  can  now  work  out  the  geology  of  the 
New  Red  Belt  between  the  Schuylkill  and  Delaware  Rivers,  in 
a  tolerably  satisfactory  manner.  But  the  whole  belt  must  be  thus 
mapped  before  some  of  the  paradoxical  exhibitions  of  this  inter- 
esting formation  can  be  thoroughly  well  understood. 

As  for  the  azoic  belt  of  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  State,  from 
Trenton,  past  Philadelphia  and  West  Chester  into  Maryland,  espe- 
cially that  part  of  it  west  of  the  Schuylkill,  it  seems  hopeless  to  un- 
ravel its  structure  before  a  complete  and  accurate  relief  of  the  sur- 
vey, in  the  minutest  detail,  has  been  obtained.  No  general  survey 
of  it  avails.  Several  years  of  hard  work  has  been  expended  upon  it, 
but  the  geology  remains  as  obscure  as  ever.  Two  local  relief  maps 
only  have  been  made,  which  reveal  important  facts,  and  show  what 
may  be  expected  from  this  kind  of  work  wherever  it  shall  be  faith  - 
fully  done.  But  the  Philadelphia  azoic  belt  will  continue  Ho  be  the 
pons  asinorum  of  Pennsylvania  geology  for  years  to  come.  Ap- 
palachian geology  is  child's  play  compared  with  it. 

All  field  work  of  the  second  survey  closed  with  June  1,  1890,  after 
which  date  work  was  continued  for  the  completion  of  its  publica- 
tions, chiefly  the  last  sheets  of  the  anthracite  survey,  the  maps  and 
sections  of  the  survey  of  the  new  red  belt  of  Bucks  and  Montgomery 
counties,  the  completion  of  the  bituminous  colliery,  map  of  western 
Pennsylvania,  a  new  geological  State  map,1  and  the  three  volumes 
of  the  final  report.  Of  the  latter,  volumes  1  and  2  were  prepared  in 
person  by  Lesley,  and  some  200  pages  of  part  1  of  volume  3.  Fail- 
ing health  compelled  him  to  relinquish  the  work  at  this  point,  and  it 
was  completed  by  E.  V.  d'Invilliers  and  A.  D.  W.  Smith.  Volumes 
1  and  2  appeared  in  1892  and  volume  3  in  1895.  They  comprise 
2,638  octavo  pages  of  text  and  611  plates. 

'Vol.   t   of  Final  Reports,  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania,   1892,  p.   3. 


456  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

In  1889  the  matter  of  a  State  survey  was  again  revived  through 
:in  act  of  the  legislature  entitled  "An  act  to  authorize  the  topo- 
graphic and  geologic  survey  of  the  State  in  cooperation  with  the 
United  States  geological  survey."  This  act  is  still  in  force.  (See 
Bulletin  465,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  p.  124.) 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  "  standing  committee  of  the  Rhode  Island  So- 
ciety for  the  Encouragement  of  Domestic  Industry,  holden  on  the 
26th  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1838,"  the  following  resolution  was 
adopted : 

Resolved,  That  Messrs.  John  Pitman,  Joseph  Mauran,  Christopher  Rhodes, 
and  Owen  Mason  be  a  committee  to  memorialize  the  general  assembly,  and  to 
confer  with  such  committee  as  the  general  assembly  may  appoint,  to  inquire 
into  the  expediency  of  authorizing  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  this 
State,  and  to  adopt  such  other  measures  as  they  may  deem  expedient  to  carry 
the  same  into  effect ;  and  that  the  sum  of  $500  be  appropriated  by  this  society 
in  aid  of  this  object :  Provided,  The  State  shall,  at  the  ensuing  January  session, 
appropriate  the  residue  of  the  sum  necessary  for  the  purpose,  and  take  measures 
to  carry  the  same  into  effect,  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  the  State  or 
of  this  society. 

It  was  presumably  in  accordance  with  the  memorial  presented  by 
this  committee  that  the  appended  resolution  was  passed  by  the  as- 
sembly the  following  year : 

Resolved,  That  the  sum  of  $2,000  be  appropriated  and  paid  from  the  general 
treasury  to  defray  the  expenses  of  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the 
State. 

Resolved,  That  the  same  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  Messrs.  King. 
Simmons,  Potter,  of  South  Kingstown,  Rhodes,  and  Luther,  with  such  as  the 
honorable  senate  may  add,  who  are  hereby  appointed  a  committee  for  that  pur- 
pose, to  serve  without  compensation,  which  committee  are  authorized  to  draw 
upon  the  treasury  for  such  sum  or  sums  as  may  be  necessary,  not  exceeding  in 
the  whole  the  aforesaid  sum  of  $2,000. 

Resolved,  That  said  committee  be  authorized  to  act  in  conjunction  with  any 
committee  that  may  be  appointed  for  the  same  purpose  by  the  Rhode  Island 
Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Domestic  Industry. 

In  accordance  with  this  enactment  a  contract  was  entered  into 
with  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  in  April,  1839.  In  May,  1840,  the  manuscript 
of  his  report  was  submitted  for  publication.  It  does  not  appear  that 
he  was  assisted  in  any  way  other  than  by  volunteers. 

From  an  examination  of  the  report  it  appears  that  Jackson  made  long  ex- 
cursions out  of  Providence,  visiting  the  principal  towns  and  traversing  the 
important  rock  groups  so  as  to  attain  general  cross  sections  of  the  area.1 

'.I.  W.  Wooclworth,   American  Geologist,   August,   1897. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  457 

His  report,  an  octavo  volume  of  312  pages,  with  a  colored  geologi- 
cal map  of  the  State,  appeared  in  1840.  The  printing  and  distribu- 
tion of  the  same  was  provided  for  by  the  following  resolution : 

In  general  assembly,  May  session,  A.  D.  1840. 

The  committee  appointed  to  procure  a  geological  aud  agricultural  survey  of 
the  State,  having  accomplished  the  same,  and  having  received  from  Dr.  Charles 
T.  Jackson,  the  geological  and  agricultural  surveyor,  a  satisfactory  report: 

Resolved,  That  the  said  committee  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  authorized  to 
cause  1,000  copies  of  the  report  of  said  survey  to  be  printed  and  bound;  and 
that  the  said  copies  when  finished  be  distributed  in  the  following  manner,  viz : 
One  copy  to  his  excellency  the  governor ;  one  to  his  honor  the  lieutenant  governor ; 
one  to  each  of  the  present  members  of  this  general  assembly;  one  to  the  su- 
preme executive  of  each  of  the  United  States;  one  to  the  town  clerk  of  each 
town  in  this  State;  one  to  each  school  district  in  this  State,  excepting  the  dis- 
tricts in  Newport  and  Providence;  20  copies  to  the  town  of  Newport,  and  30 
copies  to  the  city  of  Providence,  which  said  copies  shall  be  distributed  in  said 
Newport  and  Providence  by  the  school  committees  therein;  one  copy  to  each 
public  library  in  the  State ;  one  to  the  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society ;  one  to 
Brown  University;  five  copies  to  the  Library  of  Congress;  and  the  residue  to 
be  deposited  in  the  secretary's  office. 

No  further  steps  toward  a  survey  of  the  State  appear  to  have  been 
taken  until  1875,  when  the  following  resolutions  were  passed: 

Hesolutlons  authorizing  the  governor  to  appoint  commissioners  to  prepare  a  plan  for  a 
thorough  geological  and  scientific  survey  of  the  State. 

Resolved,  That  the  governor  be  authorized  to  appoint  five  competent  persons, 
two  of  whom  may  be  nominated  by  the  Providence  Franklin  Society,  a  commia- 
sion  to  prepare  a  plan  for  a  thorough  geological  and  scientific  survey  of  the 
State,  to  make  an  estimate  of  the  expense  thereof,  and  to  report  thereon  to  the 
next  general  assembly,  if  possible,  at  its  May  session. 

Resolved,  That  the  members  of  the  commission  thus  appointed  shall  serve 
without  compensation,  but  their  traveling  and  other  expenses  incurred  in  the 
performance  of  their  duty  as  such  commissioners  shall  be  paid  from  the  treas- 
ury of  the  State. 

Resolved,  That  the  sum  of  $500  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  use  of  said 
commissioners,  and  the  governor  is  authorized  to  draw  his  order  on  the  general 
treasurer  for  the  same,  upon  requisition  of  the  chairman  of  the  commission.1 

In  accordance  with  these  resolutions  a  committee  was  appointed, 
consisting  of  Zachariah  Allen,  William  F.  Channing,  George  I. 
Chace.  John  R.  Leslie,  and  George  F.  Wilson.  Sundry  meetings 
were  held  by  this  committee  and  a  report  comprising  some  13  octavo 
printed  pages  submitted  to  the  assembly  in  January,  1876.  A  sur- 
vey was  recommended  and  the  following  plan  for  its  consumma- 
tion presented : 

1.  A  board  shall  be  appointed  having  permanent  charge  of  the 
scientific  survey  of  the  State. 

1  Report  of  the  Rhode  Island  Commission  to  prepare  a  plan  for  a  thorough  geological 
and  scientific  survey  of  the  State.  January,  1876,  p.  3. 


458  BULLETIN    10!>,    UXITKD  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

2.  The  sum  of  $20,000  shall  be  appropriated  for  the  geographical 
survey  of  the  State,  in  four  equal  annual  installments  of  $5,000  each, 
to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  board  of  survey,  provided 
that  the  board  shall  contract  with  a  capable  and  responsible  person  to 
complete  the  topographical  plane-table  survey  of  the  State  on  the 
coast  survey  standard  and  scale  of  field  work,  as  described,  for  a 
sum  not  to  exceed  $20,000,  and  also  provided  that  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  will  furnish  the  requisite  triangulation. 

3.  A  map  of  the  State,  on  a  scale  of     ^m,     slla11  be  published 
by  the  board  on  the  completion  of  the  geographical  survey. 

4.  A  geological  survey  of  the  State  shall  be  made  after  the  geo- 
graphical survey,  under  the  direction  of  an  able  geologist,  appointed 
by  the  board.    The  details  of  the  plan  of  the  geological  survey  shall 
be  decided  hereafter  by  the  board. 

5.  A  compilation  of  the  natural  history  of  the  State  shall  be  the 
subject  of  recommendation  to  the  general  assembly  by  the  board 
on  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey. 

6.  The  board  shall  report  annually  to  the  general  assembly. 
Nothing  seems  to  have  come  from  this,  and  no  survey  under  Stat^ 

auspices  has  since  been  made,  although  Governor  Brown,  in  his  mes- 
sage of  1885  to  the  general  assembly,  commended  a  plan  for  a  topo- 
graphic survey  in  connection  with  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, with  an  expenditure  of  $3,000  a  year  for  two  years.  In  1887 
Governor  Wetmore  called  attention  to  the  value  and  importance  of 
a  geological  survey,  but  nothing  was  done  beyond  the  publication  by 
the  Franklin  Society  of  Providence  of  a  pamphlet  of  130  pages, 
containing  a  bibliography  of  publications  relative  to  the  geology 
and  mineralogy  of  the  State  and  a  list  of  its  minerals,  rocks,  and 


In  1895,  in  response  to  the  popular  demand  for  improved  roads, 
there  was  passed  by  the  assembly  the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  Messrs.  Walter  A.  Read,  of  Gloucester,  and  John  Carter 
Brown  Woods,  of  Providence,  on  the  part  of  the  senate,  and  Messrs.  William  H. 
Oovell,  of  Providence,  and  Ellery  H.  Wilson,  of  East  Providence,  on  the  part 
of  the  house,  are  hereby  constituted  a  commission  to  forthwith  cause  a  geo- 
logical survey  to  be  made  of  those  portions  of  the  State  containing  rocks  adapted 
to  road  making,  and  the  sum  of  $1,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  neces- 
sary, is  hereby  appropriated  to  defray  the  expense  of  the  said  commission ;  and 
the  State  auditor  is  hereby  directed  to  draw  his  orders  on  the  general  treasurer 
from  time  to  time  for  the  payment  of  the  same  upon  vouchers  approved  by  thf 
governor. 

Passed  May  25,  1895. 

Under  this  resolution  Mr.  Frederick  P.  Gorham,  a  graduate 
student  in  Brown  University,  was  authorized  to  prepare  an  areal 
geological  map  and  collect  specimens  in  triplicate.  I  am  informed 


U.   S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  31 


h 

_l 

(J 

M 

O 

o: 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  459 

by  Prof.  C.  W.  Brown  a  considerable  collection  of  rocks  was  made 
and  one  or  two  copies  of  an  areal  map  prepared,  but  that  nothing 
was  published. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

In  the  acts  of  the  general  assembly  of  South  Carolina,  passed  in 
December,  1824,  there  occurs  the  following  under  the  clause  making 
appropriations  for  the  current  year  (1824) : 

For  the  salary  of  the  professor  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  $1,000,  and  $500 
for  making  a  geological  and  mineralogical  tour  during  the  recess  of  college  and 
furnishing  specimens  of  the  same. 

Presumably  this  enactment  was  in  accordance  with  some  previous 
resolution  which  does  not  appear  in  the  printed  reports.  Lardner 
Vanuxem,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  at  this  date  professor  of  chemistry 
and  geology  in  South  Carolina  College,  but  whether  the  appropria- 
tion was  for  past  or  prospective  work  is  not  apparent,  nor  is  the 
writer  able  to  find  any  record  of  the  "  catalogue  of  mineral  speci- 
mens" referred  to  in  the  act  of  1825.  unless  it  be  that  of  1826,  men- 
tioned below. 

On  December  15  of  the  following  year  (1825)  the  legislative  com- 
mittee, to  whom  was  referred  that  portion  of  the  governor's  message 
relating  to  the  College  of  South  Carolina,  reported  as  "  having  con- 
sidered the  same "  *  *  and  in  connection  with  their  recom- 
mendations referred  to  "  the  catalogue  of  mineral  specimens  col- 
lected by  a  distinguished  member  of  the  faculty  under  the  direction 
of  this  legislature "  as  furnishing  "  the  strongest  assurance  of  his 
industry  and  science  and  the  richness  of  the  country  he  has  been 
directed  to  explore."  They  then  continued: 

Your  committee  are  under  the  most  sanguine  expectations  that  the  day  is  not 
far  distant  when  the  bowels  of  the  earth  will  be  found  to  contain  the  means 
of  increasing  the  fertility  of  its  surface;  and  they  recommend  most  earnestly 
i\  continuance  of  these  examinations,  not  only  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  are 
to  be  instructed  in  academic  pursuits,  but  also  for  the  promotion  of  agricul- 
tnral  prosperity. 

This  recommendation  was  agreed  to  by  the  senate  and  referred 
to  the  house,  which  concurred,  under  date  of  December  19. 

Upon  Prof.  Lardner  Vanuxem  fell  the  burden  of  a  continuance  of 
the  work  which,  however,  so  far  as  can  be  learned  at  this  late  date 
and  from  existing  literature,  amounted  to  little  more  than  an  an- 
nouncement of  the  number  of  species  and  a  list  of  the  rocks  and  min- 
erals found  within  the  State — 10  species  of  rocks.  30  of  minerals. 
His  report  (made  in  1826)  appears  to  have  been  originally  printed  in 


460  BULLETIN    109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL,   MUSEUM. 

the  newspapers,  a  reprint  of  unknown  comprehensiveness  appearing 
in  Mill's  Statistics  of  South  Carolina,  1826  (pages  25-30),  and  later 
in  Lieber's  final  report.  Vanuxem  severed  his  connection  with  the 
college  in  1826  to  undertake  private  mining  ventures  in  Mexico,  and 
nothing  further  appears  to  have  been  clone  until  1842,  when  the 
assembly  committee  on  agriculture,  after  an  amusingly  verbose  and 
grandiloquent  preamble — 

Resolved,  That  the  interests  and  pursuits  of  South  Carolina  are  essentially 
agricultural  and  should  be  promoted  by  all  practicable  means  within  our  power. 

Resolved.  That  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State,  for  the 
examination  of  our  soil,  discovery  and  application  of  marl  lime,  and  develop- 
ing all  other  resources  and  facilities  of  improvement  will  prove  among  the  most 
efficient  means  of  giving  value  to  her  soil,  increasing  her  products,  multiplying 
her  population,  and  diffusing  national  and  individual  prosperity. 

Resolved,  That  as  a  means  of  testing  this  salutary  measure  an  annual  ap- 
propriation of  $2,000  be  granted  for  two  years  for  an  agricultural  survey  of 
the  State,  to  be  prosecuted  during  that  period;  and  that  the  governor  be  spe- 
cially charged  with  procuring  a  competent  individual  to  effect  such  survey,  who 
shall  report  all  geological  information  which  may  be  incidentally  collected  on 
such  survey. 

Resolved,  That  the  result  of  each  year's  survey  be  reported  to  this  house, 
and  copies  dlstributd  to  every  agricultural  society  throughout  the  State. 

Resolved,  That  the  house  do  agree  to  the  report.  Ordered,  that  it  be  sent  to 
the  senate  for  concurrence. 

In  the  senate  December  17.  1842 : 

Resolved,  That  the  senate  do  concur  in  the  report.  Ordered,  that  It  be  re- 
turned to  the  house  of  representatives. 

Acting  under  these  resolutions,  Gov.  John  H.  Hammond  appointed 
Edmund  Euffin,  agricultural  surveyor  of  the  State.  After  a  year 
of  "  arduous  labor  "  Mr.  Ruffin  resigned,  to  be  succeeded  on  a  broader 
platform  by  Michael  Tuomey.  Ruffin  had  for  some  years  been  prom- 
inent in  agricultural  matters,  and  in  1840  had  "  for  the  purpose  of 
presenting  the  fullest  proof  in  facts  and  opinions  derived  from  the 
experience  of  practical  men  of  the  operations  and  effects  of  marl," 
published  "  sundry  circular  queries  and  also  directed  copies  specially 
to  many  known  individuals."  The  report  rendered  by  him  in  Novem- 
ber, 1843,  contained  the  results  of  these  queries,  so  far  as  results  had 
been  obtained,  and  also  a  dissertation  on  the  subject  of  the  general 
character,  extent,  and  distribution  of  the  calcareous  formations  of 
the  lower  portion  of  the  State.  A  few  pages  were  also  devoted  to  the 
soils  of  the  granitic  region  above  the  lower  fall  line  and  to  rice 
culture  in  the  Georgetown  district.  The  report  closed  with  a  series 
of  appendices  composed  of  short  papers  connected  with  the  report. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  461 

FIRST  GEOLOGICAL  AND  AGRICULTURAL  SURVEY  UNDER  MICHAEL  TUOMEY, 

1843-1846. 

As  previously  noted,  Ruffin,  as  agricultural  surveyor,  was  succeeded 
in  1843  by  Michael  Tuomey.  It  does  not  appear  from  the  printed 
records  that  his  appointment  was  accompanied  by  any  modification 
of  the  fundamental  law  establishing  the  survey,  although  the  ap- 
propriations for  1843  were  for  an  agricultural  survey,  while  those  of 
1844,  1845,  and  1846  were  for  a  geological  survey;  while  Tuomey's 
first  report,  dated  November  25,  1844.  was  entitled,  "  Report  on  the 
Geological  and  Agricultural  Survey."  The  survey  under  Tuomey's 
administration  continued  for  three  years  and  was  supported  by 
the  annual  appropriations  noted. 

Administration. — Mr.  Tuomey  was  unassisted,  except  temporarily 
by  volunteers.  His  first  report  (1844)  contains  brief  papers  by  F.  S. 
Holmes  and  Mr.  Ruffin,  both  relating  to  agricultural  matters.  His 
final  report  (1848)  likewise  contained  appendices  by  L.  R.  Gibbes, 
Robert  Lebbey,  T.  W.  Glover,  and  C.  U.  Shepard,  with  a  reprint  of 
Vanuxem's  report  from  Mill's  Statistics.  Tuomey's  salary  for  1844 
and  1845  was,  to  judge  from  the  appropriations,  $2.000,  though  it  is 
apparent  that  this  was  made  to  cover  the  entire  expenses  of  the  work, 
exclusive  of  publications,  which  were  otherwise  provided  for. 

Expenses. — The  total  expenses  of  the  surveys  under  Ruffin  and 
Tuomey  would  appear  to  have  been  as  follows : 

1842,  for  survey $2,000.00 

1843,  for  survey 2,  000.  00 

1843,  for  publication  of  report *  600.  00 

1844,  for  survey 2,000.00 

1844,  for  publication *  365.  78 

1845,  for  survey 2,000.00 

1845,  for  publication *  1,000.  00 

1846,  for  survey 667.00 

1846,  for  publication 1,000.00 


Total $11,  632.  78 

Publications. — These  consisted  of  Ruffin's  report  of  1843,  Tuomey's 
of  1844,  and  his  final  report  of  1848.  I  have  no  means  of  ascertaining 
the  size  of  the  edition. 

SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  AND  AGRICULTURAL  SURVEY  UNDER  OSCAR  M.  LIEBER, 
1855-1860. 

In  1855  the  matter  of  a  gelogical  survey  of  the  State  was  again 
brought  up  through  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions: 

The  committee  on  agriculture  and  internal  improvements,  to  whom  was  re- 
ferred the  memorial  of  sundry  citizens  of  St.  Helena  Parish  on  the  subject  of 

1 "  If  so  much  Is  necessary." 


462  BULLETIN    10!>,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

an  agricultural  and  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and  also  a  resolution  of  the 
senate  on  the  propriety  of  selecting  a  suitable  person  to  procure  and  effect  a 
raineralogical  .survey,  respectfully  report  that  they  have  considered  the  same 
and  now  submit  the  following  report,  with  accompanying  resolutions.1 

Resolved,  That  this  general  assembly  authorize  the  appointment  of  a  geo 
logical,  miuera logical,  and  agricultural  surveyor,  whose  services  shall  be  engaged 
for  four  years,  and  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  explore  the  several  districts  and 
make  a  geological  map,  analyze  minerals,  ores,  and  manures,  free  of  charge,  and 
snbmit  an  annual  report  to  the  legislature  for  general  circulation. 

Resolved,  That  this  officer  shall  receive  a  salary  of  $3,000;  be  appointed  by 
Joint  resolution  of  the  two  houses;  and  that  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  joint 
committee  of  agriculture  and  internal  improvements  of  the  senate  and  of  in- 
reinal  improvements  of  the  house  to  nominate  a  suitable  person  to  fill  this  office, 

On  the  adoption  of  these  resolutions  Oscar  M.  Lieber,  professor  of 
geology  in  South  Carolina  College,  was  appointed  State  geologist, 
in  which  capacity  he  served  until  1860.  Excepting  that  Lieber  was 
himself  connected  with  the  college,  the  survey  would  appear  to 
have  been  an  independent  organization  under  the  immediate  direc- 
tion of  the  committee  on  agriculture  and  internal  improvements.  It 
was  supported  by  annual  appropriations  of  $3.000  each. 

Personnel. — Lieber  served  without  scientific  assistants.  As  noted 
in  the  resolutions  he  was  appointed  by  the  governor  after  nomination 
by  the  joint  committee  on  agriculture  and  internal  improvements. 
His  salary  throughout  the  term  of  service  was  $3,000  a  year,  which 
sum  apparently  covered  the  entire  expense  of  the  survey  outside  of 
publications.  There  is  nothing  in  the  wording  of  the  act  estab- 
lishing the  survey,  or  in  the  report  to  indicate  that  the  establishment 
of  either  a  museum  or  library  was  contemplated  or  carried  out. 

Expenses. — The  total  expense  of  the  survey  to  the  State  would 
appear  to  be  as  follows : 
For  salary: 

1856 $3,  000. 00 

1857 3, 000. 00 

1858 .    3,000.00 


Total  for  salaries $9,000.00 

For  publishing  maps  and  plates: 

1856 1, 094.  50 

1857 1, 400. 00 

1858 700.00 


Total  for  publication 3,194.50 


Total  for  survey $12,194.50 

The  actual  cost  of  printing  and  binding  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  provided  for  by  special  appropriation,  the  items  mentioned 

>The  report,  like  that  of  the  previous  committee,  was  unnecessarily  verbose  and  con- 
taining nothing  essential  to  the  history  of  the  survey,  and  Is  here  omitted. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  463 

above  including  only  the  cost  of  maps  and  plates.  In  addition  to 
the  amounts  mentioned  the  assembly  appropriated  the  sum  of  $2,000 
a  year  for  a  period  of  four  years  to  aid  in  the  publication  of  Messrs. 
Tuomey  and  Holmes's  Fossils  of  South  Carolina,  the  work  of  prepa- 
ration of  which  seems  to  have  been  largely,  if  not  wholly,  personal. 
The  survey  reports  of  which  there  were  four  were  distributed  in 
accordance  with  the  following  resolutions: 

Report  of  committee  on  agriculture,  to  whom  was  referred  so  much  of  the  governor's 
message  as  related  to  the  geological  survey : 

Resolved,  That  1,000  copies  of  the  report  of  Mr.  Lieber,  with  the  accompany- 
ing plates,  be  printed  for  distribution,  and  that  the  same  be  so  printed  that 
they  may  hereafter  form  a  portion  of  one  or  more  octavo  volumes. 

Resolved,  That  Mr.  Lieber  be  entitled  to  receive  50  copies  for  distribution 
h.v  himself  as  soon  as  the  same  shall  have  been  printed. 

From  resolutions  for  1857: 

Rexolved,  That  the  copies  of  the  report  of  the  State  geologist  for  the  year 

1856,  which  were  ordered  to  be  printed  at  the  last  session  of  the  legislature  for 
distribution,  and  now  in  the  treasurer's  office  at  Columbia,  be  disposed  of  as 
follows:   That  each  member  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  be 
allowed  one  copy,  and  that  the  remaining  copies  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  tho 
governor,  and  he  be  requested  to  have  deposited  12  copies  in  the  legislative 
library,  two  copies  in  each  college  and  public  library  in  the  State,  and  the 
remaining  copies  in  the  hands  of  the  booksellers  in  Charleston  and  Columbia, 
and  in  one  store  at  each  courthouse  in  the  State,  to  be  sold  at  cost,  the  same 
commissions  to  be  allowed  them  as  on  the  statutes  at  large. 

Be  it  further  resolved,  That  in  order  to  place  the  above  report  within  the 
reach  of  everyone  feeling  an  interest  in  the  geological,  mineralogical,  and  agri- 
cultural survey  now  progressing,  that  1,000  additional  copies  of  the  above  re- 
port be  published  in  the  same  form  and  style,  and  be  deposited  with  the  gov- 
ornor,  to  be  placed  by  him  in  the  same  hands  for  sale  on  the  same  terms. 

Resolved,  That  2,000  copies  of  the  report  of  the  State  geologist  for  the  year 

1857,  with  the  accompanying  plates,  be  printed  in  the  same  form  and  style  as 
the  report  for  1856.  and  distributed  in  the  same  manner  as  directed  for  said 
report. 

From  resolutions  of  1858 : 

Resolved,  That  2,000  copies  of  the  report  be  printed;  that  each  member  of 
the  senate  and  of  the  house  of  representatives  be  allowed  one  copy;  and  the 
remaining  copies  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  governor,  and  that  he  be  re- 
quested to  have  12  copies  deposited  in  the  legislative  library,  two  copies  in  each 
college  and  public  library  in  the  State,  and  the  remaining  copies  in  the  hands 
of  the  booksellers  of  Columbia  and  Charleston,  and  in  one  store  at  each  court- 
house in  the  State,  to  be  sold  at  50  cents  a  copy,  the  same  commissions  to  be 
allowed  them  as  on  the  statutes  at  large;  and  they  would  further  recommend 
that  the  copies  now  on  hand  shall  be  sold  at  a  like  price. 

Nothing  further,  under  State  auspices  seems  to  have  been  under- 
taken within  the  period  covered  by  this  history.  (See  further  on  pp. 
141.  142,  of  Bulletin  405  of  tho  TT.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 

136075—20 31 


464  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

TENNESSEE. 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  GERARD  TROOST,   1831-1850. * 

In  1831  the  legislature  of  Tennessee  took  the  first  step  toward  a 
geological  survey  of  the  State  by  passing  the  following  act : 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee. 
That  Dr.  Gerard  Troost,  professor  of  mineralogy,  geology,  and  chemistry  in 
the  University  of  Nashville,  bo,  and  he  is  hereby,  appointed  geologist  and  min- 
eralogist for  this  State. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  Gerard  Troost  shall  proceed  to  make  H 
geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  with  a  view,  as  far  as  practicable, 
to  develop  the  iiiineralogical  resources  thereof,  in  doing  of  which  he  shall,  as  far 
as  he  can,  examine  into  those  mineral  and  metallic  regions  believed  to  exist  in 
the  different  formations  found  in  the  several  sections  of  the  State,  making  the 
proper  analysis  of  such  substances  as  he  may  believe  to  be  of  value,  and  also  to 
examine  and  be  prepared  to  report  upon  the  soil  of  different  parts  of  the  State, 
the  rocks  of  those  parts,  with  such  other  remarks  as  may  lead  the  citizens  to 
an  estimate  of  comparative  value  and  use,  as  well  as  to  enable  them  to  judge 
understandingly  of  its  metals  and  minerals. 

SBC.  3.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  Troost  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  appointed 
assayer  of  this  State. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  Gerard  Troost  be  allowed  the  sum  of  $ 500. 
to  be  paid  by  the  treasurer  of  middle  Tennessee,  on  a  warrant  or  warrants  to 
be  drawn  by  the  governor  for  the  time  being,  in  quarterly  payments,  when  he 
shall  be  informed  that  the  work  contemplated  by  this  act  is  in  progress. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  enacted,  That  said  Troost  shall  report  to  the  next  general  as- 
sembly what  he  may  have  done  under  the  appointment  as  geologist  as  aforesaid. 

December  21,  1831. 

Subsequently  the  following  resolutions  relative  to  the  survey  were 


Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  That  Dr.  G. 
Troost  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  continued  as  geologist  of  the  State  of  Tennessee 
for  the  next  two  years,  with  the  salary  already  fixed  by  the  law  originally 
creating  the  office  of  geologist  for  the  State. 

November  15,  1833. 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  That  Dr.  G. 
Troost  be  continued  as  geologist  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  for  the  next  two 
years,  with  the  salary  fixed  by  the  law  originally  creating  the  office  of  geologist 
for  the  State. 

Adopted  January  28,  1836. 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  That  Dr.  Gerard 
Troost,  geologist  of  the  State,  be  requested  to  make  a  mineralogical  survey  and 
examination  of  that  portion  of  the  State  lying  within  the  bounds  lately  ceded 
by  the  Cherokee  Nation  of  Indians  to  the  United  States,  and  that  he  report  the 
result  of  his  labors  to  the  next  general  assembly. 

Adopted  October  24,  1836. 

Administration. — Doctor  Troost  accepted  the  office  thus  tendered 
him,  still  remaining  an  active  professor  in  the  University  of  Nash- 

1  Compiled  mainly  from  manuscript  notes  by  James  M.  Safford,  State  geologist. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  32 


u     co 

S      CO 

4  « 

Z 
111 

h 

U. 

o 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  465 

ville.  He  was  continued  in  office  under  biennial  appointments  until 
1848  when  the  survey  was  discontinued.  While  in  office  he  made 
nine  reports,  the  first  two  of  which  do  not  appear  to  have  been 
published.  It  is  possible  that  he  considered  a  discourse  delivered  in 
1831,  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  act  creating  the  office,  as  his  first 
report.  The  second  report  appears  to  have  been  made,  judging  from 
certain  references  to  it  in  the  legislative  proceedings,  on  the  coal 
measures  of  the  State.  The  remaining  seven  reports,  octavo  pam- 
phlets, have  long  been  out  of  print  and  are  rarely  met  with. 

The  third  report,  published  in  1835  (32  pages),  treats  of  the  coal 
and  coal  formation  with  a  fair  map  of  the  coal  area  of  the  State, 
the  greensand  of  west  Tennessee,  followed  by  dissertations  on  marl, 
humus,  and  soils,  and  closes  with  remarks  on  iron  ores  and  a  list  of 
furnaces  then  existing  in  middle  Tennessee. 

The  fourth  report,  1837  (37  pages),  has  20  of  its  pages  devoted 
to  a  general  exposition  of  geology  as  then  understood  by  the  author. 
The  latter  part  is  an  account  of  an  excursion  made  by  him  through 
what  was  then  known  as  the  Ocoee  district  of  Tennessee — a  part 
of  the  State  lying  south  of  the  Hiwassee  River  and  east  of  the 
Tennessee.  Accompanying  is  a  geographical  map  of  the  Ocoee  dis- 
trict, on  which  is  a  rude  section  of  the  rocks  traversed.  In  the  latter 
the  Carboniferous  formations  are  made  unconformable  with  all  else 
in  east  Tennessee.  Closing  the  report  is  a  list  of  fossils  observed  by 
the  author  in  the  State. 

The  fifth  report,  1839  (75  pages),  is  the  largest  of  all.  It  contains 
first  a  general  view  of  the  geology  of  the  State,  with  a  map  and  sec- 
tion, in  which,  by  the  way,  not  only  the  Carboniferous  rocks,  but  the 
formations  of  middle  Tennessee,  are  treated  as  if  unconformable  with 
the  inclined  strata  of  east  Tennessee.  Then  follow  descriptions  of 
Cocke  County,  its  formations,  iron  ores,  and  of  a  meteorite  found 
within  the  limits  of  the  county.  To  this  succeed  brief  notices  of 
other  iron  ores,  of  furnaces,  a  supposed  silver  ore,  and  certain 
mineral  waters.  The  last  30  pages  are  an  annotated  catalogue  of  the 
fossils  found  in  the  State. 

The  sixth  report,  1841  (48  pages),  begins  with  a  review  of  former 
descriptions  of  the  formations  of  the  State,  in  which  also  the  ap- 
plication of  the  names  Cambrian  and  Silurian  to  Tennessee  forma- 
tions is  discussed.  Then  follow  lists  of  fossils,  with  notes  upon 
certain  species,  a  notice  of  Sevier  County,  roofing  slates,  alum,  epsom 
salts,  nitre,  iron  ore,  and  certain  mineral  waters. 

The  seventh  report,  1843  (45  pages),  gives  first  a  description  of 
the  formations  of  Nashville  and  Davidson  County,  with  a  list  of 
minerals  found  at  Nashville  and  notes  on  certain  fossils,  followed 
by  remarks  upon  the  formations  of  middle  Tennessee  in  general,  also 


466  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

upon  iron  ores,  meteoric  masses,  and  greensand.  The  report  ends 
with  a  list  of  reptiles  and  fresh-water  mollusks. 

The  eighth  report,  1845,  is  short  and  discusses  proposed  routes 
for  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  especially  with  refer- 
ence to  the  mineral  resources  of  the  country  traversed. 

The  ninth  report,  1848  (39  pages),  describes  Jefferson  County,  the 
zinc  ores  of  the  State,  reduction  of  zinc  ores,  furnaces,  and  the 
manufacture  of  brass,  concluding  with  analyses  of  zinc  ores,  iron 
ores,  coal,  and  limestone. 

A  tenth  report,  according  to  Prof.  L.  C.  Glenn,1  was  presented  to 
the  house  on  January  12,  1850,  and  75  copies  ordered  printed.  No 
regular  edition  was  ever  published,  nor  can  the  original  manuscript 
or  any  of  the  printed  copies  now  be  found. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  Doctor  Troost  prepared  a  work  on  the 
crinoids  of  the  State.  He  took  great  interest  in  the  study  of  these 
fossils,  secured  a  valuable  and  interesting  collection  of  them,  and 
added  much  to  our  knowledge  of  the  group.  He  described  many 
species.  His  manuscript,  witli  the  species  old  and  new  described 
and  illustrated  in  it,  was  in  1851  put  in  the  hands  of  Prof.  James 
Hall  for  revision  and  publication.  For  some  reason  it  was  never 
put  to  press  until  after  the  death  of  Hall,  when  it  was  revised  and 
published  by  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

Expenses. — There  are  no  data  available  regarding  expenses  nor 
publications  other  than  those  given  above.  Nine  years  at  $500  would 
place  the  total  cost  at  $4,500. 

SECOND  SURVEY  UNDER  JAMES  M.  SAFFORD,  1854-1900. 

In  1848  Prof.  James  M.  Safford,  then  fresh  from  his  studies  at 
Yale  University,  entered  upon  his  duties  as  professor  of  chemistry 
and  geology  in  Cumberland  University  at  Lebanon,  Tennessee.  He 
soon  discovered  that  the  formations  and  structural  geology  of  mid- 
dle Tennessee  had  not  been  satisfactorily  made  out  and  that  all 
maps  relating  thereto  were  very  general  and  of  little  use.  As  a 
teacher  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  having  some  proper  knowl- 
edge of  the  geology  of  the  area  around  him,  he  employed  his  spare 
time  in  exploring  the  country,  tracing  out  the  formations,  and  col- 
lecting fossils  and  minerals.  Vacations  were  given  up  to  the  work, 
excursions  of  from  100  to  500  miles  being  accomplished,  often  on 
foot.  For  this  work  no  compensation  was  received  from  the  State. 

A  part  of  the  fruit  of  this  labor  was  the  publication  in  the  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Science  (vol.  12.  1851),  of  a  map  of  the  unique 
Silurian  Basin  of  Middle  Tennessee,  with  10  pages  of  text,  describ- 

»American  Geologist,  vol.  35,  1905,  p.  88. 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  467 

ing  briefly  the  formations  and  giving  a  list  of  the  common  fossils. 
From  the  beginning  thus  made  explorations  were  extended  into 
other  parts  of  the  State. 

In  February,  1854,  the  legislature  passed  the  following  act  creat- 
ing the  offices  of  geologist  and  mineralogist  and  assayer : 

Whereas  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  general  assembly  that  a  complete,  thorough, 
aud  speedy  geological  and  niineralogical  examination  and  survey  of  this  State 
ought  to  be  made,  and  that  such  examination  and  survey  ought  to  be  made 
under  the  authority  and  at  the  expense  of  the  State,  inasmuch  as  it  would  prob- 
ably result  in  the  discovery  of  much  wealth  now  hidden  from  the  world,  and 
thereby  induce  immigration  to  this  State,  enhance  the  price  of  laud,  and  in- 
crease the  public  revenue:  Therefore — 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  ctiacted  &?/  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
That  the  office  of  geologist  and  mineralogist  of  the  State  is  hereby  created: 
said  office  to  be  filled  by  the  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly, 
and  the  incumbent  is  to  continue  in  office  for  the  term  of  two  years  and  until 
his  successor  is  elected.  In  case  of  a  vacancy  during  the  recess  of  the  legisla- 
ture the  governor  is  to  appoint  a  suitable  person  to  fill  said  office,  and  his  ap- 
pointee is  to  continue  in  office  during  the  unexpired  term  for  which  his  prede- 
cessor was  elected  or  appointed. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and 
mineralogist  to  commence  and  carry  on  a  geological  and  miueralogical  survey 
of  the  State,  with  as  much  expedition  and  dispatch  as  may  be  consistent  with 
minuteness  and  accuracy,  with  a  view  to  discover  the  order,  relative  position, 
and  comparative  magnitude  of  the  several  strata  or  geological  formations 
within  the  State,  and  to  discover,  analyze,  and  assay  all  beds  or  deposits  of 
ores,  coals,  alloys,  marls,  and  such  other  mineral  substances  as  may  be  deemed 
useful  or  valuable,  together  with  such  other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to 
make  a  full  and  complete  geological  and  niineralogical  survey  of  the  State: 
and  to  make  a  report  to  the  legislature,  which  shall  meet  next  after  his  elec- 
tion or  appointment,  of  the  progress  of  such  survey,  accompanied  with  such 
maps,  drawings,  and  specimens  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  exemplify 
and  elucidate  the  same. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage, 
and  the  geologist  and  mineralogist  first  to  be  elected  under  this  act  shall  be 
elected  by  the  present  general  assembly. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  geologist  and  mineralogist  shall 
devote  his  time  exclusively  to  the  duties  of  his  profession,  dividing  his  time  as 
equally  as  practicable  in  the  different  grand  divisions  of  the  State,  for  which 
he  shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $1,500,  payable  quarterly,  out  of  any  money 
in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

SEC.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  office  of  assayer  for  the  State  is  hereby 
created ;  that  the  said  assayer  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  for  the  term 
of  two  year?,  and  should  the  said  assayer  die,  resign,  or  remove  from  the  State 
during  the  time  for  which  he  was  appointed,  the  governor  shall  appoint  a  suc- 
cessor for  the  unexpired  term. 

SEC.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  said  assayer  shall  receive  no  salary  from 
the  State,  but  shall  be  entitled  to  the  perquisites  of  the  office,  by  charging  and 
receiving  for  each  assay  a  fee  not  exceeding  $F>,  to  be  paid  by  the  person  for 
whom  the  assay  is  made. 


468  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

SEC.  7.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  State  assayer  shall,  upon  his  ap- 
pointment, take  an  oath  of  office  to  make  a  faithful  and  honest  assay  or  analy- 
sis of  all  ores  or  minerals,  and  before  he  shall  be  entitled  to  the  fees  or  per- 
quisites allowed  in  this  act;  which  oath  may  be  taken  and  subscribed  before 
any  judge  of  a  court  of  record  or  acting  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  and  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state. 

This  act  remained  in  force  until  1860,  when  the  survey  was  abol- 
ished, to  be  revived  again  under  the  same  directorship  in  1871.  The 
following  are  transcripts  of  the  acts  bearing  upon  these  changes: 

Be  it  enacted  by  tlic  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  That  the 
office  of  geologist  and  mineralogist  of  the  State  be,  and  the  same  is  hei'eby. 
abolished,  and  sections  253  and  259  of  the  code  are  repealed. 

Passed  February  1,  1860. 

Resolved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  That  2,500  copie* 
of  the  final  geological  report  of  the  State  geologist,  with  the  necessary  illustra- 
tions and  maps,  be  printed,  under  the  supervision  of  the  State  geologist  and 
librarian,  in  a  style  similar  and  equal  to  the  Kentucky  geolog>al  report  now  in 
the  State  library. 

Resolved,  That  500  copies  of  it  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  State  libra- 
rian, to  be  disposed  of  as  follows :  One  hundred  to  be  used  for  the  purposes 
of  exchanging  with  other  States;  50  copies  to  the  present  State  geologist, 
Professor  Safford :  50  copies  to  be  deposited  in  the  State  library :  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  500  copies  to  be  sold  by  the  State  librarian,  or  his  agents,  at 
not  less  than  $1  per  copy. 

Resolved  further,  That  of  the  number  of  copies  ordered  above,  500  shall  be 
for  the  use  of  the  senate  and  1.500  for  the  use  of  the  house  of  representatives: 
nnd  the  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  instructed  to  distribute  said  copies  as  soon 
as  published,  sending  to  each  member  of  the  general  assembly  20  copies;  and 
the  expense  of  carrying  out  this  resolution  shall  be  paid  out  of  any  money  in 
the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

Adopted  February  7,  1860. 

Act  of  1871 : 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
That  the  office  of  geologist  and  mineralogist  of  the  State  is  hereby  created ;  said 
office  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  of  the  governor,  with  the  concurrence  of 
the  senate,  the  term  of  office  to  be  two  years,  and  until  a  successor  is  appointed. 

SEC.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geologist  and 
mineralogist  to  prosecute  a  topographical,  geological,  and  mineralogical  survey 
of  the  State,  with  a  view  to  the  full  development  of  all  ores,  coals,  clays,  marls, 
and  such  other  mineral  substances  as  may  be  deemed  useful  or  valuable,  to- 
gether with  such  other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and  complete 
geological  survey  of  the  State,  and  to  this  end  that  he  apply  for  the  benefits 
of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  in  the  triangulation  of  the  area  of  the  State, 
and  that  he  make  a  report  to  the  first  session  of  each  legislature,  showing  the 
progress  of  such  surveys,  accompanied  with  such  maps,  drawings,  and  speci- 
mens as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same, 
which  reports  shall  not  be  published  unless  expressly  ordered  by  the  legislature. 

SEC.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  geologist  and  mineralogist  shall  de- 
vote at  least  three  months  of  each  and  every  year  exclusively  to  the  duties  of 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       469 

said  office  until  the  State  shall  be  in  a  condition  to  employ  a  greater  part  of 
his  time,  and  for  the  three  months  of  each  and  every  year  thus  devoted  to  the 
duties  of  said  office  the  incumbent  shall  receive  from  the  treasurer  of  the  State 
the  sum  of  $300. 

SEC.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  take  effect  from  and  after  its 
passage,  the  public  welfare  requiring  it. 

Administration. — Under  the  act  of  1854  Dr.  James  M.  Safford  was 
elected  State  geologist  for  a  term  of  two  years,  and  was  reelected  in 
1856  and  again  in  1858.  He  entered  upon  his  work  at  once,  having 
made  arrangements  with  the  authorities  of  the  university  for  the 
temporary  filling  of  his  chair.  In  the  prosecution  of  the  work  the 
lack  of  assistants  and  the  limited  means  supplied  embarrassed  him 
greatly.  Furthermore,  the  geographical  and  topographical  maps  of 
the  State,  as  above  noted,  were  very  defective.  For  many  sections 
he  was  compelled  to  construct  his  own  maps. 

In  1856  Safford  presented  a  preliminary  report,  which  was  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  A  Geological  Reconnoissance  of  the  State  of 
Tennessee.  This  was  a  small  volume  of  164  pages,  octavo,  which  was 
accompanied  by  a  geological  map  of  the  State. 

In  1858  he  presented  a  short  statement  to  the  legislature  as  to  the 
future  of  the  survey,  but  made  no  regular  report. 

In  1860,  under  authority  of  a  resolution  of  the  State  legislature, 
Safford  undertook  as  full  a  report  on  the  geology  of  the  State  as 
was  practicable,  provisions  being  made  for  maps  and  illustrations. 
Unfortunately,  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  put  a  stop  to 
this  work.  A  number  of  plates  of  fossils  and  other  illustrations 
had  been  printed,  but  these,  with  other  materials,  were  scattered 
and  lost.  In  the  meantime  the  office  of  State  geologist  was  abolished 
and  all  work  suspended. 

By  a  resolution  of  March,  1868,  Safford  was  authorized  to  pro- 
ceed, under  the  order  of  February.  1860,  to  make  out  a  report  and 
present  it  to  the  State  printer,  for  which  labor  he  was  to  receive 
$1,500.  The  copies  of  the  report  when  printed  were  to  be  disposed  of 
and  distributed  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  resolution  of 
1860  ordering  its  publication.  Twenty-five  hundred  copies  were 
thus  to  be  printed,  with  the  necessary  illustrations  and  maps,  in  a 
style  similar  and  equal  to  those  of  the  Kentucky  reports.  Of  these, 
500  copies  were  to  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  State  librarian,  to 
be  disposed  of  as  follows :  One  hundred  to  be  used  for  the  purpose 
of  exchange  with  other  States.  50  to  be  presented  to  the  State  geol- 
ogist, 50  to  be  deposited  in  the  library,  and  the  remainder  to  be  sold 
at  not  less  than  $1  a  copy.  Five  hundred  copies  were  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  the  members  of  the  senate  and  1.500  among  the 
members  of  the  house  of  representative?. 


470  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

This  report  was;  finally  printed  under  the  title  of  Geology  of 
Tennessee,  and  was  ready  for  distribution  in  1869.  It  was  in  form 
of  an  octavo  volume  of  550  pages,  containing  a  geological  map  of  the 
State,  seven  plates  of  fossils,  and  a  number  of  sections  and  other 
illustrations. 

Under  the  act  of  1871  Professor  Safford  was  again  appointed 
State  geologist  and  mineralogist,  and  remained  in  office  down  to 
1900,  being  reappointed  by  each  succeeding  governor.  During  this 
period  his  summer  vacations  were  employed  in  the  work  of  the  sur- 
vey, though  during  a  part  of  the  time  he  was  much  crippled  by 
failure  on  the  part  of  the  legislature  to  provide  for  his  salary,  and 
but  for  his  connection  with  Vanderbilt  University  at  Nashville,  he 
could  not  have  afforded  to  retain  the  office. 

During  the  interval  between  1871  and  1900  reports  of  progre.s- 
from  time  to  time  were  prepared,  but  were  not  published,  the  idea 
being  to  accumulate  and  retain  materials  for  a  large  report  or  for  a 
second  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  his  Geology  of  Tennessee. 
In  the  meantime  articles  and  chapters  including  more  or  less  of  the 
results  obtained  were  contributed  to  the  publications  of  the  Tennes- 
see agricultural  bureau  and  the  reports  of  the  commissioner  of 
agriculture,  statistics,  and  mines,  and  the  American  Journal  of 


After  the  enactment  of  the  law  of  1871  application  was  made  to 
the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  for  a  beginning  of 
geodetic  work  in  Tennessee,  to  which  they  were  entitled.  This  work 
was  ordered,  and  Prof.  A.  H.  Buchanan,  of  Lebanon.  Tennessee, 
was  commissioned  to  carry  it  on.  As  State  geologist,  Professor 
Safford  directed  that  he  should,  first  of  all,  proceed  to  connect  Xash- 
ville  and  Knoxville  by  triangulation.  This  was  successfully  accom- 
plished, and  subsequently  he  was  directed  to  select  his  points  west  of 
Xashville  and  connect  that  city  with  the  Mississippi  River,  the  pur- 
pose being  to  secure  at  least  a  surveyed  belt  lengthwise  through  the 
State  which  might,  until  the  whole  of  the  State  could  be  triangulated, 
serve  as  a  basis  for  the  utilization  of  the  railroad,  county,  and  other 
maps,  and  for  the  location  of  points.  This  work  was  begun,  when 
Professor  Buchanan  was  ordered  back  to  Washington  on  account  of 
the  failure  of  Congress  to  appropriate  the  necessary  means. 

Expense. — The  expense  of  the  survey  for  the  six  years  ending  with 
1859  would  seem  to  have  been  covered,  exclusive  of  publications,  by 
the  appropriations— $9,000.  The  $1,500  appropriated  in  March. 
1868,  for  the  compilation  of  the  volume.  Geology  of  Tennessee, 
gives  a  total  of  $10,500.  Under  the  law  of  1871  the  geologist  was 
to  receive  $300  a  year,  but  though  reappointed  to  the  office  by  each 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  33 


O 

3 

o 
111 

o 
111 

h 

co     co 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  471 

succeeding  governor,  the  legislature,  "  during  a  part  of  the  time,'" 
neglected  to  provide  for  his  salary.  Hence,  no  figures  that  may  be 
considered  exact  can  be  given. 

TEXAS. 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  B.  F.  SHUMARD  AND  F.  MOORE,  JR..    1838-1861. 

The  first  systematic  attempt  at  a  geological  survey  of  Texas  under 
State  authority  was  made  under  an  act  approved  February.  10,  1858. 
The  immediate  motive,  as  given  in  this  act,  was  to  have  made  as 
speedily  as  possible  a  thorough  and  complete  geological  survey  of  the 
State  so  as  to  determine  accurately  the  quality  and  characteristics  of 
the  soil  and  its  adaptation  to  agricultural  purposes,  its  mineral  re- 
sources, its  water  power,  and  generally  everything  relating  to  the 
geological  and  agricultural  character  of  the  State.  The  survey  was 
entirely  independent  of  any  other  institution  and  was  to  be  sustained 
by  annual  appropriations.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the  law: 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the   State. 

SIXTIOX  1.  Be  it  cn«t:(i.:<l  hti  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Tesas,  That  the 
governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint,  as  soon  as  possible,  some  suitable 
and  competent  person  as  State  geologist,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  two 
years,  and  until  his  successor  shall  be  appointed  and  qualified,  unless  removed 
by  the  governor  for  neglect  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  or  for  malfeas- 
ance in  office,  and  who  shall  perform  the  duties  herein  prescribed,  and  during 
the  period  of  his  service  shall  hold  no  other  office.  And  before  entering  upou 
the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office  he  shall  enter  into  bond,  with  security, 
to  be  approved  by  the  governor,  in  the  sum  of  $20,000,  conditioned  for  the 
faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office. 

SEC.  2.  That  said  State  geologist  shall,  as  speedily  as  possible,  make  a 
thorough  and  complete  geological  survey  of  the  State,  so  as  to  determine  ac- 
curately the  quality  and  characteristics  of  the  soil,  and  its  adaptation  to  agri- 
cultural purposes;  the  species  of  produce  to  which  the  soil,  in  different  sections, 
is  best  adapted;  its  mineral  resources,  their  location,  and  the  best  means  for 
their  development;  its  water  powers,  their  localities  and  capacities;  and  gen- 
erally everything  relating  to  the  geological  and  agricultural  character  of  the 
State.  And  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  said 
geologist  shall  have  power  to  appoint  assistants,  with  the  approbation  of  the 
governor :  Provided,  That  not  more  than  two  assistants  shall  be  appointed. 

SEC.  3.  That  said  State  geologist  shall  keep  his  office  at  the  city  of  Austin, 
but  shall  not  be  required  to  remain  in  said  office  except  as  his  duties  allow;  and 
shall  keep  in  said  office  such  specimens  as  he  shall  deem  necessary  to  convey  to 
such  office.  He  shall  also  forward,  to  the  governor,  from  time  to  time,  during  the 
progress  of  the  survey,  specimens  of  rocks,  ores,  coals,  soils,  fossils,  and  other 
mineral  substances  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  form  a  complete  cabinet  of 
sj>ecimons  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State;  and  the  governor  shall 
cause  the  same  to  be  deposited,  in  proper  order,  in  some  convenient  room  at  the 
capitol  of  the  State,  there  to  be  preserved  for  public  inspection.  And  said  geolo- 
gist shall  make  a  report  to  the  legislature,  at  its  regular  sessions,  of  liis  surveys. 


472  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

explorations,  and  examinations  into  the  mineral  and  other  natural  resources 
of  the  State,  its  climate  and  agricultural  adaptability,  accompanied  by  illustra- 
tive maps,  charts,  and  drawings,  with  reference  to  the  same,  which  report  shall 
be  the  exclusive  property  of  the  State:  Provided,  however,  That  the  said 
geologist  shall  not  be  prohibited  from  publishing  any  such  facts,  maps,  charts, 
and  drawings,  which  it  is  made  his  duty  to  report;  and  that  in  making  any 
survey  upon  the  frontier  the  governor  or  said  State  geologist  is  authorized 
to  request  the  cooperation  of  any  scientific  corps  of  the  United  States  Army  or 
X:ivy  and  an  escort  of  United  States  troops. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  said  State  geologist,  for  the  performance  of  said  service, 
shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $3,000,  to  be  paid  to  him  quarterly,  after  he 
enters  upon  the  duties  of  his  office :  and  that  the  sum  of  $20,000  be,  and  the  same 
is  hereby,  appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  ap- 
propriated, to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  for  the  purposes 
of  carrying  into  effect  this  act,  by  employing  assistants  and  in  defraying  the 
incidental  expenses  of  his  office;  and  upon  presentation  by  the  State  geologist 
of  the  proper  vouchers,  approved  by  the  governor,  the  comptroller  is  hereby 
authorized  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasury  for  the  cost  of  any  chemical 
apparatus  or  other  outfit  deemed  necessary  by  the  governor,  as  well  as  all  other 
expenses  of  said  survey :  Provided,  The  amount  expended  shall  not  exceed  the 
amount  herein  specified  and  appropriated :  And  provided  further,  That  the 
salary  of  each  assistant  State  geologist  shall  not  exceed  $1,500  j>er  ai.nuiu 
for  the  time  he  may  be  engaged. 

SEC.  5.  That  said  Stale  geologist  and  his  assistants,  before  entering  upon  the 
duties  of  their  respective  offices,  shall  make  oath,  before  some  competent  officer, 
that  they  will  not  purchase  any  lands  in  this  State,  with  a  vie>T  to  specula- 
tion, during  the  time  they  hold  their  said  offices,  and  that  they  will  not  con- 
ceal or  suppress  any  information  relative  to  any  valuable  discovery  wbvh  they 
may  make,  pertaining  to  the  objects  of  said  survey,  either  from  the  State  or 
from  individuals  upon  whose  lands  said  discovery  may  be  made,  and  will  so 
conduct  the  survey  as  to  give  as  much  publicity  as  possible  to  the  important 
results  of  said  survey. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  chief  geologist  and  his  assistants,  upon  their  removal  or 
resignation,  or  at  the  expiration  of  his  office,  shall  turn  over  to  his  or  their 
successors  or  to  the  governor  all  the  minerals,  shells,  maps,  plats,  and  diagrams 
which  they  may  collect  or  make  during  their  term  of  office,  and  shall  com- 
municate all  important  geological  information  to  their  successors  acquired  dur- 
ing such  geological  survey. 

SEC.  7.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 

Approved  February  10,  1858. 

Administration.— Under  this  act.  B.  F.  Shumard,  of  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  was  appointed  by  Gov.  H.  R.  Runnels,  on  August  28,  1858, 
State  geologist.  Assistants  were  appointed  as  follows:  Assistant 
geologist,  Dr.  George  G.  Shumard;1  chemist  and  assistant,  Prof. 

1  According  to  Hill,  Bulletin  45,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  p.  30,  there  Is  a  tradition 
tbat  Governor  Runnels  intended  to  appoint  Dr.  G.  G.  Shumard  to  the  office  of  State 
geologist,  but  by  a  clerical  error  the  name  of  bis  brother,  Dr.  B.  F.  Shumard,  was  In- 
serted in  the  original  commission.  This  is  presumably  a  mistake,  since,  in  a  letter  dated 
May  25,  1858,  which  is  among  the  archives  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  B.  P.  Shum- 
ard, writing  to  F.  B.  Meek,  says :  "  I  have  been  urged  by  some  of  my  scientific  friends 
to  apply  for  the  appointment  of  chief  geologist  of  Texas  and  have  determined  to  do  BO." 
Subsequent  letters  dated  at  Austin  make  no  mention  of  any  such  probable  error  as  that 
indicated  in  Mr.  Hill's  note. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL,   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  473 

W.  P.  Riddell;  topographer,  A.  R.  Roessler;  meteorologists,  Prof. 
Caleb  G.  Forshey,  at  Rutersville,  and  Swante  Palm,  at  Austin. 
These,  according  to  section  2  of  the  law,  were  appointed  by  the 
geologist,  with  the  approbation  of  the  governor. 

Salaries. — Salaries,  as  provided  by  section  4  of  the  law.  were: 
For  the  State  geologist,  $3,000;  assistant  geologist,  $1,500.  Other 
salaries  not  given. 

Methods. — Realizing  that  the  climatological  and  meteorological 
conditions  existing  in  Texas  were  of  primary  importance,  one  of  the 
first  acts  of  Shumard  was  to  purchase  a  set  of  chemical  and  physical 
apparatus  for  the  equipment  of  analytical  laboratories  and  of  meteor- 
ological stations  at  the  two  points  mentioned  above. 

The  geological  corps  proper  was  divided  into  field  parties,  and  in 
January,  1859,  entered  upon  their  duties.  One,  under  George  G. 
Shumard,  constructed  a  section  of  the  country  between  Austin  and 
the  Red  River,  in  Grayson  County.  Shumard  also  made  surveys 
of  Grayson,  Fannin,  and  Cass  counties,  and  partial  surveys  of 
Bowie,  Red  River,  and  Lamar  counties.  In  addition,  he  made 
explorations  of  the  Red  River  from  Coke  County  to  the  Louisiana 
boundary.  Professor  Riddell  was  engaged  in  making  surveys  of  the 
counties  of  Caldwell,  Guadaloupe,  McLennan,  and  Bosque.  B.  F. 
Shumard,  himself,  made  detailed  surveys  of  Burnet  and  Rusk 
counties  and  partial  surveys  of  Travis,  Bastrop,  Washington,  Fay- 
ette,  and  Young  counties.  His  methods,  as  given  in  his  first  annual 
report,  were  as  follows: 

In  making  these  preliminary  surveys  careful  sections  of  the  strata  have  been 
made  at  all  points  of  outcrop  within  reasonable  distances  of  the  route  traveled, 
and  the  thickness,  stratigraphical  order,  dip,  and  mineral  and  fossil  characters 
of  the  various  beds  have  been  determined  with  as  much  precision  as  possible. 
1  *  *  In  some  counties  sections  of  the  strata  have  been  measured  at  more 
than  150  localities.  *  *  *  We  made  frequent  barometrical  observations  to 
ascertain  the  elevation  of  the  country  above  tidewater,  and  much  attention  has 
been  directed  to  obtaining  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  topographical  features. 

We  have  also  determined,  with  as  much  accuracy  as  possible,  the  amount  and 
quality  of  timber  in  each  county,  proportion  of  timber  and  prairie,  elevation  of 
hills,  depth  and  width  of  valleys,  and  the  amount  of  available  water  power  fur- 
nished by  the  streams. 

A  large  share  of  attention  has  also  been  devoted  to  the  agricultural  capabili- 
ties of  these  counties.  The  different  varieties  of  soils  and  subsoils  have  been 
carefully  examined,  numerous  specimens  have  been  collected  for  future  study 
and  analysis,  and  we  have  spared  no  pains  to  ascertain  the  most  advantageous 
methods  of  cultivating  and  improving  them. 

Particular  search  has  been  made  for  minerals  of  economical  importance  and 
all  mines,  whether  of  prospective  or  known  value,  have  been  examined  with 
special  care  and  the  probable  amount,  richness,  and  quality  of  the  ores  deter- 
mined. Samples  of  ores  and  their  accompanying  minerals,  coals,  limestones, 
marbles,  clays,  mineral  waters,  etc.,  have  been  collected,  and  are  now  deposited 


474  BULLETIN   109,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

in  the  laboratory  tit  Austin  for  chemical  analysis  and  final  preservation  in  the 
State  cabinet. 

After  a  brief  winter's  work  in  Austin  the  survey  resumed  the  field 
in  1860.  Records  of  this  year's  work  are  very  meager,  for  reasons 
noted  later.  The  personnel  of  the  survey  remained  the  same,  with 
the  addition  of  S.  B.  Buckley,  who  was  employed  by  Shumard  as  a 
collector  of  plants. 

Museum. — Section  3  of  the  law  required  the  geologist  to  forward 
to  the  governor,  from  time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  the  survey, 
specimens  of  rocks,  ores,  coals,  soils,  and  fossils  and  other  mineral 
substances,  such  as  might  be  necessary  and  proper  to  form  a  com- 
plete cabinet  of  specimens  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the 
State,  the  same  to  be  deposited  in  some  convenient  room  at  tho  State 
capitol  to  be  preserved  for  public  inspection. 

Change  of  director. — Owing  to  reasons  which  have  never  been 
made  fully  public,  but  which,  to  judge  from  correspondence  and 
articles  in  the  newspapers  of  that  date,  were  largely  of  a  political 
nature,  Doctor  Shumard  was  removed  from  office  in  1860,  after  an 
administration  of  some  26  months,  to  be  succeeded  in  November  of 
the  same  year  by  Francis  Moore,  jr.,  the  last  named  having  the 
reputation  of  an  honorable  and  cultured  gentleman,  of  much  execu- 
tive ability,  but  not  a  geologist.  For  many  years  he  had  been  the 
editor  of  the  Houston  Daily  Teh1  graph,  the  then  leading  newspaper 
of  the  State.  Under  Moore,  S.  B.  Buckley  was  appointed  first  as- 
sistant State  geologist,  Riddell  being  retained  as  assistant  geologist 
and  chemist,  and  Roessler  as  draftsman. 

Suspension  of  survey. — During  December  of  1860  Messrs.  Moore 
and  Buckle}'  made  a  short  reconnoissance  through  the  southern 
counties  of  the  State,  and  in  March  a  tour  was  begun  through  western 
Texas.  During  this  latter  trip  the  survey  was  suspended  by  the 
passage  of  the  following  resolution : 

Be  it  resolved,  (1)  That  the  geological  survey  be  suspended,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  State  geologist  and  chemist,  who  shall  continue  in  the  survey 
only  so  long  as  it  may  be  necessary  to  make  out  the  report  hereinafter  pro- 
vided for. 

(2)  That  B.  F.  Shumard,  the  State  geologist,  be  requested  to  make  a  report 
of  his  survey  so  far  as  the  survey  has  been  completed,  and  for  that  purpose 
shall  have  control  over  the  cabinet  and  rooms  and  his  notes  and  the  services 
of  the  chemist,  and  he  shall  receive  a  like  salary  heretofore  paid  the  State 
geologist  until  the  work  be  completed:  Provided.  Said  report  shall  be  made  by 
the  1st  of  July  next;  which  compensation  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  appropria- 
tions heretofore  made  for  the  support  of  the  geological  bureau. 

(3)  That  Dr.  Francis  Moore,  present  State  geologist,  be  requested  to  make 
out  a  report  of  the  work  executed  up  to  the  present  time. 

Approved  April  8,  1881. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  475 

In  accordance  with  this  resolution,  Doctor  Shumard  was  reinstated, 
with  instructions  to  prepare  his  final  report.  What  was  done  toward 
complying  with  these  instructions  can  not  be  definitely  ascertained. 
No  reports  were  published,  and  presumably  the  agitation  incidental 
to  the  Civil  War  prevented  further  work.  Moore  himself  left  for  the 
North  in  July,  1861.  and  Shumard  returned  to  St.  Louis  with  the 
outbreak  of  the  war. 

During  the  war  the  State  capital  was  occupied  by  troops  and  the 
laboratories  and  museum  of  the  survey  were  converted  into  a  manu- 
factory of  percussion  caps.  The  collections  of  the  survey,  together 
with  maps  and  other  records,  were  thus  lost  and  destroyed. 

It  is  stated  that,  at  the  opening  of  the  war.  Buckley  also  left  the 
South,  taking  with  him  the  notes  of  the  survey.  At  the  close  of 
the  conflict  lie  returned  to  Austin,  assumed  charge  of  the  collec- 
tions, and  secured  the  passage  of  a  joint  resolution  repealing  the  act 
of  April  8,  1861,  above  given,  by  which  the  survey  had  been  sus- 
pended, and  was  himself  appointed  by  Governor  Throckmorton.  in 
November,  1866,  to  take  charge  of  the  survey,  notwithstanding  the 
protests  of  Shumard.  Roessler,  and  others. 

Publications. — The  publications  of  the  survey,  as  may  readily  be 
imagined  from  what  has  gone  before,  were  few  and  of  comparatively 
little  importance.  A  report  of  progress  in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet 
of  17  pages  was  issued  in  1859, 1.700  copies  being  printed ;  and  in  1886 
there  was  printed  a  partial  report  on  the  geology  of  western  Texas, 
compiled  by  Gen.  H.  P.  Bee  from  unpublished  manuscript  left  by  the 
Shumard  brothers.1  Buckley  also  issued  a  preliminary  report  on 
the  geology  and  agriculture  of  Texas,  in  1866. 

Expenses. — The  writer  has  not  been  able  to  ascertain  the  exact 
cost  of  the  Texas  survey  under  the  leadership  of  Moore  and  Buckley. 
Mr.  R.  T.  Hill  estimates8  that  the  cost  under  Moore's  administration 
could  not  have  exceeded  $4,000,  and  gives  a  like  figure  for  the  one 
year  of  Buckley's  administration.  The  total  expense  of  the  survey 
to  November  1.  1859.  under  the  administration  of  Shumard  is  given 
as  follow.- : 

Salaries  of  State  geologist  and  assistants $5, 187.  50 

Services  of  draftsman 560.00 

Hire  of  subassistants,  teamster,  and  cooks 1,  448.  21 

Expenses  of  going  to  New  York  for  instruments,  etc 332. 62 

Instruments,  chemicals,  and  chemical  apparatus 3,030.75 

Fitting  up  geological  rooms  and  laboratory 532.  72 

Loomis  and  Christian's  account  for  building  stable 480.33 

1  The  papers  published  by  General  Bee  were,  as  I  am  informed  by  Prof.  E.  F.  Durable. 
the  record  of  Doctor  Shuinard's  trip  for  the  United   States  Government  in   the  forties 
and  not  part  of  his  State  survey  work,  the  two  articles  in  the  appendix  of  this  publica- 
tion being  all  that  can  be  credited  to  the  survey. 

2  Bulletin  45,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  1887. 


476  ni'LLKTJN    109,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Horses  and  mules 

Wagons,  harness,  and  saddlery 1»  091.  9f» 

Outfit,  camp  excuses,  provisions,  forage,  and  blacksmithing__. 

Traveling  expenses 

Transportation  of  specimens,  etc__. 

Postage  account 15-  4S 

/jo     oo 

Stationery b6.6X 

Exchange 4-  ^ 

$15, 073. 00 
SECOND  SURVEY  UNDER  J.  W.  GLENN  AND  S.  B.  BUCKLEY,   1873-1875. 

With  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  and  the  gradual  subsidence  of 
the  political  excitement  incident  to  the  reconstruction  period,  the 
expediency  of  reorganizing  the  survey  was  again  broached,  and  the 
following  law  was  passed  and  approved  on  August  13.  1870 : 

An  act  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  IVxas. 

SKCTIOW  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Texas,  That  the 
governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  some  suitable  and  competent  person  as  State  geo- 
logist, who  shall  hold  his  office  until  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of 
the  State  by  this  act  authorized,  or  until  his  successor  is  appointed  and  quali- 
fied in  case  of  his  removal  as  hereinafter  specified,  and  who  shall  perform  the 
duties  herein  prescribed,  and  during  his  occupancy  of  said  office  shall  hold 
no  other  office;  and  before  entering  upon  his  duties  as  State  geologist,  shall 
enter  into  bond,  with  security  to  be  approved  by  the  governor,  in  the  sum  of 
$5,000,  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties  of  said  office. 

SEC.  2.  That  said  State  geologist  shall,  as  soon  as  possible  after  his  ap- 
pointment and  qualification,  appoint  two  principal  assistants,  one  of  whom  shall 
be  an  expert,  practical,  and  scientific  chemist  and  mineralogist,  and  the  other 
a  competent  geologist,  and  shall  have  full  authority  to  appoint  such  sub- 
assistants  as  may,  from  time  to  time,  become  necessary. 

SEC.  3.  That  said  State  geologist  shall,  with  the  aid  of  assistants,  make,  as 
rspid  as  may  be  consistent  with  accuracy,  a  thorough  geological,  mineralogical, 
and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State,  embracing  a  scientific  and  descriptive 
survey  of  the  rocks,  minerals,  mineral  waters,  and  fossils  of  the  same,  full 
and  complete  assays  of  the  ores  and  minerals,  and  analysis  of  the  soils  and 
subsoils,  with  a  classification  of  the  same,  stating  their  adaptation  to  particular 
crops,  and  the  best  methods  of  preserving  and  increasing  their  fertility.  They 
shall  also  determine  the  relative  ages,  order  of  succession,  thickness,  dip,  strike, 
and  composition  of  the  various  building  stones,  ores,  minerals,  fossils,  ferti- 
lizers, and  mineral  waters,  with  specimens  of  the  useful  native  and  introduced 
plants,  and  all  other  substances  and  objects  that  may  be  necessary  to  illus- 
trate the  economic  and  scientific  geology,  and  render  the  collection  a  complete 
museum  of  practical  geology. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  governor  shall  procure  safe  and  suitable  rooms,  at  the 
capital  of  the  State,  for  the  permanent  deposit  and  arrangement  of  the  collec- 
tions above  mentioned;  that  said  collections  shall  be  arranged  and  classified 
in  the  same  by  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistants,  and  that  this  museum 
shall  be  the  office  and  headquarters  of  the  survey,  and  always  kept  open  and 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  477 

fieely  accessible  at  seasonable  hours  to  the  public,  excepting  when  the  members 
of  the  geological  corps  are  all  absent  attending  to  field  duties. 

SEC.  5.  That  the  duplicate  specimens  collected  by  the  survey  shall  be  classi- 
fied and  labeled,  when  called  for,  to  be  distributed  to  each  of  the  colleges  of  the 
State  that  have  been  duly  authorized  to  grant  diplomas:  Provided,  That  each 
distribution  shall  ouly  be  made  after  due  application  of  said  colleges  has  been 
made  to  the  governor. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  said  State  geologist  shall  present  to  the  governor,  at  each 
regular  session  of  the  legislature,  a  report  of  progress  made  up  to  that  time, 
including  an  account  of  the  more  important  results  accomplished,  and  that  said 
preliminary  reports,  if  desirable  or  necessary  to  their  proper  understanding, 
shall  be  accompanied  with  maps  and  other  illustrations,  and  that  these,  as 
well  as  all  other  reports  of  said  survey  that  may  be  made  and  presented  by  said 
State  geologist  and  his  assistants,  shall  be  the  exclusive  property  of  the  State: 
Provided,  That  said  State  geologist  shall  not  be  prohibited  from  publishing  any 
such  facts,  with  maps  and  illustrations,  that  it  may  be  his  duty  to  present 

SEC.  7.  That  the  salary  of  said  State  geologist  shall  be  $3,000  per  annum, 
and  that  of  the  principal  assistants  each  $1,800  per  annum,  together  with  all 
traveling  and  incidental  expenses  of  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistants 
while  engaged  in  the  field  explorations,  to  be  paid  quarterly  after  they  enter 
ujxm  the  duties  of  their  office.  All  money  hereafter  appropriated  to  carry  into 
effect  this  act  shall  be  expended  in  the  payment  of  the  salaries  of  the  State 
geologist  and  principal  assistants,  and  of  such  subassistants  and  other  aid 
as  it  may  be  necessary  to  employ,  in  the  purchase  of  the  necessary  chemical 
apparatus,  chemicals,  and  instruments,  the  transportation  of  specimens,  and 
the  payment  of  incidental  expenses;  and  upon  the  presentation  by  said  State 
geologist  of  proper  vouchers,  approved  by  the  governor,  the  comptroller  is  hereby 
authorized  to  draw  his  warrant  upon  the  treasury  for  all  bills  for  sums  due  or 
expended  as  above  specified :  Provided,  That  the  whole  amount  expended  shall 
not,  during  any  one  year,  exceed  the  sum  of  $20,000. 

SEC.  8.  That  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistants,  before  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  office,  shall  make  oath  before  some  competent  officer  that 
they  will  not  purchase  any  lands  or  mining  interest  in  the  State,  with  the  view 
of  speculation,  during  the  time  they  hold  office,  and  that  they  shall  not  con- 
real  or  suppress  any  information  relative  to  any  discovery  which  they  may 
make  pertaining  to  the  objects  of  the  survey,  either  from  the  State  or  from  in- 
dividuals upon  whose  lands  said  discovery  may  be  made,  and  that  they  will 
so  conduct  the  survey  as  to  give  as  much  publicity  as  possible  to  the  important 
results  of  the  same. 

SEC.  9.  That  on  the  completion  of  said  survey,  or  at  proper  intervals  during 
its  progress,  as  facts  may  accumulate,  said  State  geologist  shall  prepare  and 
present  to  the  governor  more  complete  reports,  to  be  considered  final  as  far 
as  they  go  if  presented  during  the  progress  of  the  survey,  or  final  and  com- 
plete if  presented  after  the  whole  State  shall  have  been  surveyed,  which  reports 
shall  embody  the  results  of  the  entire  survey,  or  of  that  portion  of  it  completed, 
and  shall  be  accompanied  by  all  such  maps,  sections,  diagrams,  and  other  draw- 
ins  as  may  be  necessary  for  a  full  and  complete  understanding  of  the  same. 
And  the  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  directed  to  secure  a  copyright  in  the  name 
of  the  State  for  all  reports  presented  by  the  State  geologist  and  published  at 
the  expense  and  by  the  authority  of  the  State. 

SEC.  10.  That  whenever  any  such  reports  are  published,  the  governor  may 
cause  them  to  be  sold  to  the  citizens  of  the  State  at  a  price  not  exceeding  the 


478  Bn/LKTFX    10'J,    UNITED    STATES    IsATIOlsAL    JML'SKUM. 

cobt  of  the  paper,  printing,  and  binding,  and  to  others  on  such  terms  as  may  IK> 
advantageous  to  the  interests  of  the  State;  and  all  moneys  that  may  be  received 
from  the  sale  of  said  reports  shall  be  placed  in  the  common  school  fund  of 
the  State. 

SEC.  11.  That  said  State  -eulogist  shall  be  allowed  50  copies  of  all  reports 
of  said  geological  survey  for  distribution  to  scientific  men  in  this  country  and 
in  Europe;  and  that  20  copies  of  the  same  shall  be  in  like  manner  allowed  to 
each  of  the  principal  assistants  in  said  survey,  in  accordance  with  the  usual 
custom  in  such  surveys. 

SEC.  12.  That  the  State  geologist  shall  superintend  the  publication  of  his 
reports  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  shall  present  to  the  legislature  an  estimate 
of  the  cost  of  the  publication  of  the  same,  at  the  time  such  reports  shall  be 
presented. 

SEC.  13.  That  in  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  said  State  geologist 
before  the  completion  of  said  survey  the  governor  may  appoint  his  successor: 
and  the  governor  shall  have  power  to  remove  said  State  geologist  from  office  for 
neglect  of  duty,  incompetence,  dishonesty,  or  any  kind  of  malfeasance  in  office, 
should  he  be  found  guilty  of  such  charges  brought  against  him :  Provided, 
due  notice  has  been  given  to  him  that  such  charges  have  been  made,  and  he  shall 
be  allowed  full  opportunity  to  confront  his  accuser  and  make  his  defense;  and 
in  case  of  such  removal  of  the  State  geologist,  he  shall  deliver  over  to  the  gov- 
ernor, or  to  his  successor  in  office,  all  specimens,  instruments,  apparatus,  maps, 
sections,  diagrams,  and  other  property  belonging  to  the  State  and  relating  to 
the  survey. 

SEC.  14.  That  all  former  laws  of  the  State  relating  to  a  State  geographical 
survey  are  hereby  repealed,  and  that  this  act  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from 
and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  August  13,  1870. 

Administration. — The  general  plan  of  the  survey  was  similar  to 
that  of  the  first  attempt,  as  will  be  noted.  Under  the  act,  early  in 
1873,  Gov.  E.  J.  Davis  appointed  John  W.  Glenn  State  geologist. 
Charles  E.  Hall  was  made  first  assistant.  The  salary  of  the  principal 
geologist  was  placed  at  $3,000.  and  the  principal  assistants  at  $1,800 
each,  the  traveling  and  incidental  expenses  to  be  paid  by  the  State. 
Active  work  was  begun  in  November  in  Burnet,  Llano,  and  San  Saba 
counties.  Glenn  resigned  on  March  6,  1874,  and  was  succeeded  by 
S.  B.  Buckley. 

No  report  was  published  under  Glenn's  administration.  The  fol- 
lowing from  R.  T.  Hill's  report,  already  quoted,  is  given  as  out- 
lining his  methods  and  what  he  had  hoped  to  accomplish: 

My  first  work  was  to  establish  a  base  line  which  would  include  outcroppings 
of  the  known  formations.  As  established,  this  line  began  in  Blanco  County,  in 
the  Cretaceous,  thence  northward  until  it  encountered  the  Cretaceous,  again 
overlying  the  Carboniferous  in  the  north  part  of  the  State.  Between  these  two 
ends  of  the  base  line,  beginning  at  the  south  end,  it  passed  through  the  follow- 
ing formations  in  the  order  as  stated,  viz:  Cretaceous,  Carboniferous.  Upper 
Silurian,  Azoic,  Lower  Silurian,  Upper  Silurian,  Carboniferous,  Cretaceous. 

The  result  was  one  of  the  most  interesting  I  ever  accomplished.  Every  square 
mile  of  the  territory  surveyed  was  carefully  platted  on  the  map  and  defined  in 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  479 

the  field,  and  each  one  numbered  and  worked  over  with  great  care,  and  the  col 
lections  taken  from  each  bore  its  number  and  from  what  part  each  came.  Prob- 
ably the  most  valuable  part  of  my  work,  from  an  economic  stand,  if  the 
report  of  it  had  only  been  promulgated  in  print,  was  my  report  on  the  wild 
sumach  of  Texas  (R.  copallina),  from  detailed  analyses  extending  through  the 
entire  growth  and  determining  the  period  of  greatest  economic  value  in  tannlr 
acid.1 

Doctor  Buckley  received  his  appointment  from  Gov.  Richard  Coke 
in  March,  1874.  Under  his  administration,  Richard  Burleson  was 
made  assistant  geologist;  Charles  E.  Hall,  subordinate  assistant; 
James  E.  Home,  bookkeeper  and  commissary;  and  Friench  Simpson 
and  Jack  Coke,  volunteer  assistants.  Field  work  was  begun  on  May 
11.  The  entire  work  of  the  survey  was,  however,  in  the  nature  of 
reconnoissance,  and  no  stratigraphic  or  topographic  work  was  done, 
nor  were  any  barometric  or  other  observations  made. 

Expenses. — The  expenses,  as  given  in  Buckley's  report  for  a  period 
from  May  1,  1874.  to  November  1  of  the  same  year,  were  as  follows: 

Outfit  at  Austin. 

One  pair  mules,  of  Mr.  Hart $366.00 

One  ambulance 137. 50 

One  pair  mules  and  wagon 330.00 

One  pair  of  mules  and  hack  bought  by  Professor  Burleson  at  Waco 675.  00 


$1, 508.  50 
Expenses  in  the  field. 

May $73.00 

June 159. 20 

July 264.85 

August 135. 45 

September 115.20 

October 122.80 

'  $870.  50 
Wages  paid. 

James  Home,  $50  per  month $300 

Rbands,  $25  per  month 150 

Carringtori,  $25  per  month 150 

Cook,  $25  per  month 150 

$750 

R.  T.  Hill,  in  the  publication  above  referred  to,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing statement,  as  obtained  from  Mr.  F.  Simpson : 

1  This  report  was  published  In  part,  at  least,  by  the  succeeding  survey  In  Bulletin  No. 
1,  Report  and  Analyses  of  Texas  Sumach  (RJius  copalUrw)  by  George  H.  Kalteyer,  Austia, 
1892. 

•The  printed  report  gives  this  total  as  $871.15. 
136075—20 32 


480  BULLETIN   100,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Total  amount  of  appropriation  for  1874— 

Salary  of  geologist -  *3' °° 

Office  and  chemical  supplies 

«•„„„ £ 

Books  and  instruments 

9     JO/) 

Traveling  expenses -  "* 


Total 

Returned  to  the  treasury 

In  1875  the  expenses  are  given  by  the  authority  mentioned,  us 
follows : 

Salary  of  the  geologist -::;-  "" 

Office  and  chemicals— 

Traveling  expenses 

Postage -(H' 

Fuel  __        •"'" 


Total .<-,.7r»(» 

At  the  end  of  this  fiscal  year  Gov.  Richard  Coke  became  convinced 
that  the  geological  survey,  as  conducted,  was  of  no  value  to  the  State 
and  vetoed  the  bill  for  the  annual  appropriation.  Thus  the  second 
attempt  at  a  survey  was  brought  to  an  end. 

Publication*. — Two  reports,  of  142  and  t>fi  page.s,  wore  issued  by 
Buckley  under  dates  of  1874  and  1876,  respectively.  Concerning 
their  value,  Mr.  Dumble  writes : 

I  want  to  call  especial  attention  to  the  fact  that  while  Buckley's  publica- 
tions were  crude,  a  careful  reading  shows  that  some  definite  results  of  value 
were  secured,  among  these  the  general  lines  of  Tertiary-Cretaceous  and  Cre- 
taceous-Carboniferous boundaries  and  the  presence  of  true  Miocene,  the  oc- 
currence and  source  of  the  artesian  water  of  the  Cretaceous  area,  and  the  exist- 
ence and  location  of  some  valuable  minerals. 

THIRD  SURVEY  UNDER  E.  T.  DUMBLE,  1 8  88-1 89  2. x 

In  1888  still  a  third  attempt  was  made  for  a  geological  survey 
under  State  auspices,  and  the  following  is  the  text  of  the  law  under 
which  the  work  was  to  be  carried  out : 

An  act  to  authorize  the  commissioner  of  agriculture,  insurance,  statistics,  and  history  to 
have  a  geological  and  minoraloglcal  survey  made  of  the-  State  of  Texas,  nnd  r«i  make 
an  appropriation  therefor. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Lei/ixhititrc  of  11ic  State  of  Te.rns.  That  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  of  agriculture,  insurance,  statistics,  and 
history  to  have  a  geological  and  rnineralogical  survey  made  of  the  State  of 
Texas,  and  for  that  purpose  he  shall  employ  such  a  number  of  competent  per- 
sons skilled  in  the  science  of  geology  and  mineralogy  as  shall  be  necessary  to 
properly  and  expeditiously  execute  said  work.  The  persons  so  employed  shall 
1  Compiled  mainly  from  manuscript  furnished  by  E.  T.  Durable. 


GEOLOGICAL   AX1)    NATURAL,   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  481 

lie  under  tile  supervision  and  control  of  the  said  commissioner,  and  shail  recehe 
such  compensation  as  the  commissioner  may  direct,  not  to  exceed  $2.000  per 
year.  The  commissioner  shall  provide  all  necessary  chemical  apparatus,  books, 
maps,  and  stationery  ro  carry  out  the  provision  of  this  act,  and  may  employ 
such  additional  clerks  as  shall  be  requisite  to  a  proper  execution  of  this  act, 
which  clerks  shall  receive  such  compensation  as  he  may  deen  proper,  not  to 
exceed  $900  each  per  year. 

SEC.  2.  The  commissioner  shall  cause  to  be  made  assays,  analyses,  or  other 
scientific  examination  of  all  beds  or  deposits  of  ores,  coals,  clays,  marls,  and 
other  mineral  substances  situated  in  this  State  as  shall  be  requisite  to  a 
correct  knowledge  of  the  extent  and  value  thereof.  He  shall  also  in  all  proper 
cases  upon  application  require  like  examinations,  assays,  or  analyses  to  be  made 
of  deposits,  mines,  and  lands  situated  in  this  State,  and  shall  furnish  proper 
certificates  of  the  result  of  such  examination,  assay,  or  analyses.  He  shall  also 
•upon  request  of  any  person  require  assays  <>r  analyses  to  be  made  of  any  speci- 
men of  soil  or  mineral  deposits  in  this  State,  and  shall  also  furnish  to  the 
party  requesting  it  a  certificate  thereof:  Provided,  That  in  all  cases  when 
assays  or  analyses  are  made  upon  request  of  any  person  the  party  making 
the  request  shall  be  required  by  the  commissioner  to  make  affidavit  that  the 
specimen  offered  was  found  upon  the  land  of  the  party  making  the  request,  or 
that  sa'd  request  is  made  at  the  instance  or  with  the  full  knowledge  and  consent 
of  the  owner  of  the  laud  upon  which  said  specimen  was  found. 

SKC.  o.  The  commissioner  shall  preserve  a  record  of  this  department  of  his 
office,  and  the  information  therein  collected  and  preserved  shall  be  reported 
to  the  governor  as  in  case  of  other  matters  relating  to  his  office.  He  shall 
also  report  to  the  governor  before  each  session  of  succeeding  legislatures,  for 
information  of  the  governor  and  such  legislatures,  all  money  expended  under 
this  act.  and  how  and  for  what  purpose  such  money  was  expended.  He  shall 
also  report  the  amounts  of  money  received  from  persons,  corporations,  or  syndi- 
cates for  services  rendered,  specifying  the  amount  so  received.  He  shall  also 
preserve  specimens  of  minerals,  coals,  stones,  and  other  natural  substances 
useful  in  agricultural,  manufacturing,  or  the  mechanical  arts,  and  shall  from 
time  to  time  as  far  as  practicable  add  specimens  of  organic  remains  and  other 
objects  of  natural  history  peculiar  to  this  State. 

SEC.  4.  The  commissioner  shall  prescribe  a  schedule  of  reasonable  fees  to 
be  charged  and  collected  from  all  persons  having  scientific  examinations, 
assays,  or  chemical  analyses  made,  and  for  certificates  furnished  under  this 
act.  which  fees  shall  when  collected  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  to  the 
credit  of  the  general  revenue  fund. 

s ]•;<•.  .".  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  the  commissioner  of  agriculture,  insurance, 
statistics,  and  history,  or  any  person  employed  by  him  or  connected  with  his 
office,  to  purchase  all  or  any  part  of  any  mine  or  mineral  lands,  or  be  in  any 
manner  interested  in  such  purchase,  during  the  term  of  his  office  or  employ- 
ment. Any  person  violating  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  punished 
by  fine  not  less  than  $1,000,  and  shall  be  removed  from  his  office  or  employment, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  sum  of  $15,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  b4  necessary,  be. 
and  the  same  is  hereby,  appropriated,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  State  treasury 
not  otherwise  appropriated?  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of 
this  act:  Provided,  That  no  expense  in  excess  of  the  amount  hereby  appropri- 
ated shall  be  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


482  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

SEC.  7.  The  great  necessity  for  gathering  and  collecting  useful  and  valuable 
information  concerning  the  mineral  and  other  natural  resources  of  the  State, 
and  the  present  lack  of  means  to  ascertain  the  same,  creates  an  imperative 
public  necessity,  and  an  emergency  exists  requiring  that  the  constitutional 
rule  which  requires  bills  to  be  read  on  three  several  days  in  each  house  be  sus- 
pended, and  said  rule  is  so  suspended,  and  it  is  enacted  that  this  act  take  effect 
and  be  hi  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

NOTE. — The  foregoing  act  originated  in  the  house,  and  passed  the  same  by  a 
vote  of  45  yeas,  37  nays;  and  passed  the  senate  by  a  vote  of  24  yeas,  4  naya 

Approved  May  12,  1888. 

Immediate  control  of  the  survey,  as  noted,  was  in  the  hands  of 
State  commissioner  of  agriculture,  insurance,  statistics,  and  history, 
and  it  had  no  connection  with  any  other  institution.  It  was  to  l>e 
supported  by  annual  appropriations. 

Administration. — Under  this  act,  the  commissioner,  L.  L.  Foster, 
on  September  21,  1888,  appointed  E.  T.  Dumble  State  geologist, 
giving  him  full  control  of  the  work  of  the  survey,  reserving  only  a 
supervision  of  the  finances.  Mr.  Dumble  appointed  the  following 
assistants:  Geologists,  W.  H.  von  Streemwitz,  W.  F.  Cummins,  Dr. 
R.  A.  F.  Penrose,  jr. ;  chemist,  J.  H.  Herndon. 

The  salary  of  the  State  geologist  was  placed  at  $2,000  and  that 
of  geologists  at  $1,800  each,  traveling  and  incidental  expenses  to  be 
paid  by  the  State.  The  only  change  in  these  salaries  was  during 
the  years  1891  and  1892,  when  they  were  made  by  law  $2,500  and 
$2,300,  respectively,  being  again  lowered  to  the  original  amounts  in 
1893. 

Arrangements  were  made  by  which  the  chemical  laboratory  of  tho 
University  of  Texas  was  utilized  temporarily  for  the  chemical  work 
of  the  survey,  and  circular  No.  1  was  issued  October  1  to  apprise 
those  wishing  analyses  of  the  conditions.  The  charges  for  analyz- 
ing and  assaying  minerals  and  ores  were  only  sufficient  to  cover  cost 
of  materials  and  not  of  services.  The  fees  received  for  this  work, 
however,  were  to  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  to  the  credit  of  the 
general  reserve  fund.  The  only  point  which  needs  to  be  considered 
was  the  fact  that  such  analyses  were  to  be  made,  as  provided  in  sec 
tion  2  of  the  law,  only  on  presentation  of  an  "  affidavit  that  the 
specimen  offered  was  found  upon  the  land  of  the  party  making  the 
request,  or  that  said  request  was  made  at  the  instance  or  with  the 
full  knowledge  and  consent  of  the  owner  of  the  land  upon  which 
specimen  was  found." 

The  immediate  motive  of  the  survey,  as  outlined  in  circular  No.  2. 
issued  October  11,  was  as  follows : 

1.  A  search  for  ores,  minerals,  oils,  coals,  clays,  and  other  minerals 
possessing  a  commercial  value,  and  the  determination  of  the  ques- 
tion, whenever  possible,  whether  they  exist  in  sufficient  quantities 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  .NATURAL   IIISTOIIY  SUlvVEYS.  483 

and  under  suitable  conditions  and  surroundings  to  make  it  reason- 
ably certain  that  it  will  be  profitable  to  work  them. 

2.  An  investigation  of  the  geological  formation  and  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  country  with  a  view  to  determining  the  probability  of 
obtaining  artesian  water  and  the  feasibility  of  irrigating  from  such 
wells  as  well  as  from  streams,  shallow  wells,  or  tanks,  where  neces- 
sary. 

3.  The  determination  of  the  adaptability  of  soils  to  certain  crops, 
and  how  their  fertility  can  be  increased  by  the  use  of  materials 
nearest  at  hand. 

4.  The  search  for  and  development  of  useful  articles  as  yet  not 
fully  known. 

Preliminary  work. — The  short  time  intervening  between  the  pre- 
liminary organization  of  the  survey  and  the  meeting  of  the  legis- 
lature, for  which  a  report  had  to  be  prepared,  made  it  necessary  to 
spend  the  time  in  a  very  rapid  reconnoissance  in  order  to  get  together 
as  much  general  information  as  possible  regarding  the  mineral  de- 
posits of  the  State  for  the  information  and  use  of  the  legislature. 

Von  Streeruwitz  reported  for  duty  on  September  29,  and  was 
sent  out  with  instructions  to  make  a  careful  investigation  of  the 
mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  trans-Pecos  region.  Cum- 
mins reported  on  October  2  and  took  the  field  with  instructions 
to  make  a  section  of  the  central  coal  formation,  determining  the 
number  of  coal  seams  which  exist  in  it,  together  with  their  char- 
acter and  thickness.  Penrose,  owing  to  previous  engagements,  did 
not  report  for  duty  until  November  12,  when  he  began  work  by 
proceeding  to  Jefferson  to  investigate  the  iron,  limestone,  and  as- 
phaltum  deposits  of  east  Texas.  Work  in  southern  Texas  was  ap- 
portioned to  J.  Owen,  of  Eagle  Pass;  J.  L.  Tait  and  G.  Jermy,  of 
San  Antonio,  as  temporary  assistants. 

The  results  of  the  three  months'  work  in  the  form  of  reports  from 
the  geologists  and  assistants,  together  with  an  introduction  by  the 
State  geologist,  were  published  as  the  first  report  of  progress,  and 
upon  the  snowing  made  the  legislature  made  appropriation  for  the 
continuance  of  the  work  for  two  years  from  March  1,  1889. 

The  work  being  provided  for  biennially,  the  State  geologist  de- 
cided that  the  first  year  of  each  term  would  be  devoted  to  the  broader 
features  of  areal  and  stratigraphic  geology  with  special  reference  to 
the  occurrence  of  mineral  deposits,  while  the  work  of  the  second  year 
would  be  principally  the  study  of  these  deposits  and  a  more  detailed 
investigation  of  the  beds  containing  them,  and  thereafter  planned 
the  work  of  each  field  party  accordingly. 

The  geologists  named  were  continued  in  the  field.  Additional 
chemical  work  was  provided  for  at  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 


484  BULLETIN   109,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

College  of  Texas  and  P.  S.  Tileon  appointed  chemist.  T.  B.  Corn- 
stock  was  engaged  for  special  work  in  the  Llano  region  during 
the  summer  months  and  later  was  appointed  geologist.  The  United 
States  Geological  Survey  cooperated  by  detailing  Robert  T.  Hill  to 
carry  on  the  study  of  the  Cretaceous  in  connection  with  his  work  at 
the  university  during  the  latter  part  of  the  year. 

The  importance  of  accurate  topographic  work  was  realized  and 
efforts  were  made  to  secure  the  cooperation  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
.  logical  Survey  and  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  which 
were  partially  successful.  This  was  supplemented  by  the  survey 
through  the  work  of  J.  C.  Xngle  in  central  Texas  and  TV.  Wyschetzki 
in  the  trans-Pecos. 

Work  of  first  year  (1889}. — Von  Stree.ru witx  completed  his  recon- 
noissance  of  the  trans-Pecos  and  in  May  began  regular  work  there, 
the  first  year  being  occupied  principally  in  constructing  a  topo- 
graphic map  of  the  western  portion  of  El  Paso  County. 

Cummins  made  several  sections  across  the  northwestern  portion  of 
the  State  from  the  escarpment  of  the  Llano  Kstacado  to  the  Cre- 
taceous border  on  the  east,  and  began  the  instrumental  sections,  which 
were  completed  later.  He  had  the  assistance  of  Messrs.  McCulloch 
and  Drake.  R.  S.  Tarr,  appointed  in  November,  was  given  the  study 
of  the  southern  border  of  the  central  coal  field. 

Pen  rose  spent  the  early  part  of  the  year  in  detailed  examination 
of  Cherokee  County  with  its  iron  ores  and  lignites.  After  this,  in 
order  to  get  the  Tertiary  sections  more  complete,  he  made  a  boat 
trip  down  the  Brazos,  Colorado,  and  Rio  Grande.  Penrose  left  the 
survey  on  July  1  to  study  the  extension  of  the  Tertiary  deposits  in 
Arkansas  under  the  geological  survey  of  that  State  while  the  iron- 
ore  areas  of  Texas  were  being  mapped.  The  Arkansas  work  proved 
to  be  so  extensive,  however,  that  he  finally  resigned  from  the  Texas 
survey.  G.  E.  Ladd  was  appointed  to  trace  and  map  the  iron-ore 
deposits  of  east  Texas,  and  worked  in  Wood,  Upshur,  Van  Zandt, 
Marion,  and  Anderson  counties,  and  then  resigned  on  account  of 
ill-health.  A.  G.  Taff  was  appointed  to  continue  this  work,  but  died 
before  completing  a  single  county. 

To  Comstock  was  assigned  the  special  work  of  studying  the  geology 
and  resources  of  the  Llano  district.  With  his  party,  which  included 
Messrs.  Nagle.  Spence.  and  Huppertz,  he  covered  a  large  portion  of 
the  area  during  the  season  and  made  large  collections  of  the  rocks 
and  minerals  of  the  district. 

R.  T.  Hill,  in  connection  with  his  work  at  the  University  of  Texas, 
was  given  the  examination  of  the  Cretaceous.  His  detail  under  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  for  this  work  began  in  July.  Ho 
had  as  assistants  Messrs.  J.  A.  Taff.  C.  C.  McCulloch.  X.  F.  Drake, 


GEOLOGICAL    AXD    XATUttAL    HISTORY    STRYKYS.  485 

and  J.  S.  Stone.  A  room  was  set  apart  for  a  museum  and  was  fur- 
nished with  cases  and  a  start  made  toward  the,  installation  of  speci- 
mens sent  in  by  the  field  parties,  Mr.  J.  B.  Walker  being  in  charge. 

The  general  results  of  the  work  of  the  first  year  are  summarized 
by  Mr.  Dumble  in  the  first  annual  report,  1889,  (pp.  xxix-lxxiii), 
in  which  a  brief  statement  is  made  covering  the  various  geological 
horizons  recognized  during  the  field  work  and  the  principal  mineral 
resources  of  each,  fuller  details  being  given  in  the  accompanying 
papers,  pages  1  to  410,  which  comprise : 

A  Preliminary  Report  (if  Hie  Geology  of  the  Gulf  Tertiary  of  Texas,  by 
R.  A.  F.  Pen  rose,  jr. 

A  Brief  Description  of  the  Cretaceous  Rocks  of  Texas  and  their  Economic 
Value,  by  Robert  T.  Hill. 

The  Southern  Border  of  the  Central  Coal  Field,  by  W.  F.  Cummins. 

The  Permian  of  Texas  and  Its  Underlying  Beds,  by  W.  F.  Cummins. 

Preliminary  Report  on  the  Coal  Fields  of  Colorado  River,  by  Ralph  S.  Tarr. 

Geology  of  Trans-Pecos  Texas  —  Preliminary  Statement,  by  W.  H.  von 
Streeruwitz. 

Preliminary  Report  on  the  Geology  <,f  the  Central  Mineral  Region  of  Texas, 
by  Theo.  B.  Comstock. 

Ill  addition  to  the  first  annual  report  the  survey  published  during 
the  year: 

Bulletin  X<>.  4.  A  Preliminary  Annotated  Clvvk  List  ..f  rhe  Cretaceous  In- 
vertebrate Fossils  of  Texas,  by  R.  T.  Hill. 

Bulletin  Xo.  2.  A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Soils  and  Waters  of  the  Upper 
Itio  Grande  and  Pecos  Valleys  in  Texas,  by  H.  H.  Harrington. 

These  papers,  after  recounting  as  fully  as  possible  the  work  of 
earlier  investigators,  give,  as  far  as  the  facts  at  hand  seem  to  war- 
rant, the  results  of  the  authors'  own  geological  observations.  Taken 
in  connection  with  the  summary  by  Mr.  Dumble,  they  furnish  the 
first  comprehensive  description  of  the  geology  of  Texas  and  are  the 
basis  of  the  subsequent  work  of  the  survey. 

][>>/•/«•  of  second  year  (1890}. — Dr.  R.  S.  Wood  ward,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  work  of  establishing  the  one  hundred  and  fifth  meridian, 
remeasured  the  Texas  base  line  and  the  principal  triangulation  points 
of  Von  Streermvitz's  previous  year's  work,  verifying  its  correct- 
ness: and  in  November  Captain  Forney,  of  the  United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey,  reached  El  Paso  for  the  work  of  primary 
trianarulation  of  the  Rio  Grande  border.  Von  Streeruwitz,  in  ad- 
dition to  continuing  the  work  of  mapping  the  area,  made  such 
examination  a^>  the  conditions  would  permit  of  the  mineral  deposits 
of  the  region.  J.  A.  Taff  was  attached  to  Von  Streeruwitz's  party 
for  the  examination  of  the  Cretaceous  deposits  of  the  area. 

Comstock  completed  the  work  begun  in  the  central  mineral  region, 
securing  an  accurate  topographic  map  of  the  area  and  mapping 


486  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  general  geology  and  locating  the  principal  deposits  of  useful 
minerals,  so  far  as  known.  He  had  as  assistants  Messrs.  J.  C.  Nagle, 
C.  A.  Huppertz,  R.  A.  Thompson,  and  H.  B.  Jones.  In  September- 
Mr.  Nagle  left  the  survey  to  accept  an  appointment  as  assistant 
professor  of  engineering  at  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college. 
Tarr  made  a  reconnoissance  of  the  Guadalupe  Mountains,  and  then 
resigned  to  accept  work  at  Cornell  University.  Cummins  took  up 
the  detailed  study  of  the  coal  measures  of  the  central  coal  field, 
making  careful  instrumental  sections  across  them  and  locating  the 
outcrop  of  the  two  workable  seams  across  the  territory.  R.  T.  Hill 
was  appointed  geologist  in  charge  of  the  Cretaceous  area,  and  as  such 
studied  the  geology  of  the  Red  River  region  from  Texarkana  to 
Denison,  having  as  assistants  Messrs.  J.  S.  Stone.  J.  A.  Taff,  L.  T. 
Dashiel,  G.  H.  Ragsdale.  and  W.  T.  Davidson.  He  resigned  from 
the  survey  on  September  30. 

The  work  in  east  Texas  was  under  the  personal  supervision  of  Mr. 
Dumble.  Mr.  W.  Kennedy  mapped  the  iron  ores  of  Cass,  Harrison, 
and  other  counties  and  made  reconnoissance  of  Gregg  and  Marion. 
Mr.  Herndon  mapped  the  iron  ores  of  Smith  County  and  Mr.  Walker 
those  of  Rusk,  Panola,  Shelby,  and  Nacogdoches. 

A  part  of  Penrose's  collections  of  Tertiary  fossils  were  studied  by 
Prof.  A.  Heilprin;  parts  of  the  Cretaceous  collections  were  sent  to 
Dr.  F.  Roemer  at  Breslau ;  and  Prof.  Alpheus  Hyatt  determined  and 
described  a  number  of  nautiloid  forms  from  Cummins's  collections. 

The  chemical  laboratory  was  moved  to  the  basement  of  the  capitol 
late  in  1889  and  Mr.  L.  E.  Magnenat  appointed  assistant,  and  on  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Tilson  to  accept  the  position  of  assistant  professor 
of  chemistry  at  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college,  all  the 
chemical  work  was  concentrated  at  the  survey  laboratory. 

But  little  progress  was  made  in  museum  work,  but  the  library  was 
enlarged  by  purchase  as  much  as  the  funds  would  permit. 

To  supply  a  demand  from  the  public  high  schools  a  number  of 
small  collections  of  minerals  were  made  up  and  40  of  them  were 
distributed  during  the  year. 

Results. — Under  the  heading  Mineral  Resources  of  Texas  in 
the  second  annual  report,  1890,  Mr.  Dumble  gives  a  summary  of  the 
mineral  deposits  found  to  exist  in  the  State,  and  also  describes  the 
various  artesian  water  belts  found  within  it.  The  bulk  of  this  vol- 
ume, containing  800  pages,  is  made  up  of  the  detailed  reports  of  the 
various  geologists  and  assistants.  The  papers  are  as  follows : 

Report  on  the  Iron  Ore  District  of  East  Texas :  General  statement  and  re- 
ports on  Anderson  and  Houston  Counties,  E.  T.  Dumble:  Charcoal  manufacture 
in  Texas,  John  Birkinbine:  Lignites  and  their  utilization,  O.  Lerch;  Reports 
OB  Cass,  Marion,  Harrison,  Gregg,  Morris,  Upshur,  Van  Zaudt,  and  Henderson 


GEOLOGICAL   A^D    NATURAL    iilSTOKY   SU11VEYB.  487 

Counties,  W.  Kennedy ;  Smith  County,  J.  S.  Herndou ;  Paiiola,  Shelby,  Rusk. 
Nacogdoches,  and  Cherokee  Counties,  J.  B.  Walker. 

Carboniferous  cephalopods.  A.  Hyatt. 

Report  on  the  Geology  of  Northwest  Texas,  W.  F.  Cummins,  including 
Young,  Montague,  Jack,  Wise,  Parker,  Palo  Pinto,  Stephens,  Brown,  Eastland, 
and  Coleinan  Counties. 

Report  on  the  Geology  and  Mineral  Resources  oi!  Central  Mineral  Region  of 
Texas,  T.  B.  Comstock. 

Report  on  the  Geology  and  Mineral  Resources  of  Trans-Pecos  Texas,  W.  H. 
TOII  Streeruwitz. 

This  volume  gives  the  location  and  extent  of  the  deposits  of  linio- 
nite  ores  of  east  Texas,  descriptions  of  the  lignites,  greensand  marls, 
clays,  petroleum,  and  other  valuable  mineral  deposits  of  the  same 
district,  map  and  descriptions  of  the  workable  coal  beds  of  the  State, 
and  of  the  varied  mineral  resources  of  the  Llano  district  and  of  a 
portion  of  trans-Pecos  Texas.  Tarr's  report  on  the  Guadalupe 
Mountains  was  published  at  Bulletin  No.  3.  A.  C.  Gray  was  put  in 
charge  of  the  general  office  work  and  edited  the  second  annual  and 
subsequent  reports  of  the  survey. 

In  his  message  to  the  twenty-first  legislature,  Gov.  L.  S.  Ross  thus 
referred  to  the  work  of  the  survey : 

In  this  connection  is  presented  the  report  of  Professor  Dumble,  the  State 
geologist,  on  the  agricultural  and  economic  geology  of  the  State.  The  public 
long  felt  the  need  of  more  reliable  and  practical  information  relative  to  the  soils 
of  our  State  and  the  formations  underlying  them  and  their  adaptation  to  crops. 
Nothing,  in  my  opinion,  has  contributed  more  effectively  in  bringing  into  notice 
the  resources  of  our  State  than  the  work  of  Professor  Dumble  and  his  assistants, 
and  adequate  appropriations  should  be  made  to  meet  the  necessary  expenses  in 
continuing  this  work  on  a  more  extended  scale. 

At  this  time  a  very  determined  fight  was  begun  against  Mr.  Dum- 
ble as  State  geologist  by  certain  members  and  exmembers  of 'the  sur- 
vey, and  charges  of  incompetency  and  plagiarism  were  submitted  to 
Governor  Hogg  after  his  inauguration  in  1891.  They  were  investi- 
gated publicly  by  Mr.  John  E.  Rollings  worth,  commissioner  of  agri- 
culture, insurance,  statistics,  and  history,  and  the  charges  were  dis- 
missed. 

The  legislature  of  1891  not  only  made  provision  for  continuing 
the  survey,  but  added  a  special  appropriation  of  $3,000  for  an  inves- 
tigation of  lignite. 

Work  of  the  third  year  (1891). — In  the  second  report  of  progress 
Mr.  Dumble  gives  a  condensed  statement  of  the  work  of  the  year. 

The  parties  left  for  the  field  in  May  and  June.  To  extend  the 
knowledge  of  the  Gulf  Tertiaries  three  general  sections  were  planned, 
using  levels  of  the  railroad  lines  as  base  for  obtaining  elevations, 
supplemented  by  transit  and  level  lines  where  needed.  Mr.  Kennedy 


488  BULLETIN   100,    UNITED  STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

made  the  section  from  Terrell  by  way  of  Minneola.  Tyler.  Jackson- 
ville. Trinity.  Corrigan.  and  Colraesniel  to  the  Gulf  at  Sabine  Pass. 
Mr.  Walker's  section  was  west  of  the  Colorado  River  from  Cameron 
to  Galveston. 

Mr.  Taff  began  at  Corpus  Christi  and  made  his  section  by  way  of 
Laredo.  Cotulla.  and  Carrizo  Springs  to  Uvalde.  This  done.  Mr. 
Kennedy  made  a  detailed  study  of  Houston  County :  Mr.  Walker 
worked  in  Washington  County:  and  Mr.  Taff  traced  some  of  the 
Cretaceous  partings  from  Uvalde  to  Austin,  after  which  he  took  up 
the  study  of  the  Cretaceous  deposits  and  made  a  careful  section 
across  Lampasas  and  Williamson  counties.  Cummins  followed  and 
mapped  the  Cretaceous  escarpment  west  from  San  Angelo  to  the 
Staked  Plains;  followed  the  foot  of  the  plains  northward  to  the 
Fort  Worth  and  Denver  Railroad:  crossed  over  into  New  Mexico 
and  followed  the  valley  of  the  Pecos  River  to  Pecos  City,  practically 
circling  the  Llano  Estacado. 

Comstock  similarly  crossed  the  Cretaceous  southwestwardly  from 
Siin  Angelo.  making  a  close  instrumental  section  through  Sleicher, 
Sutton.  Val  Verde,  Kinney,  and  Maverick  counties  to  the  Rio 
Grande:  thence  northward  through  Uvalde.  Edwards.  Bandera. 
Kerr,  and  Gillespie,  connecting  with  his  work  of  the  previous  year. 

Von  Streeruwitz  returned  to  trans-Pecos,  Texas,  and  as  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  had  undertaken  the  further  topographic 
work  of  that  region,  he  took  up  work  farther  east  in  the  Diabolo  and 
Carrizo  Mountains.  Mr.  Singley  was  detailed  to  watch  the  progress 
of  the  deep  well  at  Galveston.  Mr.  Dumble.  with  the  assistance  of 
Mr.  J.  Owen,  made  a  section  of  the  Cretaceous  along  the  Rio  Grande 
between  Eagle  Pass  and  Del  Rio,  and  then  took  up  the.  lignite  in- 
vestigation, visiting  the  various  lignite  fields  of  Germany  and  Aus- 
tria, as  well  as  numerous  Texas  localities. 

Mr.  Herndon  was  relieved  from  duty  May  fi  and  Mr.  Magnenat 
appointed  to  succeed  him,  with  the  assistance  of  G.  H.  Wooten. 
Comstock  resigned  to  accept  the  directorship  of  the  Arizona  School 
of  Mines,  and  did  not  submit  report  of  his  work. 

Such  paleontologic  work  as  was  done  was  by  specialists.  Professor 
Cummins's  nautiloid  forms  were  again  sent  to  Prof.  A.  Hyatt,  while 
the  fossil  plants  collected  from  the  Carboniferous  and  Permian  were 
sent  to  I.  C.  White  and  the  vertebrate  fossils  to  E.  D.  Cope.  The 
Cretaceous  echinoderms  were  sent  to  W.  B.  Clark  of  Johns  Hopkins 
University. 

The  collections  in  the  museum  were  greatly  enlarged  and  better 
classified,  and  20  collections  of  minerals  distributed  to  high  schools. 

The  detailed  results  of  the  work  were  contained  in  the  reports  of 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  489 

the  geologists   and  assistants,  appearing  in  the   second   report   of 
progress  and  in  the  third  annual    report,  1891.     These  comprise : 

import  of  the  State  geologist,  E.  T.  Dumble. 

Report  on  Houston  County  and  Section  from  Terrell  to  Sabine  Pass,  W. 
Kennedy. 

Llano  Estacado  or  Staked  Plains,  W.  F.  Cummins. 

Notes  on  the  Geology  of  the  Country  West  of  the  Plains,  W.  F.  Cummins. 

Stratigraphy  of  the  Trinssic  Formation  iu  Northwest  Texas.  N.  F.  Drake. 

Report  on  Paleontology  of  the  Vertebrata,  E.  D.  Cope. 

Shells  Collected  in  a  Dry  Salt  Lake  near  Eddy,  New  Mexico,  V.  Sterki. 

Reports  on  the  Cretaceous  Area  North  of  the  Colorado  River,  ,7.  A.  Taff. 

Trans-Pecos  Texas.  W.  H.  von  Streeruwitz. 

In  this  volume  the  general  geological  section  of  the  first  year's 
work  is  expanded  by  the  additional  information  secured,  especially 
in  the  western  and  northwestern  portions  of  the  State. 

The  results  of  the  lignite  investigation  by  Mr.  Dumble  were  pub- 
lished separately  as  a  Report  on  the  Brown  Coal  and  Lignite  of 
Texas,  a  volume  of  243  pages,  giving  descriptions  of  the  various 
methods  of  utilizing  lignites  in  Germany  and  Austria,  descriptions 
of  all  known  occurrences  of  lignite  in  Texas,  with  analyses,  compari- 
son of  the  lignites  of  Europe  and  Texas,  and  recommendations  as  to 
their  utilization. 

Work  of  the  fourth  year  (1892}. — In  the  coastal  area  a  preliminary 
section  was  made  by  Messrs.  Dumble,  Cragin,  Kennedy,  Singley,  and 
Ragsdale,  through  Lee,  Washington,  and  Waller  counties,  after 
which  Mr.  Kenned}T  took  up  the  detailed  examination  of  Grimes, 
Brazos,,  and  Robertson  counties.  Mr.  Singley  remained  at  Gal- 
veston  until  the  completion  of  the  well  at  3,070  feet,  securing  a 
large  collection  of  material  from  it. 

Mr.  Taff,  assisted  by  Mr.  Leverett,  extended  the  work  of  the  pre- 
vious year  northward  from  Waco  to  Red  River,  with  especial  refer- 
ence to  the  artesian  water  conditions  of  the  area.  Messrs.  Drake  and 
Thompson  made  a  detailed  study  of  that  part  of  the  Carboniferous 
area  lying  between  the  Colorado  and  the  Brazos  divides,  carefully 
mapping  the  coal  seams  and  other  beds  of  value. 

E.  D.  Cope,  with  Cummins,  made  a  trip  along  the  Llano  Estacado 
for  the  purpose  of  collecting  vertebrate  fossils  from  the  Triassic  and 
Tertiary  beds,  after  which  Cummins's  work  embraced  the  examina- 
tion of  special  localities  in  the  Permian  or  red  beds  area,  including 
the  copper  horizons. 

Von  Streeruwitz  continued  his  work  in  west  Texas.  Dr.  A.  Osann 
was  appointed  mineralogist  and  petrographer  of  the  survey  and 
began  work  in  December.  Messrs.  Magnenat  and  Wooten  were  in 
charge  of  the  laboratory  until  September  1,  when  they  resigned.  Dr. 


4i)U  BULJJiTl-V    KM,    I.-NITKD   STATUS    NATIONAL    .MUSE  CM. 

\V.  PI.  Melville,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  was  then 
appointed  chemist,  with  Mr.  L.  E.  Dickson  as  assistant.  F.  W. 
Cragin  was  appointed  to  study  the  large  collection  of  Cretaceous 
fossils,  and  G.  D.  Harris  to  study  the  Tertiary  invertebrates.  Pro- 
fessor Hyatt  continued  his  work  on  the  Carboniferous  cephalapods 
and  E.  D.  Cope  on  the  vertebrates.  The  museum  collection  was 
greatly  enlarged  and  improved  during  the  year. 

The  fourth  annual  report,  1892,  comprising  the  published  results 
of  this  work,  was  submitted  for  publication  a»  usual,  but  the  print- 
ing board  decided  that  only  1,100  copies  could  be  printed  and  that 
none  could  be  bound.  Permission  was  obtained,  however,  to  print 
the  report  in  parts,  of  which  11  were  issued,  as  follows: 

Part  1.  Report  of  State  Geologist. 

Part  2.  Report  on  Grimes,  Brazos,  aud  Robertson  Counties,  W.  Kennedy. 

Part  3.  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Artesian  Wells  of  the  Gulf  Coastal  Slope. 
J.  A.  Singley;  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Organic  Reins' ins  Obtained  from  the 
Deep  Well  at  Galveston,  G.  D.  Harris. 

Part  4.  Report  on  the  Rocks  of  Trans- Pivos.  Tex  us.  A.  Osaun  ;  Trans- Per-os. 
Texas,  W.  H.  von  Streeruwitz. 

Part  5.  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Northwest  Texas,  W.  F.  Cummins. 

Part  6.  Report  on  the  Cretaceous  Area  North  of  the  Colorado  River,  J.  A. 
Taff,  S.  Leverett,  assistant. 

Part  7.  Report  on  the  Colorado  Coal  Field  of  Texas,  N.  F.  Drake ;  Report  on 
Soils,  Water  Supply,  and  Irrigation  of  the  Colorado  Coal  Field,  R.  A.  Thompson. 

Part  8.  A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Vertebrate  Paleontology  of  the  Llano 
Estacado,  E.  D.  Cope. 

Part  9.  Contribution  to  the  Invertebrate  Paleontology  of  the  Texas  Cre- 
taceous, F.  W.  Cragin. 

Part  10.  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  Texas,  J.  A.  Siugley. 

Part  11.  Carboniferous  Cephalopods,  second  paper,  Alphens  Hyatt. 

There  was  also  published  during  the  year  Bulletin  No.  1,  con- 
taining : 

Artesian  Water  on  the  Llano  Estacado,  by  Dr.  George  G.  Shumard. 
Report   and  Analyses  of  Texas   Sumach    (Rlius   copallina),   by   George   H. 
Knlteyer. 

With  the  issuance  of  the  fourth  annual  report,  the  printed  record 
of  the  survey  ceases.  Its  history  after  that  time  is  supplied  by  Mr. 
Durable  from  copies  of  manuscript  in  his  possession  and  others  in 
the  State  archives. 

'Work  of  the  -fifth  year-  (1893}.— The  fight  against  the  survey 
which  began  at  the  former  legislature  was  taken  up  again  before  the 
twenty-third  and  its  opponents  succeeded  in  having  the  amount  of 
the  appropriation  reduced  from  $35,000  to  $20,000  a  year.  The  total 
of  the  general  appropriation  bill,  however,  so  far  exceeded  the 
probable  receipts  that  in  order  to  prevent  a  deficiency  serious  to  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  491 

State's  financial  interest,  Governor  Hogg  vetoed  a  great  number  of 
items,  among  them  that  of  the  survey  for  the  second  year.  In  his 
message  he  writes  the  cause  thus : 

For  the  reason  that  for  the  year  ending  February  28,  1894,  a  like  appro- 
priation of  $20,000  is  made,  and  that  by  the  time  it  is  exhausted  such  work 
will  have  progressed  far  in  advance  of  the  demands  of  the  times.  The  State 
can  not  engage  in  the  mining  business,  but  must  give  way  to  private  enterprise 
jmd  capital.  Up  to  date,  through  the  efficient  corps  of  the  scientific  gentlemen 
connected  with  and  in  charge  of  the  geological  department,  she  has  pointed 
the  way  to  mines  and  minerals  of  great  value  on  public  and  private  lands, 
and  has  laid  out  work  enough  to  engage  industry  and  capital  of  immense  pro- 
portions for  many  years  to  come.  It  is  deemed  advisable  now  not  to  destroy 
but  to  preserve  intact  the  rich  mineral  specimens  gathered  and  the  valuable 
surveys  made  by  this  department  until  such  time  in  the  future,  after  the 
expiration  of  the  current  year,  as  public  interest  may  dictate  that  the  survey 
shall  be  renewed  and  continued. 

This  reduced  appropriation  necessitated  a  rearrangement  of  the 
forces,  and  efforts  were  directed  chiefly  toward  the  completion  of  the 
work  in  hand  and  filling  in  the  gaps.  To  bring  expenditures  within 
appropriation,  nearly  all  the  force  was  discontinued  on  September  1, 
others  being  continued  until  their  reports  were  completed. 

Mr.  Kennedy  spent  two  months  without  result  watching  the  sink- 
ing of  a  well  by  the  Gladys  City  Oil  Company,  south  of  Beaumont, 
where  later  Capt.  A.  F.  Lucas  brought  in  his  phenomenal  gusher  and 
opened  up  the  Spindle  Top  field.  He  then  returned  to  Austin  and 
completed  his  paper  on  the  clays  of  Texas. 

Mr.  Dumble  made  two  instrumental  sections  across  southwest  Texas. 
The  first,  beginning  at  La  Costa  on  the  Galveston,  Harrisburg  and  San 
Antonio  Railroad,  followed  Atascosa  Creek  and  the  Nueces  River 
to  the  San  Antonio  and  Aransas  Pass  Railroad  at  Wade,  passing 
through  Lytle,  Pleasanton,  Oakville,  Dinero,  and  Lagarto.  The 
second  began  at  San  Diego  and  was  run  northward  by  Gray's  and 
Gueydan's  ranches  to  Tilden,  and  thence  to  Pearsall  on  the  Inter- 
national &  Great  Northern  Railroad.  He  had  as  assistants  Messrs. 
Singley,  Mathias,  Leverett,  and  Posey.  Later,  Mr.  Dumble  made  the 
section  between  San  Antonio  and  Laredo  along  the  International  & 
Great  Northern  Railroad,  and  eastward  along  the  Mexican  National 
Railroad  to  Los  Ojuelos,  Ochoa,  and  Pena.  Messrs.  Taff  and 
Leverett,  continuing  the  work  of  the  previous  year,  mapped  the  Cre- 
taceous area  west  of  the  Colorado  River.  Sections  were  made  along 
its  northern  boundary  between  Austin  and  Fredericksburg  and  across 
it  from  Lange's  Mill,  Gillespie  County,  by  way  of  Kerrville  and 
Boerne  to  the  Balcones  fault,  three  miles  southeast  of  Leon  Springs, 
Bexar  County. 


492  IH'LLETIN    10!',    UNITED    STATIC    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Professor  Cummins,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Drake,  traced  out 
the  stratigraphic  relations  of  the  beds  formerly  known  as  Albany 
or  Colorado  with  those  of  the  Wichita,  and  found  the  former  to  be 
simply  the  direct  southward  continuation  of  the  latter.  Later,  Cum- 
mins and  Dumble  made  a  study  of  the  line  of  Cretaceous  capped 
buttes  west  of  Stonewall  in  a  search  for  possible  Jurassic  deposits. 
This  section  wa>  continued  to  the  Staked  Plains  in  Garza  County, 
when  they  turned  south  to  Big  Springs.  A  careful  study  and  large 
collections  were  also  made  of  the  interesting  section  at  Kent,  El  Paso 
County.  In  the  trans-Pecos  the  work  was  confined  to  a  trip  by 
Osann  and  von  Streeruwitz  for  the  investigation  of  the  more  im- 
portant eruptives  and  igneous  rocks,  of  which  Osann  had  found 
specimens  in  the  collections. 

Professor  Cragin's  work  on  the  Cretaceous  collections  was  con- 
tinued until  June,  when  he  resigned.  The  study  of  the  Tertiary 
invertebrates  was  continued  through  the  year  by  Professor  Harris, 
who  not  only  determined  the  forms  collected  by  the  survey,  but  made 
large  collections  himself,  not  only  in  Texas,  but  also  at  type  localities 
in  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  after  comparison  with  the  collec- 
tions in  Philadelphia,  Washington,  and  that  of  Mr.  Aldrich,  installed 
the  entire  collection  in  the  museum,  leaving  it  in  the  best  possible 
shape  for  use.  He  also  prepared  a  monograph  on  the  Texas  Tertiary 
invertebrates,  with  descriptions  and  figures  of  all  forms  which  had 
been  found  in  Texas. 

Professor  Hyatt  continued  his  assistance  and  had  a  number  of 
forms  from  the  Double  Mountain  division  or  Upper  Permian  horizon 
for  determination,  and  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope  made  a  number  of  determi- 
nations of  vertebrate  forms  collected  during  the  year.  Mr.  Charles 
S.  Simpson,  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  studied  and 
described  the  Triassic  Unionidae  collected  by  Cummins  in  Garza 
County. 

Doctor  Melville  died  in  February,  and  Mr.  Dickson  continued  his 
work  until  his  resignation  in  August,  when  the  laboratory  was 
closed. 

In  addition  to  the  installation  of  the  suite  of  Tertiary  inverte- 
brates, collections  of  the  land  and  fresh-water  shells  and  of  the  birds 
were  also  placed  in  the  museum. 

The  fifth  annual  report  was  prepared  and  submitted  for  publi- 
cation. The  printing  board  deferred  action  from  time  to  time  and 
finally  declined  to  order  the  report  printed,  on  account  of  the  de- 
pleted condition  of  the  State  treasury.  They  also  refused  permission 
for  printing  at  private  expense.  The  report  comprised  the  follow- 
ing: 


GEOLOGICAL   AXD   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEYS.  493 

Aunual  Report  of  the  Stale  Geologist,  E.  T.  Durnble. 

Report  on  the  Geology  and  Water  Conditions  of  Southwest  Texas,  E.  T. 
Durable. 

Report  on  the  Clays  of  Texas,  W.  Kennedy. 

Report  on  the  Cretaceous  Area  West  of  the  Colorado  River,  J.  A.  Tuft'. 

Report  on  the  Permian  of  Texas,  W.  E.  Cummins. 

Monograph  of  the  Tertiary  Invertebrates  of  Texas,  G.  D.  Harris. 

Triassic  Unionidae,  Chas.  T.  Simpson. 

A  Geological  Map  of  the  State  of  Texas,  compiled  by  E.  T.  Dumble. 

Mr.  Dumble,  in  1902,  published  a  paper  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  entitled  Geology  of  South- 
west Texas,  containing  a  portion  of  the  matter  in  the  report  sub- 
mitted with  the  fifth  annual  report.  Mr.  Simpson  printed  his  con- 
tribution in  the  papers  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  and 
Mr.  G.  D.  Harris  published  that  portion  of  his  work  representing 
new  species  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy. 

Work  of  thi'  sixth  year  (1894}. — The  corps  at  the  beginning  of 
this  year  consisted  of  the  State  geologist,  one  geologist  (Cummins), 
and  a  small  office  force.  With  the  expiration  of  the  appropriation, 
February  28,  the  office  force  was  discontinued. 

The  last  field  work  under  the  appropriation  included  a  careful 
examination  of  the  water  conditions  along  the  Texas  and  Pacific  Rail- 
way, between  San  Martin  and  Kent,  on  the  north  face  of  the  Davis 
Mountains,  and  the  investigation  of  the  San  Carlos  coal  field  in  El 
Paso  County.  The  lack  of  an  appropriation,  however,  did  not  en- 
tirely stop  the  work,  for  during  the  year  the  following  investigations 
were  made  by  Mr.  Dumble  as  State  geologist : 

That  of  the  water  conditions  of  a  large  part  of  Hall  County,  in- 
cluding the  town  of  Memphis;  a  similar  investigation  of  the  valley 
of  the  Pecjernales  from  Fredericksburg  westward;  examination  of 
the  water  conditions  of  the  town  of  Mexia,  in  which  Professor  Cum- 
mins assisted;  a  study  of  the  artesian  conditions  along  the  Interna- 
tional and  Great  Northern  Railroad  from  Houston  to  Groveton;  a 
brief  investigation  of  the  asphaltum  deposits  of  Burnett  County,  in 
company  with  Doctor  Penrose;  a  study  of  the  Diabolo  Mountain 
section  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Hazel  mine.  Professor  Cummins  as- 
sisted in  this  last  and  spent  the  remainder  of  the  season  on  work 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Eagle  Mountains  and  westward. 

The  chemical  laboratory  was  reopened,  and  Mr.  Dumble  did  con- 
siderable chemical  work  during  the  latter  portion  of  the  year  in 
answer  to  numerous  inquiries  therefor.  In  the  museum  considerable 
progress  was  made  in  the  rearrangement  and  classification  of  the 
collections. 

The  publications  based  on  these  examinations  were  as  follows: 


494  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Cretaceous  of  West  Texas  and  Coabuila,  E.  T.  Dnmble,  Bulletin  Geologic!,! 
Society  of  America,  volume  6. 

Notes  on  the  Texas  Tertiaries,  E.  T.  Duuible,  Texas  Academy  of  Science,  1894 

Soils  of  Texas,  E.  T.  Duiuble,  Texas  Academy  of  Science,  1895. 

Red  Sandstone  of  the  Diabolo  Mountains,  E.  T.  Durable,  Texas  Academy  of 
Science,  1901. 

On  the  inauguration  of  C.  A.  Culberson  as  governor  in  1895,  A.  J. 
Hose  was  appointed  commissioner  of  agriculture,  insurance,  statis- 
tics, and  history.  After  an  examination  of  the  amount  of  correspond- 
ence and  demands  for  information  on  matters  pertaining  to  the  geo- 
logical branch,  he  reappointed  Mr.  Dumble  State  geologist,  with  the 
understanding  that  in  event  of  lack  of  appropriation  for  salary  Mr. 
Dumble  could  collect  and  retain  the  regular  fees  for  work  in  return 
for  carrying  on  the  affairs  of  the  department.  This  arrangement 
continued  during  his  term  of  office  as  commissioner. 

The  twenty-fourth  legislature  passed  an  appropriation  for  con- 
tinuing the  survey  for  two  years  from  March  1,  1895,  but  this  was 
vetoed  by  Governor  Culberson. 

During  1895  and  1896  Mr.  Dumble  investigated  and  reported  on 
the  water  supply  of  the  cities  of  Galveston,  Houston,  Palestine, 
Denison,  and  Taylor,  made  numerous  examinations  of  mineral  de- 
posits in  various  portions  of  the  State,  attended  to  the  very  con- 
siderable correspondence  of  the  office  and  completed  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  collections  in  the  museum.  The  fees  collected  for  the 
two  years  amounted  to  a  little  over  $3,600. 

Tn  March,  1897,  Mr.  Dumble  was  appointed  consulting  geologist 
for  the  Southern  Pacific  Company,  after  which,  until  the  close  of  his 
connection  with  the  department  in  February,  1899,  the  work  done  for 
the  survey  was  confined  entirely  to  the  correspondence. 

The  legislature  which  met  in  1899  provided  for  the  transfer  of  the 
laboratory,  library,  and  collections  of  the  geological  survey  to  the 
University  of  Texas,  and  this  was  done. 

Expenses. — The  expenditures  of  the  survey  up  to  December  15, 
1888,  amounted  to  $3.983.71 : 

Salaries  of  State  and  assistant  geologist $1, 348.  87 

Salary  of  State  chemist 164.88 

Salary  of  clerks 664.  00 

Equipment 997. 13 

Field    expenses 785. 85 

Other  expenses 22.  9t 


$3,  983.  71 


From  December  15, 1888,  to  December  31,  1889,  the  appropriations 
and  expenditures  were  as  follows: 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  495 

Balance  of  first  appropriation $11,016.29 

Appropriation  Mar.  1,  1889,  to  Feb.  28,  1890 35,000.00 

Expended : 

Salaries $21,  796.  28 

Field   equipment 731.  71 

Field  expenses 6,234.48 

Instruments  and  apparatus 3,  479.  28 

Furniture   and  fittings 3,376.93 

Books  and  maps 403.38 

Laboratory    supplies 1, 309.  86 

Printing 363.  50 

Office  supplies 161. 87 

Incidentals 570. 28 

Balance 7,  588.  72 

$46, 016.  29 

From  January  1,  1890,  to  December  31,  1890,  the  appropriations 
and  expenditures  were  as  follows: 

Bnlance  on  hand  Dec.  31,  1889 $7,588.72 

Appropriation  Mar.  1,  1890,  to  Feb.  28,  1891 35,  000.  00 

Expended : 

Salaries $23, 851.  49 

Field  equipment 766.  02 

Field  expenses ,. 6, 104.  00 

Instruments  and  apparatus 318.  55 

Furniture  and  fittings 490. 18 

Books  and  maps     981.78 

Laboratory    supplies 927.  09 

Printing 371.  65 

Office  supplies 37.65 

Incidentals 399.  63 

Balance 8,340.68 


$42,  588.  72 

From  January  1,  1891,  to  December  31,  1891,  the  appropriations 
and  expenditures  of  the  geological  survey  were  as  follows : 

Balance  unexpended,  Dec.  31,  1890 $8, 340. 68 

Appropriation  Mar.  1,  1891,  to  Feb.  29,  1892 35,  000.  00 

Expended : 

Salaries $21,  045.  61 

Field  equipment 617.43 

Field  expenses 6,  329.  36 

Instruments  and  apparatus 1,  346. 19 

Furniture  and  fittings 700.  95 

Books  and  maps . 802.  93 

Laboratory  supplies 635.  77 

Printing  and  engraving 1,  998.  40 

Office  supplies 417.41 

Incidentals 435. 70 

Balance 9,  010. 93 

-  $43,  340.  68 
136075-20 33 


496  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Appropriation  for  traveling  and  other  expenses  of  an  investiga- 
tion into. the  utilization  of  lignite: 

Amount  of  appropriation $3,  000.  00 

Amount  expended 3,553.75 

Balance $1.  446.  25 

Appropriation  and  expenditures  from  January  1,  1892,  to  Decem- 
ber 31,  1892 : 

Balance  unexpended  Dec.  31,  1891 -  $9,010.93 

Appropriation  Mar.  1,  1892,  to  Feb.  28,  1893 35,000.00 

Expended : 

Salaries   _.__: $23,619.05 

Field    equipment 501.73 

Field  expenses 6,671.61 

Instruments  and  apparatus 267.10 

Furniture  and  fittings 3,  251. 15 

Books  and  maps 1, 176.  99 

Laboratory    supplied 785.  65 

Printing  and  engraving 1, 129.  53 

Office   supplies 590.83 

Incidentals    853.  52 

Balance 5, 163.  77 

$44, 010.  93 

Appropriation  for  traveling  and  other  expenses  of  an  investiga- 
tion into  the  utilization  of  lignite : 

Balance $1,  446.  25 

Amount  expended 1,446.  25 

Appropriation  and  expenditures  from  January  1,  1893,  to  Febru- 
ary 29,  1894: 

Balance  unexpended  Dec.  31,  1892 $5,163.77 

Appropriation  Mar.  1,  1893,  to  Feb.  29,  1894 20,  000.  00 


Expended:  Salaries,  field  expenses,  etc $25,163.77 

VERMONT. 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  CHARLES  B.  ADAMS  AND  ZADOCK  THOMPSON, 
1844-1856. 

The  matter  of  a  geological  survey  of  Vermont  was  first  brought  to 
the  consideration  of  the  general  assembly  during  the  administration 
of  Governor  Jennison  in  1836,  and  the  following  year  (October  ses- 
sion, 1837)  the  subject  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  education, 
on  whose  behalf  Governor  Eaton  submitted  to  the  senate  a  report, 
an  extract  of  which  forms  Appendix  5  in  the  preliminary  report  on 
the  natural  history  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  prepared  by  Judge 
Augustus  Young  in  1856. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  497 

This  report  contains  little  that  is  of  interest  to-day,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  his  remarks  relative  to  the  comparative  value  of  topo- 
graphic and  geological  \vork.  In  discussing  which  of  these  two  sur- 
veys should  have  precedence  in  view  of  the  importance  of  carrying 
both  on  together  he  remarks: 

But  as  one  is  not  essential  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  other,  and  as  the 
expense  of  an  accurate  topographical  survey,  carried  on  only  to  such  an  extent 
as  would  doubtless  be  deemed  advisable,  if  it  were  undertaken  at  all,  would 
be,  according  to  the  estimates  before  us,  not  less  than  $10,000  or  $12,000,  the 
committee,  in  view  of  the  considerations,  *  *  *  are  of  the  opinion  that 
a  geological  survey  should  be  the  first  undertaken,  leaving  the  other  enterprise 
to  some  future  period  when  its  execution  will  be  more  imperiously  demanded 
by  the  wants  and  more  clearly  justified  by  the  wealth  of  the  State. 

Although  the  subject  of  the  survey  was  discussed  at  the  succeeding 
session  of  the  general  assembly,  the  first  act  relative  thereto  was  not 
passed  until  October,  1844,  and  a  second  in  December,  1853,  the  one 
making  provision  for  such  a  survey  and  the  other  providing  for  its 
completion.  The  text  of  these  acts  is  as  follows : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,  1844. 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  appoint  a  State 
geologist,  who  shall  have  a  competent  knowledge  of  scientific  and  practical 
geology  and  mineralogy,  and  shall  be  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  governor  for 
the  time  being  and  removable  at  his  pleasure. 

SKC.  2.  The  State  geologist,  with  the  approbation  of  the  governor,  shall  from 
time  to  time  appoint  all  proper  and  necessary  assistants,  fix  their  compensations, 
direct  them  in  their  labors,  and  remove  them  and  appoint  others  whenever  it 
shall  be  found  necessary  or  expedient. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist,  as  soon  as  practicable,  to 
commence  and  prosecute  a  thorough  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the 
State,  embracing  therein  a  full  and  scientific  examination  and  description  of  its 
rocks,  soils,  metals,  and  minerals;  make  careful  and  complete  assays  and 
analyses  of  the  same,  and  annually,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  October,  to  re- 
port to  the  governor  the  progress  of  the  work,  the  most  eflicient  and  economical 
manner  of  conducting  it,  and  an  estimate  of  the  expense  for  the  ensuing  year. 

SEC.  4.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act  the 
8um  of  $2,000  annually,  for  the  term  of  three  years,  is  hereby  appropriated. 

SEC.  5.  All  claims,  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  presented  to  the 
auditor  of  accounts  for  allowance,  who  shall  draw  orders  on  the  treasurer  of 
the  State  for  the  amount  he  shall  find  due,  equal  to  but  not  exceeding  in  any 
year  the  annual  appropriation. 

Approved  October  28,  1844. 

An  act  to  provide  for  completing  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  1853. 

It  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  as 
follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  hereby  directed  and  authorized  to  appoint  Prof. 
Zadock  Thompson,  State  naturalist,  who  shall  be  subject  to  the  orders  of  the 
governor  for  the  time  being  and  removable  at  his  discretion. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  naturalist  to  enter,  as  soon  as  prac- 
ticable, upon  a  thorough  prosecution  and  completion  of  the  geological  survey  of 


498  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  State,  embracing  therein  a  full  and  scientific  examination  and  description  of 
it*  rocks,  soils,  metals,  and  minerals:  make  careful  and  complete  assays  and 
analyses  of  the  same,  and  prepare  the  results  of  his  labors  for  publication 
under  the  three  following  titles,  to  wit : 

First.  Physical  Geography,  Scientific  Geology,  and  Mineralogy. 
Second.  Economical  Geology,  embracing  Botany  and  Agriculture. 
Third.  General  Zoology  of  the  State. 

SEC.  3.  Whenever  sufficient  facts  and  materials  shall  have  been  collected  upon 
the  first  of  the  above-named  subjects  to  form  a  volume  of  not  less  than  500 
pages,  octavo,  the  State  naturalist  shall  make  report  thereof  to  the  secretary  of 
state,  with  an  estimate  of  the  size  and  probable  cost  of  publication,  who  shall 
immediately  issue  a  circular  addressed  to  the  several  town  clerks  in  the  State, 
specifying  the  nature,  size,  number  of  engravings,  and  estimated  cost  of  the  work, 
and  requesting  them  to  post  up  such  circular  in  their  respective  offices;  also 
to  convey  notices  of  such  circular  to  the  public  by  such  other  means  as  they  may 
adopt  to  receive  subscriptions  for  the  work,  and  within  40  days  from  the  time 
of  their  receiving  such  circular  return  such  subscriptions  to  the  said  secretary ; 
and  said  secretary  shall  also  transmit  like  circulars  to  all  the  publishers  of 
newspapers  printed  within  this  State,  with  a  request  for  gratuitous  publication 
of  the  same. 

SEC.  4.  Immediately  upon  the  expiration  of  the  above-named  period  and  the 
return  of  said  subscriptions  the  secretary  of  state  shall  issue  proposals  for 
printing  said  work,  specifying  the  size  and  quantity  of  engravings,  style  of 
binding,  quality  of  paper,  and  number  of  volumes  required,  which  shall  not  ex- 
ceed more  than  one-fifth  the  whole  number  of  subscriptions  returned ;  the  period 
within  which  said  work  shall  be  completed,  and  the  time  and  place  for  opening 
bids ;  and  at  the  said  specified  time  and  place  the  said  secretary  shall  open  and 
examine  the  bids,  and  the  lowest  bid,  having  due  regard  to  the  ability  and  re- 
sponsibility of  the  person  making  the  same,  shall  be  accepted.  And  the  said 
secretary  shall  take  a  bond  from  the  person  whose  bid  is  accepted,  conditioned 
upon  faithful  performance  of  his  said  contract,  in  a  sum  not  less  than  double 
the  cost  of  the  work.  And  when  the  said  work  shall  be  completed  and  accepted 
by  said  secretary  he  shall  cause  to  be  sent  to  the  constable  of  each  town  such 
number  of  volumes  as  have  been  subscribed  for  in  such  town,  with  a  list  of  such 
subscriptions,  and  each  of  said  constables  shall  deliver  the  said  volumes,  collect 
the  actual  cost  thereof,  and  pay  over  the  same  into  the  treasury  of  the  State. 

SEC.  5.  Whenever  sufficient  facts  and  materials  shall  have  been  collected  and 
arranged  under  the  second  and  third  titles  specified  in  section  2  the  same  shall 
be  published  in  their  order,  agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  sections  3  and  4  of 
this  act. 

SEC.  6.  The  sum  of  $1,000  annually  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  term  of 
three  years,  and  until  otherwise  ordered  by  the  legislature  of  this  State,  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  7.  All  claims  under  this  act  shall  be  presented  to  the  auditor  of  accounts 
for  allowance,  who  shall  draw  orders  on  the  treasurer  of  the  State  for  the 
amount  he  shall  find  due,  equal  to  but  not  exceeding  in  any  year  the  annual 
appropriation. 
Approved  December  6,  1853. 

As  will  be  noted,  the  survey  as  proposed  had  no  connection  with 
any  other  institution  and  was  to  be  sustained  by  annual  appropri- 
ations. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.       499 

Administration. — Under  the  act  of  1844  Prof.  Charles  B.  Adams, 
at  that  time  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  history  in  Middle- 
bury  College,  was  appointed  State  geologist,  entering  upon  his 
duties  on  March  1,  1845.  He  was  assisted  by  Zadock  Thompson  and 
the  Rev.  S.  E.  Hall,  who,  according  to  the  law,  were  appointed  with 
the  approbation  of  the  governor.  He  was  also  assisted  from  time  to 
time  by  Dr.  Edward  Hitchcock  and  others.  In  the'report  for  1845- 
46  it  is  mentioned  that  Denison  Olmsted,  jr.,  was  engaged  upon 
chemical  work  for  the  survey,  and  that,  upon  his  decease,  which  took 
place  August  15,  1846,  T.  S.  Hunt,  then  in  New  Haven,  was  qualified 
to  fill  the  position. 

The  salary  of  the  State  geologist,  as  appears  from  the  report  of 
expenses,  was  $600  a  year  for  the  first  two  years  of  the  survey  and 
$700  for  the  third.  The  field  assistants,  Messrs.  Thompson  and 
Hall,  appear  to  have  been  paid  only  for  the  time  of  actual  service, 
the  amount  for  both,  so  far  as  can  be  learned,  being  $455  for  1845, 
$574  for  1846,  and  $280  for  1847. 

The  duties  devolving  upon  the  State  geologist,  in  virtue  of  the  act 
of  1844,  were  to  begin  and  prosecute  a  thorough  geological  survey  of 
the  State,  embracing  therein  a  full  and  scientific  examination  and 
description  of  the  rocks,  soils,  metals,  and  minerals,  and  to  make 
careful  and  complete  analyses  and  assays  of  the  same,  and  also  to 
report  annually,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  October,  on  the  progress 
of  the  work. 

Although  not  so  stated  in  the  law,  it  appears  to  have  been  under- 
stood that  a  collection  of  rocks  and  minerals  of  the  State  was  to  be 
formed,  and  in  the  report  for  1846  mention  is  made  of  the  fact  that 
not  far  from  7,000  specimens  had  been  obtained  "  during  the  present 
season  alone";  also  in  the  report  for  1847  mention  is  made  of  the 
preparation  of  eight  suites,  one  of  which  was  for  the  State  collection 
and  the  others  for  the  University  of  Vermont,  Middlebury  College, 
for  the  personal  use  of  Professor  Adams;  for  the  medical  college  at 
Woodstock ;  for  the  medical  college  at  Castleton ;  for  the  Troy  Con- 
ference College  at  Poultney ;  and  for  the  university  at  Norwich. 

The  legislature  made  no  provision  for  embodying  the  facts 
gathered  during  the  three  years  of  the  survey  in  a  systematic  report, 
and  with  the  cessation  of  the  appropriations  in  1847  Professor  Adams 
accepted  a  professorship  in  Amherst  College,  Massachusetts.  In 
1848,  Prof.  Zadock  Thompson  was  commissioned  by  the  governor  to 
take  charge  of  the  collections  pending  final  action  by  the  legislature 
relative  to  the  completion  of  the  survey,  by  virtue  of  the  following 
resolution : 

Resolved  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  That  all  collections 
of  minerals,  field  notes,  and  all  preparations  and  materials  amassed  by  the 


500  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

State  geologist  for  a  final  report  upon  the  geological  survey  be  brought  together 
by  some  suitable  person,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  and  be  deposited  in 
the  State  house  under  the  care  of  the  State  librarian,  that  nothing  may  be  lost, 
and  that  the  State  may  have  the  benefit  of  these  collections  whenever  the  State 
shall  deem  it  expedient  to  prosecute  the  survey  to  Qpmpletion. 

Unfortunately,  before  action  was  taken  on  the  matter  of  prepara- 
tion of  the  final,  report  mentioned,  Professor  Adams  died.1 

In  the  December  following  the  decease  of  Professor  Adams  was 
passed  the  act  given  on  pages  497-8,  providing  for  the  completion  of 
the  survey.  In  this  act,  it  will  be  noted,  botany  and  general  zoology 
were  added  to  the  items  to  be  considered :  that  is,  the  survey  was  to 
be  a  general  natural  history  survey.  Under  this  act  Professor 
Thompson  was  appointed  State  naturalist. 

It  was  Thompson's  desire  to  carry  out  systematic  investigations 
and  publish  them  to  the  world  in  the  form  of  a  physical  geography 
and  natural  history  of  the  State,  which  should  consist  of  three 
volumes,  the  first  devoted  to  geology,  the  second  to  botany,  and  the 
third  to  zoology.  It  was  found,  however,  that  Adams's  custom  had 
been  to  keep  his  notes  in  a  very  abbreviated  form,  quite  incompre- 
hensible to  his  successors,  and  Professor  Thompson  early  announced 
that  more  labor  would  be  involved  in  deciphering  them  than  in  going 
over  the  ground  anew.  Unfortunately,  too.  Professor  Thompson 
was  himself  cut  off  by  death  on  January  19,  1856.  and  the  second 
attempt  at  a  survey  came  to  an  end. 

Up  to  1856,  then,  the  entire  results  of  the  survey,  as  made  public, 
amounted  to  four  annual  reports  by  Professor  Adams,  consisting  of 
92,  267,  32,  and  8  pages,  respectively,  and  the  report  of  Judge  Young 
of  88  pages. 

On  February  27  following,  Mr.  Augustus  Young  was  appointed 
State  naturalist  to  fill  the  vacancy  until  the  next  meeting  of  the 
general  assembly.  Young,  however,  lived  only  to  publish  a  report 
of  88  pages,  giving  a  history  of  the  survey  up  to  date,  when  he,  too, 
died,  and  the  winter  following  "  another  heavy  providential  dis- 
aster fell  upon  the  work  in  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the  fine  collec- 
tions made  by  Professor  Adams  and  others — a  ruin  so  complete  that 
probably  not  50  specimens  remain  fit  to  take  a  place  in  the  new 
cabinet."  (Hitchcock.) 

Expenses. — The  expenses  under  the  Adams  survey  can  not  be  given 
with  absolute  accuracy,  since  the  actual  expenditures  as  given  cover 
for  but  seven  months  of  each  year,  those  for  the  remaining  five 
months  being  given  in  the  form  of  estimates. 
Appropriations,  1845-1847.  three  years,  at  $2,000  a  year $6,000.  Of 

1  Professor  Adams  died  on  the  Island  of  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  January  18,  1853. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  501 

Expenditures : 

Traveling  expenses  of  principal  and  assistants S321.  38 

Salary  of  principal  geologist 325.  00 

Services  of  President  Hitchcock 75.00 

Salaries  of  two  field  assistants 400.  00 

Services  of  occasional  assistants 89. 43 

Apparatus  and  expenses  at  depot  of  specimens,  includ- 

cluding  shelves,  rent,  etc 78.68 

Postage  and  transportation 46.  73 

$1,  338. 22 

The  estimates  for  the  remainder  of  the  year,  up  to -Mar  1, 

1846,  are  as  follows: 

Traveling  expenses 25. 00 

Salary  of  principal  geologist 275.00 

Services  of  occasional  assistants 55.00 

Barometer,  case  and  packing 68.  00 

Expenses  of  depot  of  specimens,  including  rent  and 

fuel 20. 00 

Postage  and  transportation 20.00 

Chemical  analyses 200.  00 

663.00 

$1, 999.  23 

The  expenses  of  the  geological  survey,  from  Mar  1,  1846, 
to  Oct.  1,  1846,  were  the  following: 

Traveling  expenses  of  principal  and  assistants 358.27 

Salary  of  principal 350.00 

Salaries  of  commissioned  assistants 1 324.00 

Services  of  occasional  assistants 90.42 

Services  of  President  Hitchcock 54. 00 

Apparatus,  engravings,  and  expenses  of  the  geological 

depot,  including  rent,  fuel,  mineral  trays,  etc 222. 12 

Transportation  and  postage 64.42 

-  $1, 463.  2Z 
The  estimates  for  the  remainder  of  the  year,  up  to  Mar.  1, 

1847,  were  the  following: 

Traveling   expenses 20. 00 

Salary  of  the  principal 250.00 

Services  of  occasional  assistants 32.77 

Expenses  of  the  geological  depot 20. 00 

Transportation  and  postage 14.00 

Chemical  analyses 200.00 

536.77 


$2, 000. 00 
The  expenses  from  Feb.  26  to  Sept.  26,  1847,  were  as  follows : 

Traveling  expenses $363.36 

Salary  of  principal 466.67 

Salaries  of  commissioned  assistants 155.  00 

Services  of  occasional  assistants 173.  78 

Services  of  President  Hitchcock 25.00 

Apparatus,  rent,  fuel  and  light,  packing  materials,  and 

other  expenses  of  depot 103. 67 

Postage  and  transportation 35.  37 

$1,  322.  86 


502  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  estimates  for  the  remainder  of  the  year,  up  to  Feb.  26, 
1848,  are  the  following : 

Traveling  expenses 

Salary  of  principal 333.  33 

Salaries  of  commissioned  assistants 125.  00 

Services  of  occasional  assistants 53.  76 

Apparatus,  rent,  fuel  and  light,  stationery,  and  other  ex- 
penses of  depot : 40-  00 

Postage  and  transportation 50.  00 


677.09 


$1, 999. 94 
SECOND  SURVEY  UNDER  EDWARD  HITCHCOCK,    1856-1860. 

In  October.  1856,  the  general  assembly  passed  the  following  act 
with  a  view  of  resuscitating  the  survey : 

It  is  hereby  enacted  ly  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  at 
follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  appoint  some 
suitable  person  State  geologist,  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 
who  shall  be  removable  at  the  discretion  of  the  governor  and  another  appointed 
iahis  stead. 

SEC.  2.  The  State  geologist  shall,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  his  appointment, 
enter  upon  the  duties  of  prosecuting  the  survey  with  a  view  to  its  speedy  com- 
pletion, and  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  governor,  appoint  one  or  more  assist- 
ants, who  shall  be  under  the  direction  of  the  principal  and  removable  at  his 
discretion. 

SEC.  3.  The  State  geologist  shall  make,  or  cause  to  be  made,  such  explorations 
in  such  portions  of  the  State  as  have  not  been  thoroughly  examined  and  de 
scribed  in  the  field  books  of  those  heretofore  engaged  in  the  survey,  and  shall 
make,  or  cause  to  be  made,  such  judicious  assays  or  analyses  of  mineral  sub- 
stances, in  addition  to  those  already  made,  as  may  be  required  to  determine 
their  economic  value.  He  shall  also  prepare  for  exhibition  specimens  of  min- 
erals and  other  substances  designed  for  the  State  collection  and  place  the  same 
In  the  one  already  commenced  in  the  statehouse. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  further  be  his  duty  annually,  on  or  before  the  second  Thursday 
of  October,  to  make  a  report  to  the  governor  of  the  progress  of  the  survey,  in 
which  he  shall  report  the  expenses  of  the  survey  for  the  current  year,  together 
with  hia  estimate  of  the  probable  amount  of  funds  necessary  for  its  completion. 
He  shall  also,  as  soon  as  practicable,  prepare  for  publication  a  final  report, 
embracing  therein  the  physical  geography,  the  scientific  and  economical  geol- 
ogy, and  the  mineralogy  of  the  State,  which,  when  completed,  shall  be  deliv- 
ered to  the  governor,  to  be  laid  before  the  legislature  for  its  action  thereon. 

SEC.  5.  The  sum  of  $1,000  annually  is  hereby  appropriated,  until  otherwise 
ordered  by  the  legislature,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions 
of  this  act. 

SEC.  6.  All  claims  under  this  act  shall  be  presented  to  the  auditor  of  accounts 
for  allowance,  who  shall  draw  orders  on  the  treasurer  of  the  State  for  the 
amount  he  shall  find  due,  equal  to,  but  not  exceeding,  in  any  year,  the  amount 
appropriated. 

SEC.  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 

Approved  November  18,  1856. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  503 

Administration. — Under  this  act  Prof.  Edward  Hitchcock  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  survey.  He  was  assisted  by  Albert  D.  Hager, 
and  his  sons,  Edward  Hitchcock  and  Charles  H.  Hitchcock,  the  same 
being  appointed  with  the  approbation  of  the  governor. 

This  survey,  like  its  predecessor,  had  no  connection  with  any  other 
institution  and  was  dependent  upon  direct  appropriations  for  its 
sustenance.  The  entire  expense  during  the  four  years  of  its  existence 
amounted  to  but  $4,000,  of  which  $2,542.65  was  for  salaries  and 
$1,457.35  for  traveling  expenses  and  freight.  Doctor  Hitchcock, 
himself,  received  no  salary  except  in  1859  and  1860,  in  which  years 
it  would  appear  he  received  $300  and  $266.67,  respectively.  The 
others  received  sums  varying  from  $131  to  $333.95,  as  shown  in  the 
statement  on  page  504. 

Under  Hitchcock's  administration  the  work  of  exploration  was 
begun  in  the  spring  of  1857.  The  main  objects  which  he  announced 
as  to  be  accomplished  were:  First,  to  gain  such  a  knowledge  of 
the  solid  rocks  of  the  State  as  to  be  able  to  delineate  them  upon 
maps  and  sections ;  second,  to  study  the  loose  deposits  lying  upon  the 
solid  rocks  and  trace  out  the  changes  which  the  surface  of  the  State 
had  undergone:  third,  to  collect,  arrange,  and  name  specimens  of 
rocks,  minerals,  and  fossils  from  every  part  of  the  State  with  a  view 
to  forming  a  State  cabinet ;  fourth,  to  obtain  a  full  collection  for  the 
cabinet  of  specimens  valuable  in  an  economic  point  of  view;  and 
fifth,  to  identify  the  metamorphosed  rocks  of  the  State  with  those 
which  have  not  been  thus  changed. 

The  work  of  measuring  sections,  collecting  specimens,  tracing  out 
the  formations,  and  collecting  statistics  from  mines  and  quarries 
devolved  mainly  upon  A.  D.  Hager  and  C.  H.  Hitchcock,  Mr.  Hager 
giving  special  attention  to  the  economic  geology,  while  Mr.  Hitch- 
cock paid  especial  attention  to  the  superficial  deposits.  The  survey 
was  assisted  in  its  paleontological  work  by  James  Hall,  of  Albany, 
New  York. 

Publications  and  tJieir  distribution. — A  final  report  of  the  survey 
under  Hitchcock  appeared  under  date  of  1859  and  1861  in  the 
form  of  two  quarto  volumes  of  982  pages,  with  36  full-page  plates 
and  a  colored  geological  map  of  the  State.  It  comprised  a  report  on 
the  scientific  geology  of  the  State,  which  was  the  joint  work  of  Doctor 
Hitchcock  and  his  assistants:  second,  a  report  on  the  economic 
geology,  by  A.  D.  Hager;  third,  a  report  on  the  chemistry  of  the 
survey,  by  Charles  H.  Hitchcock :  fourth,  a  catalogue  of  2,800  speci- 
mens of  rocks  and  370  minerals,  besides  several  hundred  specimens  of 
organic  remains,  which  had  been  arranged,  ticketed,  named,  and  dis- 
played in  the  State  cabinet ;  and,  fifth,  a  report  by  Rev.  S.  K.  Hall  on 


504  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

the  agricultural  geology  of  the  State.     These  were  distributed  in 
accordance  with  the  following : 

It  is  hereby  enacted,  etc. 

SECTION  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  trustees  of  the  State  library  to  distribute 
the  geological  report,  not  to  exceed  30  numbers  in  all,  to  such  persons  or  their 
representatives  as  have  been  officially  connected  with  the  survey,  or  as  art 
recognized  in  the  report  as  having  made  scientific  literary  or  artistic  contri- 
butions thereto. 

Approved  November  21,  1861. 

Resolved  &y  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  That  each  academy 
in  the  State  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  from  the  State  a  copy  of  the  Vermont 
Geological  Report  of  1861,  on  satisfactory  proof  being  made  to  the  State  libra- 
rian that  such  institution  has  not  already  received  a  copy  from  the  State. 

Results. — Among  the  results  accomplished  he  announced  as,  "  first 
and  most  important  of  all,"  the  discovery  that  the  agricultural  capa- 
bilities of  the  soils  of  Vermont  were  due  to  the  presence  "  of  lime  in 
such  a  state  of  natural  processes  to  bring  it  out  in  just  about  the 
quantity  needed  by  vegetation";  second,  that  most  of  the  valuable 
rocks  and  minerals  in  Vermont  run  lengthwise  of  the  State;  third, 
that  these  mineral  treasures,  such  as  granites,  marbles,  slates,  soap- 
stones,  serpentines,  etc.,  occur  in  inexhaustible  quantities;  and, 
fourth,  that  they  are  of  such  kind  as  will  be  always  in  increasing 
demand  all  over  the  country. 

Expense. — The  total  expenditures  and  appropriations  of  the  sur- 
vey under  Doctor  Hitchcock,  as  given  in  the  final  report,  were  as 
below : 

Appropriations,  $1,000  a  year  for  1857,  1858,  1859,  1860 $4,000.00 

Expenditures : 

1857,  traveling  expenses  and  freight 332.10 

1858,  traveling  expenses  and  freight 737.25 

1859,  traveling  expenses  and  freight 188.00 

1860,  traveling  expenses  and  freight 200.00 

Total $1,  457.  35 

Salaries : 

1857,  Mr.  Hager $333.95 

1858,  Mr.  Hager 131.  37 

1859,  Mr.  Hager 256.00 

1880,  Mr.  Hager 266.67 

1857,  Mr.  C.  H.  Hitchcock 333.95 

1858,  Mr.  C.  H.  Hitchcock 131.37 

1859,  Mr.  C.  H.  Hitchcock 256.00 

1860,  Mr.  C.  H.  Hitchcock 266.67 

1859,  Dr.   Edward  Hitchcock—' 300.00 

1860,  Dr.   Edward  Hitchcock__.  266.67 


Total  for  salaries $2,  542.  65 

Total  for  traveling  and  freight 1,457.35 

$4, 000.  00 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  505 

In  1864  a  futile  attempt  at  resuscitating  the  State  survey  was 
made  by  the  passage  of  the  following: 

It  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont: 

SECTION  1.  The  office  of  the  State  geologist  is  hereby  continued,  with  a  view 
to  encourage  the  further  development  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State. 
And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  hereinafter  named  to  give 
counsel  respecting  the  openings  to  be  made  in  mines  and  quarries,  when  de- 
sired by  the  owners  thereof,  and  faithfully  to  advise  and  assist  all  such  per- 
sons as  may  employ  him  in  an  attempt  to  discover  new  mines  and  quarries,  or 
to  encourage  the  workings  of  those  already  discovered. 

SEC.  2.  The  assistant  State  geologist  under  the  late  survey,  Albeit  D.  Hager, 
of  Cavendish,  is  hereby  appointed  and  confirmed  as  State  geologist  of  Ver- 
mont, for  the  purpose  contemplated  by  this  act:  Provided,  however,  That 
in  no  case  and  under  no  circumstances  shall  such  geologist  charge  or  receive 
from  the  State  anything  for  expenses  or  services  rendered,  but  in  accepting 
said  office  it  is  understood  that  he  looks  to  his  employers  for  any  compensa- 
tion that  he  may  reasonably  deserve  to  have  for  any  professional  services  so 
by  him  rendered. 

SEC.  3.  The  geologist  shall  keep  a  record  of  such  new  facts  relating  to  the 
geology  of  the  State  as  shall  come  to  his  knowledge,  and  transmit  a  copy  of 
the  same  to  the  governor,  when  requested  by  him,  for  the  use  of  the  State. 

SEC.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 

Approved  November  22,  1864. 

It  could  scarcely  have  been  expected  that  any  original  work  of 
value  would  be  accomplished  under  a  law  which,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
simply  threw  the  influence  of  the  State  in  favor  of  private  enterprise. 
So  far  as  publication  is  concerned  nothing  whatever  came  from  the 
appointment  and  one  is  not  surprised  to  find  among  the  laws  of  1870 
the  following: 

It  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  shall  appoint  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  hold  his 
office  until  another  is  appointed  in  his  stead  under  the  act  entitled  "An  act 
for  the  appointment  of  State  geologist,"  approved  November  22,  1884,  in  the 
place  of  Albert  D.  Hager,  who  has  removed  from  this  State;  and  so  much  of 
section  2  of  said  act  as  relates  to  the  appointment  of  said  Hager  to  that  office 
is  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  Its  passage. 

Approved  November  22,  1870. 

Under  this  law  the  governor  gave  the  appointment  of  State  geolo- 
gist to  Hiram  Cutting.  Two  years  later  the  following  acts  were 


An  act  providing  for  additions  to  the  collections  of  the  State  cabinet. 

It  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont: 
SECTION  1.  A  sum  not  exceeding  $200  per  annum  for  the  next  two  years  Is 
appropriated  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  State 
cabinet ;  said  sum  to  be  expended  by  the  curator  in  the  collection  of  such 
specimens  as  he  may  deem  of  public  value  and  properly  labeling  the  same. 

SEC.  2.  The  auditor  of  accounts  is  hereby  directed  to  draw  his  order  on  the 
State  treasurer,  at  such  times  and  for  such  sums,  not  exceeding  the  sum  men- 


506  BULLETIN    10r>,    UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

tioiHKt  iu  .section  1  of  this  act,  in  favor  of  the  curator  of  the  State  cabinet,  as 
shall  appear  to  said  auditor  that  said  curator  is  entitled  to  receive  under  sec- 
tion 1  of  this  act. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 

Approved  November  26,  1872. 

An  act  to  appoint  a  State  geologist. 

It  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  appoint  a  State 
geologist  who  shall  have  a  competent  knowledge  of  scientific  and  practical  geol- 
ogy' and  mineralogy,  and  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  pleasure  of  the  gov- 
ernor. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist  to  give  counsel  respecting 
the  openings  to  be  made  in  mines  and  quarries  when  desired  by  the  owners 
thereof,  or  any  person  interested  therein,  and  to  faithfully  advise  and  assist 
all  such  persons  as  may  employ  him  in  any  attempt  to  discover  new  mines  and 
quarries,  or  to  encourage  the  working  of  those  already  discovered :  Provided, 
however,  That  in  no  case  and  under  no  circumstances  shall  said  geologist  charge 
or  receive  from  the  State  anything  for  said  services  or  expenses  except  he  is 
directly  employed  by  the  governor  of  the  State,  but  shall  look  to  his  employers 
for  any  compensation  that  he  may  reasonably  deserve  to  have  for  any  profes- 
sional services  so  by  him  rendered. 

SEC.  3.  The  geologist  shall  keep  a  record  of  such  new  facts  relating  to  the 
geology  of  the  State  as  shall  come  to  his  knowledge  ;md  transmit  a  copy  of  the 
same  to  the  governor,  when  required  by  him,  for  the  use  of  the  State. 

SEC.  4.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act 
are  hereby  repealed. 

SEC.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 

Approved  November  26,  1872. 

From  these  acts  it  is  evident  that  the  State  had  no  intention  of 
favoring  to  any  extent  work  other  than  that  of  caring  for  and  build- 
ing up  the  State  cabinet.  Apparently  the  effort,  so  far  as  survey  was 
concerned,  was  nearly  as  barren  of  results  as  was  the  previous  one. 
Cutting,  however,  did  publish  brief  reports,  in  pamphlet  form  in 
1872,  1874.  1876,  and  1878  as  curator,  and  which  included  more 
biological  than  geological  material. 

THIRD  SURVEY  UNDER  G.   W.  PERRY   AND  GEORGE  H.   PERKINS,   1880-1900. 

In  1886  the  matter  of  a  survey  came  once  more  before  the.  assembly 
with  the  following  result: 

It  is  hereby  enacted,  etc. 

SECTION  1.  Section  164  of  the  Revised  Laws  is  hereby  amended  so  as  to  read 
j;s  follows: 

SECTION  164.  The  governor  shall  biennially  appoint,  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate,  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  curator  of  the  State  cab- 
inet, and  shall  hold  office  until  his  successor  is  appointed.  The  person  ap- 
pointed shall  have  a  competent  knowledge  of  scientific  and  practical  geology 
and  mineralogy. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL.  35 


WILLIAM  BARTON  ROGERS 
STATE  GEOLOGIST  OF  VIRGINIA,  1835  42. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  507 

SEC.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 
Approved  November  18,  1886. 

Under  this  law  the  appointment  of  State  geologist  and  curator 
of  the  State  cabinet  was  conferred  upon  Rev.  G.  W.  Perry,  who  held 
the  office  until  obliged  to  resign,  through  ill  health,  in  1898.  In 
1 896  the  law  was  modified  as  below : 

It  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont: 

SECTION  1.  The  State  geologist  shall  during  the  next  two  years  personally 
inspect  the  mines  and  quarries  now  in  operation  within  the  State,  also  deposits 
of  minerals  of  economic  value  which  have  not  been  opened  or  developed. 

SEC.  2.  Ho  shall  incorporate  in  his  next  biennial  report  the  results  of  such 
inspection,  showing  us  far  as  possible  the  quality  and  quantity  of  our  marble, 
granite,  slate,  soapstone,  copper,  and  other  mineral  products;  the  extent  of  our 
mines  and  quarries,  and  the  methods  of  working  the  same.  He  shall  also  make 
as  full  a  statement  as  possible  of  the  undeveloped  mineral  deposits  of  promising 
value,  incidentally  reporting  unused  water  powers  in  the  vicinity  of  said  de- 
posits. 

SEC.  8.  For  the  prosecution  of  this  work  there  shall  be  appropriated  the  sum 
of  $3,500  annually  for  the  period  of  two  years. 

Approved  November  24,  1896. 

Under  these  enactments  Mr.  Perry,  as  stated  by  Dr.  George  H. 
Perkins,  collected  a  considerable  amount  of  material  for  a  report, 
which,  however,  he  was  unable  to  complete  on  account  of  long-con- 
tinued illness.  He  therefore  resigned  early  in  the  summer  of  1898 
and  was  succeeded  by  the  present  active  incumbent,  Dr.  George  H. 
Perkins,  above  mentioned.  Up  to  and  including  that  of  1900  two 
reports  had  been  issued  by  Doctor  Perkins— one  on  the  marble, 
slate,  and  granite  of  the  State  (1898)  and  the  second  on  its  mineral 
resources  (1900).  As  noted  in  the  act,  the  present  survey  receives 
an  appropriation  of  $1,500  annually. 

VIRGINIA. 

The  first  direct  move  in  favor  of  a  geological  survey  of  the  .Vir- 
ginias would  seem  to  have  been  the  result  of  a  letter  written  by  Peter 
A.  Brown,  of  Philadelphia,  the  corresponding  secretary  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  to  His  Excellency,  John  Floyd, 
governor  of  Virginia.  This  letter,  dated  September  30,  1833,  en- 
larged on  the  supposed  importance  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
State  and  the  great  scientific  discoveries  which  might  be  made 
through  a  systematic  investigation  under  State  auspices.  The  let- 
ter was  transmitted  by  Governor  Floyd  to  the  legislature,  together 
with  his  message  of  1833-34,  and  the  following  recommendation: 

Whilst  engaged  in  the  improvement  of  the  State  by  constructing  roads  for  the 
safe  and  speedy  transportation  of  the  products  of  agriculture,  we  ought  not  to 
be  unmindful  of  the  great  wealth  which  lies  buried  in  the  earth,  which  only 


508  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

requires  the  examination  of  men  of  science  to  bring  before  the  country  and 
make  known  its  value  and  usefulness  to  capitalists,  who  would  be  induced  to 
engage  in  fitting  it  for  commerce,  thereby  creating  new  sources  of  wealth.  It 
is  well  known  that  Virginia  affords,  perhaps,  the  most  extensive  mines  of  iron 
of  any  other  country  of  the  same  extent,  and  fine  specimens  also  of  gold,  lead, 
copper,  plaster  of  paris,  gypsum,  and  inexhaustible  mines  of  bituminous  coal, 
besides  many  valuable  earths  which  constitute  the  finest  manures,  as  will  more 
fully  appear  from  the  inspection  of  a  communication  herewith  placed  before 
you,  having  been  received  from  a  gentleman  of  much  scientific  knowledge  and 
reputation. 

No  action  appears  to  have  been  taken  during  this  session,  but  dur- 
ing that  of  1834-35  memorials  were  received  from  Morgan,  Freder- 
ick, and  Shen-andoah  Counties  praying  for  such  a  survey.  These 
were  referred  to  a  select  committee,  which  made  an  exhaustive  re- 
port *  and  presented  the  bill,  a  transcript  of  which  is  given  below : 

A  bill  to  authorize  a  geological  reconnolssance  of  the  State,  with  a  view  to  the  chemical 
composition  of  Its  soils,  minerals,  and  mineral  waters. 

lie  it  enacted  by  the  general  assembly,  That,  as  soon  after  the  passage  of 
this  act  as  it  may  be  convenient,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  public 
works  to  appoint  a  suitable  person  to  make  a  geological  reconnoissance  of  the 
State,  with  a  view  to  the  general  geological  features  of  our  territory  and  to 
the  chemical  composition  of  its  soils,  minerals,  and  mineral  waters,  and  to 
report  to  the  next  general  assembly  a  plan  for  the  prosecution  of  a  geological 
survey  of  the  State,  together  with  such  facts  as  may  have  come  to  his  knowledge 
during  the  progress  of  said  reconnoissauce,  illustrative  of  any  advantages  likely 
to  accrue  from  a  more  complete  examination. 

Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  board  of  public  works  shall  have  author- 
ity, provided  they  should  deem  it  expedient,  to  employ  a  topographical  engineer 
to  aid  the  geologist  to  be  employed  in  the  reconnoissance  aforesaid. 

Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  board  of  public  works  shall  have  author- 
ity to  allow  to  the  geologist  and  topographical  engineer  who  may  be  employed 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act  such  compensation  as  they  may  deem  reasonable 
for  each  to  be  paid  out  of  any  unexpended  moneys  in  the  treasury :  Provided, 
That  such  compensation  shall  not  exceed  in  the  aggregate  the  sum  of  $3,000. 

This  act  shall  commence  and  be  in  force  from  the  passing  thereof. 

This  bill,  after  some  discussion  and  incidental  modification,  was 
made  a  law  March  6,  1835.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the  bill  as 
it  finally  passed: 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  general  assembly,  That  as  soon  after  the  passage  of 
this  act  as  may  be  convenient  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  public  works 
to  appoint  a  suitable  person  to  make  a  geological  reconnoissance  of  the  State, 
with  a  view  to  the  general  geological  features  of  our  territory,  and  to  the 
chemical  composition  of  its  soils,  minerals,  and  mineral  waters,  and  to  report 
to  the  next  general  assembly  a  plan  for  the  prosecution  of  a  geological  survey 
of  the  State,  together  with  such  facts  as  may  have  come  to  his  knowledge 
daring  the  progress  of  said  reconnoissance,  illustrative  of  any  advantages  likely 
to  accrue  from  a  more  complete  examination. 

1  Given  In  detail  in  The  Virginias  of  November,  1882,  p.  167. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  509 

2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  board  of  public  works  shall  have 
authority  to  allow  to  the  geologist  who  may  be  employed  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act  such  compensation  as  they  may  deem  reasonable,  to  be  paid  out  of 
any  unexpended  moneys  in  the  treasury :  Provided,  That  such  compensation 
shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $1,500. 

3.  This  act  shall  commence  and  \>e  in  force  from  the  passing  thereof. 

Under  this  bill  Prof.  William  B.  Rogers,  then  teaching  in  William 
and  Mary  College,  was  employed  to  make  the  reconnoissance  pro- 
vided for,  and  submitted  his  report  to  the  house  of  delegates  in  Janu- 
ary, 1836.  This  was  favorably  received  and  led  to  the  passage  of  the 
following  law  providing  for  a  systematic  geological  survey: 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and  for  other  purposes,  passed 
February  29,  1836. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  general  assembly,  That  the  president  and  directors 
of  the  board  of  public  works  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  required,  as  speedily  as 
may  be,  to  cause  a  complete  and  detailed  geographical  survey  of  the  entire  ter- 
ritory of  this  State  to  be  made  and  executed,  and  a  careful  and  accurate  chemi- 
cal examination  and  analysis  of  the  various  soils  which  may  be  found  in  dif- 
ferent parts  thereof,  as  also  of  the  principal  ores,  marls,  saline  and  mineral 
waters  within  said  territory. 

2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  making  such  survey  and 
analysis  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  president  and  directors  to  employ  a 
competent  and  skillful  geologist,  and  an  assistant  geologist,  if  need  be;  and  may 
also  engage  the  services  of  or  employ  a  topographical  surveyor,  whose  duty  it 
shall  be  to  make  such  observations  and  admeasurements  as  may  be  found  neces- 
sary in  the  preparation  and  construction  of  the  geological  map  of  the  State 
hereinafter  provided  for,  and  to  perform  such  other  labors  connected  with  the 
general  purposes  hereby  intended  as  the  geologist  may  from  time  to  time  pre- 
scribe an,d  direct.     In  addition  to  the  duties  before  mentioned  to  be  performed, 
the  geologist  who  may  be  employed  by  virtue  of  this  act  shall  also  ascertain  by 
accurate  barometrical  observations  the  height  of  the  principal  mountains  in  the 
State;  and  in  the  progress  of  the  surveys  and  examinations  hereby  directed, 
shall  collect  and  preserve  all  such  specimens  of  rocks,  fossils,  ores,  mineral 
compounds  and  organic  remains,  as  shall  tend  to  exemplify  the  general  geo- 
logical structure  of  the  State,  or  be  in  any  wise  useful  or  interesting.    The 
specimens,  so  far  as  practicable,  shall  be  collected  in  sufficient  number  to 
authorize  a  distribution  of  a  suite  thereof  to  the  principal  institutions  of  learn- 
ing in  the  State,  if  it  shall  hereafter  be  found  expedient  to.  make  such  dis- 
tribution. 

3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  geologist  shall  annually,  and  before  the 
10th  day  of  January  in  each  year,  make  report  to  the  president  and  directors 
of  the  board  of  public  works  of  his  progress  in  the  work  hereby  authorized  and 
required,  accompanying  said  reports  with  such  profiles  and  maps,  together  with 
a  glossary  of  scientific  or  technical  terms,  as  may  be  useful  in  illustrating  the 
same;  which  reports,  profiles,  and  maps  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  presi- 
dent and  directors  to  lay  immediately  before  the  general  assembly. 

4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expenses  which 
may  be  incurred  under  this  act  a  sum  not  exceeding  $5,000  per  annum  be,  and 
the  same  is  hereby,  appropriated,  to  be  apportioned  among  the  several  persons 


510  BULLETIN    109,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

hereby  authorized  to  be  employed,  in  such  manner  and  in  such  amount  as  to 
the  president  and  directors  of  the  board  of  public  works  shall  seem  best,  to 
be  paid  upon  their  certificate  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise 
appropriated,  upon  the  warrant  of  the  auditor  of  public  accounts:  Provided, 
That  the  amount  to  be  paid  to  the  geologist  and  the  assistant  geologist  shall  not 
exceed  the  sum  of  $3,000  per  annum,  to  be  apportioned  and  divided  between 
them  in  manner  above  directed,  and  the  sum  to  be  paid  to  the  topographical 
surveyor  shall  not  exceed  $1,000. 

5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  when  the  entire  work  hereby  contemplated  and 
provided  for  shall  have  been  fully  completed,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  geolo- 
gist in  charge  thereof  to  make  a  general  and  final  report  thereon,  embracing 
in  such  report,  in  detail,  the  result  of  all  surveys,  examinations,  and  discoveries 
which  shall  have  been  made,  geological,  chemical,  and  topographical,  and  all 
other  matters  connected  therewith,  which  may  be  considered  by  him  as  likely 
to  be  in  any  manner  useful  to  the  public  or  interesting  to  science.     He  shall 
also  construct  and  prepare  for  engraving  a  complete  geological  map  of  the  State, 
showing  not  only  the  general  geological  structure  thereof,  but  plainly  and  accu- 
rately delineating  the  stratification  of  its  principal  rocks,  and  the  position  and 
boundary  of  all  the  mineral  deposits  which  may  now  be  known  or  be  ascer- 
tained by  the  investigations  which  shall  have  been  made,  accompanying  said 
map  with  such  a  series  of  sections  or  profiles  as  may  be  necessary  to  a  proper 
exhibition  of  the  geology  of  the  region  to  which  they  may  relate.    The  final 
report,  together  with  the  map  and  the  accompanying  sections  and  profiles,  the 
president  and  directors  of  the  board  of  public  works  shall  communicate  to  the 
general  assembly  as  soon  as  may  be,  to  be  printed,  engraved,  published  and 
disposed  of  iu  such  manner  as  to  the  said  general  assembly  shall  seem  proper. 

6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  mineral  materials  and  other  specimens 
which  may  be  collected  during  the  operations  of  the  geologist  and  others  who 
may  be  engaged  with  him,  shall  be  carefully  preserved  in  some  convenient  apart- 
ment of  the  library  room,  until  otherwise  provided  for.    A  complete  catalogue 
of  such  specimens  and  materials  shall  be  made  out,  and  preserved  in  the  same 
apartment,  showing  the  name,  locality,  and  general  properties  and  value  of 
each,  as  ascertained  by  the  analysis  to  which  it  may  have  been  subjected,  and 
referring  to  the  corresponding  number  which  shall  be  aflixed  to  the  specimen 
itself. 

7.  This  act  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage  thereof. 

This  act  was  in  1841  repealed,  though  subsequent  appropriations 
were  made  for  completing  the  work  already  in  hand,  as  below : 

And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  act  entitled  "An  act  to  authorize  a  geo- 
logical reconnoissance  of  the  State,  with  a  view  to  the  chemical  composition 
of  its  soil  and  mineral  waters,"  and  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  amendatory 
thereof,  shall  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed,  from  and  after  the  1st  day 
of  January  next 

To  the  geological  survey,  to  defray  charges  and  expenses  incurred,  although 
the  acts  authorizing  the  survey  have  been  repealed,  from  and  after  the  1st  diy 
of  January,  1842,  $4,000. 

To  the  geological  survey  to  defray  charges  and  expenses  incurred,  although 
the  acts  authorizing  the  survey  have  been  repealed  from  and  after  the  1st  day 
of  January,  1842,  being  the  balance  of  the  appropriation  for  last  year,  to  com- 
plete the  geological  survey,  and  not  drawn  on  the  1st  of  October  last,  and  there- 
fore chargeable  on  the  current  year,  $1,083.33. 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  511 

It  will  be  noted  from  the  wording  of  the  law  that,  although  Pro- 
fessor Rogers  was,  at  the  time  of  the  authorization  of  the  recon- 
noissance  of  the  survey,  connected  with  William  and  Mary  College 
in  the  capacity  of  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  philosophy 
and  later  as  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  University  of 
Viriginia  at  Charlottesville,  it  was  entirely  independent  of  either 
institution  and  was  placed  directly  under  the  board  of  public  works 
and  to  be  sustained  by  annual  appropriations. 

Administration. — It  would  naturally  follow  from  the  preceding 
that  Professor  Rogers  should  be  appointed  State  geologist  under  the 
act  of  1836,  and  the  appointment  was  promptly  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  board  of  public  works.  Considerable  difficulty,  seems  to 
have  been  experienced  in  the  securing  of  proper  assistants,  as  there 
was  naturally  a  great  lack  of  trained  observers  at  that  date. 

In  1836  Robert  Empie  Rogers,  a  brother  of  Professor  Rogers,  was 
appointed ;  and  in  1837  a  second  brother.  James  B.  Rogers,  who  was 
at  the  time  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Cincinnati  Medical  College. 
In  the  report  for  this  year  mention  is  made  also  of  Charles  B.  Hay- 
den,  an  assistant  in  charge  of  work  in  the  northern  division,  and 
Prof.  W.  E.  A.  Aikin,  in  the  southern  division.  In  1838  J.  Slade 
and  George  W.  Boyd  were  employed  in  addition,  Mr.  Slade  as  an  as- 
sistant to  J.  B.  Rogers,  and  Mr.  Boyd  to  Professor  Aikin.  In  1839 
the  corps  was  the  same,  with  the  exception  of  C.  Briggs,  appointed 
to  the  position  made  vacant  by  the  resignation  of  W.  E.  A.  Aikin, 
but  in  1840  James  B.  Rogers  and  Charles  B.  Hayden  resigned, 
their  places  being  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Samuel  Lewis  and 
Dr.  Thomas  Ridgway.  Doctor  Boyd  died  before  the  close  of  the 
season,  and  Mr.  Lewis  resigning,  two  vacancies  were  created  in  the 
corps,  one  of  which  was  filled  by  the  reappointment  of  James  B. 
Rogers.  M.  Wells  assisted  Messrs.  Briggs  and  Ridgway  during  a 
part  of  the  season  of  1841. 

Expenses. — Concerning  the  salaries  paid  no  information  is  avail- 
able other  than  that  given  in  the  law,  in  which  it  is  expressly  pro- 
\7ided  that  the  amount  paid  to  the  geologist  and  assistant  geologist 
shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $3,000  a  year,  and  that  the  sum  to  be 
paid  to  the  topographical  surveyor  shall  not  exceed  $1,000. 

The  entire  expense  of  the  survey,  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from 
the  published  reports,  was  some  $40.000.  It  is  apparent  from 
Rogers's  statement  *  that  $36.000  had  been  expended  up  to  January, 
1841.  and  a  subsequent  act  of  the  legislature  made  an  additional 
appropriation  of  $4,000. 


lLife  and  Letters  of  W.  B.  Rogers,  p.  179. 
136075—20 34 


512  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Museum—  Paragraph  6  of  the  law  of  1835  provided  for  the  col- 
lection and  preservation  of  specimens  and  materials  to  be  preserved 
in  some  apartment  of  the  library  room  until  otherwise  provided  for. 

Publications.— Antagonism  to  the  survey  manifested  itself  as  early 
as  1839,  and  in  1841  the  law  creating  it  was  repealed,  though  the 
unexpended  balance  of  the  appropriation  was  permitted  to  be 
utilized  in  the  finishing  of  reports.  Six  annual  reports,  beginning 
with  1836  and  ending  with  1841,  were  issued.  No  final  report  had 
been  prepared,  nor  was  provision  made  for  the  same,  although  Pro- 
fessor Rogers  and  the  friends  of  the  survey  made  earnest  efforts  in 
this  direction.  Even  as  late  as  1854  it  appears  from  the  published 
correspondence  that  Professor  Rogers  was  in  Richmond  and  ap- 
peared before  the  legislature  urging  an  appropriation  of  $2,400  for 
the  completion  of  the  work,  and  although  the  bill  passed  the  senate, 
it  failed  in  the  house.  A  compilation  of  the  original  reports,  com- 
prising an  octavo  volume  of  upwards  of  800  pages,  with  colored 
sections  and  a  geological  map,  was  in  1884  issued  by  D.  Appleton  and 
Company,  of  New  York  City,  under  the  editorship  of  Jed.  Hotchkiss, 
a  mining  engineer  of  Staunton,  Virginia. 

WISCONSIN. 

FIRST  SURVEY  UNDER  EDWARD  DANIELS   AND   J.    C.   PERCFVAL,    1853-1856. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Wisconsin  had  been  in  part  investigated 
by  the  survey  of  David  Dale  Owen  in  1839-40,  under  direction  of 
the  General  Land  Office.  The  first  survey  under  State  auspices  was 
inaugurated  in  accordance  with  the  following  enactment : 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  represented  in  senate  and  general  as- 
sembly, do  enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  of  this  State  is  hereby  authorized,  as  soon  as  may 
be  after  this  act  shall  take  effect,  to  appoint  a  State  geologist,  who  shall  be  a 
person  of  competent  scientific  and  practical  knowledge  of  the  science  of  geology 
and  mineralogy;  and  the  said  State  geologist  shall,  by  and  with  the  consent  of 
the  governor,  appoint  one  suitable  person  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duties,  who  shall  be  a  skillful  analytical  and  experimental  chemist. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistant,  as 
soon  as  may  be  practical  after  their  appointment,  to  commence  and  carry  on 
with  such  expedition  and  dispatch  as  may  be  consistent  with  minuteness  and  accu- 
.  racy,  a  thorough  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  this  State,  with  a  view 
to  determine  the  order,  succession,  arrangement,  relative  position,  dip  of  in- 
clination, and  comparative  magnitude  of  the  several  strata  or  geological  forma- 
tions within  this  State,  and  to  discover  and  examine  all  beds  or  deposits  of  ore, 
coal,  clay,  and  such  mineral  and  earthy  substances  as  may  be  useful  or  valu- 
able, and  to  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a  full  and 
complete  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  the  State:  Provided,  That  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  geologist  to  complete  his  survey  of  that  portion 
of  the  State  known  as  the  "  lead  mines  "  before  commencing  the  survey  of  the 
remainder  of  the  State. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    109     PL. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  513 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  assistant  to  make  full  and  complete 
examinations,  assays,  and  analyses  of  all  such  rocks,  ores,  soils,  or  other  sub- 
stances as  may  be  submitted  to  him  by  the  State  geologist  for  that  purpose, 
and  to  furnish  him  with  a  detailed  and  complete  account  of  the  results  so 
obtained. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  geologist,  on  or  before  the  first 
Monday  of  January  in  each  and  every  year,  during  the  time  necessarily  occu- 
pied by  said  survey,  to  make  an  annual  report  of  said  survey  and  the  progress 
thereof,  accompanied  with  such  maps,  drawings,  and  specimens  as  may  be  neces- 
sary and  proper  to  exemplify  and  elucidate  the  same  to  the  governor  of  this 
State,  who  shall  lay  a  copy  of  such  report  before  the  legislature. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  to  cause  to  be  repre- 
sented on  the  map  of  the  State,  by  colors  and  other  appropriate  means,  the 
various  areas  occupied  by  the  different  geological  formations  in  the  State,  and 
to  mark  thereon  the  localities  of  the  respective  beds  or  deposits  of  the  various 
mineral  substances  discovered,  and  on  the  completion  of  the  survey  to  compile  a 
memoir  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State,  comprising  a  complete 
account  of  the  leading  subjects  and  discoveries  which  have  been  embraced  in 
the  survey. 

SEC.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  State  geologist  to  forward  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  this  State,  from  time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  said  survey,  such 
specimens  of  the  rocks,  ores,  coals,  soils,  fossils,  and  other  mineral  substances 
discovered  and  examined,  properly  labeled,  as  may  be  proper  and  necessary  to 
form  a  complete  cabinet  collection  of  specimens  of  geology  and  mineralogy  of 
the  State;  and  the  said  governor  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  deposited  in  the 
cabinet  of  the  university,  there  to  be  preserved  for  public  inspection. 

SEC.  7.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act  the 
sum  of  $2,500  is  hereby  annually  appropriated,  to  be  drawn  quarterly,  for  the 
term  of  four  years,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor.  The 
salaries  of  the  said  State  geologist  and  his  assistant  shall  not,  however,  com- 
mence until  they  have  respectively  entered  upon  the  execution  of  their  duties; 
and  upon  the  completion  of  said  survey,  and  all  the  duties  connected  therewith, 
the  same  shall  wholly  cease  and  determine. 

SKC.  8.  This  act  shall  be  printed  immediately  after  the  passage  thereof,  and 
when  so  printed  shall  be  in  full  force. 

Approved  March  25,  1853. 

Administration. — Under  this  law  the  appointment  of  State  geolo- 
gist was  first  given  to  Edward  Daniels,  who,  however,  held  the  of- 
fice for  but  a  single  year,  being  superseded  in  1854  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Per- 
cival.  Mr.  Daniels,  in  accordance  with  the  expressed  provision  of 
the  law,  devoted  his  attentions  first  to  the  lead  regions  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  State.  He  was  assisted  by  H.  A.  Tenney  and 
I.  A.  Lapham  (volunteer  paleontologist).  The  chemical  work  of 
the  survey  was  performed  by  Dr.  A.  A.  Hayes,  then  State  assayer 
of  Massachusetts.  A  single  report,  bearing  date  of  1854,  in  the  form 
of  an  octavo  pamphlet  of  but  80  pages,  all  told,  comprises  the  re- 
sults of  this  work.  As  noted,  Daniels  was  succeeded  by  Percival, 
who  likewise  confined  himself  largely  to  economic  problems.  During 
the  first  year  he  visited  "all  the  considerable  diggings  from  the 
south  line  of  the  State  to  a  line  drawn  from  east  to  west,  north  of 


514  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Cassville,  Beetown,  Potcsi,  Platteville.  IMineral  Point,  Yellowstone, 
and  Exeter,  and  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  east  part  of  Green 

County." 

His  report  for  this  year  was  in  the  form  of  an  octavo  pamphlet  of 
101  pages,  with  an  outline  map  showing  the  location  of  the  prin- 
cipal ore  "  diggings."  In  the  season  of  1855  he  first  visited  the  iron 
mines  at  Iron  Ridge,  Dodge  County,  Hartford,  Washington  County, 
and  at  Marston  on  the  Little  Baraboo.  Sauk  County,  after  which  he 
recommenced  the  examination  of  the  lead  districts,  completing  the 
work  June  30.  The  remainder  of  the  season,  till  December  8,  was 
employed  in  a  reconnoissance  of  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  form- 
ing a  general  idea  of  the  stratigraphy. 

While  engaged  in  preparing  his  second  report,  recording  the  opera- 
tions of  the  year,  he  was  taken  ill  and  died  on  May  2.  1856.  The 
•report  as  issued  was  in  the  form  of  a  small  octavo  of  111  pages. 

Expense. — The  total  appropriation  for  the  survey,  as  indicated  in 
the  act,  amounted  to  but  $7,500. 

SECOND  SURVEY  UNDER   JAMES   HALL,    1857-1860. 

The  geological  survey  having  been  left  unfinished  by  the  death 
of  Percival,  a  new  act  was  passed  in  March,  1857,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  a  transcript : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  represented  in  senate  and  general  o*- 
semllv,  do  enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  James  Hall,  of  Albany,  New  York,  and  Ezra  S.  Carr  and  Edward 
Daniels,  of  Wisconsin,  are  hereby  designated  and  appointed  commissioners  to 
make  a  geological,  mineralogical,  and  agricultural  survey  of  this  State,  em- 
bracing a  scientific  and  descriptive  survey  of  the  rocks,  fossils,  and  minerals  of 
the  State;  full  and  complete  assays  of  the  ores  and  minerals,  also  of  the  soils 
and  subsoils,  with  the  classification  and  description  of  the  same  and  their 
adaptation  to  particular  crops,  and  the  best  methods  of  preserving  and  increas- 
ing their  fertility.  They  shall  also  make  a  full  collection  of  the  rocks,  ores,  and 
minerals,  and  whatever  illustrates  the  economic  geology  of  the  State,  and  de- 
posit the  same  in  the  rooms  of  the  Stnte  university  or  such  other  place  as  may 
be  provided  for  the  same,  constituting  a  museum  of  practical  and  scientific 
geology.  Said  commissioners  shall  also  make  full  collections  of  soils,  native 
fertilizers,  cultivated  and  other  useful  plants,  constituting  a  museum  of  prac- 
tical and  scientific  geology,  and  deposit  the  same  as  aforesaid. 

SEC.  2.  Said  commissioners  shall  arrange  and  distribute  the  functions  of  such 
survey  by  mutual  agreement,  and  employ  such  assistants  as  may  be  deemed  by 
a  majority  of  them  necessary  to  carry  on  the  work. 

SEC.  3.  The  governor  of  this  State  shall  make  a  written  contract  with  each 
of  the  commissioners  aforesaid,  expressly  stipulating  and  setting  forth  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  service  to  be  rendered  by  each  and  the  compensation 
therefor,  Including  the  expenses  of  the  department  of  the  survey  under  charge 
of  each  commissioner.  Such  contract  shall  expressly  provide  that  the  com- 


GEOLOGICAL,   AXD   XATTRAl.    HISTORY   SURVEYS.  515 

pensatiou  to  each  commissioner  shall  be  at  a  certain  rate  per  annum,  to  be 
agreed  upon,  and  not  exceeding  the  rate  of  $2,000  per  annum;  and  that  pay- 
ment will  be  made  only  for  such  part  of  each  year  as  such  commissioner  may 
actually  be  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  as  commissioner. 

SEC.  4.  Should  the  board  of  regents  of  the  State  university  neglect  to  make 
suitable  provision  for  the  accommodation  of  the  collections,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  commissioners,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  governor,  to  provide 
suitable  rooms  elsewhere  in  the  city  of  Madison. 

SEC.  5.  In  case  of  a  vacancy  or  vacancies  occurring  in  the  commission  by  this 
act  provided,  the  governor  shall  appoint  some  suitable  person  or  persons  to  fill 
the  same ;  and  he  may  remove  any  member  for  incompetency  or  neglect  of  duty, 
after  giving  such  member  due  notice  of  the  charge  against  him,  and  a  full 
opportunity  to  be  confronted  with  his  accuser  and  to  make  his  defense. 

SEC.  6.  To  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum  of  $6,000  per  annum 
for  the  term  of  six  years  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  drawn  from  the  treasury 
quarterly  on  warrant  of  the  governor,  and  paid  to  the  persons  entitled  to  re- 
ceive the  same;  which  sum  shall  be  in  full  for  salaries  of  commissioners,  as- 
sistants, rent  of  room,  and  all  other  expenses  incident  to  said  survey,  exclusive 
of  printing  the  annual  reports  of  said  commissioners. 

SEC.  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  3,  1857. 

Administration. — It  would  appear  from  correspondence  to  which 
the  author  has  had  access  that  Mr.  Carr  was  the  prime  instigator 
in  the  passage  of  this  bill,  though  working  in  more  or  less  collabora- 
tion with  Charles  Whittlesey  and  Edward  Daniels.  In  a  letter  from 
Carr  to  Hall,  in  anticipation  of  the  passage  of  the  bill,  under  date 
of  January  28,  1857,  the  directorship  of  the  survey  is  offered  the 
latter,  who,  in  a  reply  dated  February  3  following,  said  that  he  could 
not  apply  for  the  same  so  long  as  Daniels  was  a  candidate,  as  he 
had  already  agreed  to  give  him  his  support.  Under  date  of  March 
26  Carr  again  wrote  Hall : 

The  governor  and  all  others  who  are  interested  in  the  survey  look  to  you  as 
the  responsible  man  in  geology.  The  governor  understands  Daniels  and  said 
to  me  that  yon  and  myself,  being  a  majority,  could  arrange  matters. 

The  effective  force  of  the  survey  as  finally  organized  under  this 
act  was  James  Hall,  Ezra  S.  Carr,  and  Edward  Daniels,  as  noted  in 
the  bill  of  its  establishment.  The  salaries,  though  not  absolutely 
fixed  by  law,  were  by  it  limited  to  a  sum  not  exceeding  $2,000  a  year, 
and  it  was  further  expressly  stipulated  that  payment  should  be  made 
only  for  such  part  of  each  year  as  the  commissioner  should  be  ac- 
tually engaged  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties. 

The  actual  survey  did  not.  according  to  O.  W.  Wight,1  begin  until 
the  year  following  (1858).  It  was  first  proposed  by  Hall  that  the 
three  commissioners  named  contribute  equally  out  of  their  allotment 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  Charles  Whittlesey  in  making  a  survey 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  The  plan  does  not  seem  to  have 

'Annual  Report  of  Geological  Survey  of  Wisconsin,  1875,  p.  69. 


516  BULLETIN-   109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

been  fully  carried  out,  apparently  through  a  lack  of  collaboration 
on  the  part  of  Daniels,  who  was  evidently  an  element  of  discord 
from  the  start,  and  who  secured  from  the  governor  a  special  con- 
tract for  himself  regardless  of  the  interests  of  Hall  and  Carr.  Wight 
states,  however,  that  Messrs.  Hall  and  Carr,  at  their  own  expense, 
employed  Col.  Charles  Whittlesey  to  explore  the  country  between  the 
Menomenee  and  Oconto  Rivers  as  a  preliminary  to  a  more  extended 
survey  to  the  northward.  In  the  spring  of  1859  an  engagement  was 
entered  into  with  J.  D.  Whitney,  who  had  been  employed  as  chemist 
on  the  Iowa  survey,  whereby  he  was  to  make  a  survey  of  the  lead 
region — a  work  which,  it  may  be  incidentally  noted,  was  carried  out. 

The  tripartite  commissioner  arrangement  designated  under  ths 
first  law  evidently  did  not  work  out  satisfactorily,  as  is  apparent 
from  the  following: 

EXECUTIVE  OFFICK. 
JJadison,  February  17,  /85a. 
To  the  Hon.  the  Senate: 

I  have  received  from  Mr.  E.  Carr  and  Mr.  James  Hall,  appointed  by  the  law 
of  1857,  with  Mr.  Edward  Daniels,  to  make  a  geological  survey  of  this  State, 
a  communication  on  the  subject  of  that  survey,  and  giving  their  reasons  for  not 
forming  and  organizing  the  commission  contemplated  by  that  law.  In  farther 
answer  to  the  resolution  of  the  senate  calling  on  me  for  information  on  that 
subject  I  deem  it  proper  to  transmit  the  same  herewith  for  your  consideration. 

ALEX.  W.  RANDALL. 

To  His  Excellency  Htm.  Alexander  W.  Randall,  G'tcernor  o/ 

The  undersigned  members  of  the  commission  appointed  by  the  law,  approved 
March  3,  1857,  to  make  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  the  State,  beg 
leave  to  present  to  your  excellency  the  following  statement  as  an  explanation 
of  the  reasons  why  they  have  not  been  actively  engaged  in  performing  the 
duties  required  by  the  said  act: 

After  the  passage  of  the  bill  authorizing  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey 
of  the  State,  Mr.  Daniels  assumed  such  a  position  toward  it  that  Mr.  Hall  and 
myself  believed  we  could  not  honorably  or  usefully  be  connected  with  it,  unless 
the  contracts  clearly  and  definitely  fixed  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  service 
to  be  rendered  by  each,  in  accordance  with  the  third  section  of  the  act.  We 
wished  that  the  work  of  the  survey,  which  each  one  was  to  perform,  and  the 
amount  of  the  appropriation  which  each  one  might  use  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  the  act  to  accomplish  the  same,  should  be  determined  by  the  con- 
tracts. We  insisted  that  each  one  should  be  limited  to  an  equitable  proportion 
of  the  appropriation  ($2,000  per  year),  and  that  if  more  than  this  was  ex- 
pended in  any  department  it  should  be  a  matter  of  mutual  agreement.  This 
was  the  difference  between  Mr.  Daniels  and  the  other  members  of  the  com- 
mission, he  insisting  that  the  survey  was  chiefly  instituted  for  his  benefit,  and 
that  the  control  and  management  of  the  same  rightfully  belonged  to  him.  He 
was  unwilling  to  be  limited  in  his  contract  in  the  use  of  the  appropriation. 

Mr.  Hall  came  to  Madison  on  the  1st  of  May,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  gov- 
ernor and  other  members  of  the  commission  to  make  the  arrangements  and 
contracts  necessary  to  carry  them  out,  Mr.  Daniels  having  written  from  Kansai 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  517 

that  he  would  be  present  on  that  date.  Mr.  D.  did  not  appear,  and  the  confer- 
ence between  the  governor,  Mr.  Hall,  and  myself  resulted  in  agreeing  upon  the 
above  as  a  basis  of  the  contract.  The  division  of  the  work  of  the  survey  was 
also  agreed  upon,  and  was  essentially  the  same  as  was  afterwards  embodied 
in  the  contracts  drawn  June  19.  This  division  of  labor  was  based  upon  an 
equitable  division  of  the  funds,  that  each  one  should  have  the  means  of  working 
out,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act,  that  portion  of  the  survey 
which  he  was  made  responsible  for.  No  contracts  were  entered  into  at  the  time, 
as  it  was  desired  that  Mr.  Daniels  should  first  be  consulted. 

Mr.  Daniels,  on  his  return,  objected  to  the  above  basis,  for  the  reasons  already 
stated,  and  steadily  refused  his  assent  until  the  19th  day  of  June,  when  he 
came  to  me  and  professed  his  cordial  assent,  desiring  me  to  go  with  him  to 
the  governor's  office  and  have  the  contracts  executed.  The  governor  expressed 
his  satisfaction  at  the  result,  and  called  in  Mr.  J.  C.  Hopkins  to  draw  up  the 
contracts,  to  whom  we  stated  the  division  of  labor  and  the  limitation  in  the 
use  of  the  funds  agreed  upon.  Attention  was  particularly  directed  to  this.latter 
point,  as  it  was  understood  that  this  was  the  point  of  difference  which  had 
prevented  the  commission  from  being  organized  at  an  earlier  date.  When  I 
called  at  the  office  of  Mr.  Hopkins  the  next  morning  I  found  the  contracts  were 
drawn  up  without  the  limitations,  and  what  was  still  more  surprising,  Mr. 
Daniels,  without  consulting  any  other  member  of  the  commission,  had  caused 
his  own  to  be  executed  and  taken  it  away  with  him.  The  governor  had  signed 
them  on  the  previous  evening  and  left  town.  I  at  once  protested  to  Mr.  Dan- 
iels against  the  whole  proceeding  as  contrary  to  the  express  agreement  of  the 
commission  to  which  he  had  just  assented.  As  he  persisted  in  retaining  his 
contract,  neither  Mr.  Hall  or  myself  have  had  anything  further  to  do  with  the 
matter,  believing  the  proceedings  to  have  been  illegal. 

It  is  true  that  the  division  of  labor  as  specified  in  the  contract  drawn  by 
Mr.  Hopkins  is  essentially  the  same  as  agreed  upon  (see  Senate  journal  of 
January  29),  but  it  is  equally  true  that  this  division  was  based  upon  a  condi- 
tion wholly  ignored  in  the  contracts. 

The  contracts  as  drawn,  and  under  which  Mr.  Daniels  has  since  the  19th 
of  June  drawn  about  $2,000  from  the  State  treasury,  I  believe  to  be  not  In 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act,  because — 

1st.  They  do  not  accord  with  the  second  section,  which  requires  that  the 
functions  of  the  survey  shall  be  distributed  by  mutual  agreement,  and  that  such 
assistants  shall  be  employed  as  a  majority  of  the  commission  shall  deem  neces- 
sary. 

2d.  Mr.  Daniels's  contract  allows  him.  in  addition  to  his  salary,  which  la 
fixed  by  law,  at  the  rate  of  $2,000  per  annum,  for  the  time  spent  in  the  service 
of  the  State,  all  expenses  incurred  by  him  in  the  prosecution  of  the  same,  In- 
cluding expenses  of  assistant.  (See  contract  in  Senate  journal  of  January  29.) 
It  is  easy  to  see  that  under  the  head  of  expenses  in  Mr.  Daniels's  contract  he 
might,  so  far  as  any  limit  Is  concerned,  use  up  the  greater  part  of  or  even 
the  entire  appropriation.  This  contract  is  in  violation  of  the  second  section  of 
the  act,  which  requires  that  the  assistants  employed  shall  be  such  as  a  majority 
of  the  commission  shall  decide  upon;  and  of  the  third  section,  which  requires 
that  the  contract  shall  determine,  not  only  the  nature  but  the  extent  of  the 
compensation,  and  the  expenses  of  the  department  of  the  survey  under  the 
charge  of  each  commissioner.  There  are  no  limitations  in  Mr.  Daniels's  con- 
tract of  the  amount  of  the  appropriation  which  he  may  use  as  a  part  of  his 
"necessary  expenses,"  while  the  act  expressly  stipulates  that  the  contracts 
shall  set  forth  the  extent  of  the  expenses  made  by  each  commissioner. 


518  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL,  MUSEUM. 

It  is  but  justice  to  the  majority  of  the  commission  to  say  that  they  have 
been  ready  ever  since  the  passage  of  the  act  to  organize  the  commission  and 
take  contracts  in  accordance  with  its  plainly  expressed  provisions,  and  that  they 
have  declined  to  take  the  contracts  as  drawn,  because  they  believed  them  not  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act,  and  also  for  the  reason  that  if  Mr, 
Daniels,  or  any  other  member  of  the  commission,  was  thus  allowed  an  unlim- 
ited use  of  the  funds,  they  could  not  with  any  security  enter  upon  any  plan 
of  operations  creditable  to  themselves  or  the  State. 
.Respectfully,  yours, 

E.   S.   CAEB. 

The  foregoing  statement,  signed  by  Professor  Carr,  I  certify  to  be  correct 
so  far  as  my  own  action  and  views  are  concerned  and  the  events  of  which  I 
have  any  personal  knowledge.  The  agreement  of  a  majority  of  the  commis- 
sion with  the  governor  as  to  the  basis  of  the  contracts  to  be  drawn,  as  set 
forth  in  the  preceding  statement,  has  been  entirely  disregarded,  and  I  have 
always  maintained  that  the  course  pursued  in  the  execution  of  the  same  is  not 
in  accordance  with  the  intent  of  the  law,  and  is  therefore  illegal. 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

JAMES  HALL. 

MADISON,  February  16,  1858. 

Referred  to  committee  on  State  affairs. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  Daniels,  it  would  appear,  made  an  at- 
tempt, which,  however,  failed,  at  getting  through  the  legislature  a 
bill  making  himself  chief  geologist.  Carr  states  further,  in  a  letter 
dated  May  19  of  this  year,  that  a  bill  was  introduced  and  passed  in 
the  house  repealing  the  law  establishing  the  survey.  This  was,  how- 
ever, killed  in  the  senate,  and  with  the  understanding  that  Hall 
should  go  on  with  the  work.  On  May  30  Carr  wrote  Hall  that  new 
contracts  had  been  drawn  up,  allotting  to  each  of  the  three  commis- 
sioners the  sum  of  $2,000  a  year  to  be  utilized  "  in  accordance  with 
the  previous  provisions  of  this  act." 

Whittlesey  during  at  least  a  part  of  1859  was  working  under  a 
private  contract,  his  expenses  ($1,500)  being  met  by  moneys  ad- 
vanced by  Hall  and  Carr.  Nevertheless,  whether  from  philanthropic 
or  other  motives,  he  wrote  to  Hall  proposing  that  the  latter  resign 
in  his  (Whittlesey's)  favor.  Hall  naturally  declined,  stating  (under 
date  of  March  29,  1859) : 

I  should  have  little  objection  to  resigning,  but  if  I  do  so  it  must  be  entirely 
and  absolutely  and  without  any  further  connection  with  the  survey  whatever. 
The  affair  is  an  awkward  one  and  I  regret  that  I  ever  became  connected  with 
it  in  any  way,  but  as  it  is,  I  shall  try  a  little  longer  for  a  better  state  of  things. 

And  again,  under  date  of  April  8 : 

I  intend  to  see  something  tangible  clone  before  I  leave  the  work. 

There  was  apparently  no  way  out  of  the  disagreeable  and  wholly 
unsatisfactory  tangle,  but  by  an  entirely  new  deal  and  by  the  act 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  519 

given  in  full  below,  approved  April  2,  1860,  Hall  was  made  principal 
of  the  commission : 

An  act  to  perfect  the  geological  survey  of  the  State. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  James  Hall,  of  Albany,  New  York,  is  hereby  constituted  and  ap- 
pointed principal  of  the  geological  commission  established  by  chapter  40  of  the 
General  Laws  of  1857,  and  is  hereby  vested  with  such  general  control  and  super- 
vision of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  as  is  not  already  expressly  reserved 
to  the  several  commissioners  designated  in  said  chapter. 

SEC.  2,  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  James  Hall  to  make  a  written  contract 
with  J.  D.  Whitney,  which  contract  shall  be  approved  by  the  governor,  pro- 
viding for  the  completion  within  the  present  year  of  his  survey  and  maps  of 
the  lead  mines  of  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  State ;  which  maps  shall  in- 
clude the  whole  of  such  district  and  shall  be  constructed  upon  a  uniform  scale. 
A  contract  shall  also  be  made  in  the  same  manner  with  Charles  Whittlesey 
for  the  continuance  of  his  survey  of  the  mineral  regions  of  Lake  Superior. 

SEC.  3.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  the  preceding 
section  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized,  upon  the  presentation  of  the  proper 
vouchers,  to  draw  from  the  treasury  such  portion  of  the  sum  appropriated  by 
said  chapter  40  of  the  General  Laws  of  1857,  as  was  not  drawn  previous  to  the 
signing  of  the  contracts  with  the  commissioners  on  the  29th  day  of  May,  A.  D. 
1858;  and  all  that  part  of  said  appropriation  hereby  authorized  to  be  drawn 
by  the  governor,  which  shall  not  be  required  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions 
of  the  contracts  as  provided  in  the  preceding  section,  shall  be  appropriated  for 
the  engraving  of  maps  and  drawings  to  illustrate  the  surveys  therein  pro- 
vided for. 

SEC.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  In  force  from  and  after  its  passage 
and  publication. 

Approved  April  2,  1860. 

After  the  passage  of  this  act  Can*  wrote  to  Hall,  informing  him 
of  the  condition  of  affairs  and  stating  that  the  sum  of  $4,500  re- 
mained unexpended  from  earlier  appropriations. 

Although  not  so  stipulated  in  the  act,  the  same  was  passed  with 
the  understanding  that  not  less  than  $1,500  of  this  sum  should  be 
used  in  the  exploration  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  and  that 
the  expense  of  engraving  the  map  should  also  be  paid  from  it. 

In  accordance  with  section  2  of  the  law,  Hall  entered  into  con- 
tracts with  Whitney  and  Whittlesey,  as  below : 

Memorandum  of  an  agreement  made  and  entered  Into  this  1st  day  of  May,  In  the  year 
1860,  In  accordance  with  section  2  of  chapter  834  of  the  Laws  of  Wisconsin,  approved 
April  2,  1860,  between  James  Hall,  of  the  first  part,  In  behalf  of  the  people  of  Wisconsin 
*nd  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  governor  of  said  State,  and  Josiah  D.  Whitney,  jr.,  of 
the  second  part,  as  follows : 

To  provide  for  the  completion  within  the  present  year  of  his  survey  and 
mops  of  the  lead  mines  of  the  southwestern  portions  of  the  State,  which  maps 
shall  include  the  whole  of  such  district  and  shall  be  constructed  upon  a  uniform 
scale. 


520  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  make  all  the  necessary  surveys  and 
perform  all  the  field  work  in  the  lead  region  in  the  southwest  part  of  Wis- 
consin and  the  adjacent  country  required  for  the  completion  of  a  geological 
map  of  said  region,  which  shall  embrace  what  is  known  as  the  lead  region  of 
Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Illinois,  showing  the  position  and  relation  of  the  lead 
crevices,  the  geological  structure  of  the  country,  and  all  the  information  needful 
to  accompany  such  a  map;  and  that  the  map  now  partially  completed  shall  be 
finished  and  re:idy  for  the  engraver  by  the  1st  of  August  of  this  year. 

The  said  party  of  the  second  part  also  agrees  to  make  the  necessary  surveys 
for  the  completion  and  also  to  complete  a  map  of  the  region  between  Dubuque, 
Galena,  and  Shulisburg,  on  a  larger  scale  than  the  one  above  specified,  to  be 
called  a  crevice  map,  showing  the  direction,  length,  etc.,  of  all  the  lead  crevices 
known  in  that  portion  of  the  lead  region  embraced  in  the  map,  and  that  the 
map  shall  be  completed  and  ready  for  the  engraver  on  or  before  the  1st  day 
of  November,  I860. 

The  said  party  of  the  second  part  likewise  agrees  to  prepare  a  report  upon 
the  entire  lead  region,  to  accompany  the  maps  aforesaid,  which  report  shall 
contain  a  full  description  of  the  country  embraced  within  the  limits  of  the 
maps,  so  far  as  its  geological  structure  is  concerned,  and  all  that  related  to 
Its  mining  or  mineral  interests,  with  such  sketches,  diagrams,  and  other  illustra- 
tions as  he  may  deem  proper  for  the  same,  the  original  drawings  and  diagrams 
for  which  shall  be  furnished  by  himself  ready  for  the  engraver.  The  said 
report  and  maps  shall  constitute  a  part  of  the  report  upon  the  geological  survey 
of  Wisconsin,  to  be  printed  in  the  same  form  and  in  the  manner  which  shall 
be  designated  by  the  governor. 

This  report  the  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  have  completed  and  ready 
for  the  printer  on  or  before  the  31st  day  of  December,  I860,  and  he  agrees 
either  himself  to  superintend  the  printing  of  the  same,  so  far  as  reading  and 
correcting  proofs,  etc.,  or  to  provide  a  competent  person  to  do  it. 

In  consideration  of  the  services  and  labor  above  specified,  the  party  of  the 
first  part  agrees  to  pay  to  the  party  of  the  second  part  the  following  sum,  as 
specified — namely,  $500  on  the  signing  of  this  contract  or  on  its  approval  by 
the  governor;  $1,000  on  the  1st  day  of  June,  1860;  $1,000  on  the  completion 
of  the  maps  and  report,  and  their  delivery  to  the  party  of  the  first  part.  These 
several  sums  shall  be  accepted  in  full  for  all  services  performed  and  labor  per- 
formed or  to  be  performed  under  the  direction  of  the  party  of  the  first  part 
in  connection  with  the  report  and  maps  specified. 

These  several  sums  specified  shall  be  paid  by  a  certificate  of  the  party  of  th« 
first  part  to  the  governor,  setting  forth  that  the  conditions  of  the  contract  havt 
been  fulfilled  and  asking  his  warrant  upon  the  treasurer  of  the  State  for  the 
payment  of  the  same.  The  provisions  and  requirements  of  section  2  of  chapter 
332  of  the  General  Laws  of  1860,  approved  April  2,  I860,  and  made  a  part  of 
this  contract. 

Memorandum  of  an  agreement  made  and  entered  Into  this  12th  day  of  June,  In  th« 
year  1860,  In  accordance  with  section  2  of  chapter  334  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  Wis- 
consin, approved  April  2,  1860,  between  James  Hall,  of  the  first  part.  In  behalf  of  tn« 
people  of  the  State,  and  Charles  Whittlesey,  of  the  second  part,  as  follows : 

The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  proceed  to  the  south  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  and  to  make,  for  the  continuance  of  his 
survey  of  the  mineral  regions  of  Lake  Superior,  a  careful  geological  survey  of 
the  country  lying  between  the  Montreal  River  on  the  east  and  the  easterly 
branches  of  Bad  River  on  the  west,  or  so  much  thereof  as  he  is  able  to  perform 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  521 

during  the  present  season,  and  to  lay  down  upon  a  map  the  limits  of  the  rock 
formations  and  designate  the  same  by  colors ;  to  make  a  report  upon  the  same 
which  shall  embrace  as  full  and  detailed  account  of  his  rocks  and  minerals  and 
a  description  of  the  geological  structure  of  the  country,  as  he  shall  be  able  to 
do  from  the  observations  made. 

The  said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  deliver  the  said  map  and  report 
completed  to  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  Jan- 
uary, 1861.1 

The  said  party  of  the  second  part  likewise  agrees  to  make  all  the  necessary 
collections  of  rocks,  minerals,  and  ores  to  illustrate  the  geology  and  mineralogy 
of  said  district  of  country. 

For  the  services  herein  specified  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  agrees  to  pay 
to  the  party  of  the  second  part,  with  the  approval  of  the  governor  and  to  be 
drawn  from  the  sum  appropriated  by  the  law  cited,  the  sum  of  $1,500,  $500  of 
which  is  to  be  paid  on  the  signing  and  delivery  of  this  contract,  $500  on  the  1st 
of  November  next,  and  the  remaining  $500  on  the  delivery  of  the  map  and  re- 
port aforesaid,  the  same  being  in  full  for  all  services  and  expenses  of  the  party 
of  the  second  part. 

Furthermore,  the  provisions  and  requirements  of  the  second  section  of 
chapter  334,  of  the  General  Laws  of  A.  D.  1860,  approved  April  2,  1860,  are 
made  a  part  of  this  contract. 

Matters  still  did  not  work  smoothly,  though  Whitney  completed 
his  survey  and  report  on  the  lead  region.  The  outcome  of  the  ar- 
rangement with  Whittlesey  was  less  satisfactory.  He  complained 
of  unfair  treatment  and  that  money  appropriated  for  his  work  was 
diverted.  His  connection  with  the  Quartermaster's  Division  of  the 
Army  in  1861  would  appear  to  have  interfered  with  his  duties  as 
geologist,  but  not  to  have  dampened  his  ambiti9n;  and  his  final  re- 
port, as  received  by  the  governor,  seems  to  have  been  quite  unsatis- 
factory. 

In  1861  the  legislature  passed  an  act  providing  for  the  publica- 
tion of  1.000  copies  of  the  reports  (Hall's  and  Whitney's),  but  in- 
cluded an  item  repealing  the  act  of  establishment;  also  a  joint  reso- 
lution requesting  the  commissioners  to  surrender  their  contracts. 
The  repealing  act  the  governor  refused  to  sign.  A  copy  of  a  new 
agreement  made  under  this  act,  as  found  among  Mr.  Hall's  papers,  is 
given  below: 

This  agreement  made  this  7th  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1861,  between  James 
Hall,  geologist,  resident  of  the  State  of  New  York,  party  of  the  first  part, 
and  Alexander  W.  Randall,  governor  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  on  behalf  of 
said  State,  party  of  the  second  part,  witnesseth,  that  said  party  of  the  first 
part,  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  several  conditions,  agreements,  and  obliga- 
tions, herein  below  mentioned,  agreed  on  and  incurred  by  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  and  between  both  parties,  agrees  to  deliver  to  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  in  the  city  of  Madison,  capital  of  Wisconsin,  on  or  before  the 
1st  day  of  January,  next,  1,000  copies  of  Hall's  first  volume  of  the  geological 


1  "  Provided  that  the  analyses  required  for  the  work  shall  be  completed  In  time  to  be 
incorporated  in  the  report."    This  clause  Is  inserted  before  the  execution  of  the  contract. 


522  HULLKTIX    10'.',    UNITED  STATKS    NATIONAL,   MUSEUM. 

report  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  confined  mainly  to  the  lead  regions,  and  to 
contain  not  less  than  450  pages;  and  said  volume  shall  embrace  a  chapter 
on  the  general  geology  of  the  State  and  its  relations  to  the  geology  of  the  sur- 
rounding States,  with  the  details  of  the  geology,  mineralogy,  and  mining 
thereof,  and  shall  be  the  same  size  (but  it  shall  have  the  number  of  pages 
above  stated)  and  in  all  respects  as  to  type,  paper,  and  binding  equal  to  the 
Iowa  geological  report,  with  all  necessary  maps  and  illustrations. 

And  said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  that  when  said  copies  as  aforesaid 
are  delivered  as  aforesaid,  and  duly  accepted  by  him  on  behalf  of  the  State. 
he  will  pay  at  the  rate  of  S3  per  volume  for  said  report  by  delivering  to  said 
party  of  the  first  part,  his,  said  governor's  warrant,  on  the  State  treasurer  for 
the  sum  of  $3,000,  which  shall  be  payment  in  full  for  all  of  said  1,000  reports  so 
delivered  and  accepted. 

It  is  hereby  mutually  and  further  agreed  by  and  between  said  parties  that 
in  case  said  reports  do  not  in  all  respects  expressly  meet  the  requirements  of 
this  contract  and  the  law  hereinafter  mentioned,  the  said  party  of  the  second 
part,  or  the  State,  shall  be  under  no  obligations  to  accept  said  report,  nor  shall 
any  liabiltiy  or  account  thereof  exist  against  the  Stale. 

And,  lastly,  that  chapter  263  of  the  General  Laws  of  Wisconsin  for  the  year 
1861,  entitled  "An  act  to  authorize  the  purchase  of  1,000  copies  of  the  fir§t 
volume  of  the  geological  reports  of  this  State  "  is  herein  referred  to  and  made 
a  part  of  this  agreement,  in  imposing  conditions  and  consequences  on  the  party 
of  the  first  part,  except  where  said  law  is  inconsistent  herewith. 

Misunderstandings  continued  to  arise,  the  details  of  which  it  is 
impossible  to  now  ascertain  and  the  causes  of  which  can  only  be 
surmised.  The  following  letter  gives  Professor  Hall's  version  of  the 
matter : 

ALBANY,  October  5,  1861. 

DEAB  SIR:  I  have  just  now  been  apprised  by  Mr.  Watson  that  you  decline 
to  pay  any  money  on  account  of  the  geological  survey.  I  am  surprised  and 
quite  unprepared  for  such  a  decision.  Last  spring  I  heard  something  of  a  de- 
termination to  suspend  the  work,  but  after  making  inquiries  I  learned  that  there 
had  been  no  action  and  I  went  on  as  usual ;  and  am  under  engagements  to  pay 
money  for  the  field  work,  more  than  $300  being  due  to  Mr.  Hale  from  the  Sep- 
tember quarter's  salary,  and  I  must  pay  him  nearly  as  much  more  by  the 
1st  of  January.1 

After  the  passage  of  the  law  relating  to  publication  I  went  on  preparing  the 
materials,  and,  as  you  are  aware,  have  signed  a  contract  to  deliver  a  completed 
volume  of  not  less  than  450  pages  with  maps,  etc.  My  engagements  for  this 
work  are  all  made  and  the  printing  is  going  on.  The  maps  and  sections  are 
to  be  delivered  to  me  on  the  9th  of  December,  and  I  intend  to  have  the  volumes 
delivered  in  Madison  on  or  before  the  1st  of  January,  1862. 

I  feel  that  the  completion  of  this  volume  is  of  the  utmost  importance  for 
the  credit  of  the  survey,  for  those  who  have  authorized  it  and  those  who  have 
executed  it,  and  I  feel  quire  sure  that  its  publication  will  quiet  much  of  the 
complaint  against  the  survey,  and  will  at  last  show  that  some  good  work  has 
been  done. 

There  has  been  much  labor  to  prepare  this  report  for  the  press,  and  I  have 
also  worked  at  the  paleontology,  and  although  there  was  no  appropriation  I  have 

1  Of  this  latter  sum  I  have  an  agreement  with  Doctor  Carr  by  which  he  will  pay  a 
portion  from  his  salary. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND   NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  oSSrf 

had  drawings  and  engravings  made;  and  I  send  proofs  of  two  plates  that  you 
may  see  the  evidences. 

To  pay  for  the  work  of  the  publication  I  need  the  small  amount  of  money  com- 
ing to  me  from  these  quarterly  payments,  and  if  I  do  not  get  it  I  shall  be 
seriously  embarrassed.  Your  decision  places  me  in  a  very  unpleasant  posi- 
tion with  the  responsibilities  which  by  your  sanction  I  have  assumed,  and  I 
beg  that  you  will  reconsider  the  matter  and  sustain  me  till  January,  when  I 
can  present  the  printed  report  and  the  whole  matter  may  be  then  referred  to 
the  legislature.  I  am  quite  sure  that  you  will  be  far  better  satisfied  to  have 
the  work  now  in  progress  completed  and  the  report  published,  for  we  will  then 
have  something  as  a  record.  To  complete  this  work  at  my  own  expense 
and  without  the  sums  due  me  from  the  State  would  ruin  me  entirely ;  and  if 
your  decision  remains,  I  have  to  choose  between  this  and  to  stop  and  share  Jn 
a  disgrace  which  will  fall  equally  on  all  concerned  for  not  accomplishing  a 
work  which  had  been  authorized  and  agreed  upon,  and  for  the  failure  of  which 
the  public  will  never  hold  us  excusable. 

The  work  has  been  carried  on  under  your  own  direction,  and  I  have  sought 
your  advice  and  sanction  in  all  matters.  Two  years  since  I  would  have  gladly 
resigned  and  by  your  advice  alone  I  remained  in  my  connection  with  the 
survey.  A  continuance  of  a  few  months  longer,  with  the  small  sums  I  may 
draw,  can  not  materially  injure  the  State,  and  you  have  my  assurance  of  a 
satisfactory  result. 

It  is  my  present  intention  to  leave  here  as  soon  as  the  work  of  printing  and 
other  matters  are  in  a  satisfactory  condition,  and  I  expect  to  be  in  Madison 
about  the  1st  of  November.  I  hope  to  be  able  to  see  you  then;  and  in  the 
meantime,  and  as  soon  as  practicable,  desire  to  know  if  I  can  draw  the  amount 
of  the  September  quarter's  pay. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  JAMES  HALL. 

To  His  Excellency,  ALEX.  W.  RANDALL, 

Governor,  etc. 

The  legislature  of  1862,  incidental  to  the  excitement  of  the  Civil 
War,  repealed  the  law  authorizing  the  survey,  whereupon  Carr  and 
Daniels  abandoned  the  field.  This,  however,  Hall  refused  to  do, 
contending  that  he  had  a  contract  under  seal  with  the  governor,  ac- 
cording to  the  provisions  of  the  law,  and  that  legislation  could  not 
annul  it.  He,  therefore,  continued  his  work  and  completed  that 
which  had  been  originally  assigned  to  him  in  the  division  among 
the  three  commissioners. 

Expenses. — Details  of  expenditures  under  this  survey  are  not  now 
available.  The  original  bill  authorizing  the  work  appropriated 
$6,000  a  year  for  six  years.  The  act  of  April  2,  I860,  provided  that 
all  of  this  appropriation  not  required  to  carry  into  effect  the  pro- 
visions of  the  contracts  which  had  been  entered  into  should  be  ap- 
propriated for  the  engraving  of  maps  and  drawings.  It  would  seem 
safe  to  assume,  therefore,  that  the  entire  amount,  $36,000,  was  uti- 
lized, and  no  more,  as  there  are  found  no  records  of  further  ap- 
propriations. 


524  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Publication.— Hall's  first  report  as  superintendent  of  the  survey, 
as  indicated  by  the  letter  of  transmittal,  bore  the  date  of  December 
24,  I860.1  This  consisted  of  an  octavo  pamphlet  of  but  52  pages, 
three  pages  of  which  are  related  to  the  general  work  of  the  survey, 
the  remainder  being  given  up  to  descriptions  of  new  species  of  fos- 
sils. The  manuscript  of  Whitney's  report  on  the  lead  region  was, 
according  to  this  author,  submitted  in  October,  I860,  but  printing 
was  not  begun  until  a  year  later  and  was  finished  in  January,  1862. 
As  issued,  this  report  formed  a  volume  of  455  pages,  of  which  the 
first  72  consisted  of  an  introductory  chapter  by  Hall  on  the  physical 
geography  and  geology  of  Wisconsin,  and  included  a  catalogue  of 
the  paleozoic  fossils  of  the  State.  One  thousand  copies  of  this  were 
printed  under  an  act  of  the  legislature,  dated  April  15,  1861.  The 
second  volume  of  Hall's  report,  it  is  stated,  was  prepared  and  sub- 
mitted to  the  governor  in  December,  1862.  The  latter,  however,  did 
not  lay  the  same  before  the  legislature  until  it  was  called  for  by  a 
resolution  dated  February  7,  1863.  It  appears  to  have  never  been 
printed.  The  following  letters,  explanatory  of  Hall's  views  of  the 
matter,  seem  worthy  of  reproduction  in  full : 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  January  11,  186%. 
Hon.  ALKXANDEB  W.  RANDALL. 

DEAB  SIR:  In  making  the  statement  which  you  suggested  in  relation  to  the 
geological  survey  of  Wisconsin  it  is  scarcely  necessary  for  me  to  go  back  to  the 
original  law  and  the  organization  of  the  survey.  The  law  was  imperative  and 
In  all  respects  binding  upon  the  individuals  accepting  positions  under  it,  and  I 
believe  you  will  recollect  that  I  was  from  the  outset  desirous  of  avoiding  all 
difficulty,  and  on  that  account  insisted  on  a  distinct  specification  of  the  duties 
and  responsibilities  I  was  about  to  incur. 

After  agreeing  to  the  division  of  labor  and  signing  the  contract  with  the  State 
I  devoted  myself,  as  far  as  the  means  at  my  disposal  would  permit,  to  the  work 
before  me,  while  the  passage  of  a  supplementary  law  increased  my  duties  and 
responsibilities  as  well  as  my  personal  expenses  without  any  additional  com- 
pensation. It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  recapitulate  in  this  place,  as  all  the  acts 
and  arrangements  were  done  with  your  knowledge  and  approval. 

The  first  volume  was  ordered  to  be  published  during  your  administration,  and 
the  manner  and  style  of  publication  specified.  This  was  accomplished,  and 
copies  sent  to  your  successor  in  oflice  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  members  of 
the  legislature  In  February,  1862.  At  the  same  time  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  inquire  into  and  report  upon  the  publication  of  the  second  volume,  for  which  I 
showed  them  the  materials  prepared  and  gave  an  estimate  of  the  cost.  The  pub- 
lication was  recommended  by  the  governor  to  the  committees  of  both  houses,  who 
met  in  the  executive  chambers,  and  these  committees  sanctioned  the  plan.  So 
favorably  had  the  committee  looked  upon  the  matter  in  several  meetings  that 
there  seemed  no  doubt  as  to  their  recommendation,  and  by  the  advice  of  Mr. 

1  The  copy  of  this  printed  report  In  the  library  of  the  United  States  National  Museum 
was  the  property  of  F.  P».  Meek,  and  bears  the  following,  in  pencil,  on  the  margin : 
"First  16  pages,  pub.  February,  1861.  Pages  17  to  32,  Inclusive,  pub.  Nov.  10,  1861. 
Remainder  at  a  later  date — December,  according  to  Hall." 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  525 

Hopkins,  chairman  of  the  senate  committee,  1  returned  to  Albany  to  forward  the 
remaining  copies  of  the  first  volume  and  to  prepare  for  the  publication  of  the 
second  volume.  Within  two  weeks  after  I  left  Madison  the  legislature  passed 
some  resolutions  reflecting  upon  the  course  of  the  geological  commission  and  at 
the  same  time  passed  an  act  repealing  the  law  for  the  geological  survey  without 
giving  any  party  an  opportunity  to  be  heard  in  explanation.  The  nature  of  the 
original  law,  I  dare  say,  you  will  remember.  This  law  authorized  contracts 
with  certain  parties  and  required  an  investigation  by  the  governor  before  any 
person  could  be  dismissed. 

This  act  repealing  the  law  prevented  the  drawing  of  any  money  by  the 
governor  on  account  of  the  survey,  and  though  I  was  compelled  to  go  twice  to 
Wisconsin  after  this,  and  to  continue  investigations  already  begun,  I  was  un- 
able to  draw  any  pay  from  the  State  under  my  contract,  or  in  any  other  way. 

Notwithstanding  all  this,  I  carried  on  my  investigations  in  preparation  for 
the  second  volume,  in  accordance  with  my  contract,  and  have  not  ceased  to 
work  at  the  collections  already  made  for  the  illustration  of  the  report  on  the 
paleontology  of  the  State.  The  subject  of  publication  was  before  the  legis- 
lature during  the  last  session,  but  they  declined  to  take  any  action  in  the 
matter. 

I  have  in  my  i>ossession  the  manuscript  and  reports,  maps,  and  diagrams  of 
Colonel  Whittlesey  upon  the  Menomonee  region,  and  upon  the  iron  region  of  Lake 
Superior,  also  a  report  upon  the  drift  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  State. 

In  the  department  of  paleontology  I  have  prepared  descriptions  of  fossils, 
and  at  my  own  expense  have  had  a  considerable  number  of  drawings  made  to 
illustrate  them,  and  some  engraving  done  in  anticipation  of  the  order  for  pub- 
lication. The  materials  in  my  hands  are  sufficient  to  make  a  volume  as  large 
or  larger  than  the  one  already  published.  This  volume  will  require  the  en- 
graving of  some  maps  and  about  30  plates  of  fossils.  It  would  be  of  great 
value  and  interest  to  the  people  of  Wisconsin  and  would  be  prized  in  all  the 
libraries  of  the  country,  as  well  as  among  all  scientific  persons  and  all 
students  in  geology.  There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the  value  of  the  matter 
I  have  prepared,  and  there  should  be  no  question  as  to  the  desirableness  and 
importance  of  publishing  this  work.  The  efforts  of  Wisconsin  to  secure  a 
geological  survey  have  been  so  often  thwarted  in  one  way  or  another  that  now 
when  an  opportunity  offers  of  making  a  respectable  and  creditable  conclusion 
of  the  work  there  should  be  no  hesitation  on  the  part  of  the  legislature.  The 
results  of  the  investigations  are  ready  for  publication,  which  is  the  very  con- 
dition so  long  desired  by  the  people  and  the  legislature,  and  if  they  would  ob- 
tain the  benefits  of  the  survey  the  publication  must  be  made. 

In  the  present  attitude  of  the  affair  I  have  been  deprived  of  the  money  ac- 
tually due  me,  and,  moreover,  have  been  compelled  to  expend  money  in  carrying 
on  the  work  and  in  going  to  Madison  on  several  occasions,  not  contemplated  in 
the  beginning  of  the  work  and  subsequent  to  the  repeal  of  the  law. 

Although  I  believe  and  am  so  advised  legally  that  my  claim  against  the  State 
under  my  contract  is  good  and  can  be  sustained,  I  would  much  prefer  that  the 
legislature,  taking  an  enlightened  view  of  the  matter,  should  order  the  publi- 
cation of  the  results  and  fulfill  the  agreement  on  the  part  of  the  State  as  I  have 
done  mine. 

As  the  matter  now  stands  I  am  placed  In  the  awkward  position  of  holding 
hi  my  possession  materials  belonging  to  the  State,  while  the  act  of  the  legisla- 
ture has  deprived  me  of  all  connection  with  the  State  or  power  to  act  in  the 
premises.  The  extensive  collections  of  geological  specimens  and  fossils  are 
chiefly  In  my  possession  (some  part  of  them  having  been  returned  to  the  uni- 


526  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSK 

versity).  Th-se  should  by  all  means  be  properly  labeled  and  placed  in  the  uni- 
versity cabinet.  Of  a  considerable  part  of  the  collection  there  are  duplicate*, 
which  might  be  made  into  series  for  one  or  two  other  institutions  if  required. 
I  believe  that  such  a  plan  of  distribution  would  be  of  great  service  to  the  in- 
terests of  education  in  the  State. 

Something  should  be  done,  at  least  so  much  as  to  relieve  me  from  this  posi- 
tion, if  nothing  more.  To  do  this  would  simply  be  to  pay  the  amount  due  me  and 
take  custody  of  the  materials  in  my  possession. 

In  reference  to  the  first  volume,  1,000  copies  only  were  published,  while  a 
State  of  the  extent  and  population  of  Wisconsin  should  have  had  at  least  2,500 
copies. 

I  have,  at  considerable  expense  to  myself,  preserved  the  lithographic  stones 
on  which  the  large  maps  were  engraved  in  order  to  save  expenditure  in  re- 
engraving  should  another  edition  of  the  volume  be  ordered. 

I  can  do  no  more  than  I  have  done  without  further  authority,  and  to  give 
this  some  legislative  action  will  be  necessary. 

Should  any  point  require  fuller  statement  or  explanation  I  shall  be  most  happy 
to  forward  it  to  yourself  or  to  anyone  else. 

I  am,  with  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  JAMES  HALL. 

ALBANY,  N.  Y.,  January  20,  1S6J. 

Notwithstanding  the  repeal  of  the  law,  I  did  not  feel  myself  exonerated 
from  the  fulfillment  of  my  contract  and  continued  my  work  in  the  preparation 
of  the  materials  in  my  hands  for  publication.  I  even  went  so  far  as  to  have 
drawings  made  and  some  engravings  done  for  the  second  volume. 

In  December  last  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  I.  A.  Lapham  saying  that  he 
had  consulted  some  of  the  newly  elected  members  of  the  legislature  in  reference 
to  the  matter  and  they  were  desirous  of  having  the  second  volume  published 
and  the  collections  labeled  and  sent  to  the  university.  I  have  replied  to  this 
letter. 

I  have  in  my  hands  extensive  collections  of  fossils  which  ought  to  be  properly 
labeled  and  placed  in  the  cabinet  of  the  State  university,  where  they  would  be 
valuable  for  study  and  comparison.  The  course  pursued  by  the  legislature 
has  inflicted  an  injury  upon  me  by  depriving  me  of  a  year's  salary  due  under 
ray  contract,  and  then  causing  me  to  incur  expenses  which  were  in  no  way  con- 
nected with  my  duties  under  this  contract.  Besides  this,  I  am  deprived  of  the 
opportunity  of  publication,  and  this  is  one  great  object  of  an  investigator. 
At  the  same  time  the  people  of  the  State  are  deprived  of  the  information  col- 
lected during  the  survey,  and  for  which  their  money  has  been  paid.  The  pres- 
ent condition  of  the  affair  creates  complaint  and  dissatisfaction  on  all  sides,  for 
I  certainly  feel  that  I  have  been  wronged,  while  by  no  act  of  mine  the  people 
have  been  deprived  of  what  they  had  a  right  to  expect  from  me,  and  which, 
so  far  as  I  could  do,  I  have  prepared  to  bring  before  them — waiting  only  thy 
action  of  the  legislature  to  order  publication. 

(Signed)  JAMES  HALT.. 

JUIJTJS  T.  CLABK,  Esq. 

In  1865.  and  again  in  1866,  futile  attempts  were  made  at  getting 
a  bill  through  the  legislature  that  should  relieve  Hall  and  bring 
matters  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion.  As  late  as  1868  finds  Hall 
writing  the  governor's  secretary  as  follows: 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    103     PL.  37 


I  « 

0 


gfe 


GEOLOGICAL,  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  527 

ALBANY,  January  SO,  1868. 
OHAB.  KNICKERBOCKER,  Secy.  etc. 

DEAR  SIB:  Your  favor  of  the  17th  was  received  by  me  on  iny  return  from 
Washington  this  week.  The  story  of  the  Wisconsin  survey  is  soon  told.  I  went 
into  it  by  request  of  the  governor  and  legislature  and  under  a  contract  provided 
for  in  the  law.  After  the  first  volume  was  published  and  a  part  of  the  copies 
delivered  in  Madison,  the  second  volume  in  progress  and  some  engraving  done, 
the  legislature,  in  a  fit  of  spleen,  repealed  the  law.  The  principal  cause  of  this 
was,  I  have  no  doubt,  because  we  did  not  recommend  deep  mining  in  the  lead 
region. 

By  this  act  of  the  legislature  I  was  left  about  $2,500  out  of  pocket;  that  is, 
my  salary  for  one  year  and  $500  paid  for  engraving,  etc.  I  have  made  overtures 
for  some  settlement  of  my  claim,  but  have  not  succeeded.  I  have  the  ma- 
terials— that  is,  manuscript,  some  lithographed  plates,  etc. — and  have  within  the 
last  few  years  had  other  plates  lithographed.  I  have  now  about  22  plates  avail- 
able for  this  work,  and  20  more  would  make  a  fair  completion  of  the  volume. 
None  of  these  have  been  paid  for  by  Wisconsin,  and  of  course  will  have  to  be 
considered  in  any  arrangement  to  be  made. 

The  manuscript  is,  of  course,  my  own,  the  State  having  paid  for  nothing.  I 
likewise  hold  some  boxes  of  specimens  which  I  collected  while  engaged  in  the 
work,  and  these  would  go  to  the  State  on  completion  and  payment  of  the  work. 

You  can  judge  for  yourself  of  the  temper  and  disposition  of  the  legislature, 
.•ind  whether  you  could  secure  the  appropriation  necessary  to  pay  for  the  work. 

I  presume  that  Professor  Carr,  of  the  university,  can  give  you  some  informa- 
tion, and  perhaps  the  president  of  the  university  may  be  interested  to  have  it 
completed. 

If  you  conclude  to  do  anything  and  will  let  me  know  how  I  can  help  the  mat- 
ter I  will  do  so  cheerfully. 

I  am,  very  truly  yours, 

(Signed)  JAMES  HAUL. 

Nothing  satisfactory  seems  to  have  been  the  outcome  of  all  at- 
tempts until  1873.  Fragmentary  correspondence  which  has  passed 
under  the  writer's  eye  indicates  that  Whittlesey  had  kept  up  a  spas- 
modic and  not  very  amicable  correspondence  on  survey  matters  and 
that  the  latter  had  aspirations,  not  realized,  of  himself  sometime  be- 
coming State  geologist. 

THIRD  SURVEY  UNDER  LAPHAM-WIGHT-CHAMBERLIN,  1873-1879. 

The  third  attempt  at  a  geological  survey  of  Wisconsin  was  made 
under  the  following  authorization,  approved  March  19,  1873 : 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  complete  geological  survey  of  Wisconsin. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly,  do 
enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  The  governor  is  hereby  required  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  senate,  a  chief  geologist,  who  shall  be  a  person  of  known 
integrity,  thorough  practical  and  scientific  knowledge  of  the  sciences  of  geology 
and  mineralogy,  and,  upon  recommendation  of  said  chief  geologist,  the  governor 

136075—20 35 


528  BULLETIN  109,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

ghall  appoint  one  or  more  assistants,  not  exceeding  in  number  four,  one  of  whom 
shall  be  a  skillful  analytical  chemist  and  assayer ;  and  the  chief  geologist  and 
his  assistants  to  constitute  a  geological  corps,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make 
a  thorough  and  complete  geological,  mineralogical  and  agricultural  survey  of 
the  State,  and  topographical  surveys  of  such  portions  as  may  be  deemed  by 
the  corps  to  need  them  for  the  thorougli  completion  of  the  work:  Provided, 
That  if  the  appointment  of  the  chief  geologist  be  made  during  the  recess  of 
the  senate,  such  appointment  may  be  confirmed  at  the  next  session  thereof. 

SKC.  2.  The  survey  shall  have  for  its  objects: 

1st  An  examination  of  the  geological  structure  of  the  State,  including  the 
dip,  number,  magnitude,  order  and  relative  position  of  the  various  strata; 
their  richiness  in  minerals,  metallic  ores,  clays,  mineral  waters,  fertilizers, 
building  stones,  and  other  useful  materials;  the  value  of  such  materials  for 
economic  purposes,  and  their  accessibility  for  mining  and  manufacture. 

2d.  Accurate  chemical  analyses  and  assays  of  the  various  ores,  clays,  peats, 
marls,  building  stones,  etc.,  discovered  by  the  State. 

3d.  A  careful  topographical  survey  of  the  lead  region,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  as  far  as  possible  the  amount  of  denudation  and  the  exact  position 
of  the  mining  ground  at  each  locality;  also  careful  barometrical  observations 
on  the  relative  elevation  and  depression  of  various  parts  of  the  State. 

4th.  An  examination  of  soils  and  subsoils,  and  observations  upon  the  animal 
and  vegetable  productions  of  the  State  with  reference  to  its  agricultural  in- 


SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  geological  corps,  in  the  progress  of  the 
examinations  hereby  directed,  to  collect  such  specimens  of  rocks,  ores,  fossils, 
minerals,  etc.,  as  may  be  necessary  to  exemplify  the  geology  of  the  State.  Sets 
of  these  specimens  shall  be  deposited  with  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Arts,  and  Letters,  and  the  State  university,  and  with  each  one  of  the  incor- 
porated colleges  of  the  State,  and  with  each  of  the  normal  schools,  provided  ap- 
plication be  made  to  the  chief  geologist  before  the  commencement  of  field  work. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chief  geologist  and  his  assistants,  on  or 
before  the  first  Monday  in  January  hi  each  year  during  the  continuation  of  the 
survey,  to  make  to  the  governor  a  report  of  the  progress  and  results  of  the 
survey,  accompanied  by  such  maps,  profiles,  and  drawings  as  may  be  necessary 
to  exemplify  the  same,  which  reports  the  governor  shall  lay  before  the  legis- 
lature. 

SEC.  5.  As  soon  as  the  progress  of  the  survey  will  permit  the  chief  geologist 
shall  begin,  and  on  completion  of  the  survey  shall  complete,  a  final  report,  in- 
cluding the  results  of  the  entire  survey,  accompanied  by  such  drawings  and 
topographical  maps  as  may  be  necessary  to  illustrate  the  same,  and  by  a  single 
geographical  map  showing  by  colors  and  other  appropriate  means  the  stratifi- 
cation of  rocks,  the  localities  of  the  beds  of  mineral  deposits,  and  the  character 
and  extent  of  the  different  formations. 

SEC.  6.  To  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  sum  of  $13,000  for 
each  year,  until  the  completion  of  the  said  survey,  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be 
drawn  from  the  treasury  on  warrants  from  the  governor  as  needed,  which 
shall  be  in  full  for  all  expenditures  except  printing  of  reports.  The  salary  of 
the  chief  geologist  and  the  salaries  of  the  assistant  geologists  shall  be  fixed  by 
the  governor,  and  shall  be  for  services  actually  performed  and  time  actually 
spent  in  the  work.  The  balance  of  the  sum  hereinbefore  appropriated  shall  be 
•sed  in  such  manner  as  shall  best  promote  the  purposes  of  this  act. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  529 

SEC.  1.  The  survey  shall  commence  the  1st  of  June  next,  or  as  soon  there- 
after as  practicable,  beginning  with  the  counties  of  Ashland  and  Douglas,  and 
the  entire  survey  shall  be  completed  within  four  years  from  and  after  its  com- 
mencement. 

Approved  March  19,  1873. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  survey  authorized  by  this  act  was  inde- 
pendent of  any  other  institution  and  was  to  be  sustained  by  annual 
appropriations.  This  law,  with  the  additions  and  amendments  given 
below,  continued  in  force  until  1879,  though,  owing  to  the  unfortunate 
clause  relative  to  the  necessity  of  a  confirmation  of  the  governor's 
appointment  by  the  senate,  the  early  results  were  not  what  one  had 
a  right  to  anticipate. 

Administration. — Under  the  law  of  March  19,  1873,  Increase  A. 
Lapham  was  appointed  chief  geologist,  receiving  his  commission  on 
April  10  following.  On  the  29th  of  the  same  month  Roland  D. 
Irving,  Thomas  C.  Chamberlin,  and  Moses  Strong  were,  upon  the 
advice  of  the  chief  geologist,  appointed  as  assistants.  Also  W.  W. 
Daniells  was  engaged  as  chemist. 

To  Professor  Irving  was  assigned  the  duty  of  beginning  a  survey 
of  the  iron  and  copper  ranges  of  Ashland  and  Douglas  counties,  with 
instructions  to  give  particular  attention  to  the  question  of  the  age 
of  the  red  sandstone  and  the  accompanying  shales,  to  that  of  the 
Archean  rocks,  and  to  the  disturbances  of  the  strata  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  ore-bearing  rocks.  He  was  assisted  by  F.  B.  Jenney,  E.  T. 
Sweet,  and  James  Munro. 

To  Professor  Chamberlin  was  assigned  that  portion  of  the  State 
lying  immediately  west  of  the  line  of  outcrop  of  the  Niagara  or 
Clinton  rocks,  from  the  south  line  of  the  State  through  the  counties 
of  Walworth,  Jefferson,  Dodge,  Fond  du  Lac,  Calumet,  and  Outa- 
gamie,  to  the  southern  limits  of  the  crystalline  Archean  rocks  in 
Shawano  County.  He  was  assisted  by  L.  C.  Wooster,  F.  H.  King, 
N.  D.  Wright,  Samuel  Shaw,  and  G.  L.  Merriman. 

To  Mr.  Strong  was  assigned  the  survey  of  the  lead  region,  the 
work  to  include  a  careful  topographic  survey,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  the  denudation  of  the  superior  strata,  that  so  evidently  had 
occurred,  and  the  exact  position  of  the  mining  ground  at  each  lo- 
cality, with  particular  reference  to  the  rock  formation  in  which  the 
ore  was  found.  He  was  assisted  by  A.  D.  Conover  and  J.  W.  T. 
Crawford. 

Unfortunately,  as  it  proved,  for  the  progress  of  the  work,  political 
influences  intervened,  and  in  February,  1875,  Lapham  was  succeeded 
as  chief  geologist  by  O.  W.  Wight.  The  corps  of  assistants,  however, 


530  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

remained  the  same,  with  the  exception  of  the  appointment  of  Gus- 
tavus  Bode  as  chemist  in  place  of  Daniells,  resigned. 

The  work  of  the  year  would  seem  to  have  consisted,  so  far  as  the 
chief  geologist  was  concerned,  in  a  reconnoissance  begun  about  the 
middle  of  August  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  State  "for  the 
general  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  nature  and  amount  of  work  to 
be  done  to  complete  the  survey  in  1876."  In  this  work  he  was  as- 
sisted by  E.  T.  Sweet. 

Wight  held  the  position  for  but  one  year,  and  in  his  turn  was 
succeeded,  in  February,  1876,  by  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  by  whom  the 
survey  was  finally  carried  to  completion.  Under  the  latter's  admin- 
istration the  working  force  of  the  survey  was  organized  as  follows : 

Corps:  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  chief  geologist;  R.  D.  Irving  and  M. 
Strong,  assistant  geologists;  W.  J.  L.  Nicodemus,  topographical  as- 
sistant. 

Local  and  special  assistants:  W.  W.  Daniells,  chemist:  Gustavus 
Bode,  chemist;  T.  B.  Brooks,  geologist;  Charles  E.  Wright,  iron 
expert;  R.  P.  Whitfield,  paleontologist;  P.  R.  Hoy.  ichthyologist  and 
entomologist;  F.  H.  King,  ornithologist:  L.  C.  Wooster.  local 
assistant;  A.  C.  Clark,  local  assistant. 

Field  and  other  assistants:  D.  Caneday,  A.  D.  Conover,  F.  H. 
Brotherton,  I.  M.  Buell.  C.  S.  Douglas.  E.  M.  Hill,  C.  S.  Bacon. 

Under  Chamberlin's  administration  work  was  continued  in  th« 
northern  and  northwestern  portion  of  the  State  during  the  first 
six  weeks  of  the  season  of  1876 ;  a  tract  of  some  25  townships,  situated 
in  Buffalo,  Pepin,  and  Pierce  counties,  was  explored,  and  careful 
examinations  made  for  evidence  of  geological  changes  within  the 
Quaternary  period.  Later  the  copper  series  were  investigated  by  a 
party  under  Moses  Strong  and  the  announcement  made  that  the  so- 
called  cupriferous  series  extended  in  a  nearly  uninterrupted  chain 
across  the  northwest  portion  of  the  State. 

Irving  continued  his  work  in  Ashland  County  and  Wright  in  the 
Penokee  District.  A.  C.  Clark  was  also  engaged  in  making  observa- 
tions along  the  line  of  the  "  military  wagon  road  survey." 

The  invertebrate  fossils  collected  during  this  period  were  placed 
in  the  hands  of  R.  P.  Whitfield,  who  recognized  among  them  upward 
of  150  species  entirely  new  to  science.  The  reptiles  were  studied  by 
P.  R.  Hoy :  the  birds,  with  especial  reference  to  food  habits,  by  Mr. 
King. 

Field  work  for  the  season  of  1877  was  begun  by  E.  T.  Sweet  in 
Bayfield  and  Douglas  counties.  Moses  Strong,  who  during  the 
previous  season  examined  a  belt  extending  from  the  St.  Croix  Falls, 
northwestward  to  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Superior,  began  work  in  the 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  H1STOKY  SURVEYS.  531 

area  lying  between  this  and  the  one  studied  by  Mr.  Sweet.  This  work 
was,  unfortunately,  cut  short  by  his  death  by  drowning,  which  took 
place  on  August  17  in  one  of  the  rapids  of  the  Flambeau  River.  To 
overcome  the  delay  incident  to  this  accident,  two  new  parties  were 
organized,  one  under  the  direction  of  F.  H.  King,  to  which  was 
entrusted  the  examination  of  the  valley  of  the  Flambeau  River,  and 
the  other,  under  F.  H.  Brotherton,  was  charged  with  the  explora- 
tion of  the  territory  on  the  west  side  of  the  Chippewa  River.  Irving 
continued  his  work  in  the  Lake  Superior  region.  Wright  was,  dur- 
ing this  season,  prevented  by  his  duties  as  commissioner  of  mining 
statistics  from  taking  the  field.  The  area  previously  assigned  him 
was,  therefore,  examined  by  Chamberlin,  the  chief  geologist,  as- 
sisted by  A.  D.  Conover.  L.  D.  Wooster  continued  his  work  in  St. 
Croix,  Dunn,  and  adjacent  counties,  and  A.  C.  Clark  in  the  north 
central  portion  of  the  State.  T.  B.  Brooks  and  C.  E.  Wright  worked 
in  the  Oconto,  Pine  River,  and  Menomonee  iron  districts,  while  the 
chemical  work,  as  before,  was  in  the  hands  of  Gustavus  Bode.  The 
invertebrate  paleontology  remained  mainly  in  the  hands  of  R.  P. 
Whitfield,  while  J.  S.  Newberry  studied  the  fossil  plants.  Doctor 
Hoy  and  Mr.  King  continued  as  in  the  previous  year,  while  W.  F. 
Bundy  made  a  study  of  the  crustaceans. 

This  survey  was  notable  in  that  the  microscopic  investigations  of 
rocks  by  means  of  thin  sections  was  an  important  feature.  This 
work  was  performed  by  A.  A.  Julien,  R.  D.  Irving,  R.  Pumpelly, 
C.  E.  Wright,  and  Arthur  Wichman,  the  last  of  Leipzig.1 

The  act  establishing  the  survey  provided  for  its  continuance  for 
but  four  years,  or  until  the  1st  of  June,  1877.  Through  an  act  passed 
March  20,  1878  the  time  was  extended  until  March  31,  1879,  but  the 
appropriation  was  reduced  to  $5,000.  The  following  is  the  text  of 
this  act: 

An  act  relating  to  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  and  amendatory  of 
chapter  292  of  the  laws  of  Wisconsin  for  1873,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  a  com- 
plete geological  survey  of  Wisconsin,  and  to  repeal  chapter  137  of  the  General  Laws 
of  1870,"  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  survey  of  the  lead  district,  making  maps, 
and  collecting  statistics  from  the  same,"  and  chapter  136  of  the  General  Laws  of 
1872,  amendatory  thereof,  and  chapter  36  of  the  laws  of  Wisconsin  for  1877,  amenda- 
tory thereof. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  represented  in  setiate  and  assembly, 
4o  enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  Section  6  of  chapter  292  of  the  Laws  of  Wisconsin  for  1873,  is 
hereby  amended  by  striking  out  the  words  "  thirteen  thousand  dollars  for  each 

1  It  will  be  remembered  that  Hawes's  work  on  the  micropetrology  of  the  rocks  of  New 
Hampshire  was  also  published  in  1878.  The  first  important  work  of  this  nature  In 
America  was  Zirkel's  report  on  the  rocks  of  the  fortieth  parallel,  which  appeared  In 
1876.  Caswell's  report  on  the  rocks  of  the  Black  Hills  was  published  in  1880. 


532  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

year  until  the  completion  of  said  survey,"  where  the  occur  in  the  second  and 
third  lines  of  the  section,  and  inserting  the  words  "  five  thousand  dollars,"  so 
that  the  sentence  shall  read  as  follows:  To  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  drawn 
from  the  treasury  on  warrants  of  the  governor,  which  shall  be  in  full  for  all 
expenditures  except  printing  of  reports. 

SEC.  2.  Section  7  is  so  amended  as  to  read  as  follows.  The  survey  shall  be 
completed  by  March  31,  1879,  and  all  salaries  shall  cease  on  that  date;  but 
this  act  shall  not  debar  the  members  of  the  geological  corps  from  performing 
voluntarily  the  functions  of  their  office,  and  of  supervising  the  publication  of 
said  reports:  Provided,  Said  reports  are  presented  at  the  earliest  practicable 
date:  And  provided,  This  clause  shall  not  be  construed  as  authorizing  any 
claim  to  compensation  for  such  voluntary  service. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  the  31st 
day  of  next  May. 

Approved  March  20,  1878. 

During  the  remaining  months  of  the  survey's  existence  the  energies 
of  nearly  all  were  concentrated  on  practical  problems,  those  se- 
lected as  most  essential  being  the  study  of  the  Oconto  iron  district, 
the  completion  of  the  survey  of  the  Penokee  iron  range,  and  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  so-called  crevice  survey  of  the  lead  region.  Irving 
brought  to  completion  his  final  report  on  the  eastern  portion  of  Lake 
Superior.  Chamberlin,  in  company  with  A.  D.  Conover,  made  a 
reconnoissance  of  Polk  and  Burnett  counties,  with  particular  refer- 
ence to  the  drift  deposits.  Brooks  continued  and  brought  to  com- 
pletion his  work  in  the  Menomonee  iron  region. 

Expenses. — The  act  establishing  the  survey  limited  the  expenses 
to  $13,000  a  year  for  four  years.  The  act  of  November  20,  1878, 
extended  the  time  for  two  years  with  appropriation  of  $5,000  a  year. 
This  would  bring  the  total  cost  of  the  survey,  exclusive  of  publica- 
tions, up  to  $62,000.  The  cost  of  the  latter,  by  the  act  of  March  6, 
1876,  was  limited  to  a  sum  not  exceeding  $25,000. 

Collections  and  museum. — In  accordance  with  section  3  of  the  or- 
ganic law  of  the  survey,  large  collections  of  fossils,  ores,  rocks,  and 
minerals  were  made,  one  set  of  which  was  deposited  with  the  Wis- 
consin Academy  of  Sciences,  Arts,  and  Letters,  one  with  the  State 
University,  and  one  each  to  such  of  the  incorporated  colleges  and 
normal  schools  as  should  make  application  for  them  before  the  be- 
ginning of  the  field  work.  Some  20,000  specimens  are  reported  to 
have  been  thus  destributed  during  1879,  the  closing  year  of  the 
survey.  These  were  largely  in  the  nature  of  fossils,  the  ores  and 
lithological  materials  being  reserved  for  future  study. 

The  following  acts  relate  to  the  publication  and  distribution  of 
the  reports : 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY  SURVEYS.  533 

An  act  relating  to  the  preparation,  publication,  and  distribution  of  the  final  report  at 
the  geological  survey. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
4o  enact  as  folloics: 

SECTION  1.  That  in  the  preparation  of  the  final  report,  the  chief  geologist  be, 
and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  collate  the  general  geology  and  the  leading  facts 
and  principles  relating  to  the  material  resources  of  the  State,  together  with 
practical  suggestions  as  to  the  methods  of  detecting  and  utilizing  the  same,  so 
as  to  constitute  the  material  for  a  volume  suited  to  the  wants  of  explorers, 
miners,  landowners,  and  manufacturers,  who  use  crude  native  products,  and 
to  the  needs  of  the  schools  of  the  State  and  the  masses  of  intelligent  people 
who  are  not  familiar  with  the  principles  of  geology ;  said  volume  to  be  written 
In  clear,  plain  language,  with  explanations  of  technical  terms,  and  to  be  prop- 
erly illustrated  with  maps  and  diagrams,  and  to  be  so  arranged  as  to  constitute 
a  key  to  the  most  perfect  understanding  of  the  whole  report. 

SEC.  2.  The  annual  reports  for  the  years  1873,  1874,  and  1875  are  hereby 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  chief  geologist  to  be  used  in  the  preparation  of  hli 
final  report. 

SEC.  3.  The  commissioners  of  public  printing  are  hereby  authorized  and 
directed  to  procure  the  printing,  under  the  supervision  of  the  chief  geologist, 
of  7,000  copies  of  the  volume  provided  for  by  section  1  of  this  act,  and  of  2,500 
copies  of  the  complete  report. 

SEC.  4.  The  said  commissioners  are  also  hereby  empowered  to  procure,  OB 
the  best  terms  they  can  make,  such  plates,  cuts,  engraved  stones,  and  other 
means  of  representation  as  may  be  necessary  to  properly  illustrate  the  report; 
and  they  are  directed  to  contract  for  the  delivery,  after  the  printing  of  the 
report,  of  such  plates,  cuts,  engraved  stones,  and  other  means  of  illustration, 
to  the  State. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  commissioners  are  hereby  further  authorized  to  determine, 
with  the  advice  of  the  chief  geologist,  the  form  in  which  the  report  shall  be 
printed,  and  to  make  exception  of  the  printing  of  said  report  in  advertising 
for  bids  for  the  public  printing,  and  in  making  contracts  for  the  same,  as 
provided  for  in  chapter  243  of  the  General  Laws  of  1874,  if  in  their  judgment 
the  nature  of  the  publication  makes  it  desirable  to  do  so,  and  are  empowered 
to  make  special  contract  for  the  printing  of  said  report :  Provided,  They  shall 
in  no  case  pay  a  rate  exceeding  that  paid  the  State  printer:  And  provided 
further,  That  they  shall  not  violate  any  existing  contract 

SEC.  6.  Each  school  district  within  the  State  shall  be  entitled  to  one  copy  of 
the  volume  provided  for  by  section  1  of  this  act ;  each  high  school  and  incor- 
porated academy  to  6;  each  normal  school  and  incorporated  college,  to  15; 
and  the  Slate  University  to  25  copies,  respectively,  of  said  volume.  Each  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature  of  3876  and  1877,  every  officer  of  State,  each  judge  of 
the  supreme  court,  shall  be  entitled  to  two  copies  of  the  complete  report  Each 
officer  of  the  present  senate  and  assembly,  each  incorporated  college  or  acad- 
emy, each  normal  school,  each  high  school,  each  State  charitable  or  penal  insti- 
tution, each  person  who  has  rendered  assistance  in  the  prosecution  of  the  sur- 
rey, each  scientific  society  in  the  State,  and  each  town  or  city  library,  estab- 
lished under  the  provisions  of  chapter  80  of  the  General  Laws  of  1872  shall  be 
entitled  to  one  complete  copy.  The  State  University,  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of 
Science,  Arts,  and  Letters,  the  Historical  Society,  and  the  State  library,  shall 
each  be  entitled  to  10  complete  copies.  The  remaining  copies  shall  be  placed  i» 
the  hands  of  the  govei'nor  and  chief  geologist  for  distribution  to  public  libraries, 


534  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

scientific  men,  learned  societies,  and  colleges  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State, 
preference  being  given  to  those  situated  in  the  centers  of  capital  in  the  United 
States  and  in  Europe,  and  in  such  other  ways  as  may  best  serve  the  objects  of 
the  survey.1 

SEC.  7.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the  general  fund  In 
the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  a  sum  sufficient  to  carry  out 
the  purposes  of  this  act,  not  exceeding  $25,000;  and  it  is  further  provided 
that  not  to  exceed  $12,000  shall  be  drawn  during  the  current  year. 

SEC.  8.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  contravention  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  are  hereby  repealed  so  far  as  they  affect  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  9.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage 
and  publication. 

Approved  March  6,  1876. 

An  act  relating  to  the  publication  and  Bale  of  the  reports  of  the  geological  survey,  and 
amendatory  of  chapter  121  of  the  laws  of  Wisconsin  of  1876. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  represented  in  senate  and  assembly, 
do  enact  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  Chapter  121  of  the  laws  of  Wisconsin  of  1876  is  hereby  amended 
by  adding  the  following  sections : 

SEC.  10.  The  commissioners  of  public  printing  are  hereby  authorized  to 
procure  the  printing  of  1,500  additional  copies  of  the  final  report  of  the 
geological  survey,  including  accompanying  maps :  Provided,  The  said  commis- 
sioners of  public  printing  shall  in  no  case  pay  a  greater  price  for  presswork, 
folding,  collating,  stitching,  and  binding  than  is  paid  the  State  printer  at  the 
time  of  the  passage  of  this  act  for  similar  work  under  the  State  printing  con- 
tract :  And  provided  further,  That  no  greater  price  shall  be  paid  for  any  other 
portion  of  the  said  work  than  was  paid  for  similar  work  upon  the  publication 
of  rolume  2:  And  provided  further,  That  there  shall  be  no  extra  charge  for 
composition,  stereotyping,  cuts,  plates,  engravings,  or  other  material  entering 
into  the  work  of  said  additional  volume  ordered  to  be  published  by  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act.  These  copies  shall  be  deposited  with  the  superintendent  of 
public  property,  who  is  hereby  authorized  to  sell  them  to  any  citizen  of  this 
State  at  the  cost  price,  including  the  expense  of  handling,  the  cost  to  be  com- 
puted by  the  secretary  of  state,  and  to  any  person  not  a  citizen  of  this  State,  at 
a  fair  price  above  cost  to  be  fixed  by  the  secretary  of  state.  And  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  superintendent  of  public  property  to  keep  an  accurate  account  of 
such  sales,  and  to  pay  the  amount  realized  therefrom  into  the  State  treasury 
at  the  end  of  each  quarter,  and  the  State  treasurer  shall  report  the  aggregate 
amount  of  the  same  in  his  annual  report.  The  commissioners  of  public  print- 
ing are  further  authorized  to  use  a  limited  portion  of  any  net  profits  that  may 
accrue  from  the  sale  of  the  reports  to  persons  not  citizens  of  the  State,  in  ad- 
vertising the  same  in  appropriate  publications,  if  it  shall  seem  to  them  in  the 
interest  of  the  State  to  do  so.  The  said  additional  copies  shall  be  distributed 
only  as  specified  in  this  section,  except  by  authority  of  the  legislature. 

1  This  clause  was  subsequently  amended  to  read  as  follows : 

SECTION  1.  Section  6  of  chapter  121  of  the  laws  of  Wisconsin  for  1876  is  hereby  amended 
by  Inserting  after  the  figures  "  1877,"  In  the  eighth  line  of  the  section,  the  words  "  and 
1878,"  so  that  the  sentence  shall  read  as  follows :  Each  member  of  the  legislature  of 
1876  and  1877  and  1878,  the  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  secretary  of  state,  State 
treasurer,  attorney  general,  superintendent  of  schools,  and  each  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  shall  be  entitled  to  two  copies  of  the  complete  report. 

BEC.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  February  27,  1878. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  535 

8xo.  11.  The  commissioners  of  public  printing  are  hereby  further  author- 
ised to  complete  the  publications  of  the  final  report,  provided  it  shall  not 
exceed  four  volumes  in  all,  with  the  accompanying  maps,  and  provided  the 
«ame  is  done  at  the  same  rates  for  an  equally  good  quality  of  work  and  mate- 
rial as  in  the  case  of  the  volume  already  published. 

SEC.  12.  The  ofiice  and  functions  of  the  chief  geologist  are  hereby  con- 
tinued in  existence,  and  he  is  authorized  to  perform  all  the  duties  devolving 
apon  the  chief  geologist,  in  carrying  into  execution  the  provisions  of  this  act : 
Provided,  That  this  section  shall  not  be  construed  as  authorizing  any  fixed  or 
permanent  salary. 

SEC.  2.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the  general  fund 
of  the  State  treasury,  not  otherwise  appropriated,  a  sum  sufficient  to  carry  out 
the  purposes  of  this  act. 

SEC.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

Approved  March  12,  1878. 


APPENDIX  1. 

SUMMARY  OF  PRINCIPAL  ITEMS  RELATING  TO  STATE 
SURVEYS. 

In  the  following  table  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  summarize  as 
accurately  and  succinctly  as  possible  some  of  the  more  important 
facts  given  in  the  foregoing  pages.  Obviously,  the  items  relating  to 
expenditures  have  presented  the  greatest  difficulty,  and  numerous 
explanations  have  been  necessitated  in  the  form  of  footnotes.  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  while  in  some  instances  the  appropriations  have 
been,  for  the  date  and  period  involved,  fairly  generous  the  total 
amount  is  pitifully  small  when  the  purpose  of  the  undertaking  and 
results  are  considered. 

Tabular  statement  giving  dates,  names  of  chief  geologists,  and  expenses  of  all 
State  surveys  existing  prior  to  1900. 


State. 

Geologist. 

Expense. 

Alabama: 
1S48-1856  

i  $15,  000.  08 

1873-1900 

E  Smith                                                            

115,500.08 

Arkansas: 
1857-1860  

P.  D.  Owen  

16,400.08 

1871-1873  

W.  F.  Roberts                                 .  .    .  

15,000.08 

1873-1874 

Haddock  Hazeldine    Syberg                               .  . 

17,  386.  08 

18P7-1895  

California: 
1850                         

J.  C.  Branner  
J.  B  Trask 

»  120,  000.  00 
7,  000.  08 

1860-1873 

J  D  Whitney 

258  600.08 

1880-1900 

471  171.23 

Connecticut:  1835-1842  

5,000.00 

Delaware:  1837-183S. 

J  C  Booth                                                            .  .. 

3,000.00 

Ge°r&0.... 

J.  R.  Cotting.  . 

»  10,  000.  08 

1874-1879 

George  Little                                                 .    ... 

51,  000.  00 

1889-1900 

*  96  000.  08 

Illinois:  1851-1900  

l^rwood  and  Worthen  

•303,521.00 

Indiana: 
1837-1838  

1859-1861 

D.  T).  Owen  

•1,750.00 
5  000  00 

1869-1878  ... 

V.  .  T.  Cox 

•  61),  000.  00 

1879-1  8S4 

J  Collett                                                               .  ... 

«  25,  505.  00 

1885-18<*7 

•  10,  000.  08 

1888-1S94  

1895-1900 

S.  S.  Gorby  
W.  S  Blatchley.       .              .                

•42,000.00 
«  38,  000.  00 

Iowa: 

1855-1857 

f  15  000.  00 

1866-1870.  .. 

C.  A.  White 

«  44,  000.  08 

1892-1900 

S  Calvin                                                      

•50,000.08 

Kansas: 
1864  
1865  

B.F.  Mudge  
G.C.  Swallow                     

•3,500.00 
•7,500.00 

1889-1900 

State  University 

•10,500.00 

Kentucky: 
1838  

W.  W.Mather  

1,000.00 

1854-1863 

D.  D  Owen                                          .          

55,000.00 

1873-1893 

228,  9W.  08 

Louisiana:  1869-70  

E.  Hilgard  

3,000.00 

Maine: 
1836-1839  

1861  1852 

C.  T.  Jackson  
C  H  Hitchcock 

•  12,000.00 
•  6,  000.  08 

Maryland: 
1833-1841  

1896-1900.... 

J.  T.  Ducatel  
W.B.Clark... 

•17,909.00 
•40,000.00 

1  No  appropriation  until  1854.    Does  not  include  publications.    Includes  publications  and  all  expenses. 
» Includes  printing,  engraving,  binding,  and  office  expenses. 

•  A  mount  of  appropriations. 

•  Not  including  cost  of  publications. 

•  Includes  expenses  of  Survey,  Historical  Library,  and  State  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
'Not  including  cost  of  publications. 


Amount  of  appropriation.    Includes  $10,000  for  publications. 
•  Includes  cost  of  publications  ($18,000.). 
i$5,000  in  1838;  $3,000  in  1837;  the  amount  given  for  1838  is  an  estimate. 


537 


538  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Tabular  statement  giving  dates,  names  of  chief  geologists,  and  expenses  of  aU 
State  surveys  existing  prior  to  1900 — Continued. 


State. 

Geologist.                                  I    Expense. 

Massachusetts: 
1830-1833  

Edw.  Hitchcock  

12,030.0* 
1  2,  500.  09 

47,829.0* 
26,080.91 
167,528.48 

2,000.0* 
»2,  000.0* 
*  68,  551.  09 
*  17,  445.  00 

5  95,  200.0* 
62,500.0* 
5  72,  000.  Of 
5  147,025.4* 
"57,942.68 

^9,051.1* 
"67,  618.  « 

»5,000.00 
136,902.69 
'244,292.24 

«>870,964.Sl 

1,250.04 
"  58,  611.8* 
1*80,820.01 

1*16,  700.0* 
i»333,892.9T 
4,000.0t 

"82,  000.  Ot 
16  643,000.0* 
2,000.0* 

11,632.78 
i«  12,  104  5* 

4,500.09 
10,  500.  0* 

1-5,  ooo.  o» 

15,073.09 
19,  728.0* 
11  178,000.0* 

6,000.00 
«  4,  000.0* 
16,000.09 
'  40,000.00 

17,500.0* 
136,000.0* 
162;  000.0* 

1837-1841  

Michigan: 

A.  Winchell  

1871-1900                     

Rominger,  Brooks,  Pumpelly,  Wright,  Wadsworth, 
Hubbard,  and  Lane. 

A  Hanchett 

Minnesota: 

1865  

H.  H.  Eamesand  >'.  D.  C.  Taylor  

1872-1888  
Mississippi:  1850-1860  

Missouri. 

Millington,  Wailes,  Harper,  and  Hilgard  
G  C  Swallow 

1870-1871  
1872-1874                          

A.  D.  Hager  and  yorwood  
R.  Pumpelly  and  G.  0.  Broadhead  

>.*ew  Hampshire: 

C  H  Hitchcock 

Xew  Jersey: 
1833-1837 

H.  D  Rogers    . 

1854-1856 

W  Kltehell 

New  York: 
1836-1887 

Hall  Emmons  Vanuxem  Mather,  and  Hall       

North  Carolina: 
1824-1^28                 

Olinsted  and  Mitchell  

1852-1864                                   .  .   - 

1864-1882 

W  C  Kerr 

Ohio: 
1836-1841                

W  W.Mather                  

1869-1885 

1889-1893 

Pennsylvania: 
1835-1842                   

H  D.  Rogers 

1874-1888 

J  P  Lesiev 

Rhode  Island:  1839-40  

C.  T.  Jackson  

South  Carolina: 
1842-1846                               

1856-1S58 

O  M  Lieber 

Tennessee: 
1S31-1848        

1848-1860 

J  Safford 

1871  1900 

do 

Texas: 
1858-1859  
1873-1875  
1888-1894  

B  .  F.  Shumard  and  F.  :r.  Moo.-e  
J.  W.Glenn  and  S.  B.  Buckley  
E.T.Dumble  

Vermont: 
1845-1847  

1858-1860 

O.B.Adams  

1896-1900  

George  H.  Perkins    .          ..             

Virginia:  1838-1841  

Wiseonsin: 
1853-1856 

W.  B  .  Rogers  

Edw.  Daniels  and  J.  O.  Percival  
J.Halland  J.  I).  Whitney  

1857-1862  

1873-1879  

f5,  558,  008.TO 

1  Not  including  cost  of  publications. 

*  Is  less  than  amount  appropriated  by  upwards  of  $60,000. 

»  Expense  of  survey  proper  and  general  museum  as  given  by  Winchell,  Bulletin  No.  1,  Geol.  »n4 
Nat.  ffist.  Surv.,  Minnesota,  1889. 
4  Includes  cost  of  pub.ications. 

*  Includes  cost  of  jmb.ications  ($40.820). 

*  Estimates  basedou  ap 


Exclusive  of  publications. 
«  Includes  $33,959.17  for  publication  of  final  report. 

•  Not  including  cost  of  pub.ications  ($216,569.73). 

w  Appropriations  for  salaries,  printing  (in  part),  coUeoting,  drawings,  etc.,  up  to  1888. 

»  Including  engraving  and  printing. 

18  Including  engraving  and  printing  in  part. 

u  As  given  by  Newberry,  see  footnote,  p.  424. 

M  Including  engraving  and  printing  ($16.000). 

*  Not  including  engraving  and  printing.  ; 
"  Including  $3,194.50  for  publications. 

"  Estimated;  $300  a  year  for  a  part  of  the  time. 


APPENDIX  2. 

THE  NORTHERN  TRANSCONTINENTAL  SURVEY.' 

The  Northern  Transcontinental  Survey  was  originated  by  Henry 
Villard  when  he  accepted  the  control  of  the  great  system  of  rail- 
roads on  which  Oregon.  Washington  Territory,  Montana,  Dakota, 
and,  to  a  great  extent,  Minnesota  were  dependent  for  their  growth. 
Trunk  lines  on  still  undetermined  routes  were  to  be  built,  the  sys- 
tem extended,  and  tributary  lines  to  be  constructed.  This  large 
part  of  the  United  States,  from  which  the  system  was  to  derive  its 
life,  was  to  a  very  great  extent  an  unknown  land  as  regards  its  ca- 
pacity for  production. 

The  object  of  the  Northern  Transcontinental  Survey  was  to  ascer- 
tain broadly  the  mineral,  agricultural,  and  forest  resources  of  this 
vast  region.  The  personnel  of  the  survey  was  selected  for  this  pur- 
pose and  the  following  divisions  were  established : 

Mineral  resources :  George  H.  Eldridge,  Bailey  Willis,  Bayard  T. 
Putnam,  geologists  in  charge. 

Climate,  rivers,  and  irrigation:  E.  S.  Holden,  in  charge. 

Agricultural :  E.  W.  Hilgard,  in  charge. 

Forests :  C.  S.  Sargent,  in  charge. 

Forage  plants :  W.  M.  Canby,  in  charge. 

Laboratory :  F.  A.  Gooch,  in  charge. 

Topography :  A.  D.  Wilson,  in  charge. 

The  division  of  mineral  resources  traced  out  the  rock  formations 
and  studied  the  mineral  resources,  especially  in  coal  and  iron  ores, 
and  also  paid  attention  to  subterranean  water  supply  and  the  question 
of  artesian  wells.  It  had  charge  of  the  work  of  finding  and  testing 
coal  for  the  use  01  the  roads,  and  was  equipped  with  a  diamond  drill 
for  testing  in  depth. 

The  division  of  climate,  rivers,  and  irrigation  was  established  to 
study  climate;  that  is,  of  the  great  valleys  and  of  the  climatic  zones 
of  elevation.  It  established  stations  at  points  representing  the  local 
climates,  at  which  there  were  observed  temperature  and  rainfall  and 
certain  other  important  facts.  This  division  also  had  charge  of  the 
work  of  gauging  the  streams  and  determining  the  relation  between 
the  prospective  demand  and  supply  of  water  for  irrigation  in  the 
different  valleys. 

1  From  manuscript  by  Raphael  Pumpelly,  Director. 


640  BULLETIN  109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  agricultural  division  determined  the  areas  of  the  various  soils 
and  represented  them  on  the  map,  according  to  a  classification  based 
on  observation  in  the  field  of  the  conditions  of  the  soils,  the  native 
vegetation,  and  on  chemical  and  mechanical  analyses. 

The  division  of  forests  determined  the  distribution  of  the  vari- 
ous trees,  and  had  different  forests  examined  by  men  well  known  for 
their  experience  in  regard  to  timber  and  the  manufacture  of  lum- 
ber. The  object  was  to  obtain  such  a  general  knowledge  of  the  eco- 
nomic character  of  the  forests  as  would  be  needed  in  order  to  settle 
many  questions  of  general  policy.  Where  it  should  be  necessary, 
closer  estimate  of  the  amount  of  timber  on  each  quarter  section  would 
be  made  independently.  This  division  also  paid  attention  to  general 
questions  of  the  planting  and  acclimation,  and  to  questions  relating 
to  the  forest  policy  of  the  roads. 

The  division  of  forage  plants  related  especially  to  the  plants  which 
form  the  basis  of  the  whole  grazing  industry,  and  of  other  questions 
relating  to  that  business.  This  division  was  also  charged  with  the 
duty  of  ascertaining  from  the  experience  of  other  countries  the  use- 
ful plants,  either  entirely  new  to  us  or  of  hardier  varieties,  which 
are  adapted  to  cultivation  in  our  different  climatic  areas. 

In  the  laboratory  were  analyzed  the  large  amount  of  samples  col- 
lected in  the  field;  and  there  also  were  carried  on  such  experiments 
as  were  necessary  to  determine  the  commercial  value  of  such  useful 
materials  as  were  discovered  by  the  survey. 

The  division  of  topography  had  charge  of  the  mapping  of  the  more 
important  portions  of  the  region  covered  by  the  survey.  It  also  had 
the  duty  of  determining  and  representing  the  areas  of  land  adapted 
to  irrigation,  and  from  an  inspection  of  the  maps  it  is  practicable 
lo  determine  in  a  broad  way  the  possibility  of  large  irrigation  en- 
terprises. 

The  object  of  the  survey  was  essentially,  by  gathering  systematic- 
ally all  the  facts  concerning  the  resources  of  the  region,  to  obtain  the 
data  necessary  to  guide  the  companies  in  regard  to  building  feeders, 
in  regard  to  matters  of  policy  in  encouraging  the  starting  of  differ- 
ent industries,  and  in  directing  immigration  to  the  proper  points. 
It  was  also  intended  to  furnish  to  the  world  such  comprehensive  in- 
formation concerning  the  great  Northwest  and  its  resources  as  should 
forward  a  sound  development  of  the  country,  and  thus  increase  the 
prosperity  of  the  companies  under  whose  auspices  the  enterprise 
was  conducted.  To  insure  the  gathering  of  these  facts  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  them  of  service  the  divisions  were  put  under  the  direc- 
tion of  men  whose  names  vouched  for  their  value. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS.  541 

To  execute  the  survey  in  the  manner  planned  required  the  organ- 
ized effort  of  a  force  working  at  a  considerable  expense.  The  result 
of  this  effort  was  the  collection  of  an  enormous  number  of  facts, 
which  would  be  almost  useless  unless  properly  digested  and  cor- 
related, and  represented  in  a  graphic  manner.  The  information  ob- 
tained concerning  this  great  area  can  be  expressed  only  in  very  gen- 
eral terms  without  at  least  approximately  accurate  maps  on  which 
the  facts  observed  would  be  clear  to  everybody.  As  such  maps  did 
not  exist  the  survey  was  obliged  to  make  them  which  was  done  to  the 
extent  of  several  thousand  square  miles. 

The  region  with  which  the  survey  had  to  do  presented  itself  to 
the  economist  in  two  aspects.  First,  as  a  producer  of  raw  materials. 
It  has  immense  forests  on  the  western  coast  and  in  the  interior  moun- 
tain valleys,  forests  on  which  the  whole  United  States  may  before 
long  become  dependent.  The  railroads  of  this  corporation  are  des- 
tined to  become  the  most  important  lumber-carrying  roads  in  the 
world.  It  was  evidently,  therefore,  important  that  the  commer- 
cial character  of  these  forests  should  be  determined,  and  the  data 
gathered  for  the  framing  of  a  forest  policy.  The  mineral  wealth 
of  this  region  was  known  to  be  both  varied  and  extensive,  and  there 
is  little  doubt  that  a  properly  conducted  study  of  mineral  resources 
would  lead  to  the  encouragement  of  many  industries  which  might  lie 
dormant  in  the  absence  of  the  information  that  was  furnished  by 
the  survey.  Nearly  all  of  the  region  excepting  the  forest  and  the 
rugged  mountains  is  adapted  to  grazing ;  vast  areas  to  grazing  only, 
others  in  part  to  grazing  and  in  part  to  agriculture.  It  was  im- 
portant to  have  the  data  for  determining  upon  what  areas  the  small 
amount  of  possible  agriculture  should  be  discouraged  in  order  to  pro- 
tect the  naturally  predominant  grazing  interest,  and  for  what  areas 
the  opposite  policy  should  be  adopted. 

The  second  aspect  in  which  the  region  presents  itself  is  as  to  its 
capacity  under  cultivation.  While  there  are  large  areas  of  land 
which  are  always  sufficiently  watered  at  the  right  season  by  rain  and 
dew,  there  are  larger  areas  in  which  droughts  occur  more  or  less 
frequently  and  in  which  the  possibility  of  irrigation  would  insure 
its  agricultural  value;  and  there  is  a  far  larger  area  in  which  the 
soils  are  of  the  higher  and  highest  grades,  on  which  the  cereals  can 
not,  under  existing  climatic  conditions,  be  cultivated  without  irri- 
gation. Now  this  region  is  traversed  by  many  rivers  with  many 
tributaries,  some  of  them  fed  by  spring  and  autumn  rains,  and  others 
by  the  summer  melting  of  the  snow  on  the  mountains.  There  is  no 
physical  question  that  is  more  intimately  connected  with  the  future 
*r\<\  immediate  prosperity  of  this  great  region  than  that  of  irriga- 


542  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

The  determining  of  the  maximum  and  minimum  amounts  of 
water  in  the  streams;  the  periods  of  flood;  the  areas  where  the  cli- 
mate renders  irrigation  necessary  and  where  unnecessary;  the  areai 
,n  each  valley  of  bottom  and  bench  land  adapted  to  irrigation,  and 
the  relation  existing  in  each  valley  between  the  area  needing  irriga^ 
tion;  and  the  water  supply  and  the  times  of  different  s  ages 
water-these  are  the  chief  factors  in  the  problem.  And  it  seemed 
that  there  was  no  direction  in  which  the  survey  could  be  of  greater 
service,  both  to  the  roads  and  the  country,  than  in  that  of  determining 
the  fundamental  facts  relating  to  the  possibility  of  irrigation  and  ar- 
tesian wells  in  this  region. 

The  intention  was  to  make  the  record  of  the  results  of  the  sur- 
vey essentially  cartographic;  to  show  upon  the  maps  in  a  general 
form  all  the  physical  facts  that  have  an  important  bearing  o 
prosperity  of  that  region. 

Having  this  object  in  view  from  the  beginning,  the  topographical 
survey  represented  the  form  of  the  surface  by  contour  lines  of  20C 
feet  vertical  distance.  The  maps  show  the  form  of  the  surf  ace,  the 
grades  of  the  streams,  the  extent  of  the  bottom  and  bench  lands, 
and  the  extent  of  the  uplands. 

It  was  intended  that  one  of  these  maps  should  show  the  mini- 
mum known  volume  of  water,  at  high  and  low  water,  in  the  princi- 
pal streams,  and  the  seasons  at  which  these  stages  occur;  and  tn» 
classified  distribution  of  the  soils  and  subsoils.    This  set  was  to  ex- 
hibit the  data  needed  to  determine  the  practicability  of  irrigation 
and  under  drainage.    On  another  set  were  to  be  shown  the  present 
climatic  conditions  according  to  natural  or  local  subclimate  n 
These  were  to  show  the  rainfall  and  temperature  by  months,  and  the 
phenomena  which  condition  the  success  or  failure  of  different  crops 
were  to  be  mapped  by  areas  and  crop  seasons.    These  maps  were  not 
necessarily  to  be  based,  as  regards  these  conditioning  phenomena, 
wholly  on  our  short  range  of  observations,  for  the  reason  that  these 
are  facts  of  general  information,  and  traders,  military  officers,  ranch^ 
men,  and  Indians  all  observe  and  remember  for  years  the  times  of 
injurious  frosts,  of  droughts,  and  the  years  of  failure  of  the  i 

^AnotheV'set  of  maps  showed  the  distribution  and  relative  abund- 
ance of  the  various  and  numerous  forage  plants,  and  the  climatic 
facts  conditioning  success  in  stock  grazing. 

A  fourth  set  to  show  the  mineral  resources.    On  these  were  t 
represented  the  geological  formations  of  the  region    tl 
pings  of  coal  and  the  areas  underlaid  by  it;  and  as  the  survey  was 
to  test  by  drill  and  otherwise  the  character  and  thickness  of  the  coal 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEYS. 


543 


in  the  different  fields,  these  facts  would  appear  on  the  maps  in  a 
generalized  form. 

It  was  intended  to  carry  the  work  on*  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
results  of  each,  season  would  be  finally  represented  on  the  maps  dur- 
ing the  ensuing  winter. 

The  only  connection  of  the  survey  with  other  institutions  was 
through  an  accidental  community  of  officers:  Two  of  the  officers, 
Professors  Sargent  and  Hilgard,  occupied  chairs,  respectively,  in 
Harvard  University  and  the  University  of  California,  while  a  third, 
Professor  Holden,  was  the  director  of  Washburn  Observatory. 

The  survey  was  sustained  by  annual  general  appropriations  and 
special  allowances. 

The  accompanying  table  gives  a  list  of  the  members  of  the  survey 
corps  and  their  salaries : 


Members. 

1881 

1882            1883 

1884 

Raphael  Pumpelly,  direstor  .  . 

$10,000 
1,200 
1,100 
720 
500 
900 
1,800 
600 
1,800 

810,000 
1/200 
1,500 
720 
500 
900 
1,800 

$10,000 
1-200 
3,000 
720 
600 
900 
2,500 

$10,000 
1,200 
3,000 

Chas  E  Smith  bookkeeper 

F.  A.  Gooch,  chemist     

Hermann  Olm,  sestion  cutter  

900 
3,000 

Bayard  T.  Pufnim,  apologist  

Chas  F.  Kin",  chemical  assistant  

Biiley  Willis  <*eilo  'W 

1,800 
900 
900 
480 
1,800 
3,000 
480 
600 
600 

5,000 
2,400 

4,000 
600 
4,000 
1,000 
2.500 
1,000 
1,500 
1,500 
500 

2,500 

3,000 

Edward  Whitfield,  chemical  assistant         

1,200 
1,200 
2,500 
3,500 
550 
600 
900 

5,000 
2,400 

4,000 
750 
4,000 
1,000 
2,500 
1,000 
1,800 
2,000 

1,200 
1,200 
3,000 
3,500 
550 
600 
900 

5,000 
2,400 

4,000 
750 
4,000 
1,000 
2,500 

Samuel  Willnton  private  secretary              

Geo  H  Eldrid<*e  "colonist 

1,800 

A.  D.  Wilson,  topographer  

Oscar  E.  Smith,  clerk                            

Thos  R  Hill  top-)  Taphioal  assistant 

Frank  T  .vee  ly  ,  topa-raphical  assistant  

C.  S.  Sargent,  salary  of  self  and  assistant  and  expenses,  forestry 

E.  S.  Holden,  salary  of  self  and  assistant  and  expenses,  climate 

W  P  Dawley  laboratory  assistant 

W.  M.  Canby,  salary  of  self  and  assistant  and  expenses.  .. 

Richard  Bliss,  jr.,  librarian  

E  W   Hil"ard  agricultural  department 

T.  J.  Brandeier,  field  assistant  

R.  C.  Templeman,  field  assistant 

1,800 
2,000 

A  O.  D  Taylor  chief  disbursing  agent 

F.  D.  Owen,  topographer 

1,600 
450 
1,500 
1,200 

1,600 
600 
1,800 

A.  O.  D.  Taylor  jr    clerk                                                             | 

Edwd.  C.  Hall,  grazing  expert. 

3.  Eliot  Wolff,  geologist.           .  . 

1,200 
300 

1,200 
300 
1,800 

1,200 

J.  R  Williston  field  a33isfant 

W.  S.  Fritz,  in  charge  of  diamond  drill  

Geo.  W.  Driver,  foreman  in  coal  explorations  

1,500 

1,500 
1,800 
300 
2,400 
600 
750 
1,500 

Jojiah  Pierce,  jr.,  topographical  assistant  

300 

W.  M.  Davis^eolofc.  

H.  B.  Ayres,  field  assistant                             .  . 

750 
1,500 

F.  J.  Knight,  topographical  assistant  



Appointments  were  made  by  the  director.    Efficiency  and  success 

were  the  governing  principles  in  regard  to  promotion.    The  director 

made  annual  reconnoissances  with  reference  to  laying  out  the  work 

of  the  following.    Each  large  area  to  be  taken  in  hand  was  occupied 

136075—20 36 


544  BULLETIN   109,   UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

by  a  topographical  party  working  from  an  independent  base  line. 
Each  topographical  party  was  accompanied  by  one  or  more  field 
assistants,  whose  duty  it  was:  First,  to  gauge  the  streams  and  take 
notes  with  reference  to  irrigable  areas  and  measure  cross  sections 
of  such  areas;  second,  to  collect  samples  of  the  soils  and  grasses  and 
specimens  of  the  trees. 

The  following  year  a  geological  party  equipped  with  rapid-process 
copies  of  the  topographical  map,  made  a  special  exploration  of  the 
area  for  coal-bearing  districts.  The  coal  beds  were  explored  bj 
pits,  trenches,  or  tunnels  under  cover ;  differential  samples  were  taken 
and  these  were  sent  to  the  home  office  and  analyzed.  In  order  to 
locate  on  the  existing  or  prospective  map  the  position  of  field  ob- 
servations the  observers  were  provided  with  a  light,  specially  con- 
structed dioptic  compass  which  revolved  on  a  graduated  circle  and 
could  be  read  more  closely  than  by  the  needle.  Bearings  taken  to 
several  prominent  points  served  to  approximately  fix  the  position  of 
the  observation  to  be  recorded. 

No  museum  was  established. 

The  total  expenditure  for  the  survey  during  the  three  years  (two 
years  of  field  work)  of  its  existence  was  $398.940.  Of  this  amount 
more  than  a  third  was  spent  in  the  special  exploration  of  the  coal 
fields,  in  digging  and  boring.  The  publications  were  map  bulletins. 

Topographical  department:  Bulletin  No.  1,  A.  D.  Wilson,  In  charge.  Map 
of  the  Yakima  Region,  Washington  Territory;  2  sheets;  A.  D.  Wilson  and 
R.  U.  Goode.  Map  of  the  Colville  region,  Washington  Territory;  1  sheet; 
Louis  Nell.  Map  of  the  Judith  Basin,  Montana  Territory;  2  sheets;  A.  D.  Wil- 
son. Map  of  the  Crazy  Mountains,  Montana  Territory ;  1  sheet ;  A.  D.  Wilson. 

Agricultural  department:  Bulletin  No.  1,  E.  W.  Hiigard,  in  charge.  Prelimi- 
nary agricultural  map  of  the  Yakima  region;  2  sheets.  Preliminary  agricul- 
tural map  of  the  Colville  region ;  1  sheet. 

Forestry  department:  Bulletin  No.  1,  C.  S.  Sargent,  in  charge.  Forest  map 
of  the  Yakima  region.  The  Cretaceous  bituminous  coals  of  Montana  and  Wash- 
ington Territories.  Topographical  map  of  central  Montana;  5  sheets.  Geo- 
logical map  of  central  Montana ;  5  sheets. 

The  editions  were  limited  to  600  copies  and  were  distributed 
chiefly  to  libraries  and  societies. 
The  greater  part  of  the  results  remains  unpublished. 


INDEX. 


C.  B.,  Appointed  state  geologist  of  Ver- 
ment,  499;  Death  of,  500. 

Alabama,  First  Survey  of,  under  Michael  Tuomey, 
I;  Acts  establishing,  1, 2;  Expenses  of,  3;  Person- 
nel of,  2. 

Alabama,  Second  survey,  under  E.  A.  Smith, 
Act  of  establishment,  3,4;  Benefits  of,7:  Expenses 
of,  6;  Personnel  of,  5;  Publications  of,  5. 

Alabama,  Third  survey,  7;  Act  establishing,  7;  Ex- 
penses of,  12;  Geological  museum  of,  12;  Methods 
and  results  of,  9;  Personnel  of,  9, 10;  Present  con- 
dition of  survey,  12. 

Archeological  work  in  Michigan,  226. 

Arkansas,  First  survey  under  D.  D.  Owen,  13; 
Act  discontinuing,  16;  Act  establishing,  13-15; 
Personnel  of,  15;  Results  of,  16;  Salaries  of,  15. 

Arkansas,  Second  survey  under  W.  F.  Roberts,  17; 
Act  establishing,  17;  Personnel  and  results,  17, 
18. 

Arkansas,  Third  survey  under  George  Haddock  and 
others,  18;  Act  of  establishment  of,  18;  Personnel 
of,  19. 

Arkansas,  Fourth  survey  under  J.  C.  Branner,  19; 
Acts  establishing,  19-22;  Acts  relative  to  distribu- 
tion of  reports,  23-25;  Expense  of  publications, 
36;  Personnel  of,  21;  Results  of,  25. 

Booth,  J.  C.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Dela- 
ware, £3. 

Branner,  J.  C.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Arkan- 
sas, 21. 

Broadhead,  G.  C.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri, 
285. 

Brooks,  T.  B.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Michigan,  223. 

Brown,  Ryland  T.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Indiana,  74. 

Buckley,  E.  R.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri, 
289. 

Buckley,  8.  B.,  Appointed  assistant  geologist  of 
Texas,  474;  appointed  geologist  of  Texas,  479. 

California,  First  survey  under  J.  B.  Trask,  27;  Acts 
establishing,  27;  Expense  of,  29;  Publications  of 
28. 

California,  Second  survey  under  J.  D.  Whitney,  29; 
Acts  establishing,  30-34;  Discontinuance  of  sur- 
Tey,  38;  Disposition  of  collections,  35;  Expenses 
of,  38:  Expense  of  publications,  37;  Personnel  of, 
81,  3«;  Results  of,  38. 

California,  State  mining  bureau,  Acts  establishing, 
41— 18;  Establishment  of,  40;  Exp?nses  of,  44; 
Museum  and  library  of,  44;  Personnel  of,  43,  44; 
Publications  of,  44. 

Calvin,  Samuel,  appointed  State  geologist  of  Iowa, 
98. 

Cape  Kay,  geology  of,  313. 

Carr,  Ezra  S.,  appointed  geologist  of  Wisconsin,  515. 

Chamberlin,  T.  C.,  appointed  geologist  of  Wiscon- 
•in.  629. 


Clark,  W.  B.,  appointed  State  geologist  of  Mary- 
land,  145. 

Collett,  John,  appointed  statistician  of  Indiana,  82. 

Colorado,  act  of  1872  relative  to  survey,  45;  State 
geologist  of,  45. 

Connecticut,  Survey  of  1R35  under  Percival  and 
Shepard,  45;  Act  establishing  46,  47;  Act  relative 
to  Perclval's  report,  50;  Act  relative  to  Shepard's 
report,  47;  Expenses  of  survey,  51. 

Conrad,  Timothy,  Appointed  geologist  of  New 
York,  329;  Resignation  of,  329. 

Cook,  George  H.,  Appointed  assistant  geologist  of 
Now  Jersey,  311;  Appointed  geologist  of  New 
Jersey,  314;  Death  of,  320. 

Cotting,  John  R.,  First  geological  survey  of 
Georgia,  55. 

Cox,  E.  T.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Indiana,  81. 

Daniels,  Edward,  Appointed  geologist  of  Wiscon- 
sin, 513, 515;  Reprint  of  reports  ordered,  239. 

Delaware,  First  survey  of,  51;  Act  establishing,  51, 
52;  Administration  of,  53;  Benefits  of,  53;  Expensea 
of,  53;  Publications  of,  53. 

Dicks,  John  A.,  Report  on  New  York  survey,  327. 

Ducatel,  J.  T.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Mary- 
land,  140. 

Durable,  E.  T.,  Appointed  State  geoligist  of 
Texas,  482. 

Eames,  E.  H.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Minne- 
sota, 241. 

Emmons,  Ebenezer,  Appointed  geologist  of  New 
York,  329;  Appointed  geologist  of  North  Caro- 
lina, 370. 

Felch,  Governor,  Message  regarding  survey  of 
Michigan,  198. 

Florida,  State  surveys  of,  53,  54. 

Gallaher,  M.  A.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Mis- 
souri, 289. 

(feorgia,  First  survey  under  J.  R.  Cotting,  55;  reso- 
lutions regarding,  56,  58. 

Georgia,  Second  survey,  under  George  Little,  58; 
Acts  establishing,  58,  59;  Amendment  of  act  o  f 
establishment,  CO;  Expenses  of,  61;  Museum  of,  C2; 
Organization,  60;  Personnel  of,  59;  Publications 
of,  61. 

Georgia,  Third  survey  under  J.  W.  Spencer  and 
W.  S.  Yeates,  62;  Acts  of  establishment,  C2-64; 
Administration  of,  64;  Expenses  of,  64;  Museum 
of,  64;  Personnel  of,  64;  Publications  of,  64. 

Glenn,  John  W.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Texas,  478. 

Haddock,  Geo.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Arkansas, 
18. 

Ilager,  A.  D.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri,  282. 

Hall,  James,  Appointed  curator  of  New  York  State 
cabinet,  353, 355;  Appointed  geologist  of  New  York 
329;  Appointed  geologist  of  Wisconsin,  515;  Ap- 
pointed State  geologist  of  Iowa,  86;  Resigned  as 
director  of  New^York  State  Museum,  361. 

545 


546 


INDEX. 


Hanchett,  A.  H.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 

Minnesota,  240. 
Hanks,  Henry  O.,  Appointed  State  mineralogist  of 

California,  42. 
Harper,  Lewis,  Appointed  geologist  of  Mississippi, 

280. 
Harper's  report,  Act  relative  to    publication    of 

271. 
Hawes,   Geo.   W.,   Appointed  geologist  of  New 

Hampshire,  303. 

Hflgard,  E.  W.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Mississiipp 
260;  Geological  reconnoissance  of  Louisiana,  13T 
Work  in  Mississippi,  260-9;  Work  relative  t 
Petite  Anse  salt  deposits,  126. 
Hitchcock,  C.  H.,  Appointed  geologist  of  New 
Hampshire,  303;  Appointed  State  geologist  o 
Maine,  135. 

Hitchcock,  Edward,  Appointed  State  geologist  o 
Massachusetts,  152;  Appointed  State  geologist  o 
Vermont,  503. 

Holmes,  Ezekiel,  Appointed  State  naturalist,  135. 
Hopkins,  F.  V.,  Work  in  Louisana,  130. 
Houghton,  Douglass,  Appointed  State  geologist  o 

Michigan,  159. 

Houghton's  report  on  salt  springs  of  Michigan,  163 
Hubbard,  Bela,  Work  on  Michigan  survey,  168. 
Hubbard,  L.  L.,  State  geologist  of  Michigan,  237 
Illinois,  First  survey  under  J.  G.  Norwood  and 
A.   H.   Wortben,  64;   Act  establishing,  64-68 
Administration  of,  69;  Benefits  of,  70;  Expenses 
of,  71,  72;  Museum  of,  69;  Personnel  of,  69;  Pub- 
lications of,  69. 
Indiana,  First  survey  under  D.  D.  Owen,  72;  Acts 

relating  to,  72-74. 

Indiana,  Second  survey  under  D.  D.  Owen  and 
Richard  Owen,  74;  Act  establishing,  74;  Admin- 
istration of,  75;  Benefits  of,  77;  Expenses  of,  76: 
Museum  of,  76;  Organization  of,  75;  Publications 
of,  76. 

Indiana,  Third  survey  under  E.  T.  Cox  and  John 
Collett,  78;  Arts  relative  to,  78-81;  Adminis- 
tration of,  81;  Expenses  of,  84;  Museum  of,  84; 
Personnel  of,  81-84;  Publications  of,  85;  Salaries 
Of,  84. 

Iowa,  First  survey  under  James  Hall,  ?5:  Acts  re- 
lative to,  85, 86:  Expenses  of,  91;  Personnel  of,  86; 
Publications  of,  88. 

Iowa,  Second  survey  under  C.  A.  White,  91:  Acts 
relating  to,  91-94:  Expenses  of,  94:  Library,  94: 
Museum  of,  94:  Personnel  of,  94:  Publications 
of,  94. 

Iowa,  Third  survey  under  S.  Calvin,  94:  Acts  re- 
lative to,  94-96;  Administration  of,  96;  Personnel 
96;  Publications  of,  97;  Salaries  and  expenses  of, 

Irelan,  Win.,  jr.,  Appointed  State  mineralogist  of 

California,  42. 
Irving,  R.  D.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Wisconsin, 

Jackson,  C.  T.,  Appointed  geologist  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, 300;  Appointed  geologist  of  Rhode  Island, 
456;  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Maine,  131- 
Report  on  public  lands  of  Maine  and  Massa- 
chusetts, 157. 

Kansas,  First  survey  under  B.  F.  Mudge,  97;  Act 
tablishing,  98;   Administration  and  personnel 
of,  98;  Expenses  of,  99;  Results  of,  99. 


Kansas,  Second  survey  under  G.  C.  Swallow,  99 
Act  establishing,  99;  Administration  and  per- 
sonnel of,  99:  Expenses  of,  100;  Results  of,  100. 
Kentucky,  First  survey  under  D.  D.  Owen,  100; 
Act  providing  for,  105;  Benefits  of,  109;  Cost  of 
publication,  109;  Expenses  of,  108;  Incidents 
leading  to  establishment  of,  100. 
Kentucky,  Memorial  of  Agricultural  Association 
and  others  regarding  survey,  104;  Memorial  from 
historical  society,  et  al.,  regarding  survey,  103; 
Resolution  of  assembly,  1833,  102;  Resolution 
relative  to  property  of  survey,  108. 
Kentucky,  Second  survey,  under  N.  S.  Phnler  and 
John  R.  Proctor,  110;  Acts  of  the  assembly  rela- 
tive to,  111-115,  122-124;  Administration  of,  116; 
Combined  survey  and  bureau  of  industries  or- 
ganized, 122;  Connection  with  Harvard  Summer 
School,  118;  Connection  with  other  institutions, 
118;  Expenses  of,  120,121;  Museum  and  library 
of,  119;  Plan  of  procedure  under  Proctor,  118; 
Resolution  of  general  assembly  with  reference  to, 
122;  Results  of,  119. 

Kerr,  W.  C.,  Appointed  geologist  of  North  Caro- 
lina, 375. 

Keyes,  C.  R.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri,  289. 
Kitchell,  William,   Appointed  geologist  of  New 

Jersey,  311;  Death  of,  314. 

Kost,  J.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Florida,  54. 
Lane,  A.  C.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Michi- 
gan, 237. 

Lapham,  I.  A.,  Appointed  chief  geologist  of  Wis- 
consin, 529. 
Lesley,  J.  P.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Pennsylvania, 

442. 

Lieber,  Oscar  M.,  Appointed  assistant  geologist  of 
Mississippi,  259;  Appointed  geologist  of  South 
Carolina,  462. 
Little,  George,  Appointed  geologist  of  Mississippi, 

267;  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Georeia,  59. 
Loughridge,  R.  H.,  Assistant  geologist  of  Missis- 
sippi, 269;  Work  in  Louisiana,  129. 
Louisiana,  First  survey  under  E.  W.  Hilgard  and 
F.  V.  Hopkins,  124;  Act  establishing,  127;  Hit 
gard's  geological  reconnoissance,  128;  Hilgard'i 
work  relative  to  sulphur  deposits  in,  127;  Work 
preliminary  to,  124;  Work  of  Richard  Owen  al 
New  Iberia,  126. 
McRae's  message  relative  to  survey  of  Mississippi, 

Maine,  First  survey  under  C.  T.  Jackson,  129; 
Acts  relative  to,  129;  Benefits  and  results  of,  134; 
Collections  and  library  of,  132;  Personnel  of,  131. 

Maine,  First  report  on  public  lands,  131;  Resolu- 
tions of  legislature  relative  to  collections,  133. 

Maine,  Second  survey  under  board  of  agriculture, 
135;  Administration  and  personnel,  136;  Collec- 
tions and  library,  136;  Expenses  of,  136;  Publi- 
cations of,  136. 

Maryland,  First  survey  under  J.  T.  Ducatel,  137; 
Acts  and  resolutions  relative  to,  138,  139;  Act 
creating  office  of  agrieultural  chemists,  144;  Act* 
relative  to  maps  of  State  survey,  147;  Adminis- 
tration and  methods  of,  140;  Expense  of,  143-144; 
Incidents  leading  to  establishment  of,  137;  Pub- 
lications of,  143. 

Maryland,  Second  survey  under  W.  B.  Clark,  145; 
Act  establishing,  145;  Geological  commission  of] 
147;  Resolutions  relative  to,  146. 


INDEX. 


547 


Massachusetts,  first  survey  under  Edward  Hitch- 
cock, 1833,  149;  Acts  of  legislature  relative  to,  149; 
Administration  of,  152,  155;  Benefits  of,  157; 
Biological  section  of,  155;  Expenses  of,  153, 157; 
Incidents  leading  to  establishment  of,  149;  Publi- 
cations of,  153;  Resolutions  providing  for  natural 
history  survey,  154;  Scope  of,  153;  Scope  of  natural 
history  section,  lofi;  Survey  of  1837, 154;  Survey  of 
public  lands  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  157. 

Mather,  W.  W.,  Appointed  geologist  of  New  York, 
329;  Appointed  principal  geologist  of  Ohio,  394; 
Geological  examination  of  land  of  L.  &  B.  Rail- 
road, 107:  Geological  reconnoissance  of  Ken- 
tucky, 10! 

Merrill,  F.  J.  H.,  Appointed  geologist  of  New  York, 
361. 

Michigan,  first  survey  under  Douglass  Honghtcn 
158;  Acts  relative  to  establishment  of,  158-9; 
Administration  and  personnel  of,  159;  Expenses 
of,  197-8;  Houghton's  report  on  salt  springs,  163, 
Message  of  Governor  Felch,  198. 

Michigan,  Second  survey,  Opposition  to  Winchell's 
administration;  Personnel  of,  208;  Prejudices 
against  appointments,  222-23:  Publications  of, 
214;  Reports  of  committees  on,  199-202,  220,  230; 
Salaries  of,  213. 

Michigan,  Second  survey  under  Alexander  Win- 
chell,  203;  Acts  relating  to,  204-207;  Administra- 
tion of,  207,  213;  Appropriations  for,  1861-62, 
217;  Archeological  work  of  survey,  226;  Attempts 
at  establishing,  221;  Benefits  of,  214;  Expenses  of, 
216;  Financial  statement  for  1861,  217;  Financial 
statement  of  1870,  227;  Methods  and  proceedings, 
208-213. 

Michigan,  Third  survey  under  Rominger,  Brooks, 
and  Pumpelly,  231;  Appointment  of  board  of 
directors,  231;  Appointment  of  C.  E.  Wright 
State  geologist,  233;  Appointment  of  Wadsworth, 
236;  Connection  with  other  institutions,  239;  Dis- 
tribution of  publications,  233;  Museum  of,  234, 
239;  Salaries  and  expenses,  233,  237,  238;  Sum- 
mary of  methods  and  results  of  Rominger -s  work, 
232. 

Millington,  John,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missis- 
sippi, 259. 

Minnesota,  first  survey  under  Hanchett  and  Eames, 
240;  Act  establishing,  240;  Act  of  March  2, 1865, 
relative  to,  241;  Administration  of,  240. 

Minnesota,  Second  survey  under  N.  H.  Winchell, 
242;  Act  establishing,  243;  Act  of  1873,  246;  Acts 
relating  to  publications  of,  251;  Administration 
of,  248;  Benefits  of,  252;  Expenses  of,  250;  Mu- 
aeum  and  library  of,  219;  Personnel  of,  219;  Pub- 
lications of,  251;  Salt  spring  lands  of,  245-247. 

Mississippi,  Survey  of,  255;  Acts  relating  to,  255-7, 
272;  Administration  of,  259;  Appointment  of 
B.  L.  C.  Wailcs,  259;  Appointment  of  John  Mil- 
lington, 259;  Appointment  of  L.  Harper,  260; 
Appointment  of  E.  W.  Hilgard,  260;  Appoint- 
ment of  O.  M.  Lieber,  259;  Benefits  of,  272;  Ex- 
penses of,  270;  Message  of  Governor  McRae,  261; 
Publications  of,  270;  Resignation  of  B.  L.  C. 
Wailcs,  260;  Salaries  of,  270. 

Missouri,  First  survey  under  G.  C.  Swallow,  274; 
Act  providing  for,  275;  Administration  of,  277; 
Expenses  of,  278;  Organization  of,  274;  Publica- 
tions of,  278;  Salaries  of,  277. 


Missouri,  Second  survey,  under  A.  D.  Hager,  278; 
Acts  relative  to,  279-282;  Administration  of,  282; 
Expenses  of,  282;  Organization  of,  278;  Publica- 
tions of,  282. 

Missouri,  Third  survey,  under  R.  Pumpelly,  282; 
Act  relating  to,  282;  Administration  of,  284; 
R.  Pumpelly  appointed  geologist  of,  281; 
Under  G.  C.  Broadhead,  285;  Discontinuance  of, 
285;  Expenses  of,  286;  Personnel,  285;  Publica- 
tions of,  286. 

Missouri,  fourth  survey  under  Arthur  Winslow,  286; 
Acts  relating  to,  286-289;  Administration  of,  289; 
Expenses  of,  290;  Museum  of,  290;  Organization 
of,  286;  Personnel  of,  289. 

Mitchell,  Elisha,  Successor  to  Olmsted  In  North 
Carolina,  366. 

Moore,  Francis,  jr.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
of  Texas,  474. 

Mudge,  B.  F.,  Appointed  State  Geologist  of  Kansas, 
98. 

Nebraska,  State  surveys  of,  290. 

Nevada,  State  mineralogists,  expenses  of,  298; 
Salaries  of,  297;  Work  accomplished  by,  298. 

Nevada,  State  surveys  of,  291;  Acts  relative  to, 
291-296;  Administration  of,  296;  Museum  of,  299; 
Organization  of,  291;  Publications  of,  299. 

Newberry,  J.  S.,  Appointed  chief  geologist  of 
Ohio,  406. 

New  Hampshire,  First  survey  under  C.  T.  Jackson, 
299;  Acts  relating  to,  299-300;  Administration  of, 
300;  Collections  of,  301;  Expenses  of,  301 ;  Organiza- 
tion of,  299;  Personnel  of,  300;  Publications  of,  302. 

New  Hampshire,  Second  survey  under  C.  H. 
Hitchcock,  302;  Act  relating  to,  320;  Administra- 
tion of,  303;  Benefits  of,  306;  Collections  of,  304; 
Cost  of  publications  of,  305;  Expenses  of,  305; 
Procedure  of,  303-304;  Salaries  of,  303. 

New  Jersey,  First  survey  under  H.  D.  Rogers,  307; 
Act  relative  to,  308;  Administration  of,  308;  Ex- 
penses of,  309;  Organization  of,  307;  Publications 
of,  339. 

New  Jersey,  Second  survey  under  W.  Kitchell,  309; 
Acts  relative  to,  309;  Administration  of,  311; 
Appropriations  for,  311;  Expenses  of,  314. 

New  Jersey,  Third  survey  under  George  H.  Cook 
and  J.  C.  Smock,  314;  Acts  relating  to,  315-317; 
Administration  of,  322;  Collections  of,  320;  Eco- 
nomic work  of,  323;  Organization  of,  318;  Per- 
sonnel of,  318, 322;  Publications,  320;  Results  of, 
322;  Salary  and  expenses  of,  325;  Supplemental 
acts  relating  to,  320-322;  Topographic  work  of,  325. 

New  York  State  cabinet  of  natural  history,  353: 
Acts  relating  to,  355-357;  State  museum,  352. 

New  York,  Surveys  under  Hall,  Emmons,  and 
others,  327;  Acts  relating  to,  329,  331,  342-344; 
Acts  relating  to  publications,  333;  Administra- 
tion of,  239;  Benefits  of,  350;  Cause  of  delay,  334; 
Cessation  of  appropriations  for,  345;  Contract  of 
Emmons  and  Hall,  332;  Correspondence  relating 
to,  345-350,  359-360;  Estimated  cost  of,  328;  Ex- 
penses of,  332,  335,  361-352;  James  Hall  appointed 
geologist  of,  329;  Incidents  leading  to  establish- 
ment, 327;  Letter  of  Hall  to  Agassiz,  332-337;  to  Mr. 
Beach,  338-341;  Personnel  of,  329, 336, 362;  Recom- 
mendation relative  to  collections,  3S4;  Report  of 
investigating  committee,  330;  Resolution  relat- 
ing to,  341;  Salaries  of,  330,  332;  Total  expena* 
to  1840,  335. 


548 


INDEX. 


Worth  Carolica'Board  of  Internal  improvements, 
364;  Survey  of,  by  Olmsted  and  Mitchell,  363. 

North  Carolina,  First  survey,  Acts  relating  to,  365; 
Administration,  366;  Benefits  of,  368:  Connection 
with  other  institutions,  366;  Museum  of,  367; 
Personnel  of,  366;  Proposition  of  D.  Olmsted, 
1853,  365;  Publications  of,  367;  Salaries  and  ex- 
penses, 367. 

North  Carolina,  Second  survey  under  Ebeneezer 
Emmons,  368;  Act  relating  to,  369;  Administra- 
tion of,  370;  Benefits  of,  374;  Connection  with 
other  institutions,  370;  Expenses  of,  372;  Loss  of 
manuscripts  of,  373;  Manner  of  appointment,  370; 
Museum  or  cabinet  of,  372;  Personnel  of,  370; 
Publications  of,  372;  Salaries  of,  370. 

North  Carolina,  Third  survey  under  W.  C.  Kerr,  375; 
Act  governing  operation  of,  377-378;  Acts  relating 
to  frauds,  376;  Act  to  sustain,  379;  Administra- 
tion of,  379;  Benefits  of,  S85;  Expenses  of,  384; 
Library  of,  384;  Methods  of  work,  382;  Museum 
of,  383;  Organization  of,  375;  Personnel  of,  380; 
Plan  of  organization,  376;  Salaries  of,  381;  Un- 
finished work  of,  386. 

Northern  Transcontinental  survey,  539. 

Norwood,  J.  O.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri, 
282;  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Illinois,  69. 

Ohio,  Preliminary  survey  of,  387. 

Ohio,  First  survey  under  W.  W.  Mather,  394;  Act 
providing  for, 391-393;  Administration  of, 394;  At- 
tempts of  revival,  398;  Causes  leading  to  estab- 
lishment of,  387;  Collections  of,  397;  Expenses  of, 
396, 423-420;  Governor's  message  relating  to,  390, 
393;  Personnel  of,  3)5;  Report  of  committee  rela- 
tive to,  391;  Resolution  relative  to  committee,  391. 

Ohio,  Second  survey  under  J.  S.  Newberry,  400; 
Act  of  establishment  of,  403-401;  Acts  relative  to 
completion  of,  405-403;  Act  providing  for  extension 
of,  42.V421,  426;  Acts  relative  to  completion  of 
vol.  5,  annual  report,  417-41S;  Ad  ministration  of, 
406, 411;  Annual  reports  of,  407,  409,  412, 413,  416; 
Appropriations  for  1872,  412;  Appropriations  for 
1878,414;  Expenses  of,  407, 408, 413, 414, 415;  Mes- 
sage regarding,  401-402, 411;  Museum  of,  408;  Per- 
sonnel of,  406;  Progress  during  1877,  414;  Pro- 
ceedings during  1879,  414;  Publication  of  atlas. 
415;  Renawal  of  act  of  1876,  410;  Report  of  com- 
mittee on,  402,  403;  Resolution  relative  to,  405, 
407;  Work  of,  1871,  410. 

Olmsted,  Denison,  Appointed  by  Board  of  agricul- 
ture of  North  Carolina,  366. 

Orton,  Edward,  Appointed  geologist  of  Ohio,  419. 

Orton,  Edward,  Jr.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Ohio, 
427. 

Owen,  D.  D.,  Appointed  first  State  geologist  of 
Arkansas,  14;  Appointed  State  geologist  of  In- 
diana, 73,  74;  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Ken- 
tucky, 105;  Death  of,  75. 

Owen,  Richard,  State  geologist  of  Indiana,  75 
Work  at  New  Iberia,  126. 

Pennsylvania,  First  survey  under  H.  D.  Rogers, 
428;  Acts  of  establishment,  429-31;  Administra- 
tion of,  431;  Expenses  of,  433;  Museum  of,  433; 
Opinions  of  J.  P.  Lesley  regarding,  431;  Personnel 
of,  431:  Publications  of,  433;  Supplemental  act 
regarding,  434. 


Pennsylvania,  Second  survey  under  J.  P.  Lesley. 
434;  Acts  relative  to,  435-441;  Administration  of, 
442;  Appropriations  of,  444;  Benefits  and  result* 
of,  450-456;  Distribution  of  publications,  440; 
Duties  of  assistant  geologist  of,  443;  Incidents  re- 
lating to  establishment,  435;  Personnel,  444-445; 
Progress  of,  446;  Publications  of,  44S;  Salaries  ot, 
444. 

Perclval,  James  Gates,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Connecticut,  46:  Appointed  geologist  of  Wiscon- 
sin, 513;  His  report  on  the  geology  of  Connecticut. 
48. 

Penrose,  R.  H.,  Appointed  assistant  geologist  o/ 
Texas,  482, 

Perkins,  George  H.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Vermont,  507. 

Perry,  George  W.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Vermont, 
507. 

Price,  Gov.  R.  M.,  Recommendation  relative  t« 
New  Jersey  survey,  309. 

Proctor,  John  R.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Ken- 
tucky, 118. 

Pumpelly,  R.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri,  284; 
Director  of  Northern  transcontinental  survey. 
539-544. 

Rafinesqae,  C.  8.,  Opinions  of,  101. 

Rhode  Island,  First  survey  under  C.  T.  Jackson. 
456;  Resolutions  of  1838  relating  to,  456;  Reso- 
lution relative  to  distribution  of  report,  457;  Reso- 
lutions of  1875  relating  to,  457;  Resolutions  of  189« 
relating  to,  458. 

Rice,  W.  N.,  Superintendent  of  State  survey  of  COB 
nectlcut,  51. 

Roberts,  W.  P.,  Appointment  as  State  geologist  of 
Arkansas,  17. 

Rogers,  H.  D.,  Appointment  as  geologist  of  New 
Jersey,  308;  Of  Pennsylvania,  431. 

Rogers,  Wm.  B.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Vlrgini», 
509. 

Rominger,  Carl,  Appointed  director  of  the  surrey 
of  Michigan,  231. 

Ruffin,  Edmund,  Agricultural  surveyor  of  South 
Carolina,  460. 

Saftord,  J.  M.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Tennessee, 
469. 

SeUards,  E.  II.,  State  geologist  of  Florida,  53. 

Shepard,  Charles  U.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Connecticut,  46. 

Shaler,  N*.  S.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Ken- 
tucky, 116. 

Shumard,  B.  F.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Texas,  47«. 

Shumard,  George  G.,  Appointed  assistant  geologist 
of  Texas,  472. 

Smith,  Eugene  A.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Alabama,  3;  Appointed  assistant  geologist  of  Mis- 
sissippi, 268;  Work  in  Mississippi,  269. 

Smock,  J.  C.,  Appointed  geologist  of  New  Jersey, 
322;  Appointed  assistant  in  New  York  State 
Museum,  361. 

South  Carolina,  First  survey  under  Michael  Tu«- 
mey,  461;  Administration  of,  461;  Expenses  of, 
461;  Events  leading  to  establishment,  45S;  Pub- 
lications of,  461;  Resolutions  relating  to,  46«; 
E.  Ruffin  appointed  Agricultural  surveyor  of. 
460;  WorkofVanuxem,  459. 


INDEX. 


549 


Sooth  Carolina,  Second  survey  under  O.  M.  I.leber, 
462;  Expenses  of,  462;  Personnel  of,  462;  Report 
of  committee  regarding,  463;  Resolutions  regard- 
ing, 461,  463. 

Spencer,  J.W., appointed  State  geologist  of  Georgia, 
64. 

State  surveys,  Directors  of,  537;  Expense  of,  537. 

Stretch,  R.  H.,  Appointed  State  mineralogist  of 
Nevada,  296. 

Summary  of  principal  items  relating  to  State  sur- 
veys, 537. 

Swallow,  G.  C.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri, 
277;  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Kansas,  101. 

Taylor,  M.  D.  C.,  Work  on  Minnesota  survey,  242. 

Tennessee,  First  survey  under  Girard  Troost,  464; 
Act  of  establishment,  464;  Administration  of,  464; 
Expenses  of,  466;  Publications  of,  465;  Resolu- 
tions regarding,  464. 

Tennessee,  Second  survey  under  J.  M.  Eafford,  466; 
Acts  of  establishment,  467-8;  Administration  of, 
469;  Expenses  of,  470. 

Texas,  First  survey  under  B.  F.  Shumard  and  F. 
Moore,  471;  Act  providing  for,  471-72;  Adminis- 
tration of,  472;  Change  of  director,  474;  Exten- 
sion of,  474;  Methods  of,  473;  Museum  of,  474; 
Personnel  of,  472-3;  Publications  of,  475;  Salaries 
of,  473. 

Texas,  Second  survey  under  J.  W.  Glenn  and  S.  B. 
Buckley,  476;  Act  of  establishment,  476-8;  Ad- 
ministration of,  478;  Expenses  of,  475, 479;  Publi- 
cations of,  480. 

Texas,  Third  survey  under  E.  T.  Durable,  480;  Act 
of  establishment,  480-2;  Administration  of,  482; 
Expenses  of,  494-6;  Motive  of,  482;  Personnel  of, 
482;  R.  H.  Penrose,  appointed  assistant  geolo- 
gist of,  482;  Preliminary  work  of,  482;  Results  of 
the  second  year  of,  486;W.H.B.  von  Streeruwitz, 
appointed  assistant  geologist  of,  482;  Work  of 
first  year,  484;  Work  of  second  year  of,  485;  Work 
of  the  third  year  of,  487;  Work  of  the  fourth  year 
of,  489;  Work  of  the  fifth  year,  490;  Work  of  the 
sixth  year  of,  493. 

Thompson,  Zadock,  Appointed  State  naturalist  of 
Vermont,  499. 

Trask,  J.  B.,  appointed  State  geologist  of  Califor- 
nia, 27. 

Troost,  Girard,  Appointed  geologist  of  Tennes- 
see, 464. 

Tuomey,  Michael,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Alabama,  1;  Appointed  geologist  of  South  Caro- 
lina, 460. 

Vanuxem,  L.,  Appointed  geologist  of  New  York, 
329;  Work  in  South  Carolina,  461. 

Vermont,  First  survey  under  C.  B.  Adams,  496; 
Act  of  establishment  of,  496-7;  Administration 
of,  499;  Expenses  of,  501;  Personnel  of,  499; 
Thompson,  appointed  State  naturalist,  500; 
Young,  Appointed  State  naturalist,  500. 

Vermont,  Second  survey,  under  Edward  Hitch- 
eock,  502;  Act  of  establishment,  502;  Act  rela- 
tive to  distribution  of  publications,  504;  Acts 
rative  to  State  cabinet,  505,  506;  Administra- 
tion, 503;  Attempts  at  resuscitation  of,  505;  Pub- 
lications of,  503. 


Vermont,  Third  survey  under  G.  W.  Perry  and 
G.  H.  Perkins,  506;  Act  of  establishment,  506, 507. 

Virginia,  First  survey  under  W.  B.  Rogers,  507; 
Acts  of  establishment,  507-510;  Administration 
of,  511;  Expenses,  511;  Museum,  512;  Publica- 
tions of,  512. 

Von  Streeruwitz,  W.  H.  B., assistant  on  Texas  sur- 
vey, 482. 

Wadsworth,  M.  E.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Michigan,  236. 

Wailes,B.  L.  C.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Mississippi, 
259. 

White,  A.  F.,  Appointed  mineralogist  of  Nevada, 
297. 

White,  C.  A.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Iowa, 
91. 

Whitehill,  H.  R.,  Appointed  mineralogist  of  Ne- 
vada, 297. 

Whitney,  J.  D.,  Appointed  chemical  assistant  of 
New  Hampshire  survey,  300;  Appointed  State 
chemist  of  Iowa,  86;  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
California,  £0. 

Whittlesey,  Charles,  Appointed  geologist  of  Wiscon- 
sin, 515;  Work  on  Minnesota  survey,  242. 

Wight,  O.  W.,  Appointed  chief  geologist  of  WU, 
consin,  529. 

Williams,  Charles  P.,  Acting  geologist  of  Missouri, 
286. 

Winchell,  Alexander,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Michigan,  207,  222;  Work  on  Belleplaine  salt 
springs,  242. 

Winchell,  N.  H.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Min- 
nesota, 242. 

Winslow,  A.,  Appointed  geologist  of  Missouri,289. 

Wisconsin,  First  survey  under  E.  Daniels  and  J.  G. 
Percival,  512;  Acts  of  establishment,  512-13;  Ad- 
ministration of,  513;  Expenses  of,  514;  Publica- 
tions of,  513. 

Wisconsin,  Second  survey  under  James  Hall,  514; 
Act  of  establishment,  514,515;  Acts  relating  to, 
515-519;  Administration  of,  515;  Agreement  be- 
tween James  Hall  and  Governor  Randall,519;  Ex- 
penses of,  523;  James  Hall,  appointed  chief  of 
commission,  519;  Hall's  letters  regarding,  522, 
524-527;  Publications  of,  524;  Repeal  of  law  of  es- 
tablishment, 523. 

Wisconsin,  Third  survey  under  Lapham,  Wight, 
and  Chamterlin,  527;  Act  of  establishment  off 
527-529;  Act  for  the  continuance  of,  531;  Act  rela- 
tive to  publications  of,  533-535;  Chamterlin  ap- 
pointed chief  geologist  of,  529;  Collections  of,  532; 
Lapham  appointed  chief  geologist,  529;  Expenses 
of,  532;  Museum  of,  532;  Personnel  of,  529, 530. 

Worthen,  A.  H.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of 
Illinois,  69. 

Wright,  C.  E.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Michi- 
gan, 233;  Death  of,  235. 

Yeates,  W.  S.,  Appointed  State  geologist  of  Geor- 
gia, 64. 

Young,  Augustus,  Appointed  State  naturalist  of 
Vermont,  500. 


QE 

50 

M 


OCT  1  4  19 
SRLF 
QUARTER  Lt>AN 


